134:
1503:". Cloud argued that the rhetoric of the self-made man was introduced to veil the growing polarity between classes of owners and laborers and that it disguised the fact that success attained through self-determination was never a real possibility for blacks, immigrants, the working class, and women. Therefore, the language of personal responsibility, adaptation, and healing served not to liberate the working class, the poor, and the socially marginalized, but to persuade members of these classes that they are individually responsible for their plight. The rhetoric of therapy served as a diversion away from attention to social ills.
1543:. Cloud says that the media intentionally devoted significant attention to groups that supported the war in an effort to instill blame, guilt, shame, and anxiety in individuals who openly opposed the war. Cloud writes that this was a government effort to control the nation's perception and response to the war that many deemed unjust. In such cases, the rhetoric of therapy is used to deflate the possibility of collective resistance and to inflate receptivity to prevailing social and political structures.
24:
1454:. Cloud said "the discursive pattern of translating social and political problems into the language of individual responsibility and healing is a rhetoric because of its powerful persuasive force", and it is rhetoric of "therapy" because "of its focus on the personal life of the individual as locus of both problem and responsibility for change".
1498:
The origins of therapeutic discourse, along with advertising and other consumerist cultural forms, emerged during the industrialization of the West during the 18th century. The new emphasis on the acquisition of wealth during this period produced discourse about the "democratic self-determination of
1535:
blames the absence of the "traditional" family as the cause of social ills. The rhetoric of therapy is used to divert attention from issues caused by hegemonic systems by promoting the idea that restoration of the traditional family structure will result in a harmonious society.
1438:
to describe "a set of political and cultural discourses that have adopted psychotherapy's lexicon—the conservative language of healing, coping, adaptation, and restoration of previously existing order—but in contexts of social and political conflict".
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issues. The twofold objective of this particular movement—mental health and positive thinking—is demonstrated in one of the quintessential books of this period,
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to show how the established order is maintained by redirecting blame from the hegemonic system to the individual. Cloud said that the rhetoric of
1539:
A second example of the rhetoric of therapy is illustrated in Cloud's discussion of the extensive media coverage of groups that supported the
2185:
2042:
1231:
1450:. This form of persuasion is primarily used by politicians, managers, journalists and entertainers as a way to cope with the crisis of the
1510:
movement, which encouraged its audiences to take personal responsibility for solving their problems without attention to race, class, and
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Hazleden, Rebecca (December 2003). "Love yourself: the relationship of the self with itself in popular self-help texts".
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encourages people to focus on themselves and their private lives rather than attempt to reform flawed systems of
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House, Richard (August 1999). "'Limits to therapy and counselling': deconstructing a professional ideology".
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The rhetoric of therapy has two functions, according to Cloud: (1) to exhort conformity with the prevailing
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1850:
Guilfoyle, Michael (February 2005). "From therapeutic power to resistance? Therapy and cultural hegemony".
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individuals conceived as autonomous, self-expressive, self-reliant subjects" or, in short, the "
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Constructing the self, constructing
America: a cultural history of psychotherapy
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Control and consolation in
American culture and politics: rhetoric of therapy
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American
Association for the Abolition of Involuntary Mental Hospitalization
2002:
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1983:. Cambridge studies in the history of psychology. Cambridge, UK; New York:
1976:
1960:
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1506:
One prominent movement that developed from the rhetoric of therapy was the
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911:
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2602:
We've Had a
Hundred Years of Psychotherapy – and the World's Getting Worse
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2012:
Psychotherapy, American culture, and social policy: immoral individualism
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and (2) to encourage identification with therapeutic values:
896:
451:
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1300:
1935:"The rhetoric of therapy in forensic psychiatric nursing"
1752:. Rhetoric and society. Vol. 1. Thousand Oaks, CA:
1981:
Inventing our selves: psychology, power, and personhood
1821:
Psychotherapy as religion: the civil divine in
America
2587:
The
Politics of Experience and The Bird of Paradise
2043:"Taking conversation, dialogue, and therapy public"
2345:World Network of Users and Survivors of Psychiatry
2623:
2186:Outline of the psychiatric survivors movement
2089:
1914:British Journal of Guidance & Counselling
1412:
50:introducing citations to additional sources
1053:A Dialogue Concerning Oratorical Partitions
2096:
2082:
1419:
1405:
1950:
1849:
1666:
1664:
1434:is a concept coined by American academic
2014:. Culture, mind, and society. New York:
1880:
1143:Copia: Foundations of the Abundant Style
40:Relevant discussion may be found on the
2327:Royal Association for Disability Rights
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2009:
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1911:
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1607:
1346:Rhetoric of social intervention model
2262:Bazelon Center for Mental Health Law
2040:
1975:
1933:Jacob, Jean Daniel (December 2012).
17:
2267:Citizens Commission on Human Rights
2103:
13:
2226:Self-help groups for mental health
1779:
1442:Cloud argued that the rhetoric of
14:
2653:
2292:International Disability Alliance
1952:10.1111/j.1939-3938.2012.01146.x
132:
33:relies largely or entirely on a
22:
2552:Interpretation of Schizophrenia
2277:Disability Rights International
1724:
1712:
2340:Socialist Patients' Collective
2201:Psychiatric survivors movement
2124:Controversies about psychiatry
1700:
1688:
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1649:
1637:
1625:
1613:
1601:
1517:The Power of Positive Thinking
1:
2297:Learning Disability Coalition
2191:Political abuse of psychiatry
2047:Rhetoric & Public Affairs
2010:Throop, Elizabeth A. (2009).
1739:
1316:List of feminist rhetoricians
2322:Rehabilitation International
2257:Autism Network International
1819:Epstein, William M. (2006).
1457:
1306:Glossary of rhetorical terms
7:
2312:National Empowerment Center
2272:Critical Psychiatry Network
2139:History of mental disorders
1939:Journal of Forensic Nursing
1546:
1153:Language as Symbolic Action
10:
2658:
2582:The Myth of Mental Illness
2317:Radical Psychology Network
1985:Cambridge University Press
1825:University of Nevada Press
1584:Radical Psychology Network
1493:
1448:social and political power
2610:
2514:
2353:
2307:MindFreedom International
2239:
2119:Biopsychiatry controversy
2111:
1926:10.1080/03069889908256278
1527:Cloud analyzed different
1063:De Optimo Genere Oratorum
2567:Madness and Civilization
2557:Liberation by Oppression
2041:Tonn, Mari Boor (2005).
1897:10.1177/0004869003394006
1866:10.1177/0959354305049748
1786:Cushman, Philip (1995).
1595:
1579:Psychopolitical validity
2196:Positive disintegration
2134:Hearing Voices Movement
1853:Theory & Psychology
1746:Cloud, Dana L. (1998).
1003:De Sophisticis Elenchis
2527:Anatomy of an Epidemic
2282:Hearing Voices Network
2154:Martha Mitchell effect
2144:Involuntary commitment
1123:De doctrina Christiana
1113:Dialogus de oratoribus
1033:Rhetorica ad Herennium
259:Captatio benevolentiae
2597:The Radical Therapist
2592:The Protest Psychosis
2231:Therapeutic community
2206:Psychoanalytic theory
2149:Involuntary treatment
2059:10.1353/rap.2005.0072
1574:Liberation psychology
1291:Communication studies
1133:De vulgari eloquentia
993:Rhetoric to Alexander
61:"Rhetoric of therapy"
2181:Nouthetic counseling
1884:Journal of Sociology
1559:Community psychology
1554:Community organizing
1522:Norman Vincent Peale
46:improve this article
2221:Rosenhan experiment
2216:Rhetoric of therapy
2129:Critical psychiatry
1564:Critical psychology
1432:Rhetoric of therapy
1296:Composition studies
1227:Health and medicine
1093:Institutio Oratoria
300:Eloquentia perfecta
2572:Radical Psychology
2547:Doctoring the Mind
2252:Aspies For Freedom
2016:Palgrave Macmillan
1381:Terministic screen
1163:A General Rhetoric
693:Resignation speech
230:Studia humanitatis
212:Byzantine rhetoric
2619:
2618:
2613:Psychiatry portal
2577:The Gene Illusion
2481:Elizabeth Packard
2441:Peter C. Gøtzsche
2426:Leonard Roy Frank
2366:Giorgio Antonucci
1754:SAGE Publications
1733:, pp. 85–100
1480:domestic violence
1429:
1428:
1356:Rogerian argument
1103:Panegyrici Latini
195:The age of Cicero
111:
110:
96:
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2471:Joanna Moncrieff
2331:Paranoia Network
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2006:
1977:Rose, Nikolas S.
1972:
1954:
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1815:
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1734:
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1722:
1721:, pp. 55–82
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1321:List of speeches
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339:Figure of speech
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2542:Crazy Therapies
2522:Against Therapy
2510:
2506:Robert Whitaker
2501:Stephen Ticktin
2436:James Gottstein
2421:Michel Foucault
2406:Judi Chamberlin
2401:Ted Chabasinski
2386:Richard Bentall
2381:Lauretta Bender
2371:Franco Basaglia
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1780:Further reading
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2053:(3): 405–430.
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1994:978-0521434140
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1945:(4): 178–187.
1930:
1920:(3): 377–392.
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1891:(4): 413–428.
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1860:(1): 101–124.
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1083:On the Sublime
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44:. Please help
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2469:
2467:
2464:
2462:
2459:
2457:
2456:Peter Lehmann
2454:
2452:
2449:
2447:
2446:Jacques Lacan
2444:
2442:
2439:
2437:
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2432:
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2419:
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2399:
2397:
2394:
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2391:Peter Breggin
2389:
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2379:
2377:
2376:Ernest Becker
2374:
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2240:Organizations
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2174:medical model
2172:
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2027:
2021:
2017:
2013:
2008:
2004:
2000:
1996:
1990:
1986:
1982:
1978:
1974:
1970:
1966:
1962:
1958:
1953:
1948:
1944:
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1936:
1931:
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1672:
1667:
1665:
1657:
1652:
1645:
1640:
1633:
1628:
1621:
1616:
1610:, p. xiv
1609:
1604:
1600:
1590:
1587:
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1577:
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1572:
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1567:
1565:
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1555:
1552:
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1544:
1542:
1537:
1534:
1533:family values
1530:
1525:
1523:
1519:
1518:
1513:
1509:
1504:
1502:
1501:self-made man
1491:
1489:
1485:
1481:
1477:
1473:
1469:
1468:individualism
1465:
1455:
1453:
1449:
1445:
1440:
1437:
1436:Dana L. Cloud
1433:
1422:
1417:
1415:
1410:
1408:
1403:
1402:
1400:
1399:
1392:
1389:
1387:
1386:Toulmin model
1384:
1382:
1379:
1377:
1374:
1372:
1371:Talking point
1369:
1367:
1366:Speechwriting
1364:
1362:
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1190:
1188:
1187:Argumentation
1185:
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1055:
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1025:
1024:
1023:De Inventione
1020:
1015:
1014:
1010:
1005:
1004:
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990:
985:
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980:
975:
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731:
728:
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723:
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718:
712:
711:
704:
703:War-mongering
701:
699:
696:
694:
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687:
684:
683:
682:
679:
675:
672:
671:
670:
669:Progymnasmata
667:
663:
660:
658:
655:
653:
650:
649:
648:
645:
643:
640:
638:
637:Maiden speech
635:
633:
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268:
266:
263:
261:
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256:
255:
247:
246:
239:
238:Modern period
236:
232:
231:
227:
226:
225:
222:
218:
215:
213:
210:
209:
208:
205:
201:
198:
196:
193:
192:
191:
188:
186:
185:Ancient India
183:
179:
176:
174:
171:
169:
168:Attic orators
166:
164:
161:
159:
156:
155:
154:
151:
150:
146:
140:
139:
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130:
127:
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119:
115:
114:
105:
94:
91:
87:
84:
80:
77:
73:
70:
66:
63: –
62:
58:
57:Find sources:
51:
47:
43:
37:
36:
35:single source
31:This article
29:
25:
20:
19:
16:
2532:Anti-Oedipus
2515:Publications
2496:Thomas Szasz
2466:Loren Mosher
2461:Kate Millett
2411:David Cooper
2396:Paula Caplan
2215:
2169:of sexuality
2050:
2046:
2011:
1980:
1942:
1938:
1917:
1913:
1888:
1882:
1857:
1851:
1823:. Reno, NV:
1820:
1788:
1748:
1726:
1714:
1709:, p. 31
1702:
1690:
1685:, p. 35
1678:
1673:, p. 24
1658:, p. xv
1651:
1639:
1627:
1622:, p. 10
1615:
1603:
1538:
1529:case studies
1526:
1515:
1505:
1497:
1464:social order
1461:
1441:
1431:
1430:
1311:Glossophobia
1283:
1251:
1202:Constitutive
1161:
1151:
1141:
1131:
1121:
1111:
1101:
1091:
1081:
1071:
1061:
1051:
1041:
1031:
1021:
1011:
1001:
991:
981:
971:
961:
785:Rhetoricians
698:Stump speech
615:Invitational
568:
553:Dissoi logoi
551:
530:Deliberative
522:Controversia
520:
483:
476:
450:
443:
436:
409:
402:
390:Pronuntiatio
388:
381:
374:
367:
360:
319:
307:
298:
281:
274:
257:
228:
190:Ancient Rome
99:
89:
82:
75:
68:
56:
32:
15:
2491:David Smail
2451:R. D. Laing
2361:Linda Andre
1634:, p. 1
1484:child abuse
1391:Wooden iron
1351:Rhetrickery
1326:Oral skills
1262:Composition
1197:Contrastive
1017:(c. 350 BC)
1007:(c. 350 BC)
997:(c. 350 BC)
987:(c. 350 BC)
977:(c. 370 BC)
837:Demosthenes
817:Brueggemann
752:Ideological
603:Homiletics‎
516:Declamation
506:Apologetics
356:Five canons
224:Renaissance
207:Middle Ages
2626:Categories
2476:David Oaks
1792:. Boston:
1740:References
1731:Cloud 1998
1719:Cloud 1998
1707:Cloud 1998
1695:Cloud 1998
1683:Cloud 1998
1671:Cloud 1998
1656:Cloud 1998
1644:Cloud 1998
1632:Cloud 1998
1620:Cloud 1998
1608:Cloud 1998
1488:capitalism
1247:Technology
1237:Procedural
1057:(c. 50 BC)
1043:De Oratore
907:Quintilian
902:Protagoras
757:Metaphoric
681:Propaganda
564:Epideictic
478:Sotto voce
432:Persuasion
427:Operations
369:Dispositio
265:Chironomia
102:March 2016
72:newspapers
2302:Mad Pride
2067:143908004
2034:226357146
1905:144162898
1874:145491324
1508:self-help
1476:self-help
1458:Functions
1361:Seduction
1192:Cognitive
1180:Subfields
1107:(100–400)
862:Isocrates
802:Augustine
792:Aristotle
767:Narrative
717:Criticism
662:Philippic
576:Panegyric
559:Elocution
540:Dialectic
460:Situation
321:Facilitas
315:Enthymeme
294:Eloquence
276:Delectare
42:talk page
2416:Lyn Duff
2003:33440952
1979:(1996).
1969:25871538
1961:23176358
1843:62889079
1812:30976460
1772:37268476
1547:See also
1541:Gulf War
1472:familism
1232:Pedagogy
1212:Feminist
983:Rhetoric
973:Phaedrus
967:(380 BC)
917:Richards
887:Perelman
735:Pentadic
730:Dramatic
674:Suasoria
652:Diatribe
593:Forensic
570:Encomium
535:Demagogy
404:Imitatio
376:Elocutio
362:Inventio
332:Informal
251:Concepts
178:Sophists
173:Calliope
163:Atticism
158:Asianism
126:Rhetoric
118:a series
116:Part of
2537:Asylums
2335:Soteria
1494:History
1444:therapy
1277:Related
1252:Therapy
1242:Science
1207:Digital
1087:(c. 50)
1077:(46 BC)
1067:(46 BC)
1047:(55 BC)
1037:(80 BC)
1027:(84 BC)
963:Gorgias
932:Toulmin
927:Tacitus
877:McLuhan
852:Gorgias
847:Erasmus
842:Derrida
807:Bakhtin
797:Aspasia
762:Mimesis
725:Cluster
657:Eristic
647:Polemic
642:Oratory
620:Lecture
383:Memoria
327:Fallacy
270:Decorum
217:Trivium
145:History
86:scholar
2354:People
2112:Topics
2065:
2032:
2022:
2001:
1991:
1967:
1959:
1903:
1872:
1841:
1831:
1810:
1800:
1770:
1760:
1512:gender
1336:Pistis
1331:Orator
1257:Visual
1167:(1970)
1157:(1966)
1147:(1521)
1137:(1305)
1073:Orator
1013:Topics
942:Weaver
872:Lysias
867:Lucian
857:Hobbes
832:de Man
827:Cicero
625:Public
608:Sermon
583:Eulogy
511:Debate
499:Genres
445:Pathos
411:Kairos
398:Hypsos
344:Scheme
309:Eunoia
289:Device
283:Docere
88:
81:
74:
67:
59:
2063:S2CID
1965:S2CID
1901:S2CID
1870:S2CID
1596:Notes
1127:(426)
1117:(102)
955:Works
922:Smith
912:Ramus
897:Plato
892:Pizan
822:Burke
812:Booth
747:Genre
742:Frame
485:Topos
470:Grand
465:Style
452:Logos
438:Ethos
422:Modes
349:Trope
93:JSTOR
79:books
2030:OCLC
2020:ISBN
1999:OCLC
1989:ISBN
1957:PMID
1839:OCLC
1829:ISBN
1808:OCLC
1798:ISBN
1768:OCLC
1758:ISBN
1301:Doxa
1097:(95)
937:Vico
686:Spin
65:news
2055:doi
1947:doi
1922:doi
1893:doi
1862:doi
1520:by
1376:TED
1222:New
882:Ong
48:by
2628::
2061:.
2049:.
2045:.
2028:.
2018:.
1997:.
1987:.
1963:.
1955:.
1941:.
1937:.
1918:27
1916:.
1899:.
1889:39
1887:.
1868:.
1858:15
1856:.
1837:.
1827:.
1806:.
1796:.
1766:.
1756:.
1663:^
1524:.
1490:.
1482:,
1474:,
1470:,
120:on
2097:e
2090:t
2083:v
2069:.
2057::
2051:8
2036:.
2005:.
1971:.
1949::
1943:8
1928:.
1924::
1907:.
1895::
1876:.
1864::
1845:.
1814:.
1774:.
1420:e
1413:t
1406:v
104:)
100:(
90:·
83:·
76:·
69:·
52:.
38:.
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