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sunspots in possession of the RAS, and was much struck with the need and scarcity of systematic solar observations. Sabine's and Wolf's discovery of the coincidence between the magnetic and sunspot periods had just then been announced, and he believed he should be able to take advantage of the pre-occupation or inability of other observers to appropriate to himself, by 'close and methodical research,' the next ensuing eleven-year cycle. He accordingly resolved to devote his daylight energies to the Sun, while reserving his nights for the stars. Solar physics as a whole, however, he prudently excluded from his field of view. He limited his task to fixing the true period of the Sun's rotation (of which curiously discrepant values had been obtained), to tracing the laws of distribution of maculæ, and investigating the existence of permanent surface-currents. Adequately to compass these ends, new devices of observation, reduction, and comparison were required. Leaving photography to his successors as too undeveloped for immediate use, he chose a method founded on the idea of making the solar disc its own circular micrometer. An image of the Sun was thrown upon a screen placed at such a distance from the eyepiece of the 4½-inch equatorial as to give to the disc a diameter of 12 to 14 inches. In the focus of the telescope, which was firmly clamped, two bars of flattened gold wire were fastened at right angles to each other, and inclined about 45° on either side of the meridian. Then, as the inverted image traversed the screen, the instants of contact with the wires of the Sun's limbs and of the spot-nucleus to be measured were severally noted, when an easy calculation gave its heliocentric position (ib. xiv. 153).
351:
the poles (ib. xix. 81). There was, then, no single period ascertainable through observations of the solar surface. By equatorial spots the circuit was found to be performed in about two and a half days less than by spots at the (ordinarily) extreme north and south limits of 45°. The assumed 'mean period' of 25.38 solar days applied, in fact, only to two zones 14° from the equator; nearer to it the time of rotation was shorter, further from it longer, than the average. Carrington succeeded in representing the daily movement of a spot in any heliographical latitude l, by the empirical expression 865′ ± 165 . sin 7/4 (l – 1°). But he attempted no explanation of the phenomenon. It formed, however, the basis of Faye's theory (1865) of the Sun as a gaseous body ploughed through by vertical currents, which finally superseded
Herschel's idea of a flame-enveloped, but cool, dark, and even habitable globe.
454:. The event, combined perhaps with the censure on a supposed deficiency of proper nursing precautions conveyed by the verdict of the coroner's jury, tolled heavily on her husband's spirits. He left his house on the day of the inquest, and returned to it after a week's absence, only to find it deserted by his servants. He was seen to enter it on 27 November, but was never again seen alive. After a time some neighbour gave the alarm, the doors were broken open, and his dead body was found extended on a mattress locked into a remote apartment. A poultice of tea-leaves was tied over the left ear, as if for the relief of pain, and a post-mortem examination showed death to have resulted from an effusion of blood on the brain. A verdict of 'sudden death from natural causes' was returned.
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detected by him about the time of the minimum of 1856, afforded, as he said, 'an instructive instance of the regular irregularity and the irregular regularity' characterising solar phenomena (ib. xix. 1). As the minimum approached, the belts of disturbance gradually contracted towards and died out near the equator; shortly after which two fresh series broke out, as if by a completely new impulse, in comparatively high latitudes, and spread equatorially. No satisfactory rationale of this curious procedure has yet been arrived at. It is, nevertheless, intimately related to the course of sunspot development, since Wolf found evidence of a similar behaviour in Böhm's observations of 1833–6, and it was perceived by Spörer and Secchi to recur in 1867.
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470:(ib. xxxvi. 249). To the same body Carrington bequeathed a sum of £2,000. Among his numerous contributions to scientific collections may be mentioned a paper 'On the Distribution of the Perihelia of the Parabolic and Hyperbolic Comets in relation to the Motion of the Solar System in Space,' read before the Astronomical Society, 14 December 1860 (Mem. R. A. Soc. xxix. 355). The result, like that of Mohn's contemporaneous investigation, proved negative, and was thought to be, through uncontrolled conditions, nugatory; yet it perhaps conveyed an important truth as to the original connection of comets with the solar system.
25:
302:'s star-zones, above all, struck him as a model for imitation, and he resolved to complete by extending them to the pole. Desirous of advancing so far beyond his predecessors as to include in his survey stars of the tenth magnitude, he vainly applied for a suitable instrument, and at last, hopeless of accomplishing any part of his design at Durham, or of benefiting by any further stay, he resigned his position there in March 1852. He had not, however, been idle. Some of his observations, especially of minor planets and comets, made with a Fraunhofer
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326:. In July 1853 a transit-circle of 5½ feet focus, reduced in scale from the Greenwich model, and an equatorial of 4½ inches aperture, both by Simms, were in their places, and work was begun. On 9 December 1853, Carrington presented to the RAS, as the result of a preliminary survey, printed copies of nine draft maps, containing all stars down to the eleventh magnitude within 9° of the Pole (Monthly Notices, xiv. 40). Three years' steady pursuance of the adopted plan produced, in 1857, 'A Catalogue of 3,735
335:, in presenting which, 11 February 1859, Mr. Main dwelt upon the eminent utility of the design, as well as the 'standard excellence' of its execution (ib. xix. 162). It included a laborious comparison of Schwerd's places for 680 stars with those obtained at Redhill, and an elaborate dissertation on the whole theory of corrections as applied to stars near the pole. Ten corresponding maps, copper-engraved, accompanied the catalogue.
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complete execution of his project of research was frustrated. He continued for some time to supervise the solar work he had previously carried on in person; but in March 1861, seeing no prospect of release from commercial engagements, he thought it advisable to close the series. The results appeared in a quarto volume, the publication of which was aided by a grant from the Royal
Society. Its title ran as follows:
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In this manner, during seven and a half years, 5,290 observations were made of 954 separate groups, many of which were besides accurately depicted in drawings. By the sudden death of his father, however, in July 1858, and the consequent devolution upon
Carrington of the management of the brewery, the
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Efforts to ascertain the true rate of solar rotation had been continually baffled by what were called the 'proper motions' of the spots serving as indexes to it. Carrington showed that these were in reality due to a great 'bodily drift' of the photosphere, diminishing apparently from the equator to
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observed at
Redhill in the years 1854, 1855, and 1856, and reduced to Mean Positions for 1855.' The work was printed at public expense, the decision to that effect by the Lords of the Admiralty rendering unnecessary the acceptance of Leverrier's handsome offer to include it in the next forthcoming
338:
Meanwhile, Carrington had adopted, and was cultivating with his usual felicity of treatment, a 'second subject' at that juncture of peculiar interest and importance. While his new observatory was in course of construction, he devoted some of his spare time to examining the drawings and records of
306:
of 6½ inches aperture, had been published, in a provisional state, in the 'Monthly
Notices' and 'Astronomische Nachrichten,' and the whole were definitively embodied in a volume entitled 'Results of Astronomical Observations made at the Observatory of the University, Durham, from October 1849 to
290:'s lectures on the subject. This change in the purpose of his life was unopposed, and he had the prospect of ample means; so that it was purely with the object of gaining experience that he applied, shortly after taking his degree as thirty-sixth wrangler in 1848, for the post of observer in the
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Carrington's determinations of the elements of the Sun's rotation are still of standard authority. The inclination of the solar equator to the plane of the ecliptic he fixed at 7° 15′; the longitude of the ascending node at 73° 40′ (both for 1850) . A peculiarity in the distribution of sunspots
412:
The geomagnetic solar flare hit the Earth the following days, the main body of which fell over the
American continents. In these early days of electrical communication, the telegraph systems was the most affected. Lines all over Europe and North America failed, in some cases giving telegraph
446:
on
Steinheil's principle, but there are no records of observations made with it. He no longer attended the meetings of the RAS, and his last communication to it, 10 January 1873, was on the subject of a 'double altazimuth' of great size which he had thoughts of erecting (ib. xxxiii. 118).
387:, to whose merits he drew explicit attention, and to whom, in the following year, he had the pleasure of transmitting the Gold Medal of the RAS. He fulfilled with great diligence the duties of secretary to that body, 1857–62, and was elected a fellow of the Royal Society on 7 June 1860.
951:
Severe Space
Weather Events — Understanding Societal and Economic Impacts: A Workshop Report. Committee on the Societal and Economic Impacts of Severe Space Weather Events: A Workshop, National Research Council (Report). National Academies Press. 2008. p. 13.
429:
But the lease by which he held his powers of useful work was unhappily running out. A severe attack of illness in 1865 left his health permanently impaired. In 1869, he married Rosa Ellen
Jeffries (1845–75), and, having disposed of the brewery, he retired to
417:. Telegraph pylons threw sparks. Some telegraph operators could continue to send and receive messages despite having disconnected their power supplies. Based on Carrington's observation of the solar storm, this event now bears the name of the
294:. He entered upon his duties there in October 1849, but soon became dissatisfied with their narrow scope. The observatory was ill supplied with instruments, and the leisure left him for study served only to widen his aims.
399:, were documenting sunspots and directly witnessed the extraordinary solar outburst of 1 September 1859. Carrington and Hodgson compiled independent reports which were published side by side in the
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347:(London, 1863). Never were data more opportunely furnished. Perhaps more effectually than the pronouncements of spectrum analysis, they served to revolutionise ideas on solar physics.
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in 1856 gave him the opportunity of drawing up a valuable report on the condition of a number of German observatories (Monthly
Notices, xvii. 43), and of visiting Schwabe at
379:, a brochure printed and circulated by the lords of the admiralty in May 1858. The eclipse to which it referred was visible in South America. A visit to the
462:
Carrington's manuscript books of sunspot observations and reductions, with a folio volume of drawings, were purchased after his death by Lord Lindsay (later
526:, Lowndean Professor of Astronomy and Geometry, as the non-observing Director of the Cambridge Observatory. As a measure of displeasure Carrington withdrew
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A deplorable tragedy, however, supervened. On the morning of 17 November 1875 his wife was found dead in her bed, as it seemed, through an overdose of
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observed the following day, Carrington suspected a solar-terrestrial connection. For this reason, the geomagnetic storm of 1859 is often called the
282:, rather by his father's than by his own desire, his scientific tendencies gradually prevailed, and received a final impulse towards practical
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681:: Stephen, Leslie, ed. (1887). "Carrington, Richard Christopher". Dictionary of National Biography 9. London: Smith, Elder & Co.
482:'s work led to the numbering of the cycles with Carrington's name. For example, the sunspot maximum of 2002 was Carrington Cycle No. 23.
759:
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Carrington also determined the elements of the rotation axis of the Sun, based on sunspot motions, and his results remain in use today.
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Even though he did not discover the 11-year sunspot activity cycle, Carrington's observations of sunspot activity after he heard about
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522:, probably due to Carrington's bitter, acrimonious and public criticism of Cambridge University over the appointment of
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Franzel, T. G. (1999), "The Strange and Checkered Career of Carrington's Law: A Century and a Half of Solar Modeling",
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442:, in a lonely and picturesque spot, he built a new observatory (ib. xxx. 43). Its chief instrument was a large
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Information and Suggestions addressed to Persons who may be able to place themselves within the Shadow of the
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is a system for measuring solar longitude based on his observations of the low-latitude solar rotation rate.
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Carrington, R. C. (1859), "Description of a Singular Appearance seen in the Sun on September 1, 1859",
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The Sun Kings: The Unexpected Tragedy of Richard Carrington and the Tale of How Modern Astronomy Began
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587:. Worldwide reports on the effects of the geomagnetic storm of 1859 were compiled and published by
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Observations of the Spots on the Sun from November 9, 1853, to March 24, 1861, made at Redhill
311:(RAS), 14 March 1851, conveyed a prompt recognition of his exceptional merits as an observer.
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Clark, Stuart (2007), "Astronomical fire: Richard Carrington and the solar flare of 1859",
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Results of Astronomical Observations Made at the Observatory of the University, Durham ...
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372:(xxi. 58). The experience thus gained was turned to public account in the compilation of
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Carrington's house and observatory on Furze Hill, Redhill, Surrey (between 1852 and 1857)
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Observations of Spots on the Sun from 9 November 1853 to 24 March 1861, Made at Redhill
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Ashbrook, Joseph (1984), "Richard Carrington and a "singular appearance" on the Sun",
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560:, another English amateur astronomer, independently made the first observations of a
405:, and exhibited their drawings of the event at the November 1859 meeting of the
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for what would likely have been the book's second gold medal, for the year 1865.
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864:"Description of a singular appearance seen in the Sun on September 1, 1859"
776:"Richard Christopher Carrington: Briefly Among the Great Scientists of His Time"
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421:, and events of similar magnitude are classified as "Carrington-class" events.
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Extensive history and timeline about Carrington by Astronomer Sten Odenwald
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volume of the 'Annales' of the Paris observatory. It was rewarded with the
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In June 1852 he fixed upon a site for an observatory and dwelling-house at
1158:, Cambridge, Massachusetts: Sky Publishing Corporation, pp. 340–344,
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Carrington made the initial observations leading to the establishment of
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on the occasion of the total solar eclipse of 28 July 1851, and made at
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While still in his apprenticeship at Durham, Carrington repaired to
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This article incorporates text from this source, which is in the
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1059:"Are we ready? Understanding just how big solar flares can get"
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Recipients of the Gold Medal of the Royal Astronomical Society
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Sunspots of 1 September 1859 as sketched by Richard Carrington
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April 1852’ (Durham, 1855). His admission as a member of the
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Storms from the Sun: The emerging science of space weather
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as well as suggesting their electrical influence upon the
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Observations of the Spots on the Sun from 1853 to 1861
1033:"Severe space weather — social and economic impacts"
774:Cliver, Edward W.; Keer, Norman C. (25 July 2012).
591:which supported the observations of Carrington and
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1280:Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society
1169:– Originally published in the July 1960 issue of
915:Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society
869:Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society
629:Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society
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520:Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society
402:Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society
366:, on the Göta river, observations printed in the
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226:(26 May 1826 – 27 November 1875) was an English
1006:Carlowicz, Michael J.; Lopez, Ramon E. (2002).
274:, and his wife Esther Clarke Aplin. He entered
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1005:
395:Carrington, independently with fellow amateur
706:. Vol. 9. London: Smith, Elder & Co.
376:Total Eclipse of the Sun on September 7, 1858
763:(11th ed.). Cambridge University Press.
725:The National Center for Atmospheric Research
721:"Richard Christopher Carrington (1826–1875)"
501:Gold Medal of the Royal Astronomical Society
333:Gold Medal of the Royal Astronomical Society
175:Gold Medal of the Royal Astronomical Society
1107:Annual Review of Astronomy and Astrophysics
1057:Crockett, Christopher (17 September 2021).
1310:Richard Christopher Carrington (1826–1875)
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1184:, Princeton: Princeton University Press,
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910:"On a curious appearance seen in the Sun"
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369:Memoirs of the Royal Astronomical Society
69:Learn how and when to remove this message
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1010:. National Academies Press. p. 58.
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657:Carrington, Richard Christopher (1863),
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605:Carrington, Richard Christopher (1855),
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278:, in 1844; but, though destined for the
166:Rosa Ellen Jeffries (1845–1875, m. 1869)
32:This article includes a list of general
1206:(3) (published September 2007): 104–9,
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518:. This award was not reported in the
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556:On 1 September 1859, Carrington and
530:from official considerations of the
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1128:10.1146/annurev-astro-112420-023324
619:Catalogue of 3735 Circumpolar Stars
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1278:"Richard Christopher Carrington",
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155:Solar observations, including the
38:it lacks sufficient corresponding
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1031:Philips, Tony (21 January 2009).
1392:Burials at West Norwood Cemetery
1377:19th-century British astronomers
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703:Dictionary of National Biography
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1397:Recipients of the Lalande Prize
1212:10.1016/j.endeavour.2007.07.004
1037:NASA Science (science.nasa.gov)
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1329:by John North, 24 October 2007
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234:demonstrated the existence of
224:Richard Christopher Carrington
87:Richard Christopher Carrington
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1327:The Times Literary Supplement
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391:The great solar storm of 1859
212:Durham University Observatory
1387:Fellows of the Royal Society
564:. Because of a simultaneous
300:Friedrich Wilhelm Argelander
246:; and whose 1863 records of
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1323:"Carrington's star billing"
1254:Pang, Alex Soojung (2007),
662:(1863) Williams and Norgate
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1407:Durham University Observer
1156:The Astronomical Scrapbook
973:Odenwald, Sten F. (2002).
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512:French Academy of Sciences
468:Royal Astronomical Society
407:Royal Astronomical Society
309:Royal Astronomical Society
276:Trinity College, Cambridge
250:observations revealed the
146:Trinity College, Cambridge
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800:10.1007/s11207-012-0034-5
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232:astronomical observations
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1101:Hudson, Hugh S. (2021).
995:– via archive.org.
506:Carrington also won the
466:), and presented to the
1119:2021ARA&A..59..445H
760:Encyclopædia Britannica
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266:Carrington was born at
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53:more precise citations.
1301:10.1093/mnras/36.4.137
1176:Clark, Stuart (2007),
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538:Carrington super flare
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937:10.1093/mnras/20.1.15
891:10.1093/mnras/20.1.13
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1286:(4): 137–142, 1876,
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838:"Richard Carrington"
425:Late life and demise
292:University of Durham
1308:Charbonneau, Paul.
1292:1876MNRAS..36..137.
1272:10.1511/2007.68.538
1240:1999PhyEs..12..531F
1171:Sky & Telescope
1103:"Carrington Events"
928:1859MNRAS..20...15H
882:1859MNRAS..20...13C
792:2012SoPh..280....1C
641:1859MNRAS..20...13C
544:Solar storm of 1859
499:Carrington won the
487:Carrington rotation
1260:American Scientist
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228:amateur astronomer
1248:10.4006/1.3025412
1063:Knowable Magazine
1017:978-0-309-07642-5
992:978-0-231-12079-1
959:978-0-309-12769-1
599:Selected writings
581:geomagnetic storm
514:in 1864, for his
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288:Professor Challis
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573:magnetometer
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120:(1875-11-27)
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1372:1875 deaths
1367:1826 births
1113:: 445–477.
1042:16 February
906:Hodgson, R.
786:(1): 1–31.
562:solar flare
397:Mr. Hodgson
230:whose 1859
134:Nationality
103:26 May 1826
59:August 2010
51:introducing
1361:Categories
685:References
575:record by
444:altazimuth
413:operators
364:Lilla Edet
304:equatorial
99:1826-05-26
34:references
1200:Endeavour
1137:241040835
1081:239204944
922:: 15–16.
876:: 13–15.
844:6 January
808:255072235
635:: 13–15,
566:"crochet"
381:continent
284:astronomy
272:Brentford
202:Astronomy
128:, England
109:, England
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908:(1859).
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242:and its
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360:Sweden
280:church
198:Fields
185:(1864)
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171:Awards
163:Spouse
36:, but
1133:S2CID
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432:Churt
286:from
240:Earth
126:Churt
1216:PMID
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474:Work
262:Life
115:Died
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1296:doi
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