1493:. Baha' al-Din, a contemporary Muslim soldier and biographer of Saladin, recorded a tribute to Richard's martial prowess at this battle: "I have been assured ... that on that day the king of England, lance in hand, rode along the whole length of our army from right to left, and not one of our soldiers left the ranks to attack him. The Sultan was wroth thereat and left the battlefield in anger...". Both sides realised that their respective positions were growing untenable. Richard knew that both Philip and his own brother John were starting to plot against him, and the morale of Saladin's army had been badly eroded by repeated defeats. However, Saladin insisted on the razing of Ascalon's fortifications, which Richard's men had rebuilt, and a few other points. Richard made one last attempt to strengthen his bargaining position by attempting to invade Egypt â Saladin's chief supply-base â but failed. In the end, time ran out for Richard. He realised that his return could be postponed no longer, since both Philip and John were taking advantage of his absence. He and Saladin finally came to a settlement on 2 September 1192. The terms provided for the destruction of Ascalon's fortifications, allowed Christian
436:, in the southwest of France. Following his accession, he spent very little time, perhaps as little as six months, in England. Most of his reign was spent on Crusade, in captivity, or actively defending the French portions of the Angevin Empire. Though regarded as a model king during the four centuries after his death, and seen as a pious hero by his subjects, from the 17th century onward he was gradually perceived by historians as a ruler who preferred to use his kingdom merely as a source of revenue to support his armies, rather than regarding England as a responsibility requiring his presence as ruler. This "Little England" view of Richard has come under increasing scrutiny by modern historians, who view it as anachronistic. Richard I remains one of the few kings of England remembered more commonly by his
963:
Brittany, invaded
Aquitaine in an attempt to subdue Richard. Richard's barons joined in the fray and turned against their duke. However, Richard and his army succeeded in holding back the invading armies, and they executed any prisoners. The conflict paused briefly in June 1183 when the Young King died. With the death of Henry the Young King, Richard became the eldest surviving son and therefore heir to the English crown. King Henry demanded that Richard give up Aquitaine (which he planned to give to his youngest son John as his inheritance). Richard refused, and conflict continued between them. This refusal is what finally made Henry II bring Queen Eleanor out of prison. He sent her to Aquitaine and demanded that Richard give up his lands to his mother, who would once again rule over those lands.
1083:
2044:, and of his childless marriage. Richard did have at least one illegitimate child, Philip of Cognac, and there are reports on his sexual relations with local women during his campaigns. Historians remain divided on the question of Richard's sexuality. Harvey argued in favour of his homosexuality but has been disputed by other historians, most notably John Gillingham (1994), who argues that Richard was probably heterosexual. Flori (1999) again argued in favour of Richard's homosexuality, based on Richard's two public confessions and penitences (in 1191 and 1195) which, according to Flori, "must have" referred to the sin of
1020:
1727:, in May 1198 Richard and the labourers working on the castle were drenched in a "rain of blood". While some of his advisers thought the rain was an evil omen, Richard was undeterred. As no master-mason is mentioned in the otherwise detailed records of the castle's construction, military historian Richard Allen Brown has suggested that Richard himself was the overall architect; this is supported by the interest Richard showed in the work through his frequent presence. In his final years, the castle became Richard's favourite residence, and writs and charters were written at Château Gaillard bearing "
57:
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overwhelmingly favourable." Even historians attached to the court of his enemy Philip
Augustus believed that if Richard had not fought against Philip then England would never have had a better king. A German contemporary, Walther von der Vogelweide, believed that Richard's generosity was what made his subjects willing to raise a king's ransom on his behalf. Richard's character was also praised by figures in Saladin's court such as Baha ad-Din and Ibn al-Athir, who judged him the most remarkable ruler of his time. Even in Scotland he won a high place in historical tradition.
605:
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1459:, only 12 miles (19 km) from Jerusalem. Muslim morale in Jerusalem was so low that the arrival of the Crusaders would probably have caused the city to fall quickly. However, the weather was appallingly bad, cold with heavy rain and hailstorms; this, combined with the fear that the Crusader army, if it besieged Jerusalem, might be trapped by a relieving force, led to the decision to retreat back to the coast. Richard attempted to negotiate with Saladin, but this was unsuccessful. In the first half of 1192, he and his troops refortified
927:
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673:, fourth daughter of Louis VII; because of the rivalry between the kings of England and France, Louis obstructed the marriage. A peace treaty was secured in January 1169 and Richard's betrothal to Alys was confirmed. Henry II planned to divide his and Eleanor's territories among their three eldest surviving sons: Henry would become King of England and have control of Anjou, Maine, and Normandy; Richard would inherit Aquitaine and Poitiers from his mother; and Geoffrey would become Duke of Brittany through marriage with
8000:
1617:. The Emperor was aggrieved by the support the Plantagenets had given to the family of Henry the Lion and by Richard's recognition of Tancred in Sicily. Henry VI needed money to raise an army and assert his rights over southern Italy and continued to hold Richard for ransom. Nevertheless, to Richard's irritation, Pope Celestine hesitated to excommunicate Henry VI, as he had Duke Leopold, for the continued wrongful imprisonment of Richard. He famously refused to show deference to the Emperor and declared to him, "
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12238:
458:
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831:. Several days later, Richard's brothers joined him in seeking reconciliation with their father. The terms the three brothers accepted were less generous than those they had been offered earlier in the conflict (when Richard was offered four castles in Aquitaine and half of the income from the duchy): Richard was given control of two castles in Poitou and half the income of Aquitaine; Henry the Young King was given two castles in Normandy; and Geoffrey was permitted half of
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1346:. The wedding was held in Lemesos on 12 May 1191 at the Chapel of St George and was attended by Richard's sister Joan, whom he had brought from Sicily. The marriage was celebrated with great pomp and splendour, many feasts and entertainments, and public parades and celebrations followed, commemorating the event. When Richard married Berengaria he was still officially betrothed to Alys, and he pushed for the match in order to obtain the
6696:, pp. 454â456 (French). Contemporary accounts refer to various signs of friendship between the two when Richard was at Philip's court in 1187 during his rebellion against his father Henry II, including sleeping in the same bed. But, according to Flori and Gillingham, such signs of friendship were part of the customs of the time, indicating trust and confidence, and cannot be interpreted as proof of the homosexuality of either man.
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reinforcements or lines of retreat. The garrison sallied out of the castle and attacked
Richard; he was able to subdue the army and then followed the defenders inside the open gates, where he easily took over the castle in two days. Richard's victory at Taillebourg deterred many barons from thinking of rebelling and forced them to declare their loyalty to him. In 1181â82, Richard faced a revolt over the succession to the county of
1598:
1873:
6897:"Matthew's small sketch of a crossbow above Richard's inverted shield was probably intended to draw attention to the king's magnanimous forgiveness of the man who had caused his death, a true story first told by Roger of Howden, but with a different thrust. It was originally meant to illustrate Richard's stern, unforgiving character, since he only pardoned Peter Basil when he was sure he was going to die; but the
1430:(although he was the highest-ranking surviving leader of the imperial forces). Richard's men tore the flag down and threw it in the moat of Acre. Leopold left the crusade immediately. Philip also left soon afterwards, in poor health and after further disputes with Richard over the status of Cyprus (Philip demanded half the island) and the kingship of Jerusalem. Richard, suddenly, found himself without allies.
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1860:) by chroniclers, the man turned out (according to some sources, but not all) to be a boy. He said Richard had killed his father and two brothers, and that he had intended to kill Richard in revenge. He expected to be executed, but as a final act of mercy Richard forgave him, saying "Live on, and by my bounty behold the light of day", before he ordered the boy to be freed and sent away with 100
1486:, however, was adamant that a direct attack on Jerusalem should be made. This split the Crusader army into two factions, and neither was strong enough to achieve its objective. Richard stated that he would accompany any attack on Jerusalem but only as a simple soldier; he refused to lead the army. Without a united command the army had little choice but to retreat back to the coast.
2274:, however, thought him "a bad son, a bad husband, a selfish ruler, and a vicious man". During his ten years' reign, Richard was in England for no more than six months, and totally absent for the last five years., which led to Stubbs argue that Richard had no sympathy, "or even consideration, for his people. He was no Englishman," and "his ambition was that of a mere warrior."
1214:. Tancred had imprisoned William's widow, Queen Joan, who was Richard's sister, and did not give her the money she had inherited in William's will. When Richard arrived he demanded that his sister be released and given her inheritance; she was freed on 28 September, but without the inheritance. The presence of foreign troops also caused unrest: in October, the people of
2048:. But Flori concedes that contemporary accounts of Richard taking women by force exist, concluding that he probably had sexual relations with both men and women. Flori and Gillingham nevertheless agree that accounts of bed-sharing do not support the suggestion that Richard had a sexual relationship with King Philip II, as other modern authors had suggested.
1154:. In Poitou the ex-provost of Benon, Peter Bertin, was made seneschal, and finally, the household official Helie de La Celle was picked for the seneschalship in Gascony. After repositioning the part of his army he left behind to guard his French possessions, Richard finally set out on the crusade in summer 1190. (His delay was criticised by
719:, Henry the Young King instigated rebellion against Henry II; he wanted to reign independently over at least part of the territory his father had promised him, and to break away from his dependence on Henry II, who controlled the purse strings. There were rumors that Eleanor might have encouraged her sons to revolt against their father.
1698:, was reluctant to sell the manor, as it was one of the diocese's most profitable, and other lands belonging to the diocese had recently been damaged by war. When Philip besieged Aumale in Normandy, Richard grew tired of waiting and seized the manor, although the act was opposed by the Catholic Church. The archbishop issued an
1000:. Henry agreed to name Richard his heir apparent. Two days later Henry died in Chinon, and Richard succeeded him as King of England, Duke of Normandy, and Count of Anjou. Roger of Howden claimed that Henry's corpse bled from the nose in Richard's presence, which was assumed to be a sign that Richard had caused his death.
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all, excessive cruelty. Ralph of
Coggeshall, summarising Richard's career, deplores that the King was one of "the immense cohort of sinners". He was criticised by clergy chroniclers for having taxed the clergy both for the Crusade and for his ransom, whereas the church and the clergy were usually exempt from taxes.
1421:, while being carried on a stretcher covered "in a great silken quilt". Eventually, Conrad of Montferrat concluded the surrender negotiations with Saladin's forces inside Acre and raised the banners of the kings in the city. Richard quarrelled with Leopold over the deposition of Isaac Komnenos (related to Leopold's
1174: – who soon died and was replaced by William Longchamp. Richard's brother John was not satisfied by this decision and started scheming against William Longchamp. When Richard was raising funds for his crusade, he was said to have declared, "I would have sold London if I could find a buyer".
5032:"His reliance upon military force proved counterproductive. The more ruthless his punitive expeditions and the more rapacious his mercenaries' plundering, the more hostility he aroused. Even English chroniclers commented on the hatred aroused among Richard's Aquitanian subjects by his excessive cruelty"
6462:
Among the sins for which the King of
England was criticised, alongside lust, those of pride, greed, and cruelty loom large. Ralph of Coggeshall, describing his death in 1199, summarises in a few lines Richard's career and the vain hopes raised by his accession to the throne. Alas, he belonged to 'the
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captured
Jerusalem, the British press printed cartoons of Richard looking down from the heavens with the caption reading, "At last my dream has come true". General Allenby protested against his campaign being presented as a latter-day Crusade, stating "The importance of Jerusalem lay in its strategic
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against performing church services in the duchy of
Normandy; Roger of Howden detailed "unburied bodies of the dead lying in the streets and square of the cities of Normandy". The interdict was still in force when work began on the castle, but Pope Celestine III repealed it in April 1197 after Richard
1433:
Richard had kept 2,700 Muslim prisoners as hostages against
Saladin fulfilling all the terms of the surrender of the lands around Acre. Philip, before leaving, had entrusted his prisoners to Conrad, but Richard forced him to hand them over to him. Richard feared his forces being bottled up in Acre as
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is the main source for
Richard's activities in this period. According to the chronicle, most of the castles belonging to rebels were to be returned to the state they were in 15 days before the outbreak of war, while others were to be razed. Given that by this time it was common for castles to be
814:
for the rest of the war. Henry the Young King and the Count of
Flanders planned to land in England to assist the rebellion led by the Earl of Leicester. Anticipating this, Henry II returned to England with 500 soldiers and his prisoners (including Eleanor and his sons' wives and fiancĂŠes), but on his
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wrote that it was considered "the masterpiece of its time. The reputation of its builder, CĹur de Lion, as a great military engineer might stand firm on this single structure. He was no mere copyist of the models he had seen in the East, but introduced many original details of his own invention into
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to the French in 1193 opened a gap in the Norman defences. The search began for a fresh site for a new castle to defend the duchy of Normandy and act as a base from which Richard could launch his campaign to take back Vexin from French control. A naturally defensible position was identified, perched
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The King of England was struck with great astonishment, and wondered what could mean, and, taking precautions for the future, frequently sent messengers into France for the purpose of recalling his son Richard; who, pretending that he was peaceably inclined and ready to come to his father, made his
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However, since 1978 this approach has been increasingly questioned for its insularity. According to Gillingham, "it is now more widely acknowledged that Richard was head of a dynasty with far wider responsibilities than merely English ones, and that in judging a ruler's political acumen more weight
1987:
famed for personal martial prowess; this was, apparently, the first such instance of this combination. He was known as a valiant, competent military leader and individual fighter who was courageous and generous. At the same time, he was considered prone to the sins of lust, pride, greed and, above
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Royal expenditure on castles declined from the levels spent under Henry II, attributed to a concentration of resources on Richard's war with the king of France. However, the work at Château Gaillard was some of the most expensive of its time and cost an estimated £15,000 to £20,000 between 1196 and
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1194. Henry turned down the offer. The money to release the King was transferred to Germany by the Emperor's ambassadors, but "at the king's peril" (had it been lost along the way, Richard would have been held responsible), and finally, on 4 February 1194 Richard was released. Philip sent a message
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Offended that he was not being obeyed, and aware that the attacks could destabilise his realm on the eve of his departure on crusade, Richard ordered the execution of those responsible for the most heinous murders and persecutions, including rioters who had accidentally burned down Christian homes.
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in June 1170, and in 1171 Richard left for Aquitaine with his mother, and Henry II gave him the duchy of Aquitaine at the request of Eleanor. Richard and his mother embarked on a tour of Aquitaine in 1171 in an attempt to pacify the locals. Together, they laid the foundation stone of St Augustine's
5139:, pp. 465â466 As cited by Flori, the chronicler Giraud le Cambrien reports that Richard was fond of telling a tale according to which he was a descendant of a countess of Anjou who was, in fact, the fairy Melusine, concluding that his family "came from the devil and would return to the devil".
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After Richard's death his image was further romanticized and for at least four centuries Richard was considered a model king by historians such as Holinshed and John Speed. However, in 1621 the Stuart courtier and poet and historian Samuel Daniel criticized Richard for wasting English resources on
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The crusader army made another advance on Jerusalem, and, in June 1192, it came within sight of the city before being forced to retreat once again, this time because of dissension amongst its leaders. In particular, Richard and the majority of the army council wanted to force Saladin to relinquish
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in marriage to the person named by Richard. Isaac changed his mind, however, and tried to escape. Richard's troops, led by Guy de Lusignan, conquered the whole island by 1 June. Isaac surrendered and was confined with silver chains because Richard had promised that he would not place him in irons.
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as a fief, as Aquitaine had been for his father. Further, Eleanor championed the match, as Navarre bordered Aquitaine, thereby securing the southern border of her ancestral lands. Richard took his new wife on crusade with him briefly, though they returned separately. Berengaria had almost as much
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revolted, demanding that the foreigners leave. Richard attacked Messina, capturing it on 4 October 1190. After looting and burning the city Richard established his base there, but this created tension between Richard and Philip. He remained there until Tancred finally agreed to sign a treaty on 4
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Overall, Howden is chiefly concerned with the politics of the relationship between Richard and Philip. Gillingham has addressed theories suggesting that this political relationship was also sexually intimate, which he posits probably stemmed from an official record announcing that, as a symbol of
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in the spring of 1179. The well-defended fortress of Taillebourg seemed impregnable. The castle was surrounded by a cliff on three sides and a town on the fourth side with a three-layer wall. Richard first destroyed and looted the farms and lands surrounding the fortress, leaving its defenders no
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The two kings stayed in Sicily for a while, but this resulted in increasing tensions between them and their men, with Philip plotting with Tancred against Richard. The two kings eventually met to clear the air and reached an agreement, including the end of Richard's betrothal to Philip's sister
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In the meantime, Henry II had raised a very expensive army of more than 20,000 mercenaries with which to face the rebellion. He marched on Verneuil, and Louis retreated from his forces. The army proceeded to recapture Dol and subdued Brittany. At this point Henry II made an offer of peace to his
576:, whom he gave a generous pension after he became king. Little is known about Richard's education. Although he was born in Oxford and brought up in England up to his eighth year, it is not known to what extent he used or understood English; he was an educated man who composed poetry and wrote in
722:
Henry the Young King abandoned his father and left for the French court, seeking the protection of Louis VII; his brothers Richard and Geoffrey soon followed him, while the five-year-old John remained in England. Louis gave his support to the three brothers and even knighted Richard, tying them
855:
After the conclusion of the war, the process of pacifying the provinces that had rebelled against Henry II began. The King travelled to Anjou for this purpose, and Geoffrey dealt with Brittany. In January 1175 Richard was dispatched to Aquitaine to punish the barons who had fought for him. The
4194:
Historians are divided in their use of the terms "Plantagenet" and "Angevin" in regards to Henry II and his sons. Some class Henry II to be the first Plantagenet king of England; others refer to Henry, Richard and John as the Angevin dynasty, and consider Henry III to be the first Plantagenet
1628:
The Emperor demanded that 150,000 marks (100,000 pounds of silver) be delivered to him before he would release the King, the same amount raised by the Saladin tithe only a few years earlier, and two to three times the annual income of the English Crown under Richard. Meanwhile, Eleanor worked
962:
After Richard had subdued his rebellious barons he again challenged his father. From 1180 to 1183 the tension between Henry and Richard grew, as King Henry commanded Richard to pay homage to Henry the Young King, but Richard refused. Finally, in 1183 Henry the Young King and Geoffrey, Duke of
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travelled Europe from castle to castle, loudly singing a song known only to the two of them (they had composed it together). Eventually, he came to the place where Richard was being held, and Richard heard the song and answered with the appropriate refrain, thus revealing where the King was
1324:
The rapid conquest of the island by Richard was of strategic importance. The island occupies a key strategic position on the maritime lanes to the Holy Land, whose occupation by the Christians could not continue without support from the sea. Cyprus remained a Christian stronghold until the
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Richard's reputation over the years has "fluctuated wildly", according to historian John Gillingham. According to Gillingham, "Richard's reputation, above all as a crusader, meant that the tone of contemporaries and near contemporaries, whether writing in the West or the Middle East, was
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The brothers made an oath at the French court that they would not make terms with Henry II without the consent of Louis VII and the French barons. With the support of Louis, Henry the Young King attracted many barons to his cause through promises of land and money; one such baron was
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1198. This was more than double Richard's spending on castles in England, an estimated ÂŁ7,000. Unprecedented in its speed of construction, the castle was mostly complete in two years, when most construction on such a scale would have taken the better part of a decade. According to
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Richard was said to be very attractive; his hair was between red and blond, and he was light-eyed with a pale complexion. According to Clifford Brewer, he was 6 feet 5 inches (1.96 m), although that is unverifiable since his remains have been lost since at least the
1902:
Richard died on 6 April 1199 in the arms of his mother, and thus "ended his earthly day." Because of the nature of his death, it was later said that "the Lion by the Ant was slain". According to one chronicler, Richard's last act of chivalry proved fruitless when the infamous
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difficulty in making the journey home as her husband did, and she did not see England until after his death. After his release from German captivity, Richard showed some regret for his earlier conduct, but he was not reunited with his wife. The marriage remained childless.
1590:("No man who is imprisoned"), which is addressed to his half-sister Marie. He wrote the song, in French and Occitan versions, to express his feelings of abandonment by his people and his sister. The detention of a crusader was contrary to public law, and on these grounds
6557:, and abstain from what is unlawful", and Richard thus "receiving absolution, took back his wife, whom for a long time he had not known, and putting away all illicit intercourse, he remained constant to his wife and the two become one flesh". Roger of Hoveden,
6331:(1). JoÍl Poupon, GaÍl-François Jeannel, Dominique Favier, Speranta-Maria Popescu, RaphaÍl Weil, Christophe Moulherat, Isabelle Huynh-Charlier, Caroline Dorion-Peyronnet, Ana-Maria Lazar, Christian HervÊ & Geoffroy Lorin de la Grandmaison. London, England:
637:
Marriage alliances were common among medieval royalty: they led to political alliances and peace treaties and allowed families to stake claims of succession on each other's lands. In March 1159, it was arranged that Richard would marry one of the daughters of
1971:. He was succeeded by his brother John as king. His French territories, with the exception of Rouen, initially rejected John as a successor, preferring his nephew Arthur. The lack of any direct heirs from Richard was the first step in the dissolution of the
1039:
on 3 September 1189. Tradition barred all Jews and women from the investiture, but some Jewish leaders arrived to present gifts for the new king. According to Ralph of Diceto, Richard's courtiers stripped and flogged the Jews, then flung them out of court.
5865:, 2008. Richard would have his revenge on Dreux when the Bishop was captured, clad in a mailcoat and fully armed, by Richard's men in 1197; the king promptly clapped him into prison, from whence he was released only in 1200, a year after Richard's death.
1450:
broke ranks to charge the right wing of Saladin's forces. Richard then ordered a general counterattack, which won the battle. Arsuf was an important victory. The Muslim army was not destroyed, despite the considerable casualties it suffered, but it did
1230:, son of Geoffrey, as his heir, and Tancred promised to marry one of his daughters to Arthur when he came of age, giving a further 20,000 ounces (570 kg) of gold that would be returned by Richard if Arthur did not marry Tancred's daughter.
1747:
Determined to resist Philip's designs on contested Angevin lands such as the Vexin and Berry, Richard poured all his military expertise and vast resources into the war on the French King. He organised an alliance against Philip, including
1738:
Château Gaillard was ahead of its time, featuring innovations that would be adopted in castle architecture nearly a century later. Allen Brown described Château Gaillard as "one of the finest castles in Europe", and military historian Sir
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unity between the two countries, the kings of England and France had slept overnight in the same bed. Gillingham has characterized this as "an accepted political act, nothing sexual about it;... a bit like a modern-day photo opportunity".
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the crusade and wars in France. This "remarkably original and consciously anachronistic interpretation" eventually became the common opinion of scholars. Though Richard's popular image tended to be dominated by the positive qualities of
797:
and raised the barons who were loyal to himself and his mother in rebellion against his father. Eleanor was captured, so Richard was left to lead his campaign against Henry II's supporters in Aquitaine on his own. He marched to take
1118:
Richard swore an oath to renounce his past wickedness in order to show himself worthy to take the cross. He started to raise and equip a new crusader army. He spent most of his father's treasury (filled with money raised by the
634:, states that: "He was tall, of elegant build; the colour of his hair was between red and gold; his limbs were supple and straight. He had long arms suited to wielding a sword. His long legs matched the rest of his body".
1625:, Bishop of Beauvais and Philip of France's cousin, the conditions of Richard's captivity worsened, and he was kept in chains, "so heavy," Richard declared, "that a horse or ass would have struggled to move under them."
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in 1570. Richard's exploit was well publicised and contributed to his reputation, and he also derived significant financial gains from the conquest of the island. Richard left Cyprus for Acre on 5 June with his allies.
567:
While his father visited his lands from Scotland to France, Richard probably spent his childhood in England. His first recorded visit to the European continent was in May 1165, when his mother took him to Normandy. His
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to John: "Look to yourself; the devil is loose". Furthermore, upon the sudden death of Leopold, under the pressure of the Pope, the new duke Frederick was forced to abandon his marriage plan with Eleanor of Brittany.
1127:(ÂŁ6,500). To raise still more revenue he sold the right to hold official positions, lands, and other privileges to those interested in them. Those already appointed were forced to pay huge sums to retain their posts.
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sons; on the advice of Louis the offer was refused. Henry II's forces took Saintes by surprise and captured much of its garrison, although Richard was able to escape with a small group of soldiers. He took refuge in
1425:
mother) and his position within the crusade. Leopold's banner had been raised alongside the English and French standards. This was interpreted as arrogance by both Richard and Philip, as Leopold was a vassal of the
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started to mention him as a contemporary and supporter of King Richard the Lionheart, Robin being driven to outlawry, during the misrule of Richard's evil brother John, while Richard was away at the Third Crusade.
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on Cyprus. He ordered Isaac to release the prisoners and treasure. Isaac refused, so Richard landed his troops and took Lemesos. Various princes of the Holy Land arrived in Lemesos at the same time, in particular
1455:; this was considered shameful by the Muslims and boosted the morale of the Crusaders. In November 1191, following the fall of Jaffa, the Crusader army advanced inland towards Jerusalem. The army then marched to
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in the company of other French nobles. In exchange for Philip's help against his father, Richard paid homage to Philip in November 1188. On 4 July 1189, the forces of Richard and Philip defeated Henry's army at
1666:. Richard forgave John when they met again and named him as his heir in place of their nephew Arthur. At Winchester, on 11 March 1194, Richard was crowned a second time to nullify the shame of his captivity.
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by Leopold of Austria, who accused Richard of arranging the murder of his cousin Conrad of Montferrat. Moreover, Richard had personally offended Leopold by casting down his standard from the walls of Acre.
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When Henry II and Louis VII made a truce on 8 September 1174, its terms specifically excluded Richard. Abandoned by Louis and wary of facing his father's army in battle, Richard went to Henry II's court at
2027:
In the historiography of the second half of the 20th century, much interest was shown in Richard's sexuality, in particular whether there was evidence of homosexuality. The topic had not been raised by
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in 1194, just after Richard's return to France from captivity and money-raising in England, Philip fled, leaving his entire archive of financial audits and documents to be captured by Richard. At the
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An election forced Richard to accept Conrad of Montferrat as King of Jerusalem, and he sold Cyprus to his defeated protĂŠgĂŠ, Guy. Only days later, on 28 April 1192, Conrad was stabbed to death by the
819:, where Louis VII had been joined by Henry the Young King after abandoning his plan to invade England. Louis was defeated and a peace treaty was signed in September 1174, the Treaty of Montlouis.
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on 7 September 1191. Saladin attempted to harass Richard's army into breaking its formation in order to defeat it in detail. Richard maintained his army's defensive formation, however, until the
979:, and, in spite of the person who had the custody thereof, carried off the greater part of his father's treasures, and fortified his castles in Poitou with the same, refusing to go to his father.
942:. The increasing cruelty of his rule led to a major revolt there in 1179. Hoping to dethrone Richard, the rebels sought the help of his brothers Henry and Geoffrey. The turning point came in the
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arrival found out that the rebellion had already collapsed. William I of Scotland and Hugh Bigod were captured on 13 and 25 July respectively. Henry II returned to France and raised the siege of
6739:, p. 37. Ailes, Adrian (1982). The Origins of The Royal Arms of England. Reading: Graduate Center for Medieval Studies, University of Reading. pp. 52â63. Charles Boutell, A. C. Fox-Davies, ed.,
2202:. It also does not correspond to the historical reality, since the King's jailers did not hide the fact; on the contrary, they publicised it. An early account of this legend is to be found in
1546:, who objected to Richard's annexation of Cyprus, formerly Byzantine territory. Disguised as a Knight Templar, Richard sailed from Corfu with four attendants, but his ship was wrecked near
903:
Henry seemed unwilling to entrust any of his sons with resources that could be used against him. It was suspected that the King had appropriated Alys of France, Richard's betrothed, as his
684:
After Henry II fell seriously ill in 1170, he enacted his plan to divide his territories, although he would retain overall authority over his sons and their territories. His son Henry was
1474:
was married to the widowed Isabella, although she was carrying Conrad's child. The murder was never conclusively solved, and Richard's contemporaries widely suspected his involvement.
1096:
1406:, Isabella's first husband, from whom she had been forcibly divorced in 1190. Humphrey was loyal to Guy and spoke Arabic fluently, so Richard used him as a translator and negotiator.
501:; William died before Richard's birth. As a younger son of King Henry II, Richard was not expected to ascend the throne. Four more children were born to King Henry and Queen Eleanor:
1067:, claimed that the jealous and bigoted citizens started the rioting, and that Richard punished the perpetrators, allowing a forcibly converted Jew to return to his native religion.
8197:
2316:
7432:
1637:. Both clergy and laymen were taxed for a quarter of the value of their property, the gold and silver treasures of the churches were confiscated, and money was raised from the
7527:
1804:
1574:
Hadmar of Kuenring. This mishap was soon known in England, but the regents were for some weeks uncertain of his whereabouts. While in prison, Richard wrote the musical piece
1658:
In Richard's absence, his brother John revolted with the aid of Philip; amongst Philip's conquests in the period of Richard's imprisonment was a part of Normandy called
1618:
7534:
1135:
and the King's chancellor, made a show of bidding ÂŁ3,000 to remain as Chancellor. He was apparently outbid by a certain Reginald the Italian, but that bid was refused.
1269:
with an army of 17,000 men, but a storm dispersed his large fleet. After some searching, it was discovered that the ship carrying his sister Joan and his new fiancĂŠe,
601:, was that he could not speak English. This indicates that by the late 12th century a knowledge of English was expected of those in positions of authority in England.
1398:: Conrad, whose defence of Tyre had saved the kingdom in 1187, was supported by Philip of France, son of his first cousin Louis VII of France, and by another cousin,
1107:
Richard had already taken the cross as Count of Poitou in 1187. His father and Philip II had done so at Gisors on 21 January 1188 after receiving news of the fall of
11807:
11757:
10484:
2036:
historians, a fact denounced as a "conspiracy of silence" by John Harvey (1948). The argument primarily drew on accounts of Richard's behaviour, as well as of his
589:
During his captivity, English prejudice against foreigners was used in a calculated way by his brother John to help destroy the authority of Richard's chancellor,
12097:
11972:
11220:
681:. At the ceremony where Richard's betrothal was confirmed, he paid homage to the king of France for Aquitaine, thus securing ties of vassalage between the two.
11185:
1115:. After Richard became king, he and Philip agreed to go on the Third Crusade, since each feared that during his absence the other might usurp his territories.
872:
On this campaign, Richard acquired the name "the Lion" or "the Lionheart" due to his noble, brave and fierce leadership. He is referred to as "this our lion" (
6162:
1995:
and troubadours of his entourage; he was also a poet himself. He was interested in writing and music, and two poems are attributed to him. The first one is a
1043:
When a rumour spread that Richard had ordered all Jews to be killed, the people of London attacked the Jewish population. Many Jewish homes were destroyed by
11852:
11762:
938:
After his failure to overthrow his father, Richard concentrated on putting down internal revolts by the nobles of Aquitaine, especially in the territory of
12556:
12257:
12197:
11822:
8190:
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when he was granted the lance and banner emblems of his office; the ceremony took place in Poitiers and was repeated in Limoges, where he wore the ring of
865:
built in stone, and that many barons had expanded or refortified their castles, this was not an easy task. Roger of Howden records the two-month siege of
11327:
1277:, along with the wrecks of several other vessels, including the treasure ship. Survivors of the wrecks had been taken prisoner by the island's ruler,
1095:
demanding that the Jews be left alone. The edict was only loosely enforced, however, and the following March further violence occurred, including a
560:. According to Angevin family tradition, there was even 'infernal blood' in their ancestry, with a claimed descent from the fairy, or female demon,
11967:
9391:
643:
12037:
8183:
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626:
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9194:
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Medieval Sourcebook: Guillame de Tyr (William of Tyre): Historia rerum in partibus transmarinis gestarum (History of Deeds Done Beyond the Sea)
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7906:
1686:(December 1195) between Richard and Philip II, neither king was allowed to fortify the site; despite this, Richard intended to build the vast
12067:
11942:
10826:
1550:, forcing Richard and his party into taking a dangerous land route through central Europe. On his way to the territory of his brother-in-law
1645:
taxes. At the same time, Richard's brother John and King Philip of France offered 80,000 marks for Henry VI to hold Richard prisoner until
4957:
Giraldi Cambrensis topographia Hibernica, dist. III, cap. L; ed. James F. Dimock in: Rolles Series (RS), Band 21, 5, London 1867, S. 196.
4168:
1760:, and his father-in-law, King Sancho VI of Navarre, who raided Philip's lands from the south. Most importantly, he managed to secure the
9360:
5792:
2259:'s verdict: "he was a bad son, a bad husband, and a bad king, but a gallant and splendid soldier" ("History of the Crusades" Vol. III).
7961:
4204:
Although there are numerous variations of the story's details, it is not disputed that Richard did pardon the person who shot the bolt.
12561:
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11319:
9683:
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In 1187, to strengthen his position, Richard allied himself with 22-year-old Philip II, the son of Eleanor's ex-husband Louis VII by
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1489:
A period of minor skirmishes with Saladin's forces commenced, punctuated by another defeat in the field for the Ayyubid army at the
1123:), raised taxes, and even agreed to free King William I of Scotland from his oath of subservience to Richard in exchange for 10,000
12616:
12511:
10695:
2094:. It is likely, therefore, that Richard introduced this heraldic design. In his earlier Great Seal of 1189, he had used either one
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Richard is often depicted as having been the favourite son of his mother. His father was Angevin-Norman and great-grandson of
432:. He was born in England, where he spent his childhood; before becoming king, however, he lived most of his adult life in the
11485:
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9688:
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The annals of Roger de Hoveden: comprising The history of England and of other countries of Europe from A.D. 732 to A.D. 1201
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was replaced as seneschal and temporarily imprisoned for fiscal mismanagement. Payn de Rochefort, an Angevin knight, became
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might be attached to contemporary opinion than to views which occurred to no one until many centuries after his death."
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The local magnates abandoned Isaac, who considered making peace with Richard, joining him on the crusade, and offering
1409:
Richard and his forces aided in the capture of Acre, despite Richard's serious illness. At one point, while sick from
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the previous year. Guy's claim was challenged by Conrad of Montferrat, second husband of Sibylla's half-sister,
1223:
Joan was to receive 20,000 ounces (570 kg) of gold as compensation for her inheritance, which Tancred kept.
12606:
11161:
11107:
11035:
10644:
10556:
9822:
5698:
A History of the Crusades: Volume Two, The Later Crusades 1187â1311, The University of Wisconsin Press, Madison
2263:
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2127:
1838:
1703:
made gifts of land to the archbishop and the diocese of Rouen, including two manors and the prosperous port of
1630:
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for a rebellion in Suffolk. The alliance with Louis was initially successful, and by July 1173 the rebels were
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Around the middle of the 13th century, various legends developed that, after Richard's capture, his minstrel
1837:, he "devastated the Viscount's land with fire and sword". He besieged the tiny, virtually unarmed castle of
1391:
869:; while the castle was "notoriously strong", Richard's siege engines battered the defenders into submission.
758:, who was promised ÂŁ1,000 and several castles. The brothers also had supporters ready to rise up in England.
642:; however, these arrangements failed, and the marriage never took place. Henry the Young King was married to
502:
490:
291:
1938:, a symbolically important substance because it had been present both at the birth and embalming of Christ.
654:, the dynasty on the French throne, the two houses were sometimes in conflict. In 1168, the intercession of
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on 23 September and begged for forgiveness, weeping and falling at the feet of Henry, who gave Richard the
79:
1386:
Guy of Lusignan, who had brought troops to help him in Cyprus. Guy was the widower of his father's cousin
835:. Eleanor remained Henry II's prisoner until his death, partly as insurance for Richard's good behaviour.
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Siege of Acre, 1189â1191: Saladin, Richard the Lionheart, and the Battle That Decided the Third Crusade
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1207:
803:
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31:
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Baha' al-Din Yusuf Ibn Shaddad (also rendered Beha al-Din and Beha Ed-Din), trans. C.W. Wilson (1897)
1082:
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The itinerary of King Richard I, with studies on certain matters of interest connected with his reign
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Victorian England was divided on Richard: many admired him as a crusader and man of God, erecting an
1274:
367:
359:
12277:
11917:
11777:
11707:
6319:"The embalmed heart of Richard the Lionheart (1199 A.D.): a biological and anthropological analysis"
1321:, and it was subsequently acquired, in 1192, by Guy of Lusignan and became a stable feudal kingdom.
811:
738:
685:
394:
and was therefore not expected to become king, but his two elder brothers predeceased their father.
12521:
12516:
12027:
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11083:
10938:
10612:
10572:
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10364:
10249:
9066:
8663:
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8358:
8214:
8206:
6125:. California studies in the history of art. Vol. 21. University of California Press. pp.
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1795:
today), echoing his earlier boast to Emperor Henry that his rank acknowledged no superior but God.
1524:
1278:
1072:
658:
was necessary to secure a truce between them. Henry II had conquered Brittany and taken control of
239:
9469:
2324:
Norman English and early Plantagenet monarchs and their relationship with rulers of Western Europe
1138:
Richard made some final arrangements on the continent. He reconfirmed his father's appointment of
12571:
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11887:
11648:
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11113:
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10436:
10084:
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9643:
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8612:
8587:
5461:
3761:
2753:
2744:
2666:
2438:
2374:
2365:
2079:
1941:
1930:
in Anjou. In 2012, scientists analysed the remains of Richard's heart and found that it had been
1395:
1203:
462:
281:
12435:
8294:
5861:, ii. 493â494, cited in John Gillingham, "The Kidnapped King: Richard I in Germany, 1192â1194,"
1019:
612:(in various shades of red) on the continent, which Richard eventually inherited from his parents
12601:
11797:
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10983:
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10171:
8811:
8696:
8642:
8617:
8592:
8577:
8449:
8284:
3460:
1775:
Partly as a result of these and other intrigues, Richard won several victories over Philip. At
1749:
1490:
1434:
he believed his campaign could not advance with the prisoners in train. He, therefore, ordered
951:. His opponents turned to Philip II of France for support, and the fighting spread through the
919:, as valuable. Richard was discouraged from renouncing Alys because she was the sister of King
414:
301:
8754:
6923:
6597:
6411:
Saccio, Peter; Black, Leon D. (2000). "John, The Legitimacy of the King; The Angevin Empire".
6126:
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5820:
5749:
EddĂŠ, Anne-Marie "Saladin" trans. Jean Marie Todd Harvard University Press 2011. pp. 267â269.
5618:
5560:
5526:
1338:
Before leaving Cyprus on crusade, Richard married Berengaria, the first-born daughter of King
56:
12227:
12207:
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12092:
11912:
11802:
11597:
11386:
11167:
11143:
11047:
10930:
10914:
10762:
10532:
10326:
10316:
9860:
9768:
9726:
9673:
9457:
9430:
9347:
9107:
9031:
9010:
8953:
8801:
8711:
8691:
8622:
8560:
8550:
8540:
8419:
8414:
8387:
8348:
8343:
6706:
5477:
5061:
4499:
3786:
2735:
2689:
2407:
2239:
2091:
2072:
2062:
2037:
1497:
and merchants access to Jerusalem, and initiated a three-year truce. Richard, being ill with
1471:
1270:
878:
771:
710:
573:
533:
514:
194:
118:
12611:
12378:
11812:
8506:
8258:
6585:
6561:, trans. Henry T. Riley, 2. Vols. (London: H.G. Bohn, 1853; repr. New York: AMS Press, 1968)
1621:". The King was at first shown a certain measure of respect, but later, at the prompting of
1514:
1318:
1182:
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9780:
9736:
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9600:
9561:
9476:
9379:
9317:
9305:
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9113:
9096:
9075:
8779:
8726:
8716:
8706:
8679:
8597:
8520:
8454:
8409:
8399:
8393:
8376:
8326:
8089:
8081:
8061:
8032:
7968:
Williams, Patrick A (1970). "The Assassination of Conrad of Montferrat: Another Suspect?".
6922:, California studies in the history of art, vol. 21, University of California Press, 1987,
6737:
Woodward's: A Treatise on Heraldry, British and foreign, With English and French Glossaries
6336:
5593:
4108:
4052:
3777:
3713:
3697:
3397:
2383:
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1848:
On 26 March 1199, Richard was hit in the shoulder by a crossbow bolt, and the wound turned
1435:
1403:
1387:
1339:
1294:
1199:
494:
486:
391:
259:
136:
131:
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1670:
907:. This made a marriage between Richard and Alys technically impossible in the eyes of the
8:
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11867:
11772:
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10242:
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9988:
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9945:
9896:
9619:
9590:
9585:
9580:
9573:
9504:
9491:
9398:
9293:
9263:
9245:
9235:
9140:
9090:
8806:
8759:
8701:
8637:
8434:
8424:
8404:
8370:
8175:
8103:
8065:
4124:
3704:
3429:
3404:
3388:
2762:
2728:
2192:
1945:
1724:
1695:
1691:
1306:
1293:. All declared their support for Richard provided that he support Guy against his rival,
952:
920:
884:
716:
646:, daughter of Louis VII of France, on 2 November 1160. Despite this alliance between the
541:
518:
482:
406:
387:
249:
108:
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5679:
EddĂŠ, Anne-Marie "Saladin" trans. Jean Marie Todd Harvard University Press 2011. p. 266
1715:
1687:
1602:
1563:
1390:
and was trying to retain the kingship of Jerusalem, despite his wife's death during the
1219:
March 1191. The treaty was signed by Richard, Philip, and Tancred. Its main terms were:
1056:
397:
By the age of 16, Richard had taken command of his own army, putting down rebellions in
12282:
12252:
12182:
12157:
12042:
11992:
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11877:
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9920:
9877:
9719:
9631:
9163:
9042:
8843:
8481:
8429:
8353:
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7872:
The Chronicle of the Third Crusade: The Itinerarium Peregrinorum et Gesta Regis Ricardi
7722:
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7470:
7427:
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6554:
6365:
6318:
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1830:
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1683:
1591:
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1427:
1347:
1310:
1240:
1227:
1151:
1139:
1048:
967:
866:
734:
655:
621:. John, his youngest brother, was known to be 5 feet 5 inches (1.65 m).
478:
433:
11962:
11957:
4309:
1791: – "God and my Right" – as his motto (still used by the
1710:
1359:
12364:
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12202:
12192:
12147:
12137:
12082:
11997:
11872:
11628:
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9595:
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8988:
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8072:
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7739:
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7107:
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2147:
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1956:, the former archbishop of Canterbury), the King having presumably spent 33 years in
1128:
1036:
1024:
959:. The excessive cruelty of Richard's punitive campaigns aroused even more hostility.
786:
618:
590:
363:
351:
217:
8337:
2152:
926:
693:. In June 1172, at age 14, Richard was formally recognised as duke of Aquitaine and
12621:
12308:
12237:
12172:
12127:
12122:
12057:
12047:
11937:
11907:
11892:
11787:
11742:
11737:
11458:
11311:
10954:
10818:
10786:
10778:
10620:
10321:
9438:
8976:
8794:
8784:
8674:
8647:
8499:
8331:
8251:
8244:
8133:
8004:
7714:
7604:
7494:
7362:
6360:
6344:
6323:
4301:
3469:
3174:
3113:
2235:
2172:
2126:, forms the basis of several emblems of English national sports teams (such as the
2111:
1968:
1927:
1792:
1780:
1543:
1301:
1236:
1167:
1147:
1068:
1032:
988:
904:
577:
549:
355:
347:
308:
222:
180:
66:
7381:
1235:
Alys. In 1190 King Richard, before leaving for the Holy Land for the crusade, met
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582:
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12032:
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9037:
8789:
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8093:
7939:
7673:
7474:
7264:
7121:
6588:
Sodomy, Masculinity and Law in Medieval Literature: France and England, 1050â1230
6550:
6398:, p. 234) ascribes Sandford's vision to the day before Palm Sunday, 3 April 1232.
6332:
4293:
3160:
2682:
2256:
1967:
Richard produced no legitimate heirs and acknowledged only one illegitimate son,
1953:
1879:
1852:. Richard asked to have the crossbowman brought before him; called alternatively
1841:. Some chroniclers claimed that this was because a local peasant had uncovered a
1811:
1622:
1439:
1314:
1290:
1159:
1124:
1052:
931:
908:
861:
857:
790:
724:
694:
537:
470:
375:
343:
296:
155:
75:
12327:
12262:
12077:
12072:
11982:
11932:
11927:
11897:
11842:
11540:
11450:
11276:
10374:
10074:
9159:
9058:
9048:
8887:
8774:
8731:
8685:
8470:
8144:
8110:
7366:
3167:
2286:
2271:
2187:
1972:
1842:
1614:
1551:
1519:
1375:
1163:
609:
526:
371:
7608:
7349:
1257:
843:
782:
457:
12465:
12217:
12062:
12052:
11747:
11556:
11244:
9908:
9807:
9258:
7574:
A History of the Art of War in the Middle Ages, Volume Two: 1278â1485 AD
6356:
6271:
5781:
5620:
The Social Politics of Medieval Diplomacy: Anglo-German Relations (1066â1307)
3128:
1853:
1818:
1807:
Inverted coat of arms of Richard, indicating his death, from a manuscript of
1761:
1629:
tirelessly to raise the ransom for her son's release. Leopold also requested
1569:
1479:
1132:
1120:
930:
Richard I in profile, funerary effigy above the tomb containing his heart in
848:
828:
631:
441:
402:
331:
286:
11862:
11782:
8162:
4496:
Tales From the Long Twelfth Century: The Rise and Fall of the Angevin Empire
2196:. It seems unconnected to the real Jean 'Blondel' de Nesle, an aristocratic
1669:
Richard began his reconquest of the lost lands in Normandy. The fall of the
1075:, reacted by remarking, "If the King is not God's man, he had better be the
401:
against his father. Richard was an important Christian commander during the
12315:
12012:
11548:
10946:
10384:
10369:
10183:
10069:
9653:
8912:
8669:
7830:
7705:
Turner, Ralph (1997). "Richard Lionheart and English Episcopal Elections".
7569:
7016:
6374:
6244:
5423:
2096:
1935:
1912:
1857:
1740:
1663:
1659:
1447:
1382:
Richard landed at Acre on 8 June 1191. He gave his support to his Poitevin
1266:
741:, the castle Richard retreated to after Henry II's forces captured 60
730:
647:
8264:
1342:. Richard had first grown close to her at a tournament held in her native
948:
597:. One of the specific charges laid against Longchamp, by John's supporter
386:
at various times during the same period. He was the third of five sons of
12321:
12022:
12007:
11827:
10770:
10394:
10359:
10306:
8917:
8902:
8487:
6528:
Harvey, pp. 33â34. This question was mentioned, however, in Richard, A.,
6236:
2282:
2255:
and military competence, his reputation among historians was typified by
2161:
2016:
1948:(1226â1235), announced that he had seen a vision of Richard ascending to
1679:
799:
598:
545:
429:
235:
12345:
11723:
9277:
7311:
Richard Coeur De Lion: Kingship, Chivalry And War in the Twelfth Century
5796:. Vol. 23 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. p. 295.
4597:
Lionheart and Lackland: King Richard, King John and the Wars of Conquest
2067:
1992:
1776:
956:
727:, a contemporary poet, described the rebellion as a "war without love".
517:. Richard also had two half-sisters from his mother's first marriage to
12340:
12303:
12002:
10743:
10451:
10431:
10389:
10301:
10265:
9172:
8892:
8882:
8872:
8459:
8321:
7794:
The Conquest of Jerusalem and the Third Crusade: Sources in Translation
7726:
7223:
6279:
6252:
5435:
4290:
2213:
2157:
2000:
1926:(where he died), and the rest of his body at the feet of his father at
1849:
1646:
1155:
698:
425:
95:
7736:
The Reign of Richard Lionheart, Ruler of the Angevin empire, 1189â1199
7093:
The History of the Knights Templars, the Temple Church, and the Temple
7042:
The Reign of Richard Lionheart, Ruler of the Angevin empire, 1189â1199
6348:
1613:
and handed over to Holy Roman Emperor Henry VI, who imprisoned him in
342:
because of his reputation as a great military leader and warrior, was
12350:
10446:
10424:
10351:
10045:
8907:
8877:
8464:
8439:
6553:
tells of a hermit who warned, "Be thou mindful of the destruction of
2122:). The coat of three lions continues to represent England on several
2041:
2033:
1996:
1961:
1957:
1908:
1904:
1889:
1699:
1478:
Jerusalem by attacking the basis of his power through an invasion of
1456:
1422:
1143:
1108:
775:
651:
569:
418:
8945:
8565:
7718:
7592:
2225:
1923:
168:
12187:
11792:
11005:
10141:
10079:
8897:
8838:
8444:
8269:
8154:
7762:
7453:
Royal: Issue of the Kings and Queens of Medieval England, 1066â1399
2252:
1931:
1861:
1826:
1757:
1642:
1597:
1547:
1418:
943:
893:
832:
824:
678:
669:
Early in the 1160s there had been suggestions Richard should marry
561:
383:
379:
7892:
Gesta Regis Henrici II & Gesta Regis Ricardi Benedicti Abbatis
1470:
before he could be crowned. Eight days later Richard's own nephew
444:, and is an enduring iconic figure both in England and in France.
11378:
11252:
8815:
8721:
7988:
7501:(annotated, illustrated ed.), University of Michigan Press,
7347:—— (2004). "Richard I (1157â1199), king of England".
7126:
Feudal Britain: The Completion of the Medieval Kingdoms 1066â1314
5785:
5740:. by Jacob Abbott, New York and London Harper & Brothers 1902
1922:
Richard's heart was buried at Rouen in Normandy, his entrails in
1638:
1494:
1460:
1364:
1343:
1285:
1215:
1112:
997:
939:
690:
594:
437:
410:
230:
5451:. by Jacob Abbot, New York and London Harper & Brothers 1902
1872:
802:
but was rejected by the inhabitants; he withdrew to the city of
409:
and achieving several victories against his Muslim counterpart,
12272:
8607:
8555:
8279:
8274:
7680:, vol. 2, translated by Riley, Henry T., London: H.G. Bohn
7433:
The Plantagenets: The Warrior Kings and Queens Who Made England
2352:: Bold borders indicate legitimate children of English monarchs
2087:
2045:
2008:
1984:
1949:
1916:
1856:, John Sabroz, Dudo, and Bertrand de Gourdon (from the town of
1765:
1704:
1610:
1576:
1555:
1414:
1383:
1195:
976:
794:
778:
742:
659:
474:
398:
7686:
Stafford, Pauline; Nelson, Janet L.; Martindale, Jane (2001).
6639:
6143:
5703:
2290:
importance, there was no religious impulse in this campaign".
12394:
10234:
8998:
8527:
5661:
2220:
1675:
1584:
1539:
1443:
1206:
had seized power, although the legal heir was William's aunt
1076:
1044:
992:
912:
816:
663:
557:
6962:. Vol. 1. Miami, Florida: HardPress. pp. 550â551.
2110:
Richard is also credited with having originated the English
11692:
8311:
6905:
adopted a later popular conception of the generous hearted
6632:, Cambridge, 1951â194, t. III, pp. 41ff.; and Boswell, J.,
6628:, New York, 1974, pp. 38, 88, 202, 212, 257; Runciman, S.,
6614:
6241:
Eleanor of Aquitaine: By the Wrath of God, Queen of England
4865:
4863:
4848:
2011:
that he wrote during his imprisonment at DĂźrnstein Castle,
1834:
1803:
1518:
Depiction of Richard being pardoned by Emperor Henry VI in
1452:
1092:
553:
8205:
7707:
Albion: A Quarterly Journal Concerned with British Studies
7230:, Translated by Jean Birrell, Edinburgh University Press,
6785:
6651:
6413:
Shakespeare's English Kings: History, Chronicle, and Drama
6205:
6163:"King Richard I of England Versus King Philip II Augustus"
5800:
5010:
Eleanor of Aquitaine: The Richest Queen in Medieval Europe
4255:
European Language Matters: English in Its European Context
1554:, Richard was captured shortly before Christmas 1192 near
6193:
5372:
5348:
5292:
5280:
5217:
5142:
2082:
of Richard I (1198) shows him bearing a shield depicting
1690:. Richard tried to obtain the manor through negotiation.
1438:. He then moved south, defeating Saladin's forces at the
1186:
Richard and Philip of France, French manuscript of 1261.
9215:
7952:
7915:
7890:
7685:
5178:
4971:
Collection de documents inĂŠdits sur l'histoire de France
4860:
4570:
4273:
4271:
1619:
I am born of a rank which recognises no superior but God
1313:
as governors. He later sold the island to the master of
447:
11221:
The Downfall and The Death of Robert Earl of Huntington
6181:
5472:
mention the 8th as the date of his arrival (L. Landon,
5090:
2134:" anthem), and endures as one of the most recognisable
2086:. This is the first instance of the appearance of this
1983:
Contemporaries considered Richard as both a king and a
1055:, and others managed to escape. Among those killed was
851:
of Richard, struck in his capacity as count of Poitiers
11649:
The Tales of Robin Hood (former Nottingham attraction)
7393:, vol. 3, Jewish Publication Society of America,
7000:. Washington, D.C.: U.S. News & World Report, L.P.
6797:
6675:
6663:
6470:
6298:
6286:
5932:
5687:"two members of the Assassin Sect, disguised as monks"
4914:
1768:
for his nephew, Henry the Lion's son, who was elected
1284:
On 1 May 1191, Richard's fleet arrived in the port of
1059:, a respected Jewish scholar. Roger of Howden, in his
1014:
7914:
Roger of Hoveden (1868â1871), Stubbs, William (ed.),
7913:
7776:
Radulfi de Diceto Decani Lundoniensis Opera Historica
6913:, transforming history into romance". Suzanne Lewis,
6818:
Recueil de l'origine de la langue et poesie françoise
5494:
5360:
5319:
5268:
5241:
5229:
5166:
4762:
4760:
4438:
4436:
4268:
2207:
Recueil de l'origine de la langue et poesie françoise
7833:(1984), "L'impossible rencontre", in J'ai lu (ed.),
7389:
Graetz, Heinrich Bella LĂśwy; Bloch, Philipp (1902),
6994:
Curry, Andrew (8 April 2002). "The First Holy War".
6060:
5205:
1783:(sometimes called Courcelles) in 1198, Richard took
346:
from 1189 until his death in 1199. He also ruled as
11186:
The King's Disguise, and Friendship with Robin Hood
5637:
5506:
5482:
4352:
4231:
Writing War: Medieval Literary Responses to Warfare
2186:and seems to be the inspiration for the opening to
11328:Conquests of the Longbow: The Legend of Robin Hood
7622:
7517:
7348:
7268:
7182:
6755:"Why do England have three lions on their shirts?"
6715:" series. Harry N. Abrams, Inc. 1997. p. 59.
6624:, p. 448 (French). See for example Brundage,
6536:, vol. IâII, Paris, 1903, t. II, p. 130, cited in
6089:
6087:
5963:
5961:
5959:
5066:
4887:
4757:
4558:
4433:
4421:
2107:, arms which he may have adopted from his father.
2022:
1239:, who spoke to him of a prophecy contained in the
1023:Richard I being anointed during his coronation in
838:
469:Richard was born on 8 September 1157, probably at
745:and 400 archers who fought for Richard when
326:(8 September 1157 â 6 April 1199), known as
12463:
9392:Margaret of France, Queen of England and Hungary
7888:
7672:
7519:"Richard I slept with French king 'but not gay'"
7203:
6863:
6634:Christianity, Social Tolerance and Homosexuality
6498:
6496:
6165:. Historynet.com. 23 August 2006. Archived from
5154:
5057:
4453:
4451:
1678:, an important transport route, in the manor of
1194:In September 1190 Richard and Philip arrived in
806:, which he established as a base of operations.
7991:at the official website of the British monarchy
7954:Itinerarium Peregrinorum et Gesta Regis Ricardi
7774:Ralph of Diceto (1876). Stubbs, William (ed.).
7773:
7769:. Translated by Ailes, Marianne. Boydell Press.
7663:
7554:, London: English Heritage and B. T. Batsford,
7013:Holy Warriors: a Modern History of the Crusades
6854:
6852:
6446:
6444:
6149:
6123:The Art of Matthew Paris in the Chronica Majora
6084:
5997:
5956:
5904:The Magnificent Century: The Pageant of England
5822:The Lives of the Popes in the Early Middle Ages
5315:(2nd ed.). London: Routledge. p. 170.
5012:. The Rosen Publishing Group, Inc. p. 83.
4904:
4902:
2347:
2341:
2334:
2328:
2212:At some time around the 16th century, tales of
1653:
1538:Bad weather forced Richard's ship to put in at
1509:
1504:
627:Itinerarium peregrinorum et gesta regis Ricardi
11296:Robin of Sherwood: The Touchstones of Rhiannon
7889:—— (1867), Stubbs, William (ed.),
7629:The Place of War in English History, 1066â1214
6708:Heraldry: An Introduction to a Noble Tradition
4819:
4817:
4792:
4790:
900:in the context of the Accon campaign of 1191.
405:, leading the campaign after the departure of
11708:
10827:Tom and Jerry: Robin Hood and His Merry Mouse
10250:
9188:
8961:
8191:
8167:
7938:
7096:, London: Longman, Brown, Green, and Longmans
7040:Turner, Ralph V.; Heiser, Richard R. (2000).
6493:
6038:
6036:
5623:. University of Michigan Press. p. 138.
5406:
5404:
5402:
5389:
5387:
5338:
5336:
5334:
5258:
5256:
5195:
5193:
4448:
2310:
1878:Tomb containing the heart of King Richard in
1086:Silver penny of Richard I, York Museums Trust
911:, but Henry prevaricated: he regarded Alys's
7733:
7361:(online ed.). Oxford University Press.
6907:
6849:
6530:
6441:
5696:Wolff, Robert L., and Hazard, H. W. (1977).
5599:Kyng R. let breke his baner, / And kest it i
5428:History of King Richard the First of England
5109:
5107:
5105:
5033:
4899:
4691:
4381:
4277:
2197:
1991:Richard was a patron and a protector of the
1785:
701:, who was the personification of Aquitaine.
12557:English military personnel killed in action
8758:Monarchs of England and Scotland after the
7541:. 18 March 2008. p. 25. Archived from
7388:
6916:
6899:
6820:. Paris: Mamert Patisson. pp. 130â131.
6410:
6406:
6404:
6392:
5863:German Historical Institute London Bulletin
5725:, Palestine Pilgrims' Text Society, London.
5160:
5125:
4838:
4836:
4834:
4832:
4814:
4787:
4777:
4775:
4169:Cultural depictions of Richard I of England
2285:, when British troops commanded by General
1809:
1729:
1567:
1417:, he picked off guards on the walls with a
1061:
666:, which had been part of Margaret's dowry.
11715:
11701:
10257:
10243:
10170:
9195:
9181:
8968:
8954:
8935:Debated or disputed rulers are in italics.
8198:
8184:
8016:
7930:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (
7905:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (
7734:——; Heiser, Richard R (2000),
7346:
7327:
7308:
7289:
7263:
6982:
6946:
6935:
6886:
6875:
6645:
6583:
6571:
6517:
6488:
6387:
6199:
6187:
6066:
6054:
6033:
6003:
5967:
5950:
5926:
5776:
5774:
5709:
5667:
5655:
5643:
5512:
5500:
5488:
5399:
5384:
5331:
5253:
5223:
5190:
5084:
4893:
4869:
4854:
4808:
4766:
4751:
4739:
4679:
4522:
4442:
4404:
4370:
4321:
2317:
2303:
2221:Historical reputation and modern reception
1226:Richard officially proclaimed his nephew,
704:
55:
9859:
9767:
9684:Thomas of Brotherton, 1st Earl of Norfolk
9654:Joan, Countess of Hertford and Gloucester
9497:Eleanor of England, Countess of Leicester
9456:
7869:
6364:
6116:
6114:
5825:. K. Paul, Trench, TrĂźbner. p. 417.
5102:
4985:Queens Consort: England's Medieval Queens
2176:incarcerated. The story was the basis of
1609:On 28 March 1193, Richard was brought to
1605:, where Richard was at first kept captive
760:Robert de Beaumont, 3rd Earl of Leicester
9706:
9560:
9417:
9378:
9202:
7967:
7853:Richard CĹur de Lion in History and Myth
7810:
7761:
7469:
7204:Cannon, John; Hargreaves, Anne (2004) .
7166:(in German). Albatros Im Patmos Verlag.
7010:
6532:Histoire des comtes de Poitout, 778â1204
6401:
6316:
5845:
5780:
5558:
5310:
4829:
4772:
4493:
4326:. Weidenfeld and Nicolson. p. 243.
4228:
2238:'s 1856 statue of Richard I outside the
2224:
2151:
2090:, which later became established as the
2066:
1802:
1709:
1596:
1513:
1358:
1265:In April 1191, Richard left Messina for
1261:The Near East in 1190 (Cyprus in purple)
1256:
1181:
1172:William de Mandeville, 3rd Earl of Essex
1081:
1018:
1010:Government in Norman and Angevin England
925:
842:
729:
603:
456:
417:and ended the campaign without retaking
10006:
9895:
9828:Thomas of Woodstock, Duke of Gloucester
9664:Margaret of England, Duchess of Brabant
9618:
9361:William de LongespĂŠe, Earl of Salisbury
9292:
7590:
7549:
7358:Oxford Dictionary of National Biography
7351:Oxford Dictionary of National Biography
7247:Richard Coeur de Lion: le roi-chevalier
7086:
6815:
6317:Charlier, Philippe (28 February 2013).
6042:
5991:
5906:. Garden City: Doubleday, 1951, pp. 4â7
5868:
5771:
5700:. University of Wisconsin Press. p. 80.
5616:
5562:The Crusades: The War for the Holy Land
5430:(3rd ed.). Harper & Brothers.
5007:
4346:
2339:: Red borders indicate English monarchs
1482:. The leader of the French contingent,
1177:
552:, and from there legend linked them to
14:
12464:
10120:Arthur Plantagenet, 1st Viscount Lisle
10027:Edward of Westminster, Prince of Wales
9968:
8001:Works by or about Richard I of England
7950:
7850:
7791:
7704:
7645:
7515:
7493:
7407:
7249:(in French), Paris: Biographie Payot,
7244:
7228:Richard the Lionheart: Knight and King
7180:
7120:
7101:
6957:
6860:Kings and Queens of Britain: Richard I
6803:
6791:
6693:
6681:
6669:
6657:
6621:
6537:
6476:
6450:
6304:
6292:
6223:
6211:
6111:
5979:
5938:
5886:
5874:
5806:
5765:
5531:. Yale University Press. p. 119.
5524:
5422:
5410:
5393:
5378:
5366:
5354:
5342:
5325:
5298:
5286:
5274:
5262:
5247:
5235:
5211:
5199:
5184:
5172:
5148:
5136:
5113:
5096:
5072:
4982:
4594:
4582:
4571:Stafford, Nelson & Martindale 2001
4415:
4392:
4358:
1501:, left for England on 9 October 1192.
1027:in 1189, from a 13th-century chronicle
640:Ramon Berenguer IV, Count of Barcelona
40:Richard Coeur de Lion (disambiguation)
36:Richard the Lionheart (disambiguation)
11696:
11156:Robin Hood and the Bishop of Hereford
10472:
10276:
10238:
10169:
10139:
10043:
10005:
9967:
9926:Thomas of Lancaster, Duke of Clarence
9894:
9858:
9766:
9705:
9689:Edmund of Woodstock, 1st Earl of Kent
9617:
9559:
9455:
9416:
9377:
9323:Matilda of England, Duchess of Saxony
9291:
9214:
9176:
8975:
8949:
8179:
8166:
7530:from the original on 10 January 2022.
7450:
7426:
7222:
7161:
7142:
7044:. Harlow: Longman. pp. 256â257.
6993:
6960:The Constitutional History of England
6752:
6464:
6435:
6265:
6120:
6093:
6078:
6027:
6015:
5896:
5612:
5610:
5045:
4920:
4908:
4881:
4842:
4823:
4796:
4781:
4727:
4715:
4703:
4667:
4655:
4643:
4631:
4619:
4546:
4534:
4481:
4469:
4457:
4427:
4141:
4132:
4130:
4123:
4121:
4107:
4105:
4098:
4087:
4085:
4083:
4081:
4079:
4077:
4070:
4068:
4066:
4064:
4062:
4051:
4049:
4047:
4045:
4043:
4041:
4039:
4037:
4035:
3937:
3897:
3885:
3841:
3829:
3827:
3825:
3823:
3821:
3819:
3817:
3785:
3783:
3776:
3769:
3767:
3760:
3753:
3751:
3744:
3742:
3728:
3726:
3719:
3717:
3712:
3710:
3703:
3696:
3694:
3687:
3599:
3517:
3515:
3513:
3507:
3505:
3503:
3497:
3495:
3493:
3487:
3475:
3468:
3466:
3459:
3457:
3455:
3453:
3451:
3449:
3447:
3445:
3443:
3441:
3439:
3437:
3435:
3433:
3428:
3426:
3419:
3417:
3403:
3396:
3387:
3385:
3378:
3376:
3371:
3321:
3305:
3303:
3301:
3299:
3297:
3295:
3293:
3291:
3289:
3287:
3285:
3283:
3281:
3279:
3277:
3251:
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3247:
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3239:
3237:
3235:
3233:
3231:
3215:
3188:
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3180:
3178:
3173:
3166:
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3159:
3150:
3148:
3134:
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3127:
3112:
3110:
3108:
3106:
3104:
3076:
3070:
3068:
3066:
3064:
3062:
3060:
3058:
3052:
3050:
3048:
3030:
3028:
3022:
3008:
3006:
3004:
2998:
2996:
2994:
2992:
2990:
2988:
2986:
2980:
2978:
2976:
2974:
2972:
2888:
2874:
2872:
2870:
2868:
2866:
2864:
2862:
2790:
2788:
2786:
2784:
2782:
2761:
2759:
2752:
2750:
2743:
2741:
2734:
2732:
2727:
2711:
2709:
2704:
2702:
2688:
2686:
2681:
2679:
2674:
2665:
2656:
2568:
2526:
2524:
2522:
2488:
2486:
2484:
2482:
2480:
2468:
2466:
2464:
2458:
2437:
2430:
2428:
2426:
2424:
2422:
2420:
2406:
2404:
2402:
2400:
2398:
2396:
2389:
2382:
2373:
2371:
2364:
1273:, was anchored on the south coast of
1246:
1031:Richard I was officially invested as
768:Hugh de Kevelioc, 5th Earl of Chester
448:Early life and accession in Aquitaine
12401:
10191:Edward of Middleham, Prince of Wales
9808:John of Gaunt, 1st Duke of Lancaster
9637:Margaret of France, Queen of England
9338:Eleanor of England, Queen of Castile
9217:Geoffrey Plantagenet, Count of Anjou
7917:Chronica Magistri Rogeri de Houedene
7782:
7568:
7057:
6830:
6235:
6105:
5818:
4181:
2141:
1735:" (at the Fair Castle of the Rock).
1542:, in the lands of Byzantine Emperor
1035:on 20 July 1189 and crowned king in
1003:
789:, and Hugh de Kevelioc had captured
540:traced his family's lineage through
11636:Robin Good and His Not-So-Merry Men
11126:Robin Hood's Progress to Nottingham
11090:Robin Hood and the Prince of Aragon
10605:Wolfshead: The Legend of Robin Hood
10116:Illegitimate: Elizabeth Plantagenet
10100:George Plantagenet, Duke of Bedford
10090:Richard of Shrewsbury, Duke of York
9813:Edmund of Langley, 1st Duke of York
9803:Lionel of Antwerp, Duke of Clarence
9649:Eleanor of England, Countess of Bar
7837:(in French), J'ai Lu, p. 318,
7650:(illustrated ed.), Heinemann,
6835:. Thames & Hudson. p. 70.
5723:Saladin Or What Befell Sultan Yusuf
5565:. Simon and Schuster. p. 294.
1934:with various substances, including
1633:, niece of Richard, marry his heir
1354:
1015:Coronation and anti-Jewish violence
24:
11395:The Merry Adventures of Robin Hood
11336:Robin Hood: The Legend of Sherwood
11012:Willie and Earl Richard's Daughter
9931:John of Lancaster, Duke of Bedford
9487:Joan of England, Queen of Scotland
9276:
9254:Hamelin de Warenne, Earl of Surrey
7815:. University of California Press.
7754:
7476:The Oxford Book of Royal Anecdotes
7313:, London: Hambledon & London,
7062:. London: Anthem Press. Figure 1.
5607:
4308:), possibly from a reputation for
4175:The Crusade and Death of Richard I
25:
12633:
11516:(Everything I Do) I Do It for You
11344:Robin Hood: Defender of the Crown
11229:The Merrie Men of Sherwood Forest
11198:Robin Hood and the Valiant Knight
11132:Robin Hood Rescuing Three Squires
10870:The Zany Adventures of Robin Hood
9914:Joan of Navarre, Queen of England
8014:National Portrait Gallery, London
7982:
7870:Nicholson, Helen J., ed. (1997).
7835:Les Croisades vues par les Arabes
7811:Gabrieli, Francesco, ed. (1969).
7593:"King John and the Norman Church"
7499:Crusades: The Illustrated History
7332:, London: Yale University Press,
7147:, Woodbridge: The Boydell Press,
6549:Summarised in McLynn, pp. 92â93.
6268:Eleanor of Aquitaine: A Biography
4934:"Richard the Lionheart Biography"
1829:suppressing a revolt by Viscount
1562:Leopold kept Richard prisoner at
630:, a Latin prose narrative of the
27:King of England from 1189 to 1199
12562:English people of French descent
12444:
12427:
12410:
12374:
12373:
12236:
11677:
11676:
10984:Robin Hood (DC Comics character)
10728:The New Adventures of Robin Hood
9732:John of Eltham, Earl of Cornwall
9343:Joan of England, Queen of Sicily
7552:English Heritage Book of Castles
7516:Martin, Nicole (18 March 2008).
7033:
7004:
6987:
6976:
6951:
6940:
6929:
6915:The Art of Matthew Paris in the
6891:
6880:
6869:
6824:
6809:
6772:
6746:
6741:The Handbook to English Heraldry
6729:
6699:
6687:
6577:
6564:
6543:
6522:
6511:
6482:
6456:
6429:
6390:, p. 8. Roger of Wendover (
6381:
6310:
6259:
6229:
6217:
6155:
6099:
6072:
6048:
6021:
6009:
5985:
5973:
5944:
5920:
5909:
5851:
5839:
5812:
5759:
5743:
5731:
5715:
5690:
5617:Huffman, Joseph Patrick (2009).
4938:www.medieval-life-and-times.info
4198:
1888:
1871:
1363:Depiction of Richard (left) and
1188:Bibliothèque Nationale de France
1102:
888:, while the byname "lionheart" (
489:. He was the younger brother of
12617:Children of Henry II of England
12512:Christians of the Third Crusade
11192:Robin Hood and the Golden Arrow
11138:Robin Hood Rescuing Will Stutly
11060:Robin Hood and the Curtal Friar
10509:Douglas Fairbanks in Robin Hood
10203:Katherine, Countess of Pembroke
8235:Monarchs of Scotland until 1603
7813:Arab Historians of the Crusades
7690:. Manchester University Press.
6584:Burgwinkle, William E. (2004).
5673:
5649:
5586:
5552:
5518:
5454:
5442:
5416:
5304:
5130:
5119:
5078:
5051:
5039:
5026:
5001:
4976:
4973:, vol. 11, Paris 1897, col. 62.
4960:
4951:
4926:
4875:
4802:
4745:
4733:
4721:
4709:
4697:
4685:
4673:
4661:
4649:
4637:
4625:
4613:
4588:
4576:
4564:
4552:
4540:
4528:
4516:
4487:
4475:
4463:
4409:
4398:
4386:
4375:
4115:
3793:
3736:
3411:
3142:
2719:
2696:
2414:
2357:Family tree of English monarchs
2023:Speculation regarding sexuality
1442:30 miles (50 km) north of
1253:Conquest of Cyprus by Richard I
1051:. Some sought sanctuary in the
839:Final years of Henry II's reign
764:Hugh Bigod, 1st Earl of Norfolk
206:
90:3 September 1189 â 6 April 1199
12497:British monarchs buried abroad
12492:12th-century dukes of Normandy
11162:Robin Hood and Queen Katherine
11108:The Bold Pedlar and Robin Hood
11036:Robin Hood and Guy of Gisborne
10264:
9823:Margaret, Countess of Pembroke
8232:Monarchs of England until 1603
7851:Nelson, Janet L., ed. (1992).
7597:The Harvard Theological Review
7143:Brown, Richard Allen (1976) ,
7079:
4559:Prestwich & Prestwich 2004
4364:
4340:
4315:
4283:
4257:, Cambridge University Press,
4247:
4222:
4188:
2293:
2128:England national football team
1825:In March 1199, Richard was in
1631:Eleanor, Fair Maid of Brittany
13:
1:
12487:12th-century English monarchs
11605:The Bandit of Sherwood Forest
11066:The Jolly Pinder of Wakefield
10989:Robin Hood (Disney character)
10878:Maid Marian and Her Merry Men
10653:Robin Hood: Prince of Thieves
10525:The Bandit of Sherwood Forest
10312:The Jolly Pinder of Wakefield
10044:
9952:Illegitimate: Edmund Leboorde
9482:Richard, 1st Earl of Cornwall
9356:Geoffrey (archbishop of York)
9333:Geoffrey II, Duke of Brittany
9313:William IX, Count of Poitiers
7951:Stubbs, William, ed. (1864).
7145:Allen Brown's English Castles
7060:King John: An Underrated King
6463:immense cohort of sinners'" (
4967:L'Estoire de la Guerre Sainte
4211:
2270:. The late-Victorian scholar
2019:and a version in Old French.
1529:
1368:
898:L'Estoire de la Guerre Sainte
793:in Brittany. Richard went to
62:
11858:Eustache le Peintre de Reims
11722:
11320:The Adventures of Robin Hood
11096:Robin Hood and the Scotchman
10958:(2016 Philippines TV series)
10696:The Adventures of Robin Hood
10517:The Adventures of Robin Hood
10277:
10140:
9936:Humphrey, Duke of Gloucester
7382:UK public library membership
6997:U.S. News & World Report
6864:Cannon & Hargreaves 2004
6753:Ingle, Sean (18 July 2002).
6507:(in French). Larousse. 2005.
5819:Mann, Horace Kinder (1914).
4969:, v. 2310, ed. G. Paris in:
4599:. Random House. p. 24.
4229:Saunders, Connie J. (2004).
4216:
2084:three lions passant-guardant
2005:Dalfin je us voill desrenier
1978:
1895:Richardâs Tomb at Fontevraud
1654:War against Philip of France
1566:under the care of Leopold's
1510:Captivity, ransom and return
1505:Life after the Third Crusade
1212:Henry VI, Holy Roman Emperor
860:notes that the chronicle of
723:together through vassalage.
452:
424:Richard probably spoke both
7:
12502:Burials at Fontevraud Abbey
11360:Hood: Outlaws & Legends
11120:Robin Hood and Allan-a-Dale
11018:Rose the Red and White Lily
8842:British monarchs after the
8010:Portraits of King Richard I
7767:The History of the Holy War
7688:Law, Laity and Solidarities
7668:(in Latin). Essex, England.
7479:, Oxford University Press,
7451:Leese, Thelma Anna (1996),
7208:. Oxford University Press.
7206:Kings and Queens of Britain
7106:, Oxford: Clarendon Press,
7104:German Knighthood 1050â1300
7011:Phillips, Jonathan (2009).
6636:, Chicago, 1980, pp. 231ff.
6503:"Richard I the Lionheart".
6415:. Oxford University Press.
5311:Phillips, Jonathan (2014).
4233:. D.S. Brewer. p. 38.
4162:
2178:AndrĂŠ Ernest Modeste GrĂŠtry
2136:national symbols of England
2124:coins of the pound sterling
2056:
1731:apud Bellum Castrum de Rupe
1402:. Richard also allied with
1333:
1162:.) He appointed as regents
756:Philip I, Count of Flanders
671:Alys, Countess of the Vexin
10:
12638:
12582:Medieval history of Cyprus
12507:Burials at Rouen Cathedral
10589:A Challenge for Robin Hood
10565:The Men of Sherwood Forest
9274:
7648:Medieval England 1042â1228
7102:Arnold, Benjamin (1999) ,
6594:Cambridge University Press
4494:Huscroft, Richard (2016).
2432:Saint Margaret of Scotland
2354:
2145:
2060:
2007:, and the second one is a
1952:in March 1232 (along with
1484:Hugh III, Duke of Burgundy
1436:all the prisoners executed
1400:Leopold V, Duke of Austria
1250:
1198:. After the death of King
1007:
987:With news arriving of the
876:) as early as 1187 in the
708:
32:Richard I (disambiguation)
29:
12592:Monarchs killed in action
12356:Trovadorismo/trobadorismo
12336:
12296:
12245:
12234:
12018:Jehan le Cuvelier d'Arras
11753:Andrieu Contredit d'Arras
11730:
11672:
11575:
11532:
11477:
11443:In the Shadow of Midnight
11370:
11287:
11212:
11204:A True Tale of Robin Hood
11174:Robin Hood's Golden Prize
11150:Robin Hood and the Bishop
11102:Robin Hood and the Ranger
11078:Robin Hood and the Tinker
11072:Robin Hood and the Tanner
11054:Robin Hood and the Potter
10997:
10969:
10896:
10886:Robin Hood: Men in Tights
10845:
10754:
10679:
10581:The Triumph of Robin Hood
10541:Rogues of Sherwood Forest
10492:
10483:
10479:
10473:
10468:
10412:
10350:
10294:
10287:
10283:
10272:
10219:
10178:
10165:
10148:
10135:
10095:Anne of York, Lady Howard
10052:
10039:
10014:
10001:
9976:
9963:
9903:
9890:
9867:
9854:
9775:
9762:
9714:
9701:
9659:Alphonso, Earl of Chester
9626:
9613:
9568:
9555:
9464:
9451:
9425:
9412:
9386:
9373:
9300:
9287:
9241:Geoffrey, Count of Nantes
9223:
9210:
9156:
9123:
9074:
9057:
8987:
8930:
8853:
8837:
8833:
8770:
8753:
8749:
8226:
8222:
8173:
8168:Links to related articles
8151:
8142:
8127:
8117:
8108:
8100:
8086:
8070:
8058:
8053:
8026:
7944:A History of the Crusades
7792:Edbury, Peter W. (1996).
7609:10.1017/s0017816000001383
7294:, Butler and Tanner Ltd,
7275:, New York: Times Books,
7181:Brewer, Clifford (2000),
7128:, London: Edward Arnold,
6630:A History of the Crusades
5559:Asbridge, Thomas (2012).
4322:Gillingham, John (1978).
4154:
4152:
4139:
4060:
4029:
4021:
4019:
4013:
4011:
4009:
4003:
4001:
3999:
3991:
3983:
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3969:
3967:
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3925:
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3607:
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3555:
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3535:
3533:
3531:
3529:
3523:
3511:
3509:
3501:
3499:
3491:
3489:
3479:
3401:
3394:
3365:
3363:
3361:
3355:
3353:
3351:
3345:
3343:
3341:
3333:
3331:
3329:
3319:
3315:
3313:
3311:
3307:
3275:
3271:
3265:
3263:
3261:
3259:
3257:
3229:
3225:
3223:
3221:
3211:
3205:
3203:
3201:
3199:
3197:
3171:
3157:
3125:
3123:
3121:
3119:
3117:
3098:
3096:
3094:
3086:
3084:
3074:
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3056:
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3042:
3036:
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3020:
3016:
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3000:
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2856:
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2836:
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2826:
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2822:
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2818:
2816:
2810:
2808:
2806:
2804:
2802:
2796:
2770:
2725:
2672:
2663:
2650:
2648:
2646:
2640:
2638:
2636:
2630:
2628:
2626:
2620:
2618:
2616:
2608:
2606:
2604:
2598:
2596:
2594:
2588:
2586:
2584:
2576:
2566:
2562:
2560:
2558:
2556:
2554:
2552:
2550:
2548:
2546:
2544:
2542:
2540:
2538:
2532:
2520:
2516:
2514:
2512:
2506:
2504:
2502:
2500:
2498:
2496:
2494:
2478:
2474:
2462:
2460:
2450:
2435:
2387:
2380:
2071:The "three lions" of the
2051:
1919:as soon as Richard died.
1682:. Under the terms of the
1142:to the important post of
970:. Roger of Howden wrote:
536:. Contemporary historian
317:
274:
269:
265:
255:
245:
229:
216:
188:
175:
162:
149:
145:
124:
114:
104:
94:
86:
74:
54:
49:
11623:Robin Hood Morality Test
11411:The Once and Future King
11084:Robin Hood Newly Revived
10950:(2008 Chinese TV series)
10712:The Legend of Robin Hood
10704:The Legend of Robin Hood
10637:O MistĂŠrio de Robin Hood
10613:The Arrows of Robin Hood
10573:Sword of Sherwood Forest
7591:Packard, Sydney (1922),
7328:—— (2002) ,
7245:—— (1999f),
7058:Seel, Graham E. (2012).
6958:Stubbs, William (2017).
6816:Fauchet, Claude (1581).
6778:Boutell, Charles, 1859.
6570:McLynn, p. 93; see also
5525:Hosler, John D. (2018).
5034:Turner & Heiser 2000
4692:Turner & Heiser 2000
4382:Turner & Heiser 2000
4278:Turner & Heiser 2000
1854:Pierre (or Peter) Basile
1798:
1594:excommunicated Leopold.
1525:Liber ad honorem Augusti
1073:Archbishop of Canterbury
1047:, and several Jews were
686:crowned as heir apparent
415:finalised a peace treaty
12567:English Roman Catholics
12133:Pierrekin de la Coupele
11888:Gillebert de Berneville
11419:The Outlaws of Sherwood
11403:Bows against the Barons
11042:Robin Hood and the Monk
10862:When Things Were Rotten
10557:The Story of Robin Hood
9788:Edward the Black Prince
7787:(in German). Darmstadt.
7309:—— (1994),
7290:—— (1989),
7189:, London: Abson Books,
7162:—— (2004).
6540:, p. 448 (French).
6121:Lewis, Suzanne (1987).
5793:EncyclopĂŚdia Britannica
5462:Baha ad-Din ibn Shaddad
5313:The Crusades, 1095â1204
5161:Graetz & Bloch 1902
5126:Graetz & Bloch 1902
5008:Hilliam, David (2004).
4253:Trudgill, Peter (2021)
1585:
1577:
1413:, a disease similar to
1146:of Normandy. In Anjou,
1091:He distributed a royal
991:, he took the cross at
892:) is first recorded in
705:Revolt against Henry II
18:Richard I the Lionheart
12537:Deaths by arrow wounds
12208:Thibaut le Chansonnier
11918:Guillaume de Ferrières
11778:BenoĂŽt de Sainte-Maure
10172:Richard III of England
9281:
7455:, Heritage Books Inc,
7367:10.1093/ref:odnb/23498
6917:
6908:
6900:
6780:The Art Journal London
6735:Woodward and Burnett,
6592:. Cambridge, England:
6531:
6393:
6266:Meade, Marion (1977).
4595:McLynn, Frank (2012).
2243:
2198:
2168:
2075:
1822:
1810:
1786:
1750:Baldwin IX of Flanders
1730:
1719:
1606:
1568:
1535:
1379:
1262:
1191:
1087:
1062:
1028:
981:
935:
852:
812:Château de Taillebourg
750:
739:Château de Taillebourg
677:, heir presumptive of
613:
586:) and also in French.
466:
166:6 April 1199 (aged 41)
12607:Robin Hood characters
12228:Walter of Bibbesworth
12093:Oede de la Couroierie
11973:Huon de Saint-Quentin
11803:Chardon de Croisilles
11598:The Son of Robin Hood
11565:The Outlaw Chronicles
11256:(1965 musical parody)
11240:(1890 De Koven opera)
11224:(1598 and 1601 plays)
11144:Little John a Begging
10931:Nyayam Meere Cheppali
10923:Naan Sigappu Manithan
10915:Robin and the 7 Hoods
10763:Robin Hood Makes Good
10533:The Prince of Thieves
10442:St Mary's Abbey, York
10365:Much the Miller's Son
10317:Sheriff of Nottingham
9861:Richard II of England
9769:Edward III of England
9727:Edward III of England
9674:Elizabeth of Rhuddlan
9470:Isabella of AngoulĂŞme
9458:John, King of England
9431:Berengaria of Navarre
9348:John, King of England
9280:
8028:Richard I of England
7783:Berg, Dieter (2007).
7778:(in Italian). London.
7664:Ralph of Coggeshall.
7646:Purser, Toby (2004),
7550:McNeill, Tom (1992),
7408:Harvey, John (1948),
7292:Richard the Lionheart
7271:Richard the Lionheart
5857:William of Newburgh,
5058:Roger of Hoveden 1853
4983:Hilton, Lisa (2010).
4500:Yale University Press
4324:Richard the Lionheart
2408:William the Conqueror
2240:Palace of Westminster
2228:
2155:
2092:Royal Arms of England
2073:Royal Arms of England
2070:
2063:Royal Arms of England
2061:Further information:
1806:
1713:
1674:high above the River
1600:
1517:
1472:Henry II of Champagne
1362:
1271:Berengaria of Navarre
1260:
1185:
1085:
1022:
1008:Further information:
972:
929:
879:Topographia Hibernica
846:
772:William I of Scotland
762:, joined forces with
733:
607:
574:Hodierna of St Albans
548:kings of England and
534:William the Conqueror
460:
340:Richard the Lionheart
195:Berengaria of Navarre
12577:House of Plantagenet
12472:Richard I of England
12397:Richard I of England
12268:Gertrude of Dagsburg
12163:Richard I of England
12153:Richard de Fournival
12113:Philippe de Nanteuil
11818:Colart le Boutellier
11591:Son of the Guardsman
11264:(1934 Tippett opera)
11114:Robin Hood's Delight
11030:A Gest of Robyn Hode
10979:Statue of Robin Hood
10854:About Seven Brothers
10597:Long Live Robin Hood
9781:Philippa of Hainault
9737:Eleanor of Woodstock
9708:Edward II of England
9679:Edward II of England
9601:Katherine of England
9562:Henry III of England
9477:Henry III of England
9419:Richard I of England
9380:Henry the Young King
9328:Richard I of England
9318:Henry the Young King
9306:Eleanor of Aquitaine
9204:House of Plantagenet
9097:Henry the Young King
9076:House of Plantagenet
8812:William III & II
8377:Henry the Young King
8327:Edward the Confessor
8295:Ăthelred the Unready
8033:House of Plantagenet
7666:Chronicon Anglicanum
7535:"Bed-heads of state"
7019:. pp. 327â331.
6831:Holt, J. C. (1982).
5594:Richard Coer de Lyon
5464:on the 7th, but the
3714:Henry the Young King
3698:Isabella of Hainault
3398:Eleanor of Aquitaine
3152:Geoffrey Plantagenet
2384:Bertrade of Montfort
2268:Houses of Parliament
2231:Richard CĹur de Lion
2183:Richard CĹur-de-Lion
2164:on a plaque outside
2015:, with a version in
1404:Humphrey IV of Toron
1388:Sibylla of Jerusalem
1374:, on tiles found at
1340:Sancho VI of Navarre
1295:Conrad of Montferrat
1200:William II of Sicily
1178:Occupation of Sicily
934:(early 13th century)
495:Henry the Young King
487:Eleanor of Aquitaine
392:Eleanor of Aquitaine
328:Richard CĹur de Lion
260:Eleanor of Aquitaine
137:William de Longchamp
132:Eleanor of Aquitaine
30:For other uses, see
12213:Thierri de Soissons
11948:Henry le DĂŠbonnaire
11923:Guillaume le Vinier
11903:Gontier de Soignies
11798:Chastelain de Couci
11773:Baudouin des Auteus
11768:Audefroi le Bastart
11758:Aubertin d'Airaines
11618:Robin Hood's Larder
11612:Princess of Thieves
11523:The Tale of Gamelyn
11427:Through a Dark Mist
11180:The Noble Fisherman
11024:Robyn and Gandeleyn
10549:Tales of Robin Hood
10207:Richard of Eastwell
10153:no consort or issue
10058:Elizabeth Woodville
10008:Henry VI of England
9989:Henry VI of England
9982:Catherine of Valois
9946:Philippa of England
9897:Henry IV of England
9620:Edward I of England
9591:Beatrice of England
9586:Margaret of England
9581:Edward I of England
9574:Eleanor of Provence
9532:Bartholomew FitzRoy
9505:Joan, Lady of Wales
9492:Isabella of England
9399:William Plantagenet
9294:Henry II of England
9264:Mary of Shaftesbury
9246:William FitzEmpress
9236:Henry II of England
8760:Union of the Crowns
7957:(in Latin). London.
7738:, Harlow: Longman,
7627:(10 October 2004).
7576:, Greenhill Books,
7539:The Daily Telegraph
7524:The Daily Telegraph
7471:Longford, Elizabeth
7412:, Fontana/Collins,
7391:History of the Jews
7015:. London, England:
6794:, pp. 191â192.
6660:, pp. 456â462.
6648:, pp. 119â139.
6574:, pp. 119â139.
6505:Dictionary of music
6341:2013NatSR...3E1296C
6214:, pp. 233â254.
6150:Ralph_of_Coggeshall
6030:, pp. 355â356.
5953:, pp. 303â305.
5902:Costain, Thomas B.
5809:, pp. 188â189.
5712:, pp. 209â212.
5670:, pp. 198â200.
5658:, pp. 167â171.
5476:, London, 1935, p.
5381:, pp. 134â136.
5357:, pp. 133â134.
5301:, pp. 127â128.
5289:, pp. 124â126.
5151:, pp. 319â320.
4349:, pp. 141â149.
4125:Richard of Cornwall
3430:William FitzEmpress
2729:Matilda of Scotland
2266:to him outside the
2190:'s film version of
2156:Richard affiancing
1946:Bishop of Rochester
1725:William of Newburgh
1696:Archbishop of Rouen
1692:Walter de Coutances
1307:Richard de Camville
1202:in 1189 his cousin
1063:Gesta Regis Ricardi
921:Philip II of France
885:Giraldus Cambrensis
717:Ralph of Coggeshall
542:Matilda of Scotland
519:Louis VII of France
483:Henry II of England
407:Philip II of France
388:Henry II of England
282:Revolt of 1173â1174
250:Henry II of England
12597:People from Oxford
12542:Dukes of Aquitaine
12532:Counts of Poitiers
12283:Maroie de Diergnau
12258:Dame de la Chaucie
12253:Blanche of Castile
12183:Robert de la Piere
12158:Richart de Semilli
12103:Perrin d'Angicourt
12043:Jehan de Grieviler
11993:Jacques de Cysoing
11988:Jacques de Cambrai
11978:Jaque de Dampierre
11913:Guillaume d'Amiens
11878:Gautier de Dargies
11823:Colart le Changeur
11813:ChrĂŠtien de Troyes
11655:Once Upon a Studio
11467:King Raven Trilogy
11435:Lady of the Forest
11168:Robin Hood's Chase
11048:Robin Hood's Death
10934:(1985 Telugu film)
10380:David of Doncaster
10337:Richard at the Lee
10332:Bishop of Hereford
10199:John of Gloucester
9970:Henry V of England
9941:Blanche of England
9921:Henry V of England
9878:Isabella of Valois
9720:Isabella of France
9632:Eleanor of Castile
9282:
8844:Acts of Union 1707
8807:James II & VII
8500:Kenneth I MacAlpin
8285:Edgar the Peaceful
7920:(in Latin), London
7895:(in Latin), London
7625:Prestwich, Michael
7185:The Death of Kings
6743:, 11th ed. (1914).
6713:Abrams Discoveries
6626:Richard Lion Heart
6453:, pp. 484â485
6438:, pp. 150â152
6394:Flores historiarum
6006:, pp. 302â304
5916:The Angevin Empire
5787:"Richard I."
5597:II vv. 6027â6028:
5503:, pp. 148â149
5187:, pp. 97â101.
5163:, pp. 409â416
4573:, pp. 168â169
4502:. pp. 19â20.
4128:King of the Romans
4100:Blanche of Castile
4075:Holy Roman Emperor
2676:Eremburga of Maine
2661:Queen of Jerusalem
2244:
2169:
2130:, and the team's "
2076:
1833:. Although it was
1831:Aimar V of Limoges
1823:
1770:Otto IV of Germany
1720:
1684:Treaty of Louviers
1607:
1592:Pope Celestine III
1536:
1428:Holy Roman Emperor
1380:
1348:Kingdom of Navarre
1311:Robert of Thornham
1263:
1247:Conquest of Cyprus
1241:Book of Revelation
1228:Arthur of Brittany
1192:
1152:seneschal of Anjou
1140:William Fitz Ralph
1088:
1049:forcibly converted
1029:
968:Adela of Champagne
936:
867:Castillon-sur-Agen
853:
751:
735:Geoffrey de Rancon
656:Pope Alexander III
614:
467:
434:Duchy of Aquitaine
12392:
12391:
12386:
12385:
12223:Vielart de Corbie
12203:Thibaut de Blazon
12148:Raoul de Soissons
12138:Raoul de Beauvais
12098:Othon de Grandson
11998:Jacques le Vinier
11883:Gautier d'Espinal
11873:Gautier de Coincy
11808:Châtelain d'Arras
11690:
11689:
11668:
11667:
11664:
11663:
11629:Robot of Sherwood
11509:Not in Nottingham
11497:(2006 soundtrack)
11489:(1984 soundtrack)
11304:Robin of the Wood
10965:
10964:
10939:Robin of Locksley
10926:(1985 Tamil film)
10795:Rocket Robin Hood
10720:Robin of Sherwood
10629:Aaj Ka Robin Hood
10464:
10463:
10460:
10459:
10408:
10407:
10400:Gilbert Whitehand
10232:
10231:
10215:
10214:
10161:
10160:
10131:
10130:
10124:Grace Plantagenet
10105:Catherine of York
10065:Elizabeth of York
10035:
10034:
10020:Margaret of Anjou
9997:
9996:
9959:
9958:
9886:
9885:
9850:
9849:
9836:John de Southeray
9793:Isabella de Coucy
9758:
9757:
9742:Joan of the Tower
9697:
9696:
9669:Mary of Woodstock
9609:
9608:
9596:Edmund Crouchback
9551:
9550:
9447:
9446:
9408:
9407:
9401:(died in infancy)
9369:
9368:
9272:
9271:
9170:
9169:
9128:(French appanage)
8989:House of Normandy
8943:
8942:
8926:
8925:
8829:
8828:
8745:
8744:
8740:
8739:
8290:Edward the Martyr
8161:
8160:
8152:Succeeded by
8118:Succeeded by
8087:Succeeded by
8073:Duke of Aquitaine
7844:978-2-2901-1916-7
7785:Richard LĂśwenherz
7745:978-0-5822-5659-0
7697:978-0-7190-5836-3
7657:978-0-4353-2760-6
7638:978-1-8438-3098-6
7631:. Boydell Press.
7623:Prestwich, J.O.;
7583:978-1-8536-7105-0
7561:978-0-7134-7025-3
7508:978-0-4720-3127-6
7495:Madden, Thomas F.
7486:978-0-1921-4153-8
7462:978-0-7884-0525-9
7443:978-0-1431-2492-4
7436:. Penguin Books.
7419:978-0-0063-2949-7
7400:978-1-5398-8573-3
7380:(Subscription or
7339:978-0-3000-9404-6
7320:978-1-8528-5084-5
7301:978-0-2977-9606-0
7282:978-0-8129-0802-2
7256:978-2-2288-9272-8
7237:978-0-7486-2047-0
7196:978-0-9029-2099-6
7173:978-3-4919-6122-7
7154:978-1-8438-3069-6
7135:978-7-2400-0898-0
7113:978-0-1982-1960-6
7069:978-0-8572-8518-8
7051:978-0-5822-5659-0
7026:978-1-4000-6580-6
6969:978-1-5847-7148-7
6858:John Gillingham,
6842:978-0-5002-5081-5
6607:978-0-5218-3968-6
6422:978-0-1951-2319-7
6349:10.1038/srep01296
6243:. New York City:
6136:978-0-5200-4981-9
5832:978-0-7222-2160-0
5755:978-0-6740-5559-9
5685:978-0-6740-5559-9
5630:978-0-472-02418-6
5572:978-1-8498-3770-5
5538:978-0-3002-3535-7
5099:, pp. 94â95.
5019:978-1-4042-0162-0
4994:978-0-2978-5749-5
4923:, pp. 41â42.
4857:, pp. 50â51.
4826:, pp. 33â34.
4799:, pp. 34â35.
4754:, pp. 49â50.
4730:, pp. 32â33.
4706:, pp. 31â32.
4670:, pp. 29â30.
4646:, pp. 25, 28
4622:, pp. 23â25.
4606:978-0-7126-9417-9
4525:, pp. 28, 32
4509:978-0-3001-8725-0
4395:, pp. 62â64.
4333:978-0-8129-0802-2
4240:978-0-8599-1843-5
4182:Explanatory notes
4158:
4157:
4137:Queen of Scotland
3724:Duchess of Saxony
3383:Count of Flanders
2706:Adela of Normandy
2670:King of Jerusalem
2369:King of Jerusalem
2166:Nottingham Castle
2148:Matter of England
2142:Medieval folklore
1787:Dieu et mon Droit
1744:the stronghold".
1671:Château de Gisors
1129:William Longchamp
1037:Westminster Abbey
1025:Westminster Abbey
1004:King and crusader
711:Revolt of 1173â74
619:French Revolution
591:William Longchamp
461:King Richard I's
364:Count of Poitiers
321:
320:
158:, Oxford, England
16:(Redirected from
12629:
12587:Medieval legends
12552:English folklore
12547:Dukes of Gascony
12527:Counts of Nantes
12457:
12449:
12448:
12447:
12440:
12432:
12431:
12430:
12423:
12415:
12414:
12413:
12403:
12377:
12376:
12369:
12309:Occitan language
12240:
12218:Thomas de Herier
12173:Robert de Castel
12128:Pierre de Molins
12123:Pierre de Corbie
12118:Philippe de Remy
12058:Jocelin de Dijon
12048:Jehan de Nuevile
11938:Guiot de Provins
11908:Guibert Kaukesel
11893:Gilles le Vinier
11868:Gaidifer d'Avion
11853:Ătienne de Meaux
11833:Conon de BĂŠthune
11788:Blondel de Nesle
11763:Aubin de SĂŠzanne
11743:Adam de la Halle
11738:Adam de Givenchi
11717:
11710:
11703:
11694:
11693:
11680:
11679:
11643:Once Upon a Time
11459:Lady of Sherwood
11312:Super Robin Hood
10955:Alyas Robin Hood
10819:Young Robin Hood
10787:Robin Hoodwinked
10779:Robin Hood Daffy
10621:Robin and Marian
10490:
10489:
10481:
10480:
10470:
10469:
10322:Guy of Gisbourne
10292:
10291:
10285:
10284:
10274:
10273:
10259:
10252:
10245:
10236:
10235:
10167:
10166:
10137:
10136:
10085:Margaret of York
10041:
10040:
10003:
10002:
9965:
9964:
9892:
9891:
9856:
9855:
9764:
9763:
9703:
9702:
9615:
9614:
9557:
9556:
9517:Geoffrey FitzRoy
9453:
9452:
9439:Philip of Cognac
9414:
9413:
9375:
9374:
9289:
9288:
9212:
9211:
9197:
9190:
9183:
9174:
9173:
8970:
8963:
8956:
8947:
8946:
8835:
8834:
8795:Richard Cromwell
8785:The Protectorate
8775:James I & VI
8751:
8750:
8332:Harold Godwinson
8252:Edward the Elder
8245:Alfred the Great
8229:
8228:
8224:
8223:
8200:
8193:
8186:
8177:
8176:
8164:
8163:
8134:Duke of Normandy
8101:Preceded by
8059:Preceded by
8049:
8042:
8041:8 September 1157
8024:
8023:
8020:
8005:Internet Archive
7977:
7958:
7947:
7946:. Vol. 2â3.
7940:Runciman, Steven
7935:
7929:
7921:
7910:
7904:
7896:
7885:
7866:
7847:
7826:
7807:
7788:
7779:
7770:
7748:
7730:
7701:
7681:
7674:Roger of Hoveden
7669:
7660:
7642:
7619:
7586:
7564:
7546:
7531:
7521:
7511:
7489:
7465:
7447:
7422:
7410:The Plantagenets
7403:
7385:
7377:
7375:
7373:
7354:
7342:
7323:
7304:
7285:
7274:
7265:Gillingham, John
7259:
7240:
7219:
7199:
7188:
7177:
7157:
7138:
7122:Barrow, G. W. S.
7116:
7097:
7088:Addison, Charles
7074:
7073:
7055:
7037:
7031:
7030:
7008:
7002:
7001:
6991:
6985:
6980:
6974:
6973:
6955:
6949:
6944:
6938:
6933:
6927:
6920:
6911:
6903:
6895:
6889:
6884:
6878:
6873:
6867:
6856:
6847:
6846:
6828:
6822:
6821:
6813:
6807:
6801:
6795:
6789:
6783:
6776:
6770:
6769:
6767:
6765:
6750:
6744:
6733:
6727:
6726:
6703:
6697:
6691:
6685:
6679:
6673:
6667:
6661:
6655:
6649:
6643:
6637:
6618:
6612:
6611:
6591:
6581:
6575:
6568:
6562:
6547:
6541:
6534:
6526:
6520:
6515:
6509:
6508:
6500:
6491:
6486:
6480:
6474:
6468:
6460:
6454:
6448:
6439:
6433:
6427:
6426:
6408:
6399:
6396:
6385:
6379:
6378:
6368:
6314:
6308:
6302:
6296:
6290:
6284:
6283:
6263:
6257:
6256:
6233:
6227:
6221:
6215:
6209:
6203:
6197:
6191:
6185:
6179:
6178:
6176:
6174:
6169:on 12 March 2008
6159:
6153:
6147:
6141:
6140:
6118:
6109:
6103:
6097:
6091:
6082:
6076:
6070:
6064:
6058:
6052:
6046:
6040:
6031:
6025:
6019:
6013:
6007:
6001:
5995:
5989:
5983:
5977:
5971:
5965:
5954:
5948:
5942:
5936:
5930:
5924:
5918:
5913:
5907:
5900:
5894:
5884:
5878:
5872:
5866:
5855:
5849:
5843:
5837:
5836:
5816:
5810:
5804:
5798:
5797:
5789:
5778:
5769:
5763:
5757:
5747:
5741:
5735:
5729:
5719:
5713:
5707:
5701:
5694:
5688:
5677:
5671:
5665:
5659:
5653:
5647:
5641:
5635:
5634:
5614:
5605:
5590:
5584:
5583:
5581:
5579:
5556:
5550:
5549:
5547:
5545:
5522:
5516:
5510:
5504:
5498:
5492:
5486:
5480:
5458:
5452:
5446:
5440:
5439:
5420:
5414:
5408:
5397:
5391:
5382:
5376:
5370:
5364:
5358:
5352:
5346:
5340:
5329:
5323:
5317:
5316:
5308:
5302:
5296:
5290:
5284:
5278:
5272:
5266:
5260:
5251:
5245:
5239:
5233:
5227:
5221:
5215:
5209:
5203:
5197:
5188:
5182:
5176:
5170:
5164:
5158:
5152:
5146:
5140:
5134:
5128:
5123:
5117:
5111:
5100:
5094:
5088:
5082:
5076:
5070:
5064:
5055:
5049:
5043:
5037:
5030:
5024:
5023:
5005:
4999:
4998:
4980:
4974:
4964:
4958:
4955:
4949:
4948:
4946:
4944:
4930:
4924:
4918:
4912:
4906:
4897:
4891:
4885:
4879:
4873:
4867:
4858:
4852:
4846:
4840:
4827:
4821:
4812:
4806:
4800:
4794:
4785:
4779:
4770:
4764:
4755:
4749:
4743:
4737:
4731:
4725:
4719:
4713:
4707:
4701:
4695:
4689:
4683:
4677:
4671:
4665:
4659:
4658:, pp. 27â28
4653:
4647:
4641:
4635:
4634:, pp. 26â27
4629:
4623:
4617:
4611:
4610:
4592:
4586:
4580:
4574:
4568:
4562:
4556:
4550:
4544:
4538:
4532:
4526:
4520:
4514:
4513:
4491:
4485:
4479:
4473:
4467:
4461:
4455:
4446:
4440:
4431:
4425:
4419:
4413:
4407:
4402:
4396:
4390:
4384:
4379:
4373:
4368:
4362:
4356:
4350:
4344:
4338:
4337:
4319:
4313:
4298:Richard Oc-e-Non
4296:also called him
4287:
4281:
4275:
4266:
4251:
4245:
4244:
4226:
4205:
4202:
4196:
4192:
4146:King of Scotland
4119:
4118: 1216â1272
4117:
4092:Duke of Brittany
3797:
3796: 1199â1216
3795:
3749:Duke of Brittany
3740:
3739: 1189â1199
3738:
3473:King of Scotland
3470:William the Lion
3464:King of Scotland
3415:
3414: 1154â1189
3413:
3380:Philip of Alsace
3175:Matilda of Anjou
3146:
3145: 1135â1154
3144:
3114:Sibylla of Anjou
2766:King of Scotland
2757:King of Scotland
2748:King of Scotland
2739:King of Scotland
2723:
2722: 1100â1135
2721:
2700:
2699: 1087â1100
2698:
2442:King of Scotland
2418:
2417: 1066â1087
2416:
2362:
2361:
2351:
2350:
2345:
2344:
2338:
2337:
2332:
2331:
2319:
2312:
2305:
2236:Carlo Marochetti
2204:Claude Fauchet's
2201:
2120:statant-guardant
2013:Ja nus hons pris
1969:Philip of Cognac
1928:Fontevraud Abbey
1892:
1875:
1815:
1793:British monarchy
1789:
1781:Battle of Gisors
1733:
1716:Château Gaillard
1688:Château Gaillard
1603:DĂźrnstein Castle
1588:
1580:
1578:Ja nus hons pris
1573:
1564:DĂźrnstein Castle
1544:Isaac II Angelos
1534:
1531:
1373:
1370:
1355:In the Holy Land
1327:Ottoman invasion
1237:Joachim of Fiore
1168:Bishop of Durham
1148:Stephen of Tours
1097:massacre at York
1069:Baldwin of Forde
1065:
1057:Jacob of OrlĂŠans
1033:Duke of Normandy
989:Battle of Hattin
923:, a close ally.
550:Alfred the Great
348:Duke of Normandy
309:Battle of Gisors
223:Philip of Cognac
210:
208:
181:Fontevraud Abbey
153:8 September 1157
100:3 September 1189
67:Fontevraud Abbey
64:
59:
47:
46:
21:
12637:
12636:
12632:
12631:
12630:
12628:
12627:
12626:
12522:Counts of Maine
12517:Counts of Anjou
12462:
12461:
12460:
12456:from Wikisource
12450:
12445:
12443:
12433:
12428:
12426:
12416:
12411:
12409:
12406:
12402:sister projects
12399:at Knowledge's
12393:
12388:
12387:
12382:
12371:
12361:
12332:
12292:
12288:Sainte des Prez
12241:
12232:
12198:Sauvage d'Arraz
12178:Robert de Reims
12168:Robert de Blois
12143:Raoul de Ferier
12108:Perrot de Neele
12088:Moniot de Paris
12033:Jehan de Braine
11963:Hugues de BerzĂŠ
11958:Hue de la FertĂŠ
11848:Ernoul le Vieux
11726:
11721:
11691:
11686:
11660:
11584:Miss Robin Hood
11571:
11528:
11473:
11366:
11283:
11232:(1871 operetta)
11213:Stage / theatre
11208:
10993:
10971:Popular culture
10961:
10898:
10892:
10841:
10750:
10675:
10475:
10456:
10420:Sherwood Forest
10404:
10346:
10279:
10268:
10263:
10233:
10228:
10211:
10174:
10157:
10144:
10127:
10110:Bridget of York
10048:
10031:
10010:
9993:
9972:
9955:
9899:
9882:
9873:Anne of Bohemia
9863:
9846:
9818:Mary of Waltham
9798:Joan of England
9771:
9754:
9710:
9693:
9622:
9605:
9564:
9547:
9544:William de Forz
9510:Richard FitzRoy
9460:
9443:
9421:
9404:
9382:
9365:
9296:
9283:
9268:
9229:Empress Matilda
9219:
9206:
9201:
9171:
9166:
9164:king of England
9152:
9127:
9125:House of Valois
9119:
9078:
9070:
9061:
9053:
8991:
8983:
8974:
8944:
8939:
8922:
8849:
8825:
8790:Oliver Cromwell
8766:
8741:
8736:
8583:Constantine III
8492:
8317:Harold Harefoot
8307:Edmund Ironside
8218:
8213: and
8204:
8169:
8157:
8148:
8137:
8132:
8130:King of England
8123:
8114:
8106:
8096:
8092:
8078:
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8068:
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8029:
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7898:
7897:
7882:
7863:
7845:
7829:
7823:
7804:
7757:
7755:Further reading
7752:
7746:
7719:10.2307/4051592
7698:
7658:
7639:
7584:
7562:
7545:on 5 June 2008.
7533:
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7082:
7077:
7070:
7052:
7039:
7038:
7034:
7027:
7009:
7005:
6992:
6988:
6983:Gillingham 2004
6981:
6977:
6970:
6956:
6952:
6947:Gillingham 2004
6945:
6941:
6936:Gillingham 2004
6934:
6930:
6918:Chronica Majora
6909:preux chevalier
6901:Chronica Majora
6896:
6892:
6887:Gillingham 2004
6885:
6881:
6876:Gillingham 2004
6874:
6870:
6857:
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6843:
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6704:
6700:
6692:
6688:
6680:
6676:
6668:
6664:
6656:
6652:
6646:Gillingham 1994
6644:
6640:
6619:
6615:
6608:
6582:
6578:
6572:Gillingham 1994
6569:
6565:
6551:Roger of Howden
6548:
6544:
6527:
6523:
6518:Gillingham 2002
6516:
6512:
6502:
6501:
6494:
6489:Gillingham 2004
6487:
6483:
6475:
6471:
6467:, p. 335).
6461:
6457:
6449:
6442:
6434:
6430:
6423:
6409:
6402:
6388:Gillingham 1979
6386:
6382:
6333:Nature Research
6315:
6311:
6303:
6299:
6291:
6287:
6274:. p. 329.
6264:
6260:
6247:. p. 319.
6234:
6230:
6222:
6218:
6210:
6206:
6200:Gillingham 1989
6198:
6194:
6188:Gillingham 2004
6186:
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6067:Gillingham 2002
6065:
6061:
6055:Gillingham 2002
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6041:
6034:
6026:
6022:
6014:
6010:
6004:Gillingham 2002
6002:
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5990:
5986:
5978:
5974:
5968:Gillingham 2002
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5957:
5951:Gillingham 2002
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5937:
5933:
5927:Gillingham 2004
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5772:
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5732:
5720:
5716:
5710:Gillingham 1979
5708:
5704:
5695:
5691:
5678:
5674:
5668:Gillingham 1979
5666:
5662:
5656:Gillingham 2002
5654:
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5644:Gillingham 2002
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5513:Gillingham 2002
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5489:Gillingham 2002
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5224:Gillingham 2002
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5085:Gillingham 2002
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5006:
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4987:. Hachette UK.
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4894:Gillingham 2002
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4855:Gillingham 2002
4853:
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4809:Gillingham 2002
4807:
4803:
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4788:
4780:
4773:
4767:Gillingham 2002
4765:
4758:
4752:Gillingham 2002
4750:
4746:
4740:Gillingham 2002
4738:
4734:
4726:
4722:
4714:
4710:
4702:
4698:
4690:
4686:
4680:Gillingham 2002
4678:
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4533:
4529:
4523:Gillingham 2002
4521:
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4464:
4456:
4449:
4443:Gillingham 2002
4441:
4434:
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4422:
4414:
4410:
4405:Gillingham 2004
4403:
4399:
4391:
4387:
4380:
4376:
4371:Gillingham 2004
4369:
4365:
4357:
4353:
4345:
4341:
4334:
4320:
4316:
4294:Bertran de Born
4288:
4284:
4276:
4269:
4252:
4248:
4241:
4227:
4223:
4219:
4214:
4209:
4208:
4203:
4199:
4193:
4189:
4184:
4165:
4160:
4159:
4145:
4136:
4127:
4114:
4113:
4112:King of England
4111:
4103:Queen of France
4102:
4091:
4074:
4055:
3792:
3791:
3790:King of England
3789:
3780:
3765:King of Castile
3764:
3748:
3735:
3734:
3733:King of England
3732:
3723:
3707:
3691:
3472:
3463:
3424:Count of Nantes
3423:
3410:
3409:
3408:King of England
3407:
3391:
3382:
3192:
3161:Empress Matilda
3154:
3141:
3140:
3139:King of England
3138:
2765:
2756:
2747:
2738:
2718:
2717:
2716:King of England
2715:
2695:
2694:
2693:King of England
2692:
2683:Robert Curthose
2669:
2660:
2441:
2413:
2412:
2411:King of England
2410:
2393:
2377:
2368:
2360:
2359:
2353:
2348:
2342:
2340:
2335:
2329:
2325:
2323:
2296:
2257:Steven Runciman
2223:
2150:
2144:
2102:lions rampants
2065:
2059:
2054:
2025:
1981:
1954:Stephen Langton
1900:
1899:
1898:
1897:
1896:
1893:
1884:
1883:
1882:
1880:Rouen Cathedral
1876:
1845:of Roman gold.
1812:Chronica Majora
1801:
1764:inheritance in
1656:
1623:Philip of Dreux
1586:Ja nuls om pres
1532:
1512:
1507:
1491:Battle of Jaffa
1440:Battle of Arsuf
1371:
1357:
1336:
1319:Robert de SablĂŠ
1315:Knights Templar
1291:Guy of Lusignan
1255:
1249:
1180:
1160:Bertran de Born
1105:
1053:Tower of London
1017:
1012:
1006:
944:Charente Valley
932:Rouen Cathedral
915:, Vexin in the
890:le quor de lion
862:Roger of Howden
858:John Gillingham
841:
725:Jordan Fantosme
713:
707:
695:count of Poitou
610:Angevin domains
538:Ralph de Diceto
471:Beaumont Palace
455:
450:
344:King of England
313:
302:Battle of Jaffa
297:Battle of Arsuf
270:Military career
212:
209: 1191)
204:
200:
197:
184:
183:, Anjou, France
167:
156:Beaumont Palace
154:
141:
82:
76:King of England
70:
43:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
12635:
12625:
12624:
12619:
12614:
12609:
12604:
12599:
12594:
12589:
12584:
12579:
12574:
12572:House of Anjou
12569:
12564:
12559:
12554:
12549:
12544:
12539:
12534:
12529:
12524:
12519:
12514:
12509:
12504:
12499:
12494:
12489:
12484:
12479:
12474:
12459:
12458:
12441:
12439:from Wikiquote
12424:
12395:
12390:
12389:
12384:
12383:
12360:
12359:
12358:
12353:
12348:
12343:
12337:
12334:
12333:
12331:
12330:
12328:Medieval music
12325:
12318:
12313:
12312:
12311:
12300:
12298:
12294:
12293:
12291:
12290:
12285:
12280:
12275:
12270:
12265:
12263:Dame de Gosnai
12260:
12255:
12249:
12247:
12243:
12242:
12235:
12233:
12231:
12230:
12225:
12220:
12215:
12210:
12205:
12200:
12195:
12193:Simon d'Authie
12190:
12185:
12180:
12175:
12170:
12165:
12160:
12155:
12150:
12145:
12140:
12135:
12130:
12125:
12120:
12115:
12110:
12105:
12100:
12095:
12090:
12085:
12083:Moniot d'Arras
12080:
12078:Mahieu le Juif
12075:
12073:Mahieu de Gant
12070:
12065:
12060:
12055:
12050:
12045:
12040:
12035:
12030:
12025:
12020:
12015:
12010:
12005:
12000:
11995:
11990:
11985:
11983:Jacques Bretel
11980:
11975:
11970:
11965:
11960:
11955:
11950:
11945:
11940:
11935:
11933:Guiot de Dijon
11930:
11928:Guillaume Veau
11925:
11920:
11915:
11910:
11905:
11900:
11898:Gobin de Reims
11895:
11890:
11885:
11880:
11875:
11870:
11865:
11860:
11855:
11850:
11845:
11843:Ernoul Caupain
11840:
11835:
11830:
11825:
11820:
11815:
11810:
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11800:
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11785:
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11512:
11505:
11498:
11490:
11481:
11479:
11475:
11474:
11472:
11471:
11463:
11455:
11451:The Last Arrow
11447:
11439:
11431:
11423:
11415:
11407:
11399:
11391:
11383:
11374:
11372:
11368:
11367:
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11340:
11332:
11324:
11316:
11308:
11300:
11291:
11289:
11285:
11284:
11282:
11281:
11280:(2013 musical)
11277:Robin des Bois
11273:
11265:
11257:
11249:
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11225:
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11210:
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10553:
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10410:
10409:
10406:
10405:
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10402:
10397:
10392:
10387:
10382:
10377:
10375:Arthur a Bland
10372:
10367:
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10356:
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10348:
10347:
10345:
10344:
10339:
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10329:
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10229:
10227:
10226:
10220:
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10216:
10213:
10212:
10210:
10209:
10204:
10201:
10197:Illegitimate:
10194:
10193:
10187:
10186:
10179:
10176:
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10163:
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10159:
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10117:
10113:
10112:
10107:
10102:
10097:
10092:
10087:
10082:
10077:
10075:Cecily of York
10072:
10067:
10061:
10060:
10053:
10050:
10049:
10037:
10036:
10033:
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9865:
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9852:
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9848:
9847:
9845:
9844:
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9840:Jane Northland
9838:
9834:Illegitimate:
9831:
9830:
9825:
9820:
9815:
9810:
9805:
9800:
9795:
9790:
9784:
9783:
9776:
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9760:
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9748:Illegitimate:
9745:
9744:
9739:
9734:
9729:
9723:
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9715:
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9699:
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9545:
9542:
9541:Philip FitzRoy
9539:
9538:Isabel FitzRoy
9536:
9533:
9530:
9527:
9526:Osbert Gifford
9524:
9521:
9518:
9515:
9514:Oliver FitzRoy
9512:
9507:
9503:Illegitimate:
9500:
9499:
9494:
9489:
9484:
9479:
9473:
9472:
9465:
9462:
9461:
9449:
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9445:
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9437:Illegitimate:
9434:
9433:
9426:
9423:
9422:
9410:
9409:
9406:
9405:
9403:
9402:
9395:
9394:
9387:
9384:
9383:
9371:
9370:
9367:
9366:
9364:
9363:
9358:
9354:Illegitimate:
9351:
9350:
9345:
9340:
9335:
9330:
9325:
9320:
9315:
9309:
9308:
9301:
9298:
9297:
9285:
9284:
9275:
9273:
9270:
9269:
9267:
9266:
9261:
9256:
9252:Illegitimate:
9249:
9248:
9243:
9238:
9232:
9231:
9224:
9221:
9220:
9208:
9207:
9200:
9199:
9192:
9185:
9177:
9168:
9167:
9160:count of Rouen
9157:
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9150:
9144:
9138:
9131:
9129:
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9117:
9111:
9105:
9099:
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9088:
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9080:
9072:
9071:
9065:
9063:
9059:House of Blois
9055:
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9046:
9040:
9035:
9029:
9024:
9019:
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8735:
8734:
8729:
8724:
8719:
8714:
8709:
8704:
8699:
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8686:Edward Balliol
8682:
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8667:
8660:
8655:
8650:
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8640:
8635:
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8625:
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8600:
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8568:
8563:
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8546:Constantine II
8543:
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8390:
8385:
8380:
8373:
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8351:
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8341:
8338:Edgar Ătheling
8334:
8329:
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8319:
8314:
8309:
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8174:
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8159:
8158:
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8145:Count of Anjou
8140:
8139:
8125:
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8119:
8116:
8111:Count of Maine
8107:
8102:
8098:
8097:
8088:
8085:
8069:
8060:
8056:
8055:
8054:Regnal titles
8051:
8050:
8030:
8027:
8022:
8021:
8007:
7998:
7997:at BBC History
7992:
7984:
7983:External links
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7526:. p. 11.
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6796:
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6722:978-0810928305
6721:
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6684:, p. 464.
6674:
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6662:
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6469:
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6297:
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6071:
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6059:
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6047:
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6008:
5996:
5984:
5972:
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5955:
5943:
5941:, p. 184.
5931:
5919:
5908:
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5879:
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5811:
5799:
5784:, ed. (1911).
5782:Chisholm, Hugh
5770:
5758:
5742:
5730:
5714:
5702:
5689:
5672:
5660:
5648:
5646:, p. 154.
5636:
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5398:
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5359:
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5318:
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5277:, p. 117.
5267:
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5240:
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5228:
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5216:
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2295:
2292:
2287:Edmund Allenby
2272:William Stubbs
2222:
2219:
2188:Richard Thorpe
2146:Main article:
2143:
2140:
2058:
2055:
2053:
2050:
2024:
2021:
1980:
1977:
1973:Angevin Empire
1964:for his sins.
1942:Henry Sandford
1894:
1887:
1886:
1885:
1877:
1870:
1869:
1868:
1867:
1866:
1843:treasure trove
1839:Châlus-Chabrol
1821:(13th century)
1800:
1797:
1655:
1652:
1615:Trifels Castle
1552:Henry the Lion
1520:Peter of Eboli
1511:
1508:
1506:
1503:
1376:Chertsey Abbey
1372: 1250â60
1356:
1353:
1335:
1332:
1305:Richard named
1279:Isaac Komnenos
1251:Main article:
1248:
1245:
1232:
1231:
1224:
1179:
1176:
1164:Hugh de Puiset
1104:
1101:
1016:
1013:
1005:
1002:
874:hic leo noster
840:
837:
709:Main article:
706:
703:
481:, son of King
454:
451:
449:
446:
413:, although he
319:
318:
315:
314:
312:
311:
306:
305:
304:
299:
294:
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276:
272:
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106:
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91:
88:
84:
83:
78:
72:
71:
60:
52:
51:
26:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
12634:
12623:
12620:
12618:
12615:
12613:
12610:
12608:
12605:
12603:
12602:Rebel princes
12600:
12598:
12595:
12593:
12590:
12588:
12585:
12583:
12580:
12578:
12575:
12573:
12570:
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12109:
12106:
12104:
12101:
12099:
12096:
12094:
12091:
12089:
12086:
12084:
12081:
12079:
12076:
12074:
12071:
12069:
12066:
12064:
12063:Lambert Ferri
12061:
12059:
12056:
12054:
12053:Jehan de Trie
12051:
12049:
12046:
12044:
12041:
12039:
12038:Jehan Fremaux
12036:
12034:
12031:
12029:
12026:
12024:
12021:
12019:
12016:
12014:
12011:
12009:
12006:
12004:
12001:
11999:
11996:
11994:
11991:
11989:
11986:
11984:
11981:
11979:
11976:
11974:
11971:
11969:
11966:
11964:
11961:
11959:
11956:
11954:
11953:Henri de Lacy
11951:
11949:
11946:
11944:
11941:
11939:
11936:
11934:
11931:
11929:
11926:
11924:
11921:
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11916:
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11909:
11906:
11904:
11901:
11899:
11896:
11894:
11891:
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11886:
11884:
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11876:
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11869:
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11809:
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11779:
11776:
11774:
11771:
11769:
11766:
11764:
11761:
11759:
11756:
11754:
11751:
11749:
11748:Adenet Le Roi
11746:
11744:
11741:
11739:
11736:
11735:
11733:
11729:
11725:
11718:
11713:
11711:
11706:
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11546:
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11525:
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11520:
11517:
11513:
11510:
11506:
11503:
11499:
11496:
11495:
11491:
11488:
11487:
11483:
11482:
11480:
11476:
11469:
11468:
11464:
11461:
11460:
11456:
11453:
11452:
11448:
11445:
11444:
11440:
11437:
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11432:
11429:
11428:
11424:
11421:
11420:
11416:
11413:
11412:
11408:
11405:
11404:
11400:
11397:
11396:
11392:
11389:
11388:
11384:
11381:
11380:
11376:
11375:
11373:
11369:
11362:
11361:
11357:
11354:
11353:
11349:
11346:
11345:
11341:
11338:
11337:
11333:
11330:
11329:
11325:
11322:
11321:
11317:
11314:
11313:
11309:
11306:
11305:
11301:
11298:
11297:
11293:
11292:
11290:
11286:
11279:
11278:
11274:
11272:(1998 ballet)
11271:
11270:
11266:
11263:
11262:
11258:
11255:
11254:
11250:
11247:
11246:
11245:The Foresters
11242:
11239:
11238:
11234:
11231:
11230:
11226:
11223:
11222:
11218:
11217:
11215:
11211:
11205:
11201:
11199:
11195:
11193:
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11187:
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11177:
11175:
11171:
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11165:
11163:
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11147:
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11141:
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11133:
11129:
11127:
11123:
11121:
11117:
11115:
11111:
11109:
11105:
11103:
11099:
11097:
11093:
11091:
11087:
11085:
11081:
11079:
11075:
11073:
11069:
11067:
11063:
11061:
11057:
11055:
11051:
11049:
11045:
11043:
11039:
11037:
11033:
11031:
11027:
11025:
11021:
11019:
11015:
11013:
11009:
11007:
11003:
11002:
11000:
10998:Child ballads
10996:
10990:
10987:
10985:
10982:
10980:
10977:
10976:
10974:
10972:
10968:
10957:
10956:
10952:
10949:
10948:
10944:
10941:
10940:
10936:
10933:
10932:
10928:
10925:
10924:
10920:
10917:
10916:
10912:
10909:
10908:
10907:Mexicali Rose
10904:
10903:
10901:
10895:
10888:
10887:
10883:
10880:
10879:
10875:
10872:
10871:
10867:
10864:
10863:
10859:
10856:
10855:
10851:
10850:
10848:
10844:
10837:
10836:
10832:
10829:
10828:
10824:
10821:
10820:
10816:
10813:
10812:
10808:
10805:
10804:
10800:
10797:
10796:
10792:
10789:
10788:
10784:
10781:
10780:
10776:
10773:
10772:
10768:
10765:
10764:
10760:
10759:
10757:
10753:
10746:
10745:
10741:
10738:
10737:
10733:
10730:
10729:
10725:
10722:
10721:
10717:
10714:
10713:
10709:
10706:
10705:
10701:
10698:
10697:
10693:
10690:
10689:
10685:
10684:
10682:
10678:
10671:
10670:
10666:
10663:
10662:
10658:
10655:
10654:
10650:
10647:
10646:
10642:
10639:
10638:
10634:
10631:
10630:
10626:
10623:
10622:
10618:
10615:
10614:
10610:
10607:
10606:
10602:
10599:
10598:
10594:
10591:
10590:
10586:
10583:
10582:
10578:
10575:
10574:
10570:
10567:
10566:
10562:
10559:
10558:
10554:
10551:
10550:
10546:
10543:
10542:
10538:
10535:
10534:
10530:
10527:
10526:
10522:
10519:
10518:
10514:
10511:
10510:
10506:
10503:
10502:
10498:
10497:
10495:
10491:
10488:
10486:
10482:
10478:
10471:
10467:
10453:
10450:
10448:
10445:
10443:
10440:
10438:
10435:
10433:
10430:
10426:
10423:
10422:
10421:
10418:
10417:
10415:
10411:
10401:
10398:
10396:
10393:
10391:
10388:
10386:
10383:
10381:
10378:
10376:
10373:
10371:
10368:
10366:
10363:
10361:
10358:
10357:
10355:
10353:
10349:
10343:
10340:
10338:
10335:
10333:
10330:
10328:
10325:
10323:
10320:
10318:
10315:
10313:
10310:
10308:
10305:
10303:
10300:
10299:
10297:
10293:
10290:
10286:
10282:
10275:
10271:
10267:
10260:
10255:
10253:
10248:
10246:
10241:
10240:
10237:
10225:
10222:
10221:
10218:
10208:
10205:
10202:
10200:
10196:
10195:
10192:
10189:
10188:
10185:
10181:
10180:
10177:
10173:
10168:
10164:
10154:
10151:
10150:
10147:
10143:
10138:
10134:
10123:
10121:
10118:
10115:
10114:
10111:
10108:
10106:
10103:
10101:
10098:
10096:
10093:
10091:
10088:
10086:
10083:
10081:
10078:
10076:
10073:
10071:
10068:
10066:
10063:
10062:
10059:
10055:
10054:
10051:
10047:
10042:
10038:
10028:
10025:
10024:
10021:
10017:
10016:
10013:
10009:
10004:
10000:
9990:
9987:
9986:
9983:
9979:
9978:
9975:
9971:
9966:
9962:
9951:
9950:
9947:
9944:
9942:
9939:
9937:
9934:
9932:
9929:
9927:
9924:
9922:
9919:
9918:
9915:
9912:
9910:
9909:Mary de Bohun
9906:
9905:
9902:
9898:
9893:
9889:
9879:
9876:
9874:
9870:
9869:
9866:
9862:
9857:
9853:
9842:
9839:
9837:
9833:
9832:
9829:
9826:
9824:
9821:
9819:
9816:
9814:
9811:
9809:
9806:
9804:
9801:
9799:
9796:
9794:
9791:
9789:
9786:
9785:
9782:
9778:
9777:
9774:
9770:
9765:
9761:
9751:
9747:
9746:
9743:
9740:
9738:
9735:
9733:
9730:
9728:
9725:
9724:
9721:
9717:
9716:
9713:
9709:
9704:
9700:
9690:
9687:
9685:
9682:
9680:
9677:
9675:
9672:
9670:
9667:
9665:
9662:
9660:
9657:
9655:
9652:
9650:
9647:
9645:
9642:
9641:
9638:
9635:
9633:
9629:
9628:
9625:
9621:
9616:
9612:
9602:
9599:
9597:
9594:
9592:
9589:
9587:
9584:
9582:
9579:
9578:
9575:
9571:
9570:
9567:
9563:
9558:
9554:
9543:
9540:
9537:
9534:
9531:
9529:Eudes FitzRoy
9528:
9525:
9523:Henry FitzRoy
9522:
9519:
9516:
9513:
9511:
9508:
9506:
9502:
9501:
9498:
9495:
9493:
9490:
9488:
9485:
9483:
9480:
9478:
9475:
9474:
9471:
9467:
9466:
9463:
9459:
9454:
9450:
9440:
9436:
9435:
9432:
9428:
9427:
9424:
9420:
9415:
9411:
9400:
9397:
9396:
9393:
9389:
9388:
9385:
9381:
9376:
9372:
9362:
9359:
9357:
9353:
9352:
9349:
9346:
9344:
9341:
9339:
9336:
9334:
9331:
9329:
9326:
9324:
9321:
9319:
9316:
9314:
9311:
9310:
9307:
9303:
9302:
9299:
9295:
9290:
9286:
9279:
9265:
9262:
9260:
9259:Emma of Anjou
9257:
9255:
9251:
9250:
9247:
9244:
9242:
9239:
9237:
9234:
9233:
9230:
9226:
9225:
9222:
9218:
9213:
9209:
9205:
9198:
9193:
9191:
9186:
9184:
9179:
9178:
9175:
9165:
9161:
9155:
9148:
9145:
9142:
9139:
9136:
9133:
9132:
9130:
9126:
9122:
9115:
9112:
9109:
9106:
9103:
9100:
9098:
9095:
9092:
9089:
9087:
9084:
9083:
9081:
9077:
9073:
9068:
9064:
9060:
9056:
9050:
9049:William (III)
9047:
9044:
9041:
9039:
9036:
9033:
9030:
9028:
9025:
9023:
9020:
9018:
9015:
9012:
9009:
9006:
9003:
9000:
8997:
8996:
8994:
8990:
8986:
8982:
8978:
8971:
8966:
8964:
8959:
8957:
8952:
8951:
8948:
8936:
8933:
8932:
8929:
8919:
8916:
8914:
8911:
8909:
8906:
8904:
8901:
8899:
8896:
8894:
8891:
8889:
8886:
8884:
8881:
8879:
8876:
8874:
8871:
8869:
8866:
8864:
8861:
8859:
8856:
8855:
8852:
8846:
8845:
8840:
8839:
8836:
8832:
8822:
8819:
8817:
8813:
8810:
8808:
8805:
8803:
8800:
8796:
8793:
8791:
8788:
8787:
8786:
8783:
8781:
8778:
8776:
8773:
8772:
8769:
8763:
8761:
8756:
8755:
8752:
8748:
8733:
8730:
8728:
8725:
8723:
8720:
8718:
8715:
8713:
8710:
8708:
8705:
8703:
8700:
8698:
8695:
8693:
8690:
8688:
8687:
8683:
8681:
8678:
8676:
8673:
8671:
8668:
8666:
8665:
8661:
8659:
8658:Alexander III
8656:
8654:
8651:
8649:
8646:
8644:
8641:
8639:
8636:
8634:
8631:
8629:
8626:
8624:
8621:
8619:
8616:
8614:
8611:
8609:
8606:
8604:
8601:
8599:
8596:
8594:
8591:
8589:
8586:
8584:
8581:
8579:
8576:
8574:
8573:
8569:
8567:
8564:
8562:
8559:
8557:
8554:
8552:
8549:
8547:
8544:
8542:
8539:
8537:
8536:
8532:
8530:
8529:
8525:
8523:
8522:
8518:
8516:
8515:
8514:Constantine I
8511:
8509:
8508:
8504:
8502:
8501:
8497:
8496:
8494:
8489:
8486:
8484:
8483:
8478:
8475:
8473:
8472:
8468:
8466:
8463:
8461:
8458:
8456:
8453:
8451:
8448:
8446:
8443:
8441:
8438:
8436:
8433:
8431:
8428:
8426:
8423:
8421:
8418:
8416:
8413:
8411:
8408:
8406:
8403:
8401:
8398:
8396:
8395:
8391:
8389:
8386:
8384:
8381:
8379:
8378:
8374:
8372:
8369:
8367:
8366:
8362:
8360:
8357:
8355:
8352:
8350:
8347:
8345:
8342:
8340:
8339:
8335:
8333:
8330:
8328:
8325:
8323:
8320:
8318:
8315:
8313:
8310:
8308:
8305:
8303:
8302:
8298:
8296:
8293:
8291:
8288:
8286:
8283:
8281:
8278:
8276:
8273:
8271:
8268:
8266:
8263:
8261:
8260:
8256:
8254:
8253:
8249:
8247:
8246:
8242:
8241:
8239:
8238:
8234:
8231:
8230:
8225:
8221:
8216:
8212:
8208:
8201:
8196:
8194:
8189:
8187:
8182:
8181:
8178:
8172:
8165:
8156:
8147:
8146:
8141:
8136:
8135:
8131:
8126:
8122:
8113:
8112:
8105:
8099:
8095:
8091:
8084:
8083:
8075:
8074:
8067:
8063:
8057:
8052:
8047:
8040:
8035:
8034:
8025:
8019:
8015:
8011:
8008:
8006:
8002:
7999:
7996:
7993:
7990:
7987:
7986:
7975:
7971:
7966:
7963:
7960:
7956:
7955:
7949:
7945:
7942:(1951â1954).
7941:
7937:
7933:
7927:
7919:
7918:
7912:
7908:
7902:
7894:
7893:
7887:
7883:
7881:0-7546-0581-7
7877:
7873:
7868:
7864:
7862:0-9513-0856-4
7858:
7854:
7849:
7846:
7840:
7836:
7832:
7831:Maalouf, Amin
7828:
7824:
7822:0-5200-5224-2
7818:
7814:
7809:
7805:
7803:1-8401-4676-1
7799:
7795:
7790:
7786:
7781:
7777:
7772:
7768:
7764:
7760:
7759:
7747:
7741:
7737:
7732:
7728:
7724:
7720:
7716:
7712:
7708:
7703:
7699:
7693:
7689:
7684:
7679:
7675:
7671:
7667:
7662:
7659:
7653:
7649:
7644:
7640:
7634:
7630:
7626:
7621:
7618:
7614:
7610:
7606:
7602:
7598:
7594:
7589:
7585:
7579:
7575:
7571:
7570:Oman, Charles
7567:
7563:
7557:
7553:
7548:
7544:
7540:
7536:
7529:
7525:
7520:
7514:
7510:
7504:
7500:
7496:
7492:
7488:
7482:
7478:
7477:
7472:
7468:
7464:
7458:
7454:
7449:
7445:
7439:
7435:
7434:
7429:
7425:
7421:
7415:
7411:
7406:
7402:
7396:
7392:
7387:
7383:
7368:
7364:
7360:
7359:
7353:
7352:
7345:
7341:
7335:
7331:
7326:
7322:
7316:
7312:
7307:
7303:
7297:
7293:
7288:
7284:
7278:
7273:
7272:
7266:
7262:
7258:
7252:
7248:
7243:
7239:
7233:
7229:
7225:
7221:
7217:
7215:0-1986-0956-6
7211:
7207:
7202:
7198:
7192:
7187:
7186:
7179:
7175:
7169:
7165:
7164:Die Normannen
7160:
7156:
7150:
7146:
7141:
7137:
7131:
7127:
7123:
7119:
7115:
7109:
7105:
7100:
7095:
7094:
7089:
7085:
7084:
7071:
7065:
7061:
7053:
7047:
7043:
7036:
7028:
7022:
7018:
7014:
7007:
6999:
6998:
6990:
6984:
6979:
6971:
6965:
6961:
6954:
6948:
6943:
6937:
6932:
6925:
6921:
6919:
6912:
6910:
6904:
6902:
6894:
6888:
6883:
6877:
6872:
6865:
6861:
6855:
6853:
6844:
6838:
6834:
6827:
6819:
6812:
6805:
6800:
6793:
6788:
6781:
6775:
6760:
6756:
6749:
6742:
6738:
6732:
6724:
6718:
6714:
6710:
6709:
6702:
6695:
6690:
6683:
6678:
6671:
6666:
6659:
6654:
6647:
6642:
6635:
6631:
6627:
6623:
6617:
6609:
6603:
6599:
6595:
6590:
6589:
6580:
6573:
6567:
6560:
6556:
6552:
6546:
6539:
6535:
6533:
6525:
6519:
6514:
6506:
6499:
6497:
6490:
6485:
6478:
6473:
6466:
6459:
6452:
6447:
6445:
6437:
6432:
6424:
6418:
6414:
6407:
6405:
6397:
6395:
6389:
6384:
6376:
6372:
6367:
6362:
6358:
6354:
6350:
6346:
6342:
6338:
6334:
6330:
6326:
6325:
6320:
6313:
6306:
6301:
6294:
6289:
6281:
6277:
6273:
6272:Penguin Books
6269:
6262:
6254:
6250:
6246:
6242:
6238:
6232:
6226:, p. 234
6225:
6220:
6213:
6208:
6202:, p. 16.
6201:
6196:
6189:
6184:
6168:
6164:
6158:
6152:, p. 94.
6151:
6146:
6138:
6132:
6128:
6124:
6117:
6115:
6108:, p. 33.
6107:
6102:
6096:, p. 62.
6095:
6090:
6088:
6080:
6075:
6068:
6063:
6056:
6051:
6045:, p. 42.
6044:
6039:
6037:
6029:
6024:
6017:
6012:
6005:
6000:
5994:, p. 20.
5993:
5988:
5982:, p. 10.
5981:
5976:
5969:
5964:
5962:
5960:
5952:
5947:
5940:
5935:
5928:
5923:
5917:
5912:
5905:
5899:
5892:
5888:
5883:
5876:
5871:
5864:
5860:
5854:
5848:, p. 85.
5847:
5846:Longford 1989
5842:
5834:
5828:
5824:
5823:
5815:
5808:
5803:
5795:
5794:
5788:
5783:
5777:
5775:
5768:, p. 128
5767:
5762:
5756:
5752:
5746:
5739:
5734:
5727:
5724:
5718:
5711:
5706:
5699:
5693:
5686:
5682:
5676:
5669:
5664:
5657:
5652:
5645:
5640:
5632:
5626:
5622:
5621:
5613:
5611:
5604:
5600:
5596:
5595:
5589:
5574:
5568:
5564:
5563:
5555:
5540:
5534:
5530:
5529:
5521:
5515:, p. 149
5514:
5509:
5502:
5497:
5491:, p. 148
5490:
5485:
5479:
5475:
5471:
5467:
5463:
5460:According to
5457:
5450:
5445:
5437:
5433:
5429:
5425:
5424:Abbott, Jacob
5419:
5413:, p. 138
5412:
5407:
5405:
5403:
5396:, p. 137
5395:
5390:
5388:
5380:
5375:
5368:
5363:
5356:
5351:
5345:, p. 132
5344:
5339:
5337:
5335:
5327:
5322:
5314:
5307:
5300:
5295:
5288:
5283:
5276:
5271:
5265:, p. 116
5264:
5259:
5257:
5249:
5244:
5237:
5232:
5225:
5220:
5214:, p. 99.
5213:
5208:
5202:, p. 101
5201:
5196:
5194:
5186:
5181:
5174:
5169:
5162:
5157:
5150:
5145:
5138:
5133:
5127:
5122:
5115:
5110:
5108:
5106:
5098:
5093:
5087:, p. 107
5086:
5081:
5074:
5069:
5063:
5059:
5054:
5047:
5042:
5036:, p. 264
5035:
5029:
5021:
5015:
5011:
5004:
4996:
4990:
4986:
4979:
4972:
4968:
4963:
4954:
4939:
4935:
4929:
4922:
4917:
4910:
4905:
4903:
4896:, p. 52.
4895:
4890:
4884:, p. 36.
4883:
4878:
4872:, p. 50.
4871:
4866:
4864:
4856:
4851:
4845:, p. 35.
4844:
4839:
4837:
4835:
4833:
4825:
4820:
4818:
4811:, p. 49.
4810:
4805:
4798:
4793:
4791:
4784:, p. 33.
4783:
4778:
4776:
4769:, p. 48.
4768:
4763:
4761:
4753:
4748:
4742:, p. 41.
4741:
4736:
4729:
4724:
4718:, p. 32.
4717:
4712:
4705:
4700:
4693:
4688:
4681:
4676:
4669:
4664:
4657:
4652:
4645:
4640:
4633:
4628:
4621:
4616:
4608:
4602:
4598:
4591:
4584:
4579:
4572:
4567:
4560:
4555:
4548:
4543:
4537:, p. 10.
4536:
4531:
4524:
4519:
4511:
4505:
4501:
4497:
4490:
4484:, p. 28.
4483:
4478:
4471:
4466:
4460:, p. ix.
4459:
4454:
4452:
4445:, p. 24.
4444:
4439:
4437:
4429:
4424:
4418:, p. 58.
4417:
4412:
4406:
4401:
4394:
4389:
4383:
4378:
4372:
4367:
4361:, p. 20.
4360:
4355:
4348:
4343:
4335:
4329:
4325:
4318:
4311:
4307:
4303:
4299:
4295:
4292:
4286:
4280:, p. 71.
4279:
4274:
4272:
4264:
4263:9781108832960
4260:
4256:
4250:
4242:
4236:
4232:
4225:
4221:
4201:
4191:
4187:
4177:
4176:
4172:
4170:
4167:
4166:
4150:
4149:
4144:
4135:
4126:
4110:
4101:
4096:
4094:
4090:
4073:
4058:
4054:
4034:
4031:
4027:
4025:
4023:
4017:
4015:
4007:
4005:
3997:
3995:
3993:
3989:
3987:
3985:
3981:
3979:
3963:
3961:
3949:
3947:
3945:
3940:
3933:
3929:
3927:
3923:
3901:
3899:
3893:
3889:
3887:
3881:
3877:
3875:
3859:
3857:
3845:
3843:
3837:
3833:
3831:
3816:
3811:
3809:
3807:
3805:
3804:
3788:
3779:
3772:
3763:
3756:
3747:
3731:
3722:
3715:
3706:
3699:
3692:Latin Emperor
3690:
3686:
3683:
3677:
3663:
3661:
3645:
3643:
3635:
3633:
3625:
3623:
3615:
3613:
3605:
3603:
3602:
3595:
3591:
3589:
3585:
3527:
3525:
3521:
3519:
3486:
3483:
3481:
3478:
3471:
3462:
3431:
3422:
3406:
3399:
3390:
3381:
3374:
3370:
3367:
3359:
3357:
3349:
3347:
3339:
3337:
3335:
3327:
3325:
3324:
3317:
3309:
3273:
3269:
3267:
3255:
3253:
3227:
3219:
3217:
3214:
3209:
3207:
3196:
3191:
3176:
3169:
3162:
3153:
3137:
3130:
3129:William Clito
3115:
3103:
3100:
3092:
3090:
3088:
3082:
3080:
3079:
3044:
3040:
3038:
3034:
3032:
3018:
3012:
3010:
2971:
2968:
2962:
2960:
2958:
2946:
2944:
2934:
2932:
2928:
2926:
2912:
2910:
2894:
2892:
2891:
2884:
2878:
2876:
2858:
2846:
2844:
2830:
2828:
2814:
2812:
2800:
2798:
2794:
2792:
2781:
2778:
2776:
2774:
2772:
2769:
2764:
2755:
2746:
2737:
2730:
2714:
2707:
2691:
2684:
2677:
2668:
2659:
2655:
2652:
2644:
2642:
2634:
2632:
2624:
2622:
2614:
2612:
2610:
2602:
2600:
2592:
2590:
2582:
2580:
2578:
2574:
2572:
2571:
2564:
2536:
2534:
2530:
2528:
2518:
2510:
2508:
2492:
2490:
2476:
2472:
2470:
2457:
2454:
2452:
2448:
2446:
2445:
2440:
2433:
2409:
2392:
2385:
2376:
2367:
2363:
2358:
2320:
2315:
2313:
2308:
2306:
2301:
2300:
2291:
2288:
2284:
2279:
2275:
2273:
2269:
2265:
2264:heroic statue
2260:
2258:
2254:
2248:
2241:
2237:
2233:
2232:
2227:
2218:
2215:
2210:
2208:
2205:
2200:
2195:
2194:
2189:
2185:
2184:
2179:
2174:
2167:
2163:
2159:
2154:
2149:
2139:
2137:
2133:
2129:
2125:
2121:
2117:
2113:
2108:
2106:
2105:
2099:
2098:
2093:
2089:
2085:
2081:
2074:
2069:
2064:
2049:
2047:
2043:
2039:
2035:
2031:
2020:
2018:
2014:
2010:
2006:
2002:
1998:
1994:
1989:
1986:
1976:
1974:
1970:
1965:
1963:
1959:
1955:
1951:
1947:
1943:
1939:
1937:
1933:
1929:
1925:
1920:
1918:
1914:
1910:
1906:
1891:
1881:
1874:
1865:
1863:
1859:
1855:
1851:
1846:
1844:
1840:
1836:
1832:
1828:
1820:
1819:Matthew Paris
1816:
1814:
1813:
1805:
1796:
1794:
1790:
1788:
1782:
1778:
1773:
1771:
1767:
1763:
1759:
1755:
1751:
1745:
1742:
1736:
1734:
1732:
1726:
1717:
1714:The ruins of
1712:
1708:
1706:
1701:
1697:
1693:
1689:
1685:
1681:
1677:
1672:
1667:
1665:
1661:
1651:
1648:
1644:
1640:
1636:
1632:
1626:
1624:
1620:
1616:
1612:
1604:
1599:
1595:
1593:
1589:
1587:
1581:
1579:
1572:
1571:
1570:ministerialis
1565:
1560:
1557:
1553:
1549:
1545:
1541:
1527:
1526:
1521:
1516:
1502:
1500:
1496:
1492:
1487:
1485:
1481:
1475:
1473:
1469:
1464:
1462:
1458:
1454:
1449:
1445:
1441:
1437:
1431:
1429:
1424:
1420:
1416:
1412:
1407:
1405:
1401:
1397:
1393:
1392:Siege of Acre
1389:
1385:
1377:
1366:
1361:
1352:
1349:
1345:
1341:
1331:
1328:
1322:
1320:
1316:
1312:
1308:
1303:
1298:
1296:
1292:
1287:
1282:
1280:
1276:
1272:
1268:
1259:
1254:
1244:
1242:
1238:
1229:
1225:
1222:
1221:
1220:
1217:
1213:
1209:
1205:
1201:
1197:
1189:
1184:
1175:
1173:
1169:
1165:
1161:
1157:
1153:
1149:
1145:
1141:
1136:
1134:
1133:Bishop of Ely
1130:
1126:
1122:
1121:Saladin tithe
1116:
1114:
1110:
1103:Crusade plans
1100:
1098:
1094:
1084:
1080:
1078:
1074:
1070:
1066:
1064:
1058:
1054:
1050:
1046:
1041:
1038:
1034:
1026:
1021:
1011:
1001:
999:
994:
990:
985:
980:
978:
971:
969:
964:
960:
958:
954:
950:
945:
941:
933:
928:
924:
922:
918:
917:Ăle-de-France
914:
910:
906:
901:
899:
895:
891:
887:
886:
881:
880:
875:
870:
868:
863:
859:
850:
845:
836:
834:
830:
829:kiss of peace
826:
820:
818:
813:
807:
805:
801:
796:
792:
788:
784:
780:
777:
773:
769:
765:
761:
757:
749:was captured.
748:
744:
740:
736:
732:
728:
726:
720:
718:
715:According to
712:
702:
700:
696:
692:
689:Monastery in
687:
682:
680:
676:
672:
667:
665:
661:
657:
653:
649:
645:
641:
635:
633:
632:Third Crusade
629:
628:
622:
620:
611:
606:
602:
600:
596:
592:
587:
585:
584:
579:
575:
571:
565:
563:
559:
555:
551:
547:
543:
539:
535:
530:
528:
524:
520:
516:
512:
508:
504:
500:
496:
492:
488:
484:
480:
476:
472:
464:
459:
445:
443:
442:regnal number
439:
435:
431:
427:
422:
420:
416:
412:
408:
404:
403:Third Crusade
400:
395:
393:
389:
385:
381:
377:
373:
369:
365:
361:
357:
353:
349:
345:
341:
337:
333:
332:Norman French
329:
325:
316:
310:
307:
303:
300:
298:
295:
293:
292:Siege of Acre
290:
289:
288:
287:Third Crusade
285:
283:
280:
279:
277:
273:
268:
264:
261:
258:
254:
251:
248:
244:
241:
237:
234:
232:
228:
224:
221:
219:
215:
196:
191:
187:
182:
178:
174:
170:
165:
161:
157:
152:
148:
144:
138:
135:
133:
130:
129:
127:
123:
120:
117:
113:
110:
107:
103:
99:
97:
93:
89:
85:
81:
77:
73:
68:
58:
53:
48:
45:
41:
37:
33:
19:
12451:
12434:
12422:from Commons
12417:
12396:
12372:
12363:
12362:
12320:
12316:Lyric poetry
12162:
12028:Jean le Roux
12013:Jehan Bretel
11653:
11641:
11610:
11603:
11596:
11589:
11582:
11563:
11555:
11549:Holy Warrior
11547:
11539:
11521:
11492:
11484:
11465:
11457:
11449:
11441:
11433:
11425:
11417:
11409:
11401:
11393:
11385:
11377:
11358:
11350:
11342:
11334:
11326:
11318:
11310:
11302:
11294:
11275:
11267:
11259:
11251:
11243:
11235:
11227:
11219:
10953:
10947:Catch Me Now
10945:
10937:
10929:
10921:
10913:
10905:
10884:
10876:
10868:
10860:
10852:
10833:
10825:
10817:
10809:
10801:
10793:
10785:
10777:
10769:
10761:
10742:
10734:
10726:
10718:
10710:
10702:
10694:
10686:
10667:
10659:
10651:
10643:
10635:
10627:
10619:
10611:
10603:
10595:
10587:
10579:
10571:
10563:
10555:
10547:
10539:
10531:
10523:
10515:
10507:
10499:
10385:Will Stutely
10370:Will Scarlet
10342:King Richard
10341:
10184:Anne Neville
10152:
10070:Mary of York
9535:Maud FitzRoy
9520:John FitzRoy
9418:
9327:
9101:
8934:
8913:Elizabeth II
8841:
8757:
8684:
8662:
8653:Alexander II
8570:
8533:
8526:
8519:
8512:
8505:
8498:
8480:
8469:
8392:
8382:
8375:
8363:
8336:
8299:
8257:
8250:
8243:
8143:
8128:
8109:
8079:
8071:
8048:6 April 1199
8045:
8038:
8031:
7973:
7969:
7953:
7943:
7916:
7891:
7871:
7852:
7834:
7812:
7793:
7784:
7775:
7766:
7735:
7710:
7706:
7687:
7677:
7665:
7647:
7628:
7603:(1): 15â40,
7600:
7596:
7573:
7551:
7543:the original
7538:
7523:
7498:
7475:
7452:
7431:
7409:
7390:
7370:. Retrieved
7356:
7350:
7329:
7310:
7291:
7270:
7246:
7227:
7205:
7184:
7163:
7144:
7125:
7103:
7092:
7059:
7041:
7035:
7017:Random House
7012:
7006:
6995:
6989:
6978:
6959:
6953:
6942:
6931:
6914:
6906:
6898:
6893:
6882:
6871:
6859:
6832:
6826:
6817:
6811:
6799:
6787:
6779:
6774:
6762:. Retrieved
6759:The Guardian
6758:
6748:
6740:
6736:
6731:
6707:
6701:
6689:
6677:
6665:
6653:
6641:
6633:
6629:
6625:
6620:As cited in
6616:
6587:
6579:
6566:
6558:
6545:
6529:
6524:
6513:
6504:
6484:
6472:
6458:
6431:
6412:
6391:
6383:
6328:
6322:
6312:
6300:
6288:
6270:. New York:
6267:
6261:
6245:Random House
6240:
6237:Weir, Alison
6231:
6219:
6207:
6195:
6183:
6171:. Retrieved
6167:the original
6157:
6145:
6122:
6101:
6074:
6062:
6050:
6043:McNeill 1992
6023:
6011:
5999:
5992:Packard 1922
5987:
5975:
5946:
5934:
5922:
5915:
5911:
5903:
5898:
5882:
5877:, p. 96
5870:
5862:
5858:
5853:
5841:
5821:
5814:
5802:
5791:
5761:
5745:
5737:
5733:
5722:
5717:
5705:
5697:
5692:
5675:
5663:
5651:
5639:
5619:
5603:to Ăže reuer.
5602:
5598:
5592:
5588:
5578:16 September
5576:. Retrieved
5561:
5554:
5544:16 September
5542:. Retrieved
5527:
5520:
5508:
5496:
5484:
5473:
5469:
5465:
5456:
5448:
5444:
5427:
5418:
5374:
5362:
5350:
5321:
5312:
5306:
5294:
5282:
5270:
5243:
5231:
5219:
5207:
5180:
5168:
5156:
5144:
5132:
5121:
5116:, p. 95
5092:
5080:
5068:
5053:
5048:, p. 94
5041:
5028:
5009:
5003:
4984:
4978:
4970:
4966:
4962:
4953:
4941:. Retrieved
4937:
4928:
4916:
4911:, p. 41
4889:
4877:
4850:
4804:
4747:
4735:
4723:
4711:
4699:
4694:, p. 57
4687:
4682:, p. 40
4675:
4663:
4651:
4639:
4627:
4615:
4596:
4590:
4585:, p. 41
4578:
4566:
4561:, p. 76
4554:
4549:, p. 57
4542:
4530:
4518:
4495:
4489:
4477:
4472:, p. 2.
4465:
4430:, p. 1.
4423:
4411:
4400:
4388:
4377:
4366:
4354:
4347:Addison 1842
4342:
4323:
4317:
4305:
4297:
4285:
4254:
4249:
4230:
4224:
4200:
4190:
4173:
4143:Alexander II
3762:Alfonso VIII
3729:
2280:
2276:
2261:
2249:
2245:
2229:
2211:
2206:
2191:
2182:
2170:
2119:
2116:lion statant
2115:
2109:
2101:
2097:lion rampant
2095:
2083:
2077:
2026:
2012:
2004:
1990:
1982:
1966:
1940:
1936:frankincense
1921:
1913:flayed alive
1911:had the boy
1901:
1847:
1824:
1808:
1784:
1774:
1746:
1741:Charles Oman
1737:
1728:
1721:
1668:
1664:French Vexin
1660:Norman Vexin
1657:
1627:
1608:
1583:
1575:
1561:
1537:
1523:
1498:
1488:
1476:
1465:
1448:Hospitallers
1432:
1410:
1408:
1381:
1337:
1323:
1302:his daughter
1299:
1283:
1264:
1233:
1193:
1137:
1117:
1106:
1089:
1060:
1042:
1030:
986:
982:
973:
965:
961:
937:
902:
897:
889:
883:
877:
873:
871:
854:
821:
808:
752:
721:
714:
683:
668:
648:Plantagenets
636:
625:
623:
615:
593:, who was a
588:
581:
566:
531:
468:
423:
396:
339:
336:Quor de Lion
335:
327:
323:
322:
275:Battles/wars
44:
12482:1199 deaths
12477:1157 births
12322:Ars antiqua
12068:Lorris Acot
12023:Jehan Erart
12008:Jean Renaut
11968:Huon d'Oisi
11943:Henry Amion
11828:Colin Muset
11568:(2012-2016)
11387:Maid Marian
11288:Video games
11248:(1892 play)
10942:(1996 film)
10918:(1964 film)
10910:(1939 film)
10771:Rabbit Hood
10395:Alan-a-Dale
10360:Little John
10327:Prince John
10307:Maid Marian
9843:Joan Skerne
9162:⢠** Also
9149:(1465â1469)
9143:(1355â1364)
9137:(1332â1350)
9022:Richard III
8918:Charles III
8903:Edward VIII
8633:Alexander I
8613:Malcolm III
8588:Kenneth III
8488:Elizabeth I
8450:Richard III
7874:. Ashgate.
7796:. Ashgate.
7713:(1): 1â13.
7224:Flori, Jean
7080:Works cited
6804:Flori 1999f
6792:Flori 1999f
6694:Flori 1999f
6682:Flori 1999f
6670:Flori 1999f
6658:Flori 1999f
6622:Flori 1999f
6596:. pp.
6538:Flori 1999f
6477:Flori 1999f
6451:Flori 1999f
6305:Flori 1999f
6293:Flori 1999f
6224:Flori 1999f
6212:Flori 1999f
5980:Turner 1997
5939:Barrow 1967
5887:Purser 2004
5875:Madden 2005
5807:Flori 1999f
5766:Arnold 1999
5466:Itinerarium
5411:Flori 1999f
5394:Flori 1999f
5379:Flori 1999f
5367:Flori 1999f
5355:Flori 1999f
5343:Flori 1999f
5326:Flori 1999f
5299:Flori 1999f
5287:Flori 1999f
5275:Flori 1999f
5263:Flori 1999f
5248:Flori 1999f
5236:Flori 1999f
5212:Flori 1999f
5200:Flori 1999f
5185:Flori 1999f
5173:Flori 1999f
5149:Flori 1999f
5137:Flori 1999f
5114:Flori 1999f
5097:Flori 1999f
5073:Martin 2008
4583:Brewer 2000
4416:Harvey 1948
4393:Harvey 1948
4359:Flori 1999f
3746:Geoffrey II
3193:of Scotland
2754:Alexander I
2439:Malcolm III
2294:Family tree
2283:World War I
2162:Maid Marian
2132:Three Lions
2078:The second
2038:confessions
2017:Old Occitan
1756:, Count of
1718:in Normandy
1533: 1196
1156:troubadours
800:La Rochelle
783:Neuf-MarchĂŠ
599:Hugh Nonant
546:Anglo-Saxon
236:Plantagenet
171:, Aquitaine
105:Predecessor
12466:Categories
12436:Quotations
12341:Troubadour
12304:Troubadour
12003:Jean Bodel
11863:Gace BrulĂŠ
11783:BestournĂŠs
11557:King's Man
11494:Robin Hood
11371:Literature
11269:Robin Hood
11261:Robin Hood
11237:Robin Hood
10811:Robin Hood
10803:Robin Hood
10744:Robyn Hood
10736:Robin Hood
10688:Robin Hood
10669:Robin Hood
10661:Robin Hood
10645:Robin Hood
10501:Robin Hood
10452:Wentbridge
10432:Nottingham
10390:Friar Tuck
10302:Robin Hood
10288:Characters
10266:Robin Hood
9102:Richard IV
9032:William II
9017:Richard II
8893:Edward VII
8883:William IV
8873:George III
8802:Charles II
8697:Robert III
8643:Malcolm IV
8618:Donald III
8593:Malcolm II
8578:Kenneth II
8460:Henry VIII
8420:Richard II
8415:Edward III
8349:William II
8322:Harthacnut
8149:1189â1199
8138:1189â1199
8115:1186â1199
7428:Jones, Dan
7384:required.)
6833:Robin Hood
6559:The Annals
6465:Flori 1999
6436:Jones 2014
6280:B00328ZUOS
6253:B004OEIDOS
6173:4 February
6094:Brown 1976
6079:Brown 2004
6028:Brown 1976
6016:Brown 2004
5889:, p.
5436:B00P179WN8
5060:, p.
5046:Jones 2014
4943:18 January
4921:Flori 1999
4909:Flori 1999
4882:Flori 1999
4843:Flori 1999
4824:Flori 1999
4797:Flori 1999
4782:Flori 1999
4728:Flori 1999
4716:Flori 1999
4704:Flori 1999
4668:Flori 1999
4656:Flori 1999
4644:Flori 1999
4632:Flori 1999
4620:Flori 1999
4547:Leese 1996
4535:Flori 1999
4482:Flori 1999
4470:Flori 1999
4458:Flori 1999
4428:Flori 1999
4306:Yes and No
4291:troubadour
4212:References
4053:Louis VIII
3778:William II
3461:Malcolm IV
3373:Margaret I
2690:William II
2366:Baldwin II
2355:See also:
2214:Robin Hood
2158:Robin Hood
2104:combatants
2080:Great Seal
2042:penitences
2001:Old French
1850:gangrenous
1647:Michaelmas
1378:in Surrey.
1210:, wife of
856:historian
699:St Valerie
583:lenga d'òc
463:Great Seal
378:; and was
358:; Lord of
96:Coronation
12612:Trouvères
12351:Minnesang
11533:Alan Dale
10897:Alternate
10447:Barnsdale
10425:Major Oak
10352:Merry Men
10046:Edward IV
9114:Henry III
9079:1144â1259
9062:1135â1144
9038:Robert II
9011:Richard I
9005:William I
8908:George VI
8878:George IV
8868:George II
8780:Charles I
8762:from 1603
8712:James III
8692:Robert II
8648:William I
8623:Duncan II
8551:Malcolm I
8541:Donald II
8465:Edward VI
8455:Henry VII
8440:Edward IV
8410:Edward II
8400:Henry III
8383:Richard I
8344:William I
8265:Ăthelstan
8077:1172â1199
7995:Richard I
7989:Richard I
7617:160036290
7572:(1991) ,
7532:See also
7372:16 August
7330:Richard I
7124:(1967) ,
6782:. p. 353.
6357:2045-2322
6106:Oman 1991
5738:Richard I
5449:Richard I
4310:terseness
4217:Citations
4109:Henry III
3730:Richard I
3705:Philip II
3689:Baldwin I
3389:Louis VII
2736:Duncan II
2658:Melisende
2180:'s opera
2034:Edwardian
2030:Victorian
1997:sirventes
1993:trouvères
1979:Character
1962:expiation
1958:purgatory
1909:Mercadier
1905:mercenary
1862:shillings
1772:in 1198.
1700:interdict
1635:Frederick
1601:Ruins of
1468:Assassins
1457:Beit Nuba
1423:Byzantine
1367:(right),
1208:Constance
1144:seneschal
1109:Jerusalem
1045:arsonists
949:AngoulĂŞme
847:A silver
776:besieging
675:Constance
652:Capetians
570:wet nurse
453:Childhood
440:than his
419:Jerusalem
352:Aquitaine
324:Richard I
115:Successor
65:1199) at
50:Richard I
12379:Category
12365:Ars nova
12346:Trouvère
12297:See also
12188:Rutebeuf
11793:Carasaus
11724:Trouvère
11682:Category
11518:" (song)
11511:" (song)
11504:" (song)
11006:Erlinton
10899:settings
10835:Sherwood
10755:Animated
10413:Settings
10278:Universe
10224:Category
10142:Edward V
10080:Edward V
9091:Henry II
9086:Geoffrey
9027:Robert I
8992:911â1135
8981:Normandy
8898:George V
8888:Victoria
8863:George I
8732:James VI
8717:James IV
8707:James II
8680:David II
8675:Robert I
8664:Margaret
8598:Duncan I
8507:Donald I
8445:Edward V
8435:Henry VI
8425:Henry IV
8405:Edward I
8371:Henry II
8270:Edmund I
8259:Ălfweard
8217:monarchs
8211:Scottish
8155:Arthur I
8104:Henry II
7970:Traditio
7926:citation
7901:citation
7765:(2003).
7763:Ambroise
7676:(1853),
7528:Archived
7497:(2005),
7473:(1989),
7430:(2014).
7267:(1979),
7226:(1999),
7090:(1842),
6764:29 April
6375:23448897
6335:: 1296.
6239:(2011).
5859:Historia
5728:, p. 376
5426:(1877).
4163:See also
4089:Arthur I
3421:Geoffrey
3405:Henry II
2391:Philip I
2253:chivalry
2242:, London
2209:(1581).
2199:trouvère
2057:Heraldry
1932:embalmed
1907:captain
1827:Limousin
1777:FrĂŠteval
1758:Boulogne
1643:carucage
1641:and the
1548:Aquileia
1499:arnaldia
1495:pilgrims
1419:crossbow
1411:arnaldia
1396:Isabella
1334:Marriage
1158:such as
957:PĂŠrigord
953:Limousin
905:mistress
894:Ambroise
833:Brittany
825:Poitiers
787:Verneuil
679:Conan IV
662:and the
650:and the
644:Margaret
578:Limousin
562:Melusine
503:Geoffrey
384:Brittany
380:overlord
109:Henry II
80:(more..)
61:Effigy (
12622:Saladin
12370:â
11838:Coupart
11576:Related
11379:Ivanhoe
11253:Twang!!
9907:Wives:
9871:Wives:
9630:Wives:
9147:Charles
9141:Charles
9067:Stephen
9043:Henry I
8816:Mary II
8722:James V
8702:James I
8638:David I
8603:Macbeth
8535:Eochaid
8430:Henry V
8365:Matilda
8359:Stephen
8354:Henry I
8215:British
8209:,
8207:English
8090:Eleanor
8082:Eleanor
8066:Henry I
8062:Eleanor
8012:at the
8003:at the
7727:4051592
6366:3584573
6337:Bibcode
6127:180â181
4302:Occitan
4072:Otto IV
3755:Eleanor
3721:Matilda
3136:Stephen
2763:David I
2713:Henry I
2375:Fulk IV
2349:
2343:
2336:
2330:
2193:Ivanhoe
2173:Blondel
2100:or two
1858:Gourdon
1662:facing
1639:scutage
1461:Ascalon
1365:Saladin
1344:Navarre
1286:Lemesos
1216:Messina
1204:Tancred
1113:Saladin
998:Ballans
975:way to
940:Gascony
804:Saintes
747:Saintes
743:knights
691:Limoges
544:to the
507:Eleanor
499:Matilda
491:William
479:England
465:of 1189
438:epithet
430:Occitan
411:Saladin
356:Gascony
240:Angevin
211:
203:
199:
125:Regents
69:, Anjou
12278:Margot
12273:Lorete
11560:(2011)
11552:(2010)
11544:(2009)
11541:Outlaw
11486:Legend
11470:(2006)
11462:(1999)
11454:(1997)
11446:(1994)
11438:(1992)
11430:(1991)
11422:(1988)
11414:(1958)
11406:(1934)
11398:(1883)
11390:(1822)
11382:(1819)
11363:(2021)
11355:(2015)
11352:Volume
11347:(2003)
11339:(2002)
11331:(1991)
11323:(1991)
11315:(1986)
11307:(1985)
11299:(1985)
10889:(1993)
10881:(1989)
10873:(1984)
10865:(1975)
10857:(1968)
10846:Parody
10838:(2019)
10830:(2012)
10822:(1991)
10814:(1990)
10806:(1973)
10798:(1966)
10790:(1958)
10782:(1958)
10774:(1949)
10766:(1939)
10747:(2023)
10739:(2006)
10731:(1997)
10723:(1984)
10715:(1975)
10707:(1968)
10699:(1955)
10691:(1953)
10672:(2018)
10664:(2010)
10656:(1991)
10648:(1991)
10640:(1990)
10632:(1988)
10624:(1976)
10616:(1975)
10608:(1973)
10600:(1971)
10592:(1967)
10584:(1962)
10576:(1960)
10568:(1954)
10560:(1952)
10552:(1951)
10544:(1950)
10536:(1948)
10528:(1946)
10520:(1938)
10512:(1922)
10504:(1912)
10485:Screen
10437:Loxley
10182:Wife:
10056:Wife:
10018:Wife:
9980:Wife:
9779:Wife:
9718:Wife:
9572:Wife:
9468:Wife:
9429:Wife:
9390:Wife:
9304:Wife:
9227:Wife:
8727:Mary I
8608:Lulach
8572:AmlaĂb
8566:CuilĂŠn
8556:Indulf
8482:Philip
8477:Mary I
8280:Eadwig
8275:Eadred
8044:
7878:
7859:
7841:
7819:
7800:
7742:
7725:
7694:
7654:
7635:
7615:
7580:
7558:
7505:
7483:
7459:
7440:
7416:
7397:
7378:
7336:
7317:
7298:
7279:
7253:
7234:
7212:
7193:
7170:
7151:
7132:
7110:
7066:
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