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509:
329:
318:
560:
2213:
officers could not read maps, which explains why
Spanish units so frequently got lost in the Rif mountains. In general, studying war was not considered to be a good use of an officer's time, and most officers devoted their time in Melilla in words of the American journalist James Perry to "gambling and whoring, sometimes molesting the native Moorish women". Morale in the Army was extremely poor and most Spanish soldiers just wanted to go home and leave Morocco forever. Because of the prostitutes from Spain, who attached themselves in great number to the Spanish bases in Morocco, venereal diseases were rampant in the Spanish Army. Fernández Silvestre was well aware of the poor morale of his soldiers, but he did not regard this as a problem, believing that his enemy was so inferior that the problems afflicting his troops were not an issue.
155:
2237:
551:
500:
307:
296:
285:
274:
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252:
233:
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210:
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143:
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2371:
480:
469:
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2076:. By 1920 he had brought out 800,000 tons of valuable high grade iron through relatively inexpensive open-pit mining. Though profitable, iron mining caused much environmental damage and required the displacement of the native people. As they received no share of the profits, the Rifians soon began to oppose the mining in their territory.
2065:, wrote that the Rif was a truly beautiful countryside of "rimson mountains flung against a sky of hieratic blue, gorges magnificent and terrifying, peaceful green valleys between protecting precipices", a place that reminded him of his native Colorado. The Rif was also rich in high-grade iron, which could be easily extracted via
3867:
2545:
2212:
Continuing a practice first begun in Cuba, corruption flourished amongst the venal
Spanish officer corps, with goods meant for the troops being sold on the black market and the funds intended to build roads and railroads in Morocco ending up in the pockets of senior officers. A high number of Spanish
2490:
grew as many people could see no point to the war. In August 1923, Spanish soldiers embarking for
Morocco mutinied at the railway stations, other soldiers in Malaga simply refused to board the ships that were to take them to Morocco, while in Barcelona huge crowds of left-wingers had staged anti-war
2255:
units as possible to avoid further working class resistance to colonial wars as much of the
Spanish working class had no desire to see their sons sent to Morocco, beginning a policy of what the Spanish historian Jose Alvarez called "Moroccanizing" the conquest of the Rif. Following the difficulties
2610:
For the final attack commencing on 8 May 1925, the French and
Spanish had ranged 123,000 men, supported by 150 aircraft, against 12,000 Rifians. Superior manpower and technology soon resolved the course of the war in favour of France and Spain. The French troops pushed through from the south while
2278:
and the
Spanish Foreign Legion founded in 1919 that provided the elite forces that won Spain the war. Less than 25% of this "Foreign Legion" were, in fact, non-Spanish. Harshly disciplined and driven, they quickly acquired a reputation for ruthlessness. As their number grew, the Spanish Legion and
2159:
was never able to arm more than 20,000 men at a time. However, this force was largely adequate in the early stages of the war. In the final days of the war, Rifian forces numbered about 12,000 men. In addition, Rifian forces were not well armed, with weapons badly maintained and in poor condition.
2711:
occurrence in the Rif region, which is still the highest in
Morocco; for example, according to the Head of the Association of Toxic Gas Victims (ATGV) research has shown "there are strong indicators that the cancer is caused by the gases that were used against the resistance in the north." Writer
2556:
River in disputed tribal territory. On 12 April 1925, an estimated 8,000 Rifians attacked this line and in two weeks over 40 of 66 French posts had been stormed or abandoned. French casualties exceeded 1,000 killed, 3,700 wounded and 1,000 missing – representing losses of over 20 percent of their
2522:
had pushed Spain to the brink of civil war, and who had seized power to find a way out of the crisis. General Primo de Rivera soon concluded that the war was unwinnable, and considered pulling back his troops to the coast with the aim of at least temporarily abandoning the Rif. In late July 1924,
2189:
The average
Spanish soldier in Morocco in 1921 was paid the equivalent of thirty-four US cents per day, and lived on a simple diet of coffee, bread, beans, rice and the odd piece of meat. Many soldiers bartered their rifles and ammunition at the local markets in exchange for fresh vegetables. The
2185:
that his equipment was sufficient to defeat the
Rifians, in fact about three-quarters of the rifles at the Melilla arsenal were in shoddy condition due to poor maintenance, and a report from late 1920, which Spanish commanders never bothered to read, warned that many of the rifles held there were
2527:
in the Rif, and was served a banquet of eggs in different forms. In
Spanish culture, eggs are a symbol of the testicles, and the dishes were intended to send a clear message. Primo de Rivera responded calmly that the army would be required to abandon only the minimum of territory and that junior
2401:
fighters from several loosely allied tribes following the victory at Annual; and the arrival in Melilla of substantial reinforcements from the Legion and other Spanish units recalled from operations in western Morocco. By the end of August Spanish forces at Melilla numbered 36,000 under General
2400:
ordered his forces not to attack the town. He subsequently told the writer J. Roger-Matthieu that since citizens of other European nations were residing in Melilla, it was feared they would intervene in the war should their citizens come to harm. Other reasons included the dispersal of Rifian
2423:
By January 1922 the Spanish had retaken their major fort at Monte Arruit (where they found the bodies of 2,600 of the garrison) and had reoccupied the coastal plain as far as Tiztoutine and Batel. The Rifian forces had consolidated their hold of the inland mountains and stalemate was reached.
2334:
held about dozen men, while the larger forts had about 800 men. Fernández Silvestre, known for his boldness and impetuosity, had pushed his men too deep into the Rif mountains hoping to reach Alhucemas Bay without undertaking the necessary work to build a logistical support network capable of
2180:
Initially, the Spanish forces in Morocco were largely composed of conscripts and reservists from Spain itself. These "Peninsular" troops were poorly supplied and prepared, few had marksmanship skills and proper battle training, and widespread corruption was reported amongst the officer corps,
2038:
control of the land were not a party. For centuries, the Berber tribes of the Rif had fought off any attempt of outsiders to impose control on them. While the Rif mountains were visible to Europeans from ships in the Mediterranean Sea, Europeans had rarely, if ever, ventured into the area.
1955:
were attacked by Riffian tribesmen. This incident led to the summoning of reinforcements from Spain itself. A series of skirmishes over the following weeks cost the Spanish over a thousand casualties. By September, the Spanish Army had 40,000 troops in northern Morocco and had occupied the
2022:(1884–1885). By the early 20th century, Morocco was divided into protectorates ruled by France and Spain. The Rif region had been assigned to Spain, but given that the Sultans of Morocco had been unable to exert control over the region, Spanish sovereignty over the Rif was strictly
2347:
whom I had at my mercy a short time ago. His insolence merits a new punishment". Abd el-Krim allowed Fernández Silvestre to advance deep into the Rif, knowing the Spanish logistics were in the words of the Spanish historian Jose Alvarez "tenuous" at best.
2181:
reducing supplies and morale. Of the Spanish troops in Morocco in 1921, well over half were completely illiterate conscripts from the poorest elements of Spanish society who had been sent to Morocco with minimal training. Despite assurances from General
2573:). With total Spanish forces at this point numbering about 90,000 the Rifian forces were now seriously outnumbered by their Franco-Spanish opponents. Final French deaths from battle and disease, in what had now become a major war, were to total 8,628.
2256:
and setbacks that it had experienced in 1909–11, the Spanish army began to adopt much in organization and tactics from the French North African forces garrisoning most of Morocco and neighboring Algeria. Particular attention was paid to the
2359:, some 8,000 soldiers and officers reported killed or disappeared out of some 20,000. The final Spanish death toll, both at Annual and during the subsequent rout that took Rifian forces to the outskirts of Melilla, was reported to the
2657:
following a 12-day siege. The atrocities subsequently committed by the Spanish Army of Africa were triggered by a 'compulsive spirit of revenge' of this and other massacres, and the desire to exact retribution on the rebel tribes.
2144:, who showed both military and political expertise. However, the Rifian regular army was never a very large force. The elite of the Rifian forces formed regular units which according to Abd el-Krim, quoted by the Spanish general
2216:
Even with their numerical superiority, the "Peninsular" troops proved no match for the highly skilled and motivated Rifian forces. Accordingly, much reliance came to be placed on the mainly professional units comprising Spain's
2228:
The initiative was unpopular in parts of Spain as well. In 1909, during early conflicts with the Rif tribesmen, an attempt by the Spanish government to call up reservists led to a working-class uprising in Barcelona known as
2483:
who wanted to abandon Morocco as not worth the blood and treasure. After the "Disaster of the Annual", Spain's war in the Rif went from bad to worse, and as the Spanish were barely hanging on to Morocco, support for the
1983:, who took on command of the campaign from 1924 to 1927. In addition, and after the Battle of Uarga in 1925, the French intervened in the conflict and established a joint collaboration with Spain that culminated in the
2155:; they were not liable to serve away from their homes and farms for more than 15 consecutive days. General Goded estimated that at their peak, in June 1924, the Rifian forces numbered about 80,000 men, although
408:
2049:, who covered the war, wrote that as late as 1912 only "one or two Europeans had been able to visit the cedar forests that lie south of Fez. A few had traveled in the southern Atlas and pushed on into the
2194:, which the American historian Stanley Payne observed: "Many of these lacked any sort of toilet, and the soldier who ventured out of the filthy bunker risked exposure to the fire of lurking tribesmen".
2053:...and that was almost all". As Harris wrote, the Berbers "were often as inhospitable to the Arab as they were to the foreigner", and generally killed any outsiders who ventured into their territory.
1964:
landing. Spain worked to pacify a large part of the most violent areas until 1914, a slow process of consolidation of frontiers that lasted until 1919. The following year, after the signing of the
2002:
independent – that catalyzed the entry of France in 1924. The Rif War left a deep memory both in Spain and in Morocco. The Riffian insurgency of the 1920s can be interpreted as a precursor to the
1975:
in addition to a rebellion led by Riffian leader Abd el-Krim. As a result, the Spanish retreated to a few fortified positions while Abd el-Krim ultimately created an entire independent state: the
2363:
as totaling 13,192. The Spanish were pushed back and during the following five years, occasional battles were fought between the two. The Rifian forces advanced to the east and captured over 130
2343:
or else he would die. Fernández Silvestre commented to the Spanish press about the letter that: "This man Abd el-Krim is crazy. I'm not going to take seriously the threats of a little Berber
1968:, the northern Moroccan area was adjudicated to Spain as a protectorate. The Riffian populations strongly resisted the Spanish, unleashing a conflict that would last for several years.
827:
373:
3227:
704:
2528:
officers should not dictate the measures necessary to resolve the Moroccan problem. However he subsequently modified the plans for withdrawal, pulling the Spanish forces back from
1063:
774:
2190:
barracks that the soldiers lived in were unsanitary, and medical care at the few hospitals was very poor. Up in the mountains, Spanish soldiers lived in small outposts known as
942:
3821:
Tras tan estrepitosa derrota, el ejército español no tuvo reparos en utilizar productos como fosgeno, difosgeno, cloropicrina o el mismo gas mostaza contra la población civil.
2615:
in September (the first amphibious landing in history where tanks and seaborne air support were used) and began attacking from the north. After one year of bitter resistance,
484:
2512:
on September 13, 1923. General Primo de Rivera was in the words of the American journalist James Perry a "moderate dictator" who was convinced that the divisions between the
2069:. The promise of the Spanish state collecting revenues in the form of taxes and royalties from iron mining here was an incentive for it to bring the Rif under its control.
4227:
3868:"Geneva Protocol: Protocol For the Prohibition of the Use In War of Asphyxiating, Poisonous, or Other Gases, And of Bacteriological Methods of Warfare (Geneva Protocol)"
4152:
3803:
4064:
625:
1134:
2744:
Spanish mutilations of captured Moroccans were also reported, including severing heads as retribution to the mutilations inflicted on the Spanish troops initially.
1991:. By 1926, the area had been pacified; Abd-el-Krim surrendered to the French that year, and Spain gained effective control of the protectorate's territory at last.
694:
1998:. Others consider it one of the last colonial wars, as it was the decision of the Spanish to conquer the Rif – nominally part of their Moroccan protectorate but
3790:
Durante la guerra del Rif (1921–1927), la última pesadilla colonial, España fue una de las primeras potencias en utilizar armas químicas contra población civil.
3031:
4596:
2626:
However, the unpopularity of the war in Spain and the earlier defeats of the Spanish military contributed to the instability of the Spanish government and the
2163:
679:
439:
657:
2712:
Juan Pando, however, pointed out that areas of France and Belgium, which were gassed far more heavily during World War I, do not have abnormal cancer rates.
1932:
and with the help of captured European weapons. After France's military intervention against Abd el-Krim's forces and the major landing of Spanish troops at
635:
3056:
1329:
1214:
5024:
4478:
4194:. Published for the Wenner-Gren Foundation for Anthropological Research University of Arizona Press, c1976. xxiii, 556 p. : ill. ; 28 cm.
3835:
Enrique Cerro Aguilar. "España fue el primer país que utilizó armas químicas contra civiles en Marruecos en 1920". Revista Rebelión. 13 de enero de 2001.
2140:
The Berber tribesmen had a long tradition of fierce fighting skills, combined with high standards of fieldcraft and marksmanship. They were capably led by
1056:
767:
689:
620:
420:
4675:
935:
645:
1159:
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4621:
2627:
719:
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964:
640:
450:
2972:
1755:
2340:
1049:
850:
760:
731:
5156:
3388:
Alvarez, Jose "Between Gallipoli and D-Day: Alhucemas, 1925" pp. 75–98 from The Journal of Military History, Vol. 63, No. 1, January 1999 p. 79.
3370:
Alvarez, Jose "Between Gallipoli and D-Day: Alhucemas, 1925" pp. 75–98 from The Journal of Military History, Vol. 63, No. 1, January 1999 p. 78.
1334:
2681:
2667:
2505:
1988:
928:
709:
2841:
598:
473:
3737:
2083:
ascended to the throne in 1886, Spain was considered a world power, with colonies in the Americas, Africa, Asia and the Pacific. But in the
2392:
lost all the territories it had gained since 1909. Spanish troops were pushed back to Melilla, which was their biggest base in the eastern
741:
4745:
4735:
2233:. The Catalan trade unions, many led by anarchists, argued that the working class of Barcelona had no quarrel with the people of the Rif.
4213:
4185:
979:
5580:
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2903:
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1591:
390:
3756:
Imperial Violence, Anti-Colonial Nationalism and International Society: The Politics of Revolt across Mediterranean Empires,1919–1927
2616:
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20:
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4181:
Chemical Weapons: Tenth Session of the Conference of the States Parties to the CWC 7–11 November 2005, The Hague, The Netherlands
1224:
2719:: "Although the Rif War was no 'fascist' war, several methods used to 'pacify' the population were applied in the post-colonial
2561:
as commander-in-chief of an expeditionary force of up to 160,000 well-trained and -equipped troops from Metropolitan, Algerian,
1623:
5014:
3714:
2266:('Foreigners' brigade'), known in English as the Spanish Legion, was formed in 1920. The regiment's second commander was then-
2236:
4165:
4142:
3853:
3754:
3688:
2351:
On 1 July 1921, the Spanish army in north-eastern Morocco under Fernández Silvestre collapsed when defeated by the forces of
2322:, decided to conquer the eastern territory from the Jibala tribes, but had little success. The second-in-command was General
1695:
1658:
1534:
4061:
3102:
L’Armée française face à Abdelkrim ou la tentation de mener une guerre conventionnelle dans une guerre irrégulière 1924–1927
5161:
4515:
4273:
1782:
1765:
1690:
1249:
1179:
842:
4202: : Series Viking Fund publications in anthropology; no. 55, Notes. Bibliography: pp. 533–546. Tucson, Arizona, (1976)
2684:, which marked the first widespread employment of gas warfare in the post-WWI era. The Spanish army indiscriminately used
3940:
1606:
1544:
1234:
2279:
the Regulares increasingly led offensive operations after the disasters that had been suffered by the conscript forces.
1324:
1023:
887:
5029:
4832:
4661:
3975:
1772:
2733:'s campaign to 'cleanse Spain' resembled that in Morocco: intelligence-gathering through torture, summary executions,
2704:
in 1925, which prohibited the use of chemical and biological weapons, such use was not illegal in internal conflicts.
1124:
5258:
5056:
4199:
3657:
3632:
3560:
3468:
3237:
3052:
3027:
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1750:
1678:
1475:
1344:
591:
2653:
occurred, in which 2,000 soldiers of the Spanish Army were killed after surrendering the Monte Arruit garrison near
1129:
1107:
5550:
5440:
5295:
5141:
5019:
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3886:
2330:
from Sidi Dris on the Mediterranean across the Rift mountains to Annual and Tizi Azza and on to Melilla. A typical
1480:
1349:
1189:
1154:
837:
3458:
2113:
faction in Spain led by Alfonso, who wanted a new empire in Africa. Finally, many within the politically powerful
5560:
5505:
4252:
3849:
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1980:
1586:
1309:
1284:
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1204:
1139:
832:
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1097:
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1219:
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2003:
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1229:
1209:
714:
584:
5470:
4468:
3778:
2592:
2436:
1971:
In 1921, in an attempt to consolidate control of the region, the Spanish troops suffered the catastrophic
1436:
5121:
5091:
3649:
3552:
2389:
1745:
1720:
1404:
1194:
1149:
147:
4147:
Slavin, David H. "The French Left and the Rif War, 1924–25: Racism and the Limits of Internationalism."
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2581:
2326:, who commanded the eastern sector. Fernández Silvestre had spread out his troops out in 144 forts and
1730:
1673:
1638:
1571:
1451:
1004:
650:
3232:, Outwell, Wisbech, Cambridgeshire, England: Middle East & North African Studies Press Ltd, 1986,
5430:
5395:
5390:
5101:
4949:
4334:
4319:
4093:
Pennell, C. R. "Ideology and Practical Politics: A Case Study of the Rif War in Morocco, 1921–1926,"
3871:
1817:
1787:
1611:
1421:
1399:
1384:
1379:
1374:
1369:
1339:
1264:
1184:
1164:
807:
4510:
4108:
19:"War of Melilla" redirects here. For other wars fought in the Rif and around Ceuta and Melilla, see
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Resort to war: a data guide to inter-state, extra-state, intra-state, and non-state wars, 1816–2007
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1995:
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3679:. Vol. I: A-Ak – Bayes (15th ed.). Chicago: Encyclopædia Britannica, Inc. 2010. p.
2604:
662:
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up in the Rif mountains. Krim had sent Fernández Silvestre a letter warning him not to cross the
2230:
1812:
1628:
1554:
1294:
857:
817:
237:
2491:
protests at which Spanish flags were burned while the flag of the Rif Republic was waved about.
5236:
4684:
4540:
4387:
4382:
3680:
3671:
3099:
2577:
2562:
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forces deployed in the Rif. The French accordingly intervened on the side of Spain, appointing
2240:
2218:
1994:
The Rif War still causes much disagreement among historians. Some see in it a harbinger of the
1596:
1509:
1460:
1416:
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812:
337:
256:
5076:
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After the Tragic Week of 1909, the Spanish government starting in 1911 tried to raise as many
992:
5335:
4954:
4852:
4847:
4637:
4324:
3020:
Warfare and armed conflicts: a statistical reference to casualty and other figures, 1500–2000
2837:
2257:
2244:
2080:
1956:
mountainous tribal regions to the south and southeast of Melilla. The military operations in
1951:
In July 1909, Spanish workers constructing a rail-bridge providing access to iron mines near
1822:
1576:
904:
867:
508:
328:
317:
160:
59:
2898:
5325:
5248:
5216:
4944:
4782:
4715:
4601:
4137:
Sacanell, Enrique. "El general Sanjurjo". Editorial La Esfera de Los Libros, Madrid (2004)
3715:"History : When an American squadron violated US neutrality laws, bombing Chefchaouen"
2073:
2040:
2015:
1827:
1777:
1304:
822:
530:: never more than 20,000 with firearms at the same time) including less than 7,000 "elites"
8:
5450:
5420:
5415:
5201:
5116:
5071:
4924:
4463:
4397:
4268:
4083:
La Porte, Pablo. "'Rien à ajouter': The League of Nations and the Rif War (1921—1926),"
2823:
2145:
1976:
1792:
1566:
1529:
1524:
1519:
1389:
1174:
1112:
986:
724:
176:
122:
4530:
4520:
2319:
267:
225:
5410:
5221:
5009:
4999:
4969:
4904:
4822:
4740:
4344:
4339:
4035:
3249:"Rebels in the Rif" pp. 149–152, David S. Woolman, Stanford University Press, 1968
3132:
2832:
2792:
2473:
2356:
2109:
2061:
1972:
1937:
1864:
1465:
1441:
1426:
971:
669:
4473:
2558:
2498:
comprising only a minority, it was clear that it was only a matter of time before the
2148:, numbered 6,000 to 7,000. Other sources put it much lower, at around 2,000 to 3,000.
322:
5405:
5330:
4606:
4591:
4377:
4354:
4195:
4138:
4039:
4027:
3971:
3766:: European University Institute: Department of history and Civilization. p. 202.
3684:
3653:
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3233:
3136:
3048:
3023:
2964:
2802:
2612:
2600:
2370:
2019:
1984:
1933:
1929:
1906:
1807:
1802:
1715:
1274:
736:
241:
4113:
Pennell, C. R. "Women and Resistance to Colonialism in Morocco: The Rif 1916–1926,"
3804:"ERC exige que España pida perdón por el uso de armas químicas en la guerra del Rif"
2827:
shows Foreign Legionnaires fighting Arab rebels led by "el-Krim" in the Rif in 1925.
1319:
5495:
5243:
4772:
4550:
4412:
4349:
4170:
4019:
3124:
2798:
2730:
2504:
forced the Spanish to give up on the Rif, which was part of the reason for General
2443:
2360:
2271:
2096:
2092:
1894:
1314:
1102:
674:
517:
424:
214:
199:
4545:
3887:"حرب الريف: عريضة تدعو إسبانيا وفرنسا وألمانيا والولايات المتحدة لتحمل مسؤولياتهم"
3128:
2186:
either unusable or more of a danger to the soldier firing them than to the enemy.
2107:. To compensate for the losses in the Americas and Asia, there emerged a powerful
461:
395:
378:
361:
278:
5435:
5380:
5231:
5226:
4934:
4837:
4566:
4494:
4422:
4068:
4023:
3546:
3493:
David S. Woolman, pp. 95–102 "Rebels in the Rif", Stanford University Press 1968
2907:
2759:
2754:
2707:
Some have cited the Spanish chemical weapons as the main reason for a widespread
2701:
2620:
2066:
1928:, the Riffians at first inflicted several defeats on the Spanish forces by using
1886:
1832:
1618:
1394:
527:
454:
341:
35:
3935:
North Morocco Spanish government required to explain use of toxic gases in Rif,
3911:
2772:
2619:, the leader of both the tribes, surrendered to French authorities, and in 1926
2072:
The Crown granted the concession to mine iron in the Rif to the millionaire Don
5360:
5310:
4974:
4939:
4929:
4710:
4458:
4453:
4329:
4007:
3090:
David S. Woolman, pp. 42–43 "Rebels in the Rif", Stanford University Press 1968
2784:
2382:
2364:
2261:
2197:
2104:
2100:
2056:
1797:
1073:
333:
66:
3993:
Disorientations: Spanish Colonialism in Africa and the Performance of Identity
2700:
also against civilian populations, markets and rivers. While Spain signed the
2672:
2552:
In May 1924, the French Army had established a line of out-posts north of the
2427:
The Spanish military suffered losses even at sea; in March the transport ship
43:
5489:
5315:
5096:
4642:
4616:
4437:
4407:
4031:
3936:
3534:
The Spanish Dreadnoughts of the España class. Warship Internacional. Issue 41
3400:
Alvarez, Jose "Between Gallipoli and D-Day: Alhucemas, 1925" pp. 75–98 from
3081:
David S. Woolman, page 42 "Rebels in the Rif", Stanford University Press 1968
2869:
2818:
2734:
2402:
2307:
1965:
1957:
1849:
1601:
1549:
1364:
1041:
874:
752:
300:
4653:
3357:
Alvarez, Jose "Between Gallipoli and D-Day: Alhucemas, 1925" pp. 75–98 from
3210:
Alvarez, José "Between Gallipoli and D-Day: Alhucemas, 1925" pp. 75–98 from
2947:
David S. Woolman, pp. 149–151 "Rebels in the Rif", Stanford University Press
920:
289:
5345:
5340:
4402:
4392:
3536:. Toledo, Ohio: International Naval Research Organization. pp. 63–117.
3240:, p. 132; (University of Melbourne – University Library Digital Repository)
2990:
2810:
2693:
2453:
In a bid to break the stalemate, the Spanish military turned to the use of
78:
3703:
General R. Hure, p. 252 "L'Armee d'Afrique 1830–1962", Paris-Limoges, 1979
2866:, the 1914–21 conflict between the French and Berber tribesmen in Morocco.
5350:
4817:
4417:
4088:
3229:
A Country with a government and a Flag: The Rif War in Morocco, 1921–1926
2697:
2566:
2529:
2465:
2352:
2287:
2156:
2141:
2119:
1925:
1869:
899:
800:
356:
311:
4427:
4192:
The Aith Waryaghar of the Moroccan Rif : an ethnography and history
4008:"Manipulating Elissa: the uses and abuses of Elissa Rhaïs and her works"
3115:
Entelis, John P. (9 March 2017). "La Guerre du Rif: Maroc (1925–1926)".
2127:
choir. For all these reasons, Spain began pushing into the Rif in 1909.
5151:
4125:
Country with a Government and a Flag: The Rif War in Morocco, 1921–1926
3605:
David S. Woolman, p. 132 "Rebels in the Rif", Stanford University Press
3596:
David S. Woolman, p. 131 "Rebels in the Rif", Stanford University Press
2922:
David S. Woolman, p. 186 "Rebels in the Rif", Stanford University Press
2689:
2544:
2460:
2432:
1279:
1244:
53:
4118:
4098:
4078:
3965:
3808:
3439:
David S. Woolman, p. 96 "Rebels in the Rif", Stanford University Press
3379:
David S. Woolman, p. 68 "Rebels in the Rif", Stanford University Press
3348:
David S. Woolman, p. 44 "Rebels in the Rif", Stanford University Press
3276:
David S. Woolman, p. 57 "Rebels in the Rif", Stanford University Press
3267:
David S. Woolman, p. 98 "Rebels in the Rif", Stanford University Press
5305:
5290:
4293:
3645:
The French empire between the wars: imperialism, politics and society
3585:
Arrogant Armies Great Military Disasters and the Generals Behind Them
3548:
Strike from the Sky: The History of Battlefield Air Attack, 1910–1945
3511:
3428:
Arrogant Armies Great Military Disasters and the Generals Behind Them
3415:
Arrogant Armies Great Military Disasters and the Generals Behind Them
3337:
Arrogant Armies Great Military Disasters and the Generals Behind Them
3321:
Arrogant Armies Great Military Disasters and the Generals Behind Them
3287:
Arrogant Armies Great Military Disasters and the Generals Behind Them
2863:
2654:
2533:
2524:
2274:, having risen rapidly through the ranks. In the Rif war, it was the
2222:
2045:
1010:
4073:
Chandler, James A. "Spain and Her Moroccan Protectorate 1898–1927,"
5355:
3763:
2738:
2685:
2570:
2405:
and the slow process of recovering the lost territory could begin.
2034:
1945:
1859:
1030:
894:
4235:
4103:
Pennell, C. R. "How and why to remember the Rif War (1921–2021)."
2418:
All the following tenor of events happened because of this mistake
2087:, Spain lost Cuba, Puerto Rico, Guam and the Philippines in 1898,
1948:, Abd el-Krim surrendered to the French and was taken into exile.
4432:
2661:
2374:
2311:
2267:
2205:
2168:
2024:
1979:. The development of the conflict and its end coincided with the
1961:
1952:
1918:
1910:
3968:
Fascist Warfare, 1922–1945: Aggression, Occupation, Annihilation
2717:
Fascist Warfare, 1922–1945: Aggression, Occupation, Annihilation
2715:
Miguel Alonso, Alan Kramer and Javier Rodrigo wrote in the book
2676:
Spanish legionnaires holding up decapitated Moroccan heads, 1922
2536:
region to a prepared fortified boundary named the "Primo Line".
2708:
2378:
559:
2961:
Air Power and Colonial Control: The Royal Air Force, 1919–1939
2788:
adapted from it are set against the background of the Rif War.
2471:
The Rif War had starkly polarized Spanish society between the
2408:
Thus the Spanish could keep their biggest base in the eastern
2018:
from Africa, claimed influence over the Morocco region at the
4058:
Deadly Embrace: Morocco and the Road to the Spanish Civil War
3953:
Guerrilla Warfare: Irregular Warfare in the Twentieth Century
2315:
1902:
550:
499:
306:
295:
284:
273:
262:
251:
232:
220:
209:
190:
142:
74:
Soldiers of the San Fernando Regiment climbing a defense wall
2151:
The remaining Rifians were tribal militia selected by their
2918:
2916:
2764:
which was later adapted several times into motion pictures.
2152:
2050:
1941:
2801:
is set during the Rif War. The novel was also turned into
576:
3315:
2548:
Contemporary map showing border and French military posts
2523:
Primo de Rivera visited a Spanish Foreign Legion post at
2435:
Bay by Riffian coastal batteries, and in August 1923 the
2409:
2393:
1914:
1901:) was an armed conflict fought from 1921 to 1926 between
104:
3831:
3829:
3627:
Martin Windrow, p. 15 "French Foreign Legion 1914–1945,
3579:
3577:
3575:
3573:
3571:
3569:
3313:
3311:
3309:
3307:
3305:
3303:
3301:
3299:
3297:
3295:
3193:
3191:
3189:
3187:
3185:
3171:
3169:
3167:
3165:
3163:
2913:
2565:
and Foreign Legion units, as well as Moroccan regulars (
16:
1921–1926 war between Spain and Berber tribes of Morocco
2414:
I bitterly regret this order. It was my biggest mistake
2396:. Spain still had 14,000 soldiers in Melilla. However,
2221:. Since 1911, these had included regiments of Moroccan
2099:
to Germany the following year; reducing the once great
3396:
3394:
2611:
the Spanish fleet and army secured Alhucemas Bay by a
2117:, preached the need for a new crusade to continue the
3826:
3566:
3292:
3182:
3160:
3143:
71:
Spanish generals overlooking combat from Mount Gurugú
3990:
3460:
Franzosen, Briten und Deutsche im Rifkrieg 1921–1926
3966:Miguel Alonso; Alan Kramer; Javier Rodrigo (2019).
3743:(Ministerio de Defensa de España, 2016) pp. 432–439
3391:
3151:
General Act of the Berlin Conference on West Africa
2741:, and the sadistic killing of military prisoners."
2729:… Apart from deciding not to use chemical weapons,
2310:(1912) Spain gained possession of the lands around
2030:
General Act of the Berlin Conference on West Africa
3670:
2477:who wanted to conquer an empire in Africa vs. the
2123:by conquering Morocco, adding their voices to the
2103:to only a few footholds on the Moroccan coast and
3970:. Springer International Publishing. p. 32.
1987:, which proved a turning point. The Spanish also
5487:
1960:, in the Moroccan west, began in 1911 with the
4237:Franco-Spanish conquest of Morocco (1844–1934)
2668:Spanish use of chemical weapons in the Rif War
2662:Spanish atrocities and use of chemical weapons
2506:Miguel Primo de Rivera, 2nd Marqués de Estella
1612:Banda Oriental and Rio Grande do Sul (1762–63)
1071:
782:
4683:
4669:
4221:
4130:Porch, Douglas. "Spain's African Nightmare,"
3847:
3331:
3329:
2720:
2517:
2499:
2485:
2478:
2318:. In 1920, the Spanish commissioner, General
1602:Iberian Peninsula and South America (1762–63)
1057:
950:
936:
768:
592:
4698:
4095:International Journal of Middle East Studies
3950:
3068:Douglas Porch, "Spain's African Nightmare,"
3043:Meredith Reid Sarkees, Frank Whelon Wayman:
3014:
3012:
3010:
2985:
2983:
2981:
2638:
4676:
4662:
4228:
4214:
4132:MHQ: Quarterly Journal of Military History
3326:
3222:
3220:
3070:MHQ: Quarterly Journal of Military History
2934:
2932:
2930:
2928:
2853:follows Spanish nurses during the Rif War.
2599:, 1929, an artistic interpretation of the
1064:
1050:
943:
929:
775:
761:
599:
585:
3531:
3007:
2978:
2682:used chemical weapons during the conflict
1989:used chemical weapons during the conflict
1940:landing in history to involve the use of
513:160,000 soldiers in northern Morocco 1925
242:
3884:
3484:, SBN 670-32367-5, The Viking Press 1974
3463:, Oldenbourg Wissenschaftsverlag, 2006,
2955:
2953:
2900:Timeline for the Third Rif War (1920–25)
2894:
2892:
2890:
2671:
2591:
2543:
2459:
2369:
2291:Localisation of the Republic of the Rif.
2286:
2235:
2196:
2162:
2006:, which took place three decades later.
151:
21:List of Spanish colonial wars in Morocco
4166:1920–1927 Rif War / Second Moroccan War
3984:
3453:
3451:
3449:
3447:
3445:
3243:
3217:
3114:
2925:
2578:a squadron of American mercenary flyers
2355:, in what became known in Spain as the
2247:and other high-ranking Spanish officers
2225:, who proved to be excellent soldiers.
455:
342:
5488:
4005:
3801:
2539:
1996:decolonization process in North Africa
5283:
5049:
4892:
4765:
4657:
4209:
4006:Lorcin, Patricia M. E. (2012-12-01).
3854:International Review of the Red Cross
3404:, Vol. 63, No. 1, January 1999 p. 81.
3361:, Vol. 63, No. 1, January 1999 p. 77.
3214:, Vol. 63, No. 1, January 1999 p. 77.
2963:, Manchester University Press, 1990,
2950:
2887:
2814:is set in the context of the Rif War.
2747:
2455:chemical weapons against the Riffians
2171:, prior to their departure to the war
1597:Caribbean and North America (1739–48)
1045:
924:
756:
580:
5107:Second Franco-Dahomean War (1892–94)
4284:Second Franco-Moroccan War (1907–12)
4012:The Journal of North African Studies
3912:"Morocco bans historical conference"
3776:
3752:
3587:, Edison: Castle Books, 2005 p. 286.
3442:
3430:, Edison: Castle Books, 2005 p. 279.
3339:, Edison: Castle Books, 2005 p. 278.
3201:, Edison: Castle Books, 2005 p. 274.
3179:, Edison: Castle Books, 2005 p. 273.
3117:The Journal of North African Studies
1913:(Amazigh) tribes of the mountainous
62:reviewing troops destined in the Rif
5122:Voulet–Chanoine Mission (1898–1900)
5112:Second Madagascar expedition (1895)
3417:, Edison: Castle Books, 2005 p. 279
3323:, Edison: Castle Books, 2005 p. 278
3289:, Edison: Castle Books, 2005 p. 277
2028:, existing only in the text of the
1098:Santa Cruz de la Mar Pequeña (1478)
858:First Melillan campaign (1893–1894)
13:
3663:
2840:, is set in the war in 1925, with
2412:. Later Abd el-Krim would admit: "
2130:
999:South-Oranese Campaign (1897–1903)
910:Peñón de Vélez de la Gomera (2012)
14:
5597:
5581:African resistance to colonialism
5082:French conquest of Senegal (1854)
4158:
3712:
2175:
2032:, to which the Riffians, who had
980:Second French colonial empire era
526:75,000–125,000 men (According to
5471:Ouvéa cave hostage taking (1988)
5162:Intervention in Mexico (1861–67)
5102:First Franco-Dahomean War (1890)
4995:Burma–France relations (1729–56)
4335:Battle of Sidi Bou Othman (1912)
4320:Bombardment of Casablanca (1907)
4269:First Franco-Moroccan War (1844)
4105:Journal of North African Studies
2282:
2135:
2043:, the Morocco correspondent for
2014:Spain, 13 kilometers across the
965:First French colonial empire era
787:Spanish–Moroccan conflicts
558:
549:
507:
498:
478:
467:
460:
444:
433:
414:
402:
394:
384:
377:
367:
360:
350:
327:
316:
305:
294:
283:
272:
261:
250:
231:
219:
208:
189:
170:
153:
141:
42:
5336:Tunisian independence (1952–56)
5117:Menalamba rebellion (1895-1903)
4955:French and Indian War (1754–60)
4253:Spanish protectorate in Morocco
4149:Journal of Contemporary History
4075:Journal of Contemporary History
3999:
3959:
3944:
3929:
3904:
3878:
3860:
3850:"The Rif War: A forgotten war?"
3841:
3795:
3777:Rada, Javier (September 2006).
3770:
3746:
3731:
3706:
3697:
3637:
3621:
3608:
3599:
3590:
3540:
3525:
3496:
3487:
3474:
3433:
3420:
3407:
3402:The Journal of Military History
3382:
3373:
3364:
3359:The Journal of Military History
3351:
3342:
3279:
3270:
3261:
3252:
3212:The Journal of Military History
3204:
3108:
3093:
3084:
3075:
2847:The 2017 television miniseries
2680:Beginning in 1924, the Spanish
2295:
1981:dictatorship of Primo de Rivera
1320:Argentine Northwest (1560–1667)
953:Franco–Moroccan conflicts
863:Second Melillan campaign (1909)
5386:Holy Man's Rebellion (1901–36)
5326:Kongo-Wara rebellion (1928–31)
5217:Cochinchina Campaign (1858–62)
4970:Haitian Revolution (1791–1804)
4274:Hispano-Moroccan War (1859–60)
4248:French protectorate in Morocco
3955:. Stackpole Books. p. 99.
3504:"Juan de Joanes – Trasmeships"
3062:
3037:
2941:
2753:The Rif War directly inspired
2260:and a Spanish equivalent, the
1:
5451:First Indochina War (1946–54)
5202:Franco-Tahitian War (1844–47)
4117:(1987) 28#1 pp. 107–118
4077:(1975) 10#2 pp. 301–322
3991:Susan Martin-Márquez (2008).
3129:10.1080/13629387.2017.1300383
2875:
2850:Morocco: Love in Times of War
2791:The action of the 1931 novel
2775:, was set during the Rif War.
2633:
2464:Ruins of a Spanish camp near
2335:supplying his men out in the
1005:Conquest of Morocco (1907–34)
524:Spanish and French estimates:
5264:Franco-Siamese crisis (1893)
4848:King William's War (1689–97)
4622:Franco-Spanish Treaty (1912)
4325:Battle of Wolf Ravine (1909)
4024:10.1080/13629387.2012.723436
3995:. Yale Univ Pr. p. 193.
3802:Noguer, Miquel (July 2005).
3471:, pp. 40–41 (in German)
2771:, by Jewish-Algerian writer
2446:and was eventually scrapped
2377:carrying captured rifles. A
2004:Algerian War of Independence
1788:Dominican Republic (1863–65)
838:Siege of Melilla (1774–1775)
828:Siege of Melilla (1694–1696)
705:Sanjurjo's counter-offensive
538:March 1926: less than 20,000
7:
5331:Malagasy Uprising (1947–48)
5157:Argentina–Uruguay (1845–50)
5030:Egypt and Syria (1798–1801)
4945:King George's War (1744–48)
4612:Morocco–Congo Treaty (1911)
4602:Algeciras Conference (1906)
4279:First Melilla War (1893–94)
3848:Pascal Daudin (June 2023).
3650:Manchester University Press
3618:, Stanford University Press
3553:University of Alabama Press
3105:, Cairn.Info, 2009, p. 732.
2857:
2243:(front row left) with King
2202:General Fernández Silvestre
833:Sieges of Ceuta (1694–1727)
606:
10:
5602:
5212:French conquest of Vietnam
4925:Queen Anne's War (1702–13)
4526:Manuel Fernández Silvestre
4315:Bombardment of Salé (1851)
4115:Journal of African History
4085:European History Quarterly
3781:(in Spanish). 20minutos.es
3779:"Los últimos de Alhucemas"
3532:Fernandez, Rafael (2007).
3480:Arturo Barea, pp. 313–314
2665:
2642:
2587:
2324:Manuel Fernández Silvestre
2299:
2183:Manuel Fernández Silvestre
2059:, who covered the war for
2009:
1644:Banda Oriental (1776–1777)
1075:Spanish colonial campaigns
993:Bombardment of Salé (1851)
987:Franco-Moroccan War (1844)
536:Autumn 1925: 35,000–50,000
77:Class B submarines of the
48:(clockwise from top left)
18:
5463:
5436:Franco-Thai War (1940–41)
5373:
5276:
5232:Sino-French War (1884–85)
5227:Tonkin Campaign (1883–86)
5174:
5147:Río de la Plata (1838–40)
5134:
5042:
4987:
4975:Santo Domingo (1795–1809)
4917:
4885:
4865:
4810:
4758:
4728:
4691:
4685:French colonial conflicts
4630:
4579:
4559:
4503:
4487:
4469:Joseph-François Poeymirau
4446:
4370:
4363:
4345:Battle of El Herri (1914)
4340:Battle of El Ksiba (1913)
4330:Bloody Days of Fes (1912)
4307:
4289:Second Melilla War (1909)
4261:
4243:
3872:Nuclear Threat Initiative
3738:Julio Albi de la Cuesta,
3614:David S. Woolman, p. 133
2580:in the service of France
2510:in a military coup d'état
1696:Spanish America (1808–33)
1691:Río de la Plata (1806–07)
1083:
972:Larache expedition (1765)
960:
875:Kert campaign (1911–1912)
808:Conquest of Mehdya (1614)
796:
616:
542:
490:
182:
134:
87:
41:
33:
28:
5311:Volta-Bani War (1915–16)
5175:Asia & Pacific Ocean
4930:Chickasaw Wars (1721–52)
4638:Tangier Crisis (1905–06)
4607:Pact of Cartagena (1907)
4592:Treaty of Wad Ras (1860)
4587:Treaty of Tangier (1844)
4355:Alhucemas Landing (1925)
2651:Massacre of Monte Arruit
2645:Massacre of Monte Arruit
2639:Massacre of Monte Arruit
2302:Second Melillan campaign
1865:Western Sahara (1973–76)
1793:Peru and Chile (1864–66)
1592:Banda Oriental (1735–37)
1093:Canary Islands (1402–96)
564:10,000–18,000 casualties
555:43,500–50,000 casualties
5551:20th century in Morocco
5446:South Vietnam (1945–46)
5316:Kaocen revolt (1916–17)
5244:Second Opium War (1860)
5237:North Vietnam (1886–96)
5222:North Vietnam (1873–74)
5025:East Indies (1793–1801)
4960:North America (1778–83)
4828:North America (1627–29)
4818:Beaver Wars (1609–1701)
4516:Arsenio Martínez-Campos
4350:Battle of Annual (1921)
4190:David Montgomery Hart,
4097:(1982) 14#1, pp 19–33.
3677:Encyclopædia Britannica
2995:Encyclopedia Britannica
2767:The 1929 romance novel
2649:On August 9, 1921, the
2597:Desembarco de Alhucemas
2576:On September 17, 1925,
1936:, considered the first
1649:North America (1779–83)
1567:North America (1702–13)
1405:Philippines (1599-1600)
1340:Philippines (1565–1898)
1024:Post-colonial conflicts
888:Post-colonial conflicts
818:Siege of Larache (1689)
570:(including 10,000 dead)
504:60,000–100,000 soldiers
117:Spanish-French victory
5561:Insurgencies in Africa
5506:Wars involving Morocco
5381:Boxer Rebellion (1901)
5346:Cameroon War (1955–64)
5341:Algerian War (1954–62)
5259:Leewards War (1888–97)
5057:Indian Ocean (1809–11)
4935:Dummer's War (1721–25)
4838:Carib Expulsion (1660)
4541:Miguel Primo de Rivera
4511:Juan García y Margallo
4388:Mouha ou Hammou Zayani
4383:Mulai Ahmed er Raisuni
4107:22.5 (2017): 798–820.
4087:(2011) 41#1 pp 66–87,
3753:Potì, Giorgio (2016).
3551:, Richard P. Hallion,
3482:The Forging of a Rebel
2938:Pennell, C. R.; p. 214
2721:
2677:
2607:
2549:
2518:
2500:
2486:
2479:
2468:
2385:
2292:
2248:
2209:
2172:
1898:
843:Tetuan War (1859–1860)
813:Siege of Mamora (1681)
409:M.B.M. les Aït Ghannou
257:Miguel Primo de Rivera
183:Commanders and leaders
5566:Separatism in Morocco
5501:Wars involving France
5361:Bizerte crisis (1961)
5192:Philippines (1844–45)
5142:West Indies (1804–10)
5097:Ivory Coast (1883–98)
5020:East Indies (1778–83)
4950:Nova Scotia (1749–55)
4940:Natchez revolt (1729)
4900:West Africa (1758–63)
4833:West Indies (1635–59)
4706:South Carolina (1562)
4134:(2006) 18#2 pp 28–37.
3951:William Weir (2008).
3072:(2006) 18#2 pp 28–37.
2838:Jean-Claude Van Damme
2675:
2628:military coup of 1923
2623:was finally retaken.
2605:José Moreno Carbonero
2603:, by Spanish painter
2595:
2582:bombarded Chefchaouen
2547:
2463:
2388:By late August 1921,
2373:
2306:As an outcome of the
2290:
2263:Tercio de Extranjeros
2258:French Foreign Legion
2239:
2200:
2166:
1870:Western Sahara (1975)
1823:Philippines (1896–98)
1778:Cochinchina (1858–62)
1679:Caribbean (1796–1802)
1540:Lake Maracaibo (1669)
1476:Philippines (1638-46)
1350:Philippines (1567–72)
1205:El Salvador (1524–39)
1200:Guatemala (1524–1697)
1160:Puerto Rico (1511–29)
905:Perejil Island (2002)
868:Battle of Wolf Ravine
543:Casualties and losses
5586:Wars of independence
5511:Wars involving Spain
4853:Santo Domingo (1691)
4643:Agadir Crisis (1911)
4617:Treaty of Fes (1912)
4597:Treaty of Fes (1894)
4056:Balfour, Sebastian.
3156:. February 25, 1885.
3018:Micheal Clodfelter:
2844:playing Abd el-Krim.
2085:Spanish–American War
2074:Horacio Echevarrieta
2041:Walter Burton Harris
2016:Straits of Gibraltar
1550:New Mexico (1680–92)
895:Ifni War (1957–1958)
823:Siege of Oran (1693)
56:stuck in a shellhole
5306:Zaian War (1914–21)
5291:Wadai War (1906–11)
5067:Algeria (1835–1903)
5015:Vietnam (1777–1820)
4965:Caribbean (1778–83)
4464:Paul Prosper Henrys
4294:Zaian War (1914–21)
4151:26.1 (1991): 5–32.
3939:, 8 September 2005.
3022:, McFarland, 2002,
2569:) and auxiliaries (
2540:French intervention
1977:Republic of the Rif
1917:region of northern
1783:Morocco (1859–1860)
1773:Balanguingui (1848)
1741:Venezuela (1811–23)
1706:Argentina (1810–18)
1220:Yucatán (1527–1697)
1195:Chiapas (1523–1695)
1011:Zaian War (1914–21)
880:Rif War (1920–1926)
374:A.S. M. Abdel-Karim
338:M. Ahmed er Raisuni
177:Republic of the Rif
123:Republic of the Rif
121:Dissolution of the
5356:Ifni War (1957–58)
5351:Suez Crisis (1956)
4536:José Millán-Astray
4479:Henry de Bournazel
4408:Sidi Ahmed El Hiba
4067:2016-03-27 at the
3918:. January 19, 2002
3508:www.trasmeships.es
3047:, CQ Press, 2010,
2906:2011-12-20 at the
2782:and the 1930 film
2748:In popular culture
2678:
2608:
2550:
2469:
2386:
2357:disaster of Annual
2293:
2249:
2210:
2173:
2167:Spanish troops in
2062:The New York Times
1973:Disaster of Annual
1828:Puerto Rico (1898)
1798:Puerto Rico (1868)
1756:Colombia (1819–20)
1751:Colombia (1815–16)
1731:El Salvador (1811)
1716:Paraguay (1810–11)
1659:New Granada (1781)
1629:Philippines (1762)
1535:Porto Bello (1668)
1505:Philippines (1646)
1461:Philippines (1630)
1417:Philippines (1602)
1400:Puerto Rico (1598)
1390:Philippines (1596)
1385:Puerto Rico (1595)
1380:Cambodia (1593–97)
1260:Colombia (1537–40)
1210:Honduras (1524–39)
1175:Mexico (1519–1821)
1031:Ifni War (1957–58)
900:Green March (1975)
421:Ahmed Heriro Jebli
238:José Millán-Astray
5546:Conflicts in 1926
5541:Conflicts in 1925
5536:Conflicts in 1924
5531:Conflicts in 1923
5526:Conflicts in 1922
5521:Conflicts in 1921
5516:Conflicts in 1920
5483:
5482:
5479:
5478:
5459:
5458:
5426:Vietnam (1930–31)
5411:Cilicia (1920–21)
5401:Vietnam (1918–21)
5396:Vietnam (1917–18)
5369:
5368:
5321:Rif War (1920–26)
5301:Morocco (1911–12)
5296:Casablanca (1907)
5272:
5271:
5170:
5169:
5130:
5129:
5092:Madagascar (1883)
5062:Algeria (1830–47)
5038:
5037:
4983:
4982:
4913:
4912:
4881:
4880:
4861:
4860:
4806:
4805:
4778:Senegal (1659–77)
4754:
4753:
4724:
4723:
4711:Florida (1562–65)
4651:
4650:
4575:
4574:
4378:Mohammed Ameziane
4299:Rif War (1921–26)
4143:978-84-9734-205-6
3740:En torno a Annual
3690:978-1-59339-837-8
3648:, Martin Thomas,
3616:Rebels in the Rif
2959:David E. Omissi:
2757:'s 1926 operetta
2613:landing operation
2601:Alhucemas landing
2020:Berlin Conference
1985:Alhucemas landing
1930:guerrilla tactics
1909:in 1924) and the
1878:
1877:
1860:Morocco (1957–58)
1855:Morocco (1920–26)
1850:Morocco (1911–12)
1813:Morocco (1893–94)
1761:Ecuador (1820–22)
1701:Bolivia (1809–25)
1634:Chile (1766–1767)
1582:Chile (1723–1726)
1515:Hispaniola (1655)
1422:Insulindia (1603)
1375:Insulindia (1585)
1370:Insulindia (1582)
1280:Chile (1546–1662)
1170:Algeria (1517–18)
1039:
1038:
1016:Rif War (1921–26)
918:
917:
750:
749:
575:
574:
571:
568:30,000 casualties
485:C.M. Na'ma Tanout
166:
130:
129:
5593:
5461:
5460:
5441:Indochina (1945)
5371:
5370:
5281:
5280:
5172:
5171:
5152:Mexico (1838–39)
5132:
5131:
5047:
5046:
4985:
4984:
4915:
4914:
4890:
4889:
4863:
4862:
4823:Brazil (1612–15)
4808:
4807:
4783:Djidjelli (1664)
4763:
4762:
4746:Brazil (1590–04)
4741:Brazil (1555–67)
4726:
4725:
4696:
4695:
4678:
4671:
4664:
4655:
4654:
4551:Francisco Franco
4531:Dámaso Berenguer
4521:José Marina Vega
4398:Mhand n'Ifrutant
4368:
4367:
4230:
4223:
4216:
4207:
4206:
4171:The Rif War 1893
4044:
4043:
4003:
3997:
3996:
3988:
3982:
3981:
3963:
3957:
3956:
3948:
3942:
3933:
3927:
3926:
3924:
3923:
3908:
3902:
3901:
3899:
3898:
3882:
3876:
3875:
3864:
3858:
3857:
3845:
3839:
3838:
3833:
3824:
3823:
3818:
3817:
3799:
3793:
3792:
3787:
3786:
3774:
3768:
3767:
3761:
3750:
3744:
3735:
3729:
3728:
3726:
3725:
3710:
3704:
3701:
3695:
3694:
3674:
3667:
3661:
3641:
3635:
3625:
3619:
3612:
3606:
3603:
3597:
3594:
3588:
3581:
3564:
3544:
3538:
3537:
3529:
3523:
3522:
3520:
3519:
3510:. Archived from
3500:
3494:
3491:
3485:
3478:
3472:
3455:
3440:
3437:
3431:
3424:
3418:
3411:
3405:
3398:
3389:
3386:
3380:
3377:
3371:
3368:
3362:
3355:
3349:
3346:
3340:
3333:
3324:
3317:
3290:
3283:
3277:
3274:
3268:
3265:
3259:
3256:
3250:
3247:
3241:
3226:C. R. Pennell –
3224:
3215:
3208:
3202:
3195:
3180:
3173:
3158:
3157:
3155:
3147:
3141:
3140:
3112:
3106:
3097:
3091:
3088:
3082:
3079:
3073:
3066:
3060:
3041:
3035:
3016:
3005:
3004:
3002:
3001:
2987:
2976:
2957:
2948:
2945:
2939:
2936:
2923:
2920:
2911:
2896:
2799:Pierre Mac Orlan
2727:Republican Spain
2724:
2521:
2508:, seizing power
2503:
2489:
2482:
2444:Cape Tres Forcas
2442:ran aground off
2383:Berthier Carbine
2367:military posts.
2361:Cortes Generales
2320:Dámaso Berenguer
2272:Francisco Franco
2097:Caroline Islands
1766:Mexico (1821–29)
1721:Mexico (1810–21)
1624:Nicaragua (1762)
1275:Halmahera (1545)
1245:Brazil (1534-36)
1180:Mexico (1519–21)
1078:
1076:
1066:
1059:
1052:
1043:
1042:
955:
954:
945:
938:
931:
922:
921:
791:
790:
788:
777:
770:
763:
754:
753:
728:
666:
654:
611:
601:
594:
587:
578:
577:
569:
563:
562:
554:
553:
512:
511:
503:
502:
483:
482:
481:
472:
471:
470:
464:
457:
449:
448:
447:
440:H. Mouh-Ameziane
438:
437:
436:
429:
419:
418:
417:
411:
407:
406:
405:
398:
389:
388:
387:
381:
372:
371:
370:
364:
355:
354:
353:
344:
332:
331:
321:
320:
310:
309:
299:
298:
288:
287:
277:
276:
268:Alfredo Kindelán
266:
265:
255:
254:
247:
244:
236:
235:
226:Dámaso Berenguer
224:
223:
215:Francisco Franco
213:
212:
204:
196:Manuel Silvestre
194:
193:
175:
174:
173:
164:
163:
159:
157:
156:
146:
145:
89:
88:
46:
26:
25:
5601:
5600:
5596:
5595:
5594:
5592:
5591:
5590:
5576:1920s in Africa
5486:
5485:
5484:
5475:
5455:
5416:Syria (1925–27)
5406:Syria (1919–21)
5365:
5268:
5249:Japan (1863–64)
5182:Moluccas (1810)
5166:
5126:
5034:
5010:India (1756–63)
5005:India (1749–54)
5000:India (1746–48)
4979:
4909:
4877:
4857:
4843:Texas (1685–89)
4802:
4750:
4720:
4687:
4682:
4652:
4647:
4626:
4571:
4567:Mohamed Meziane
4555:
4499:
4495:Thami El Glaoui
4483:
4474:Philippe Pétain
4442:
4423:Assou Oubasslam
4359:
4303:
4257:
4239:
4234:
4177:) on OnWar.com.
4164:Steven Thomas,
4161:
4123:Pennell, C. R.
4069:Wayback Machine
4051:Further reading
4048:
4047:
4004:
4000:
3989:
3985:
3978:
3964:
3960:
3949:
3945:
3934:
3930:
3921:
3919:
3910:
3909:
3905:
3896:
3894:
3891:www.yabiladi.ma
3883:
3879:
3866:
3865:
3861:
3846:
3842:
3836:
3834:
3827:
3815:
3813:
3800:
3796:
3784:
3782:
3775:
3771:
3759:
3751:
3747:
3736:
3732:
3723:
3721:
3719:en.yabiladi.com
3713:Babas, Latifa.
3711:
3707:
3702:
3698:
3691:
3669:
3668:
3664:
3642:
3638:
3626:
3622:
3613:
3609:
3604:
3600:
3595:
3591:
3582:
3567:
3545:
3541:
3530:
3526:
3517:
3515:
3502:
3501:
3497:
3492:
3488:
3479:
3475:
3456:
3443:
3438:
3434:
3425:
3421:
3412:
3408:
3399:
3392:
3387:
3383:
3378:
3374:
3369:
3365:
3356:
3352:
3347:
3343:
3334:
3327:
3318:
3293:
3284:
3280:
3275:
3271:
3266:
3262:
3258:Woolman, p. 149
3257:
3253:
3248:
3244:
3225:
3218:
3209:
3205:
3199:Arrogant Armies
3196:
3183:
3177:Arrogant Armies
3174:
3161:
3153:
3149:
3148:
3144:
3113:
3109:
3098:
3094:
3089:
3085:
3080:
3076:
3067:
3063:
3042:
3038:
3017:
3008:
2999:
2997:
2989:
2988:
2979:
2958:
2951:
2946:
2942:
2937:
2926:
2921:
2914:
2908:Wayback Machine
2897:
2888:
2878:
2860:
2778:The 1927 novel
2760:The Desert Song
2755:Sigmund Romberg
2750:
2702:Geneva Protocol
2670:
2664:
2647:
2641:
2636:
2621:Spanish Morocco
2590:
2542:
2304:
2298:
2285:
2241:Primo de Rivera
2178:
2138:
2133:
2131:Forces involved
2115:Catholic Church
2067:open-pit mining
2012:
1891:Amenghi 'n Arif
1879:
1874:
1746:Chile (1812–27)
1607:Portugal (1762)
1500:Valdivia (1643)
1437:Petén (1618–97)
1079:
1074:
1072:
1070:
1040:
1035:
1020:
1009:
1003:
997:
991:
976:
956:
952:
951:
949:
919:
914:
891:
884:
854:
847:
804:
792:
786:
784:
783:
781:
751:
746:
722:
660:
648:
612:
607:
605:
565:
557:
556:
548:
537:
535:
531:
528:Charles Monteil
514:
506:
505:
497:
479:
477:
476:
468:
466:
465:
445:
443:
442:
434:
432:
431:
425:
415:
413:
412:
403:
401:
400:
399:
385:
383:
382:
368:
366:
365:
351:
349:
336:
326:
325:
323:Philippe Pétain
315:
314:
304:
303:
293:
292:
282:
281:
271:
270:
260:
259:
249:
248:
230:
229:
228:
218:
217:
207:
206:
200:
188:
171:
169:
154:
152:
150:
140:
108:
83:
47:
36:interwar period
24:
17:
12:
11:
5:
5599:
5589:
5588:
5583:
5578:
5573:
5571:Spanish Africa
5568:
5563:
5558:
5556:Berber history
5553:
5548:
5543:
5538:
5533:
5528:
5523:
5518:
5513:
5508:
5503:
5498:
5481:
5480:
5477:
5476:
5474:
5473:
5467:
5465:
5457:
5456:
5454:
5453:
5448:
5443:
5438:
5433:
5431:Vietnam (1940)
5428:
5423:
5421:Vietnam (1930)
5418:
5413:
5408:
5403:
5398:
5393:
5391:Vietnam (1916)
5388:
5383:
5377:
5375:
5367:
5366:
5364:
5363:
5358:
5353:
5348:
5343:
5338:
5333:
5328:
5323:
5318:
5313:
5308:
5303:
5298:
5293:
5287:
5285:
5278:
5274:
5273:
5270:
5269:
5267:
5266:
5261:
5256:
5251:
5246:
5241:
5240:
5239:
5234:
5229:
5224:
5219:
5209:
5207:Tourane (1856)
5204:
5199:
5197:Tourane (1847)
5194:
5189:
5184:
5178:
5176:
5168:
5167:
5165:
5164:
5159:
5154:
5149:
5144:
5138:
5136:
5128:
5127:
5125:
5124:
5119:
5114:
5109:
5104:
5099:
5094:
5089:
5087:Tunisia (1881)
5084:
5079:
5074:
5072:Morocco (1844)
5069:
5064:
5059:
5053:
5051:
5044:
5040:
5039:
5036:
5035:
5033:
5032:
5027:
5022:
5017:
5012:
5007:
5002:
4997:
4991:
4989:
4981:
4980:
4978:
4977:
4972:
4967:
4962:
4957:
4952:
4947:
4942:
4937:
4932:
4927:
4921:
4919:
4911:
4910:
4908:
4907:
4905:Morocco (1765)
4902:
4896:
4894:
4887:
4883:
4882:
4879:
4878:
4876:
4875:
4873:Siam (1687–90)
4869:
4867:
4859:
4858:
4856:
4855:
4850:
4845:
4840:
4835:
4830:
4825:
4820:
4814:
4812:
4804:
4803:
4801:
4800:
4798:Algiers (1688)
4795:
4793:Algiers (1683)
4790:
4788:Algiers (1682)
4785:
4780:
4775:
4773:Morocco (1629)
4769:
4767:
4760:
4756:
4755:
4752:
4751:
4749:
4748:
4743:
4738:
4732:
4730:
4722:
4721:
4719:
4718:
4716:Florida (1568)
4713:
4708:
4702:
4700:
4693:
4689:
4688:
4681:
4680:
4673:
4666:
4658:
4649:
4648:
4646:
4645:
4640:
4634:
4632:
4628:
4627:
4625:
4624:
4619:
4614:
4609:
4604:
4599:
4594:
4589:
4583:
4581:
4577:
4576:
4573:
4572:
4570:
4569:
4563:
4561:
4560:Spanish allies
4557:
4556:
4554:
4553:
4548:
4543:
4538:
4533:
4528:
4523:
4518:
4513:
4507:
4505:
4501:
4500:
4498:
4497:
4491:
4489:
4485:
4484:
4482:
4481:
4476:
4471:
4466:
4461:
4459:Hubert Lyautey
4456:
4454:Charles Mangin
4450:
4448:
4444:
4443:
4441:
4440:
4438:Beni Ouryaghel
4435:
4430:
4425:
4420:
4415:
4410:
4405:
4400:
4395:
4390:
4385:
4380:
4374:
4372:
4365:
4361:
4360:
4358:
4357:
4352:
4347:
4342:
4337:
4332:
4327:
4322:
4317:
4311:
4309:
4305:
4304:
4302:
4301:
4296:
4291:
4286:
4281:
4276:
4271:
4265:
4263:
4259:
4258:
4256:
4255:
4250:
4244:
4241:
4240:
4233:
4232:
4225:
4218:
4210:
4204:
4203:
4188:
4183:
4178:
4168:
4160:
4159:External links
4157:
4156:
4155:
4145:
4135:
4128:
4121:
4111:
4101:
4091:
4081:
4071:
4060:(Oxford 2002)
4046:
4045:
4018:(5): 903–922.
3998:
3983:
3977:978-3030276478
3976:
3958:
3943:
3928:
3903:
3885:Yabiladi.com.
3877:
3859:
3840:
3825:
3794:
3769:
3745:
3730:
3705:
3696:
3689:
3662:
3636:
3620:
3607:
3598:
3589:
3565:
3539:
3524:
3495:
3486:
3473:
3441:
3432:
3419:
3406:
3390:
3381:
3372:
3363:
3350:
3341:
3325:
3291:
3278:
3269:
3260:
3251:
3242:
3216:
3203:
3181:
3159:
3142:
3123:(3): 500–503.
3107:
3092:
3083:
3074:
3061:
3036:
3006:
2977:
2949:
2940:
2924:
2912:
2885:
2884:
2877:
2874:
2873:
2872:
2867:
2859:
2856:
2855:
2854:
2845:
2830:The 1999 film
2828:
2815:
2808:The 1951 film
2806:
2789:
2776:
2765:
2749:
2746:
2663:
2660:
2640:
2637:
2635:
2632:
2589:
2586:
2559:Marshal Pétain
2541:
2538:
2429:Juan de Joanes
2379:Spanish Mauser
2297:
2294:
2284:
2281:
2219:Army of Africa
2177:
2176:Spanish forces
2174:
2137:
2134:
2132:
2129:
2105:Spanish Guinea
2101:Spanish Empire
2057:Vincent Sheean
2011:
2008:
1899:Guerra del Rif
1876:
1875:
1873:
1872:
1867:
1862:
1857:
1852:
1847:
1845:Morocco (1909)
1841:
1840:
1836:
1835:
1830:
1825:
1820:
1818:Cuba (1895–98)
1815:
1810:
1808:Cuba (1879–80)
1805:
1803:Cuba (1868–78)
1800:
1795:
1790:
1785:
1780:
1775:
1770:
1769:
1768:
1763:
1758:
1753:
1748:
1743:
1738:
1736:Uruguay (1811)
1733:
1728:
1726:Peru (1811–24)
1723:
1718:
1713:
1711:Florida (1810)
1708:
1703:
1693:
1687:
1686:
1682:
1681:
1676:
1671:
1669:Algiers (1784)
1666:
1664:Algiers (1783)
1661:
1656:
1654:Peru (1780–82)
1651:
1646:
1641:
1639:Algiers (1775)
1636:
1631:
1626:
1621:
1616:
1615:
1614:
1609:
1599:
1594:
1589:
1584:
1579:
1577:Bahamas (1720)
1574:
1569:
1563:
1562:
1558:
1557:
1555:Morocco (1689)
1552:
1547:
1542:
1537:
1532:
1530:Jamaica (1658)
1527:
1525:Jamaica (1657)
1522:
1520:Jamaica (1655)
1517:
1512:
1510:Tortuga (1654)
1507:
1502:
1493:
1488:
1483:
1478:
1473:
1468:
1463:
1458:
1449:
1444:
1439:
1434:
1432:Morocco (1614)
1429:
1427:Tunisia (1605)
1424:
1419:
1413:
1412:
1408:
1407:
1402:
1397:
1392:
1387:
1382:
1377:
1372:
1367:
1362:
1360:Tunisia (1574)
1357:
1355:Tunisia (1573)
1352:
1347:
1345:Florida (1565)
1342:
1337:
1335:Morocco (1564)
1332:
1330:Morocco (1563)
1327:
1325:Algeria (1563)
1322:
1317:
1315:Tunisia (1560)
1312:
1310:Algeria (1558)
1307:
1305:Algeria (1556)
1302:
1300:Algeria (1555)
1297:
1292:
1290:Tunisia (1550)
1287:
1285:Algeria (1547)
1282:
1277:
1272:
1270:Algeria (1543)
1267:
1265:Algeria (1541)
1262:
1257:
1255:Tunisia (1535)
1252:
1250:Algeria (1535)
1247:
1242:
1240:Tunisia (1534)
1237:
1235:Peru (1532–72)
1232:
1230:Algeria (1531)
1227:
1225:Algeria (1529)
1222:
1217:
1215:Morocco (1525)
1212:
1207:
1202:
1197:
1192:
1190:Tunisia (1520)
1187:
1185:Algeria (1519)
1182:
1177:
1172:
1167:
1165:Algeria (1516)
1162:
1157:
1155:Tunisia (1510)
1152:
1150:Tripoli (1510)
1147:
1145:Algeria (1510)
1142:
1140:Algeria (1509)
1137:
1135:Morocco (1508)
1132:
1130:Algeria (1507)
1127:
1125:Algeria (1505)
1121:
1120:
1116:
1115:
1113:Melilla (1497)
1110:
1108:Algeria (1497)
1105:
1100:
1095:
1089:
1088:
1084:
1081:
1080:
1069:
1068:
1061:
1054:
1046:
1037:
1036:
1034:
1033:
1027:
1026:
1019:
1018:
1013:
1007:
1001:
995:
989:
983:
982:
975:
974:
968:
967:
961:
958:
957:
948:
947:
940:
933:
925:
916:
915:
913:
912:
907:
902:
897:
885:
883:
882:
877:
872:
871:
870:
860:
848:
846:
845:
840:
835:
830:
825:
820:
815:
810:
798:
797:
794:
793:
780:
779:
772:
765:
757:
748:
747:
745:
744:
739:
734:
729:
717:
712:
707:
702:
697:
692:
687:
682:
677:
672:
667:
655:
643:
638:
633:
628:
623:
617:
614:
613:
604:
603:
596:
589:
581:
573:
572:
566:
545:
544:
540:
539:
533:Other sources:
521:
493:
492:
488:
487:
451:Mohamed Cheddi
347:
334:Hubert Lyautey
185:
184:
180:
179:
167:
137:
136:
132:
131:
128:
127:
126:
125:
114:
110:
109:
103:
101:
97:
96:
93:
85:
84:
82:
81:
79:Spanish Armada
75:
72:
69:
65:Charge of the
63:
57:
49:
39:
38:
31:
30:
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
5598:
5587:
5584:
5582:
5579:
5577:
5574:
5572:
5569:
5567:
5564:
5562:
5559:
5557:
5554:
5552:
5549:
5547:
5544:
5542:
5539:
5537:
5534:
5532:
5529:
5527:
5524:
5522:
5519:
5517:
5514:
5512:
5509:
5507:
5504:
5502:
5499:
5497:
5494:
5493:
5491:
5472:
5469:
5468:
5466:
5462:
5452:
5449:
5447:
5444:
5442:
5439:
5437:
5434:
5432:
5429:
5427:
5424:
5422:
5419:
5417:
5414:
5412:
5409:
5407:
5404:
5402:
5399:
5397:
5394:
5392:
5389:
5387:
5384:
5382:
5379:
5378:
5376:
5372:
5362:
5359:
5357:
5354:
5352:
5349:
5347:
5344:
5342:
5339:
5337:
5334:
5332:
5329:
5327:
5324:
5322:
5319:
5317:
5314:
5312:
5309:
5307:
5304:
5302:
5299:
5297:
5294:
5292:
5289:
5288:
5286:
5282:
5279:
5275:
5265:
5262:
5260:
5257:
5255:
5252:
5250:
5247:
5245:
5242:
5238:
5235:
5233:
5230:
5228:
5225:
5223:
5220:
5218:
5215:
5214:
5213:
5210:
5208:
5205:
5203:
5200:
5198:
5195:
5193:
5190:
5188:
5185:
5183:
5180:
5179:
5177:
5173:
5163:
5160:
5158:
5155:
5153:
5150:
5148:
5145:
5143:
5140:
5139:
5137:
5133:
5123:
5120:
5118:
5115:
5113:
5110:
5108:
5105:
5103:
5100:
5098:
5095:
5093:
5090:
5088:
5085:
5083:
5080:
5078:
5075:
5073:
5070:
5068:
5065:
5063:
5060:
5058:
5055:
5054:
5052:
5048:
5045:
5041:
5031:
5028:
5026:
5023:
5021:
5018:
5016:
5013:
5011:
5008:
5006:
5003:
5001:
4998:
4996:
4993:
4992:
4990:
4986:
4976:
4973:
4971:
4968:
4966:
4963:
4961:
4958:
4956:
4953:
4951:
4948:
4946:
4943:
4941:
4938:
4936:
4933:
4931:
4928:
4926:
4923:
4922:
4920:
4916:
4906:
4903:
4901:
4898:
4897:
4895:
4891:
4888:
4884:
4874:
4871:
4870:
4868:
4864:
4854:
4851:
4849:
4846:
4844:
4841:
4839:
4836:
4834:
4831:
4829:
4826:
4824:
4821:
4819:
4816:
4815:
4813:
4809:
4799:
4796:
4794:
4791:
4789:
4786:
4784:
4781:
4779:
4776:
4774:
4771:
4770:
4768:
4764:
4761:
4757:
4747:
4744:
4742:
4739:
4737:
4736:Brazil (1531)
4734:
4733:
4731:
4729:South America
4727:
4717:
4714:
4712:
4709:
4707:
4704:
4703:
4701:
4699:North America
4697:
4694:
4690:
4686:
4679:
4674:
4672:
4667:
4665:
4660:
4659:
4656:
4644:
4641:
4639:
4636:
4635:
4633:
4629:
4623:
4620:
4618:
4615:
4613:
4610:
4608:
4605:
4603:
4600:
4598:
4595:
4593:
4590:
4588:
4585:
4584:
4582:
4578:
4568:
4565:
4564:
4562:
4558:
4552:
4549:
4547:
4546:José Sanjurjo
4544:
4542:
4539:
4537:
4534:
4532:
4529:
4527:
4524:
4522:
4519:
4517:
4514:
4512:
4509:
4508:
4506:
4502:
4496:
4493:
4492:
4490:
4488:French allies
4486:
4480:
4477:
4475:
4472:
4470:
4467:
4465:
4462:
4460:
4457:
4455:
4452:
4451:
4449:
4445:
4439:
4436:
4434:
4431:
4429:
4426:
4424:
4421:
4419:
4416:
4414:
4413:Ma al-'Aynayn
4411:
4409:
4406:
4404:
4401:
4399:
4396:
4394:
4391:
4389:
4386:
4384:
4381:
4379:
4376:
4375:
4373:
4369:
4366:
4362:
4356:
4353:
4351:
4348:
4346:
4343:
4341:
4338:
4336:
4333:
4331:
4328:
4326:
4323:
4321:
4318:
4316:
4313:
4312:
4310:
4306:
4300:
4297:
4295:
4292:
4290:
4287:
4285:
4282:
4280:
4277:
4275:
4272:
4270:
4267:
4266:
4264:
4260:
4254:
4251:
4249:
4246:
4245:
4242:
4238:
4231:
4226:
4224:
4219:
4217:
4212:
4211:
4208:
4201:
4200:0-8165-0452-0
4197:
4193:
4189:
4187:
4184:
4182:
4179:
4176:
4172:
4169:
4167:
4163:
4162:
4154:
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4144:
4140:
4136:
4133:
4129:
4126:
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4106:
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4096:
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4066:
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4059:
4055:
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4052:
4041:
4037:
4033:
4029:
4025:
4021:
4017:
4013:
4009:
4002:
3994:
3987:
3979:
3973:
3969:
3962:
3954:
3947:
3941:
3938:
3937:Morocco Times
3932:
3917:
3913:
3907:
3892:
3888:
3881:
3873:
3869:
3863:
3855:
3851:
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3805:
3798:
3791:
3780:
3773:
3765:
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3757:
3749:
3742:
3741:
3734:
3720:
3716:
3709:
3700:
3692:
3686:
3682:
3678:
3673:
3672:"Abd el-Krim"
3666:
3659:
3658:0-7190-6518-6
3655:
3651:
3647:
3646:
3640:
3634:
3633:1-85532-761-9
3630:
3624:
3617:
3611:
3602:
3593:
3586:
3583:Perry, James
3580:
3578:
3576:
3574:
3572:
3570:
3562:
3561:0-8173-5657-6
3558:
3554:
3550:
3549:
3543:
3535:
3528:
3514:on 2015-09-26
3513:
3509:
3505:
3499:
3490:
3483:
3477:
3470:
3469:3-486-57983-5
3466:
3462:
3461:
3454:
3452:
3450:
3448:
3446:
3436:
3429:
3426:Perry, James
3423:
3416:
3413:Perry, James
3410:
3403:
3397:
3395:
3385:
3376:
3367:
3360:
3354:
3345:
3338:
3335:Perry, James
3332:
3330:
3322:
3319:Perry, James
3316:
3314:
3312:
3310:
3308:
3306:
3304:
3302:
3300:
3298:
3296:
3288:
3285:Perry, James
3282:
3273:
3264:
3255:
3246:
3239:
3238:0-906559-23-5
3235:
3231:
3230:
3223:
3221:
3213:
3207:
3200:
3197:Perry, James
3194:
3192:
3190:
3188:
3186:
3178:
3175:Perry, James
3172:
3170:
3168:
3166:
3164:
3152:
3146:
3138:
3134:
3130:
3126:
3122:
3118:
3111:
3104:
3103:
3096:
3087:
3078:
3071:
3065:
3058:
3054:
3053:0-87289-434-7
3050:
3046:
3040:
3033:
3029:
3028:0-7864-1204-6
3025:
3021:
3015:
3013:
3011:
2996:
2992:
2986:
2984:
2982:
2974:
2970:
2969:0-7190-2960-0
2966:
2962:
2956:
2954:
2944:
2935:
2933:
2931:
2929:
2919:
2917:
2910:Steven Thomas
2909:
2905:
2902:
2901:
2895:
2893:
2891:
2886:
2883:
2882:
2871:
2870:Kert campaign
2868:
2865:
2862:
2861:
2852:
2851:
2846:
2843:
2839:
2835:
2834:
2829:
2826:
2825:
2820:
2819:Dick Richards
2816:
2813:
2812:
2807:
2804:
2800:
2796:
2795:
2790:
2787:
2786:
2781:
2777:
2774:
2770:
2766:
2763:
2761:
2756:
2752:
2751:
2745:
2742:
2740:
2736:
2735:forced labour
2732:
2728:
2723:
2718:
2713:
2710:
2705:
2703:
2699:
2695:
2691:
2687:
2683:
2674:
2669:
2659:
2656:
2652:
2646:
2631:
2629:
2624:
2622:
2618:
2614:
2606:
2602:
2598:
2594:
2585:
2583:
2579:
2574:
2572:
2568:
2564:
2560:
2555:
2546:
2537:
2535:
2531:
2526:
2520:
2515:
2511:
2507:
2502:
2497:
2492:
2488:
2481:
2476:
2475:
2467:
2462:
2458:
2456:
2451:
2449:
2445:
2441:
2440:
2434:
2430:
2425:
2421:
2419:
2415:
2411:
2406:
2404:
2403:Jose Sanjurjo
2399:
2395:
2391:
2384:
2381:and a French
2380:
2376:
2372:
2368:
2366:
2362:
2358:
2354:
2349:
2346:
2342:
2341:Amekran river
2338:
2333:
2329:
2325:
2321:
2317:
2313:
2309:
2308:Treaty of Fez
2303:
2289:
2283:Course of war
2280:
2277:
2273:
2269:
2265:
2264:
2259:
2254:
2246:
2242:
2238:
2234:
2232:
2226:
2224:
2220:
2214:
2207:
2203:
2199:
2195:
2193:
2187:
2184:
2170:
2165:
2161:
2158:
2154:
2149:
2147:
2143:
2136:Rifian forces
2128:
2126:
2122:
2121:
2116:
2112:
2111:
2106:
2102:
2098:
2094:
2090:
2086:
2082:
2077:
2075:
2070:
2068:
2064:
2063:
2058:
2054:
2052:
2048:
2047:
2042:
2037:
2036:
2031:
2027:
2026:
2021:
2017:
2007:
2005:
2001:
1997:
1992:
1990:
1986:
1982:
1978:
1974:
1969:
1967:
1966:Treaty of Fez
1963:
1959:
1954:
1949:
1947:
1943:
1939:
1935:
1931:
1927:
1922:
1920:
1916:
1912:
1908:
1904:
1900:
1896:
1892:
1888:
1884:
1871:
1868:
1866:
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1702:
1699:
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1572:Chiloé (1712)
1570:
1568:
1565:
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1556:
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1545:Panama (1671)
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1491:Taiwan (1642)
1489:
1487:
1486:Taiwan (1641)
1484:
1482:
1481:Brazil (1640)
1479:
1477:
1474:
1472:
1471:Brazil (1638)
1469:
1467:
1466:Brazil (1631)
1464:
1462:
1459:
1457:
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1448:
1447:Taiwan (1626)
1445:
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1442:Brazil (1625)
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1365:Brunei (1578)
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1128:
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1103:Guinea (1478)
1101:
1099:
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1086:
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1067:
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851:Rif conflicts
844:
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816:
814:
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632:
629:
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626:Alcazarquivir
624:
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335:
330:
324:
319:
313:
308:
302:
301:Leopoldo Saro
297:
291:
286:
280:
279:José Sanjurjo
275:
269:
264:
258:
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227:
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68:
64:
61:
58:
55:
54:Renault FT-17
51:
50:
45:
40:
37:
32:
27:
22:
5320:
5277:20th century
5254:Korea (1866)
5043:19th century
4886:18th century
4759:17th century
4692:16th century
4403:Ali Amhaouch
4393:Moha ou Said
4298:
4191:
4174:
4148:
4131:
4124:
4114:
4104:
4094:
4084:
4074:
4057:
4050:
4049:
4015:
4011:
4001:
3992:
3986:
3967:
3961:
3952:
3946:
3931:
3920:. Retrieved
3915:
3906:
3895:. Retrieved
3890:
3880:
3862:
3843:
3837:(in Spanish)
3820:
3814:. Retrieved
3812:(in Spanish)
3807:
3797:
3789:
3783:. Retrieved
3772:
3755:
3748:
3739:
3733:
3722:. Retrieved
3718:
3708:
3699:
3676:
3665:
3644:
3639:
3623:
3615:
3610:
3601:
3592:
3584:
3547:
3542:
3533:
3527:
3516:. Retrieved
3512:the original
3507:
3498:
3489:
3481:
3476:
3459:
3457:Dirk Sasse,
3435:
3427:
3422:
3414:
3409:
3401:
3384:
3375:
3366:
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3254:
3245:
3228:
3211:
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3198:
3176:
3145:
3120:
3116:
3110:
3101:
3100:Jan Pascal,
3095:
3086:
3077:
3069:
3064:
3044:
3039:
3019:
2998:. Retrieved
2994:
2960:
2943:
2899:
2880:
2879:
2848:
2831:
2824:March or Die
2822:
2811:Ten Tall Men
2809:
2803:a 1935 movie
2793:
2783:
2779:
2773:Elissa Rhaïs
2768:
2758:
2743:
2716:
2714:
2706:
2694:chloropicrin
2679:
2648:
2625:
2609:
2596:
2575:
2551:
2519:abandonistas
2513:
2501:abandonistas
2496:africanistas
2495:
2493:
2487:abandonistas
2480:abandonistas
2474:africanistas
2472:
2470:
2452:
2447:
2438:
2431:was sunk in
2428:
2426:
2422:
2417:
2413:
2407:
2387:
2350:
2344:
2336:
2331:
2327:
2305:
2296:Early stages
2275:
2262:
2252:
2250:
2245:Alfonso XIII
2227:
2215:
2211:
2191:
2188:
2179:
2150:
2146:Manuel Goded
2139:
2124:
2118:
2108:
2081:Alfonso XIII
2078:
2071:
2060:
2055:
2044:
2033:
2029:
2023:
2013:
1999:
1993:
1970:
1950:
1923:
1890:
1882:
1880:
1854:
1839:20th century
1685:19th century
1674:Chile (1792)
1561:18th century
1497:
1456:Nevis (1629)
1453:
1411:17th century
1295:Libya (1551)
1119:16th century
1087:15th century
1015:
886:
879:
849:
799:
710:Estella line
685:Monte Arruit
608:
532:
523:
496:
426:
201:
135:Belligerents
116:
60:Alfonso XIII
34:Part of the
5187:Java (1811)
5077:Salé (1851)
4418:Abd el-Krim
3893:(in Arabic)
2842:Kamel Krifa
2836:, starring
2833:Legionnaire
2769:La riffaine
2725:of godless
2722:reconquista
2698:mustard gas
2617:Abd el-Krim
2567:tirailleurs
2530:Chefchaouen
2514:africanists
2466:Chefchaouen
2437:battleship
2398:Abd el-Krim
2353:Abd el-Krim
2231:Tragic Week
2157:Abd el-Krim
2142:Abd el-Krim
2120:Reconquista
1926:Abd el-Krim
1905:(joined by
1833:Guam (1898)
1619:Cuba (1762)
1587:Oran (1732)
1395:Cuba (1596)
801:Imperialism
723: [
661: [
649: [
474:Caid Bohout
357:Abd el-Krim
312:Emilio Mola
165:(1924–1926)
67:legionarios
5490:Categories
4364:Key people
3922:2007-04-11
3897:2021-05-06
3816:2007-04-13
3785:2007-04-13
3724:2019-07-14
3518:2015-10-14
3000:2022-11-07
2876:References
2794:La Bandera
2690:diphosgene
2666:See also:
2643:See also:
2634:Atrocities
2563:Senegalese
2300:See also:
2125:Africanist
2110:Africanist
1938:amphibious
1934:Al Hoceima
1452:St. Kitts
290:Juan Yagüe
105:Rif region
4504:Spaniards
4371:Moroccans
4040:143680947
4032:1362-9387
3137:151998348
2991:"Rif War"
2864:Zaian War
2817:The 1977
2780:Amy Jolly
2655:Al Aaroui
2534:Oued Laou
2525:Ben Taieb
2494:With the
2433:Alhucemas
2276:Regulares
2223:Regulares
2046:The Times
737:Alhucemas
715:2nd Xauen
680:Dar Drius
670:Igueriben
646:Sidi Dris
631:1st Xauen
107:, Morocco
95:1921–1926
5135:Americas
4918:Americas
4811:Americas
4580:Treaties
4428:Aït Atta
4119:in JSTOR
4109:abstract
4099:in JSTOR
4079:in JSTOR
4065:Archived
3916:BBC News
3764:Florence
3660:, p. 212
3652:, 2005,
3555:, 2010,
2904:Archived
2858:See also
2686:phosgene
2571:goumiers
2554:Oureghla
2532:and the
2516:vs. the
2089:and sold
2035:de facto
2000:de facto
1946:aircraft
636:El Biutz
518:aircraft
491:Strength
459:)
391:Bu Lahya
100:Location
52:Spanish
5496:Rif War
5464:Pacific
4433:Zayanes
4308:Battles
4186:Rif war
3809:El País
3563:, p. 67
2785:Morocco
2588:Outcome
2448:in situ
2375:Berbers
2365:Spanish
2337:blocaos
2328:blocaos
2312:Melilla
2253:Regular
2206:Melilla
2192:blocaos
2169:Pasajes
2093:Mariana
2025:de jure
2010:Origins
1962:Larache
1953:Melilla
1924:Led by
1919:Morocco
1895:Spanish
1887:Riffian
1883:Rif War
1496:Chiloé
700:Melilla
658:Abarrán
621:Larache
609:Rif War
453: (
427:†
340: (
240: (
202:†
29:Rif War
5284:Africa
5050:Africa
4893:Africa
4766:Africa
4631:Crises
4447:French
4198:
4153:online
4141:
4127:(1986)
4089:online
4062:online
4038:
4030:
3974:
3687:
3656:
3631:
3559:
3467:
3236:
3135:
3057:p. 303
3051:
3032:p. 398
3026:
2973:p. 188
2967:
2731:Franco
2709:cancer
2439:España
2332:blocao
2208:, 1921
1958:Jebala
1911:Berber
1907:France
695:Zeluán
675:Annual
641:Alfrau
520:: +200
516:Total
423:
393:
376:
359:
198:
161:France
158:
113:Result
4036:S2CID
3760:(PDF)
3154:(PDF)
3133:S2CID
2881:Notes
2821:film
2390:Spain
2316:Ceuta
2153:Caids
2079:When
1942:tanks
1903:Spain
742:Capaz
727:]
720:Uarga
690:Nador
665:]
653:]
148:Spain
5374:Asia
4988:Asia
4866:Asia
4262:Wars
4196:ISBN
4139:ISBN
4028:ISSN
3972:ISBN
3685:ISBN
3654:ISBN
3629:ISBN
3557:ISBN
3465:ISBN
3234:ISBN
3049:ISBN
3024:ISBN
2965:ISBN
2739:rape
2696:and
2345:caid
2314:and
2095:and
2091:the
1944:and
1881:The
92:Date
4175:sic
4020:doi
3125:doi
2797:by
2420:."
2410:Rif
2394:Rif
2268:Col
2204:in
2051:Sus
1915:Rif
732:Fez
456:POW
343:POW
243:WIA
5492::
4034:.
4026:.
4016:17
4014:.
4010:.
3914:.
3889:.
3870:.
3852:.
3828:^
3819:.
3806:.
3788:.
3762:.
3717:.
3683:.
3681:18
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3444:^
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3131:.
3121:22
3119:.
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3030:,
3009:^
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2952:^
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2630:.
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1893:,
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23:.
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