Ethics - Knowledge

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parent has a special obligation to their child, while a stranger does not have this kind of obligation toward a child they do not know. Patient-centered theories, by contrast, focus on the people affected by actions and the rights they have. An example is the requirement to treat other people as ends and not merely as a means to an end. This requirement can be used to argue, for example, that it is wrong to kill a person against their will even if this act would save the lives of several others. Patient-centered deontological theories are usually agent-neutral, meaning that they apply equally to everyone in a situation, regardless of their specific role or position.

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consequences of an act and its moral value. Rule consequentialism, by contrast, holds that an act is right if it follows a certain set of rules. Rule consequentialism determines the best rules by considering their outcomes at a community level. People should follow the rules that lead to the best consequences when everyone in the community follows them. This implies that the relation between an act and its consequences is indirect. For example, if telling the truth is one of the best rules, then according to rule consequentialism, a person should tell the truth even in specific cases where lying would lead to better consequences.

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that its focus on the intensity of pleasure promotes an immoral lifestyle centered around indulgence in sensory gratification. Mill responded to this criticism by distinguishing between higher and lower pleasures. He stated that higher pleasures, like the intellectual satisfaction of reading a book, are more valuable than lower pleasures, like the sensory enjoyment of food and drink, even if their intensity and duration are the same. Since its original formulation, many variations of utilitarianism have developed, including the difference between

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as non-moral facts: it is an objective fact whether there is an obligation to keep a promise just as it is an objective fact whether a thing is rectangular. Moral realism is often associated with the claim that there are universal ethical principles that apply equally to everyone. It implies that if two people disagree about a moral evaluation then at least one of them is wrong. This observation is sometimes taken as an argument against moral realism since moral disagreement is widespread in most fields.

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and intentioned acts are morally wrong if they inadvertently lead to negative outcomes. An alternative perspective states that what matters are not the actual consequences but the expected consequences. This view takes into account that when deciding what to do, people have to rely on their limited knowledge of the total consequences of their actions. According to this view, a course of action has positive moral value despite leading to an overall negative outcome if it had the highest

1115: 2688: 462:. It aims to discover and justify general answers to questions like "How should one live?" and "How should people act?", usually in the form of universal or domain-independent principles that determine whether an act is right or wrong. For example, given the particular impression that it is wrong to set a child on fire for fun, normative ethics aims to find more general principles that explain why this is the case, like the principle that one should not cause extreme 662:

requiring that people do significantly more than they are socially expected to. For example, if the best action for someone with a good salary would be to donate 70% of their income to charity, it would be morally wrong for them to only donate 65%. Satisficing consequentialism, by contrast, only requires that an act is "good enough" even if it is not the best possible alternative. According to this view, it is possible to do more than one is morally required to do.

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persons, cultures, and historical periods. For example, moral statements like "Slavery is wrong" or "Suicide is permissible" may be true in one culture and false in another. Some moral relativists say that moral systems are constructed to serve certain goals such as social coordination. According to this view, different societies and different social groups within a society construct different moral systems based on their diverging purposes.

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anything is allowed. A slightly different view emphasizes that moral nihilism is not itself a moral position about what is allowed and prohibited but the rejection of any moral position. Moral nihilism, like moral relativism, recognizes that people judge actions as right or wrong from different perspectives. However, it disagrees that this practice involves morality and sees it as just one type of human behavior.

1142:, which states that people actually follow their self-interest without claiming that they should do so. Ethical egoists may act in agreement with commonly accepted moral expectations and benefit other people, for example, by keeping promises, helping friends, and cooperating with others. However, they do so only as a means to promote their self-interest. Ethical egoism is often criticized as an immoral and 2614: 19811: 855:. This means that the person would want everyone to follow the same maxim as a universal law applicable to everyone. Another formulation states that one should treat other people always as ends in themselves and never as mere means to an end. This formulation focuses on respecting and valuing other people for their own sake rather than using them in the pursuit of personal goals. 1567:

all have a truth value: they are either true or false. Cognitivism claims that moral statements have a truth value but is not interested in which truth value they have. It is often seen as the default position since moral statements resemble other statements, like "Abortion is a medical procedure" or "Going to war is a political decision", which have a truth value.

952:. It aims to arrive at moral norms for pluralistic modern societies that encompass a diversity of viewpoints. A universal moral norm is seen as valid if all rational discourse participants do or would approve. This way, morality is not imposed by a single moral authority but arises from the moral discourse within society. This discourse should aim to establish an 2250:. An entity has intrinsic value if it is good in itself or good for its own sake. An entity has instrumental value if it is valuable as a means to something else, for example, by causing something that has intrinsic value. Further topics include what kinds of things have value and how valuable they are. For instance, axiological hedonists say that 2069:. It is a diverse field since different professions often have different responsibilities. Principles applying to many professions include that the professional has the required expertise for the intended work and that they have personal integrity and are trustworthy. Further principles are to serve the interest of their target group, follow 777:, and not intentionally harming others. Unlike consequentialists, deontologists hold that the validity of general moral principles does not directly depend on their consequences. They state that these principles should be followed in every case since they express how actions are inherently right or wrong. According to moral philosopher 1702:. Motivational externalists accept that people can judge an act to be morally required without feeling a reason to engage in it. This means that moral judgments do not always provide motivational force. A closely related question is whether moral judgments can provide motivation on their own or need to be accompanied by other 1949:. Animal rights theorists assert that animals have a certain moral status and that humans should respect this status when interacting with them. Examples of suggested animal rights include the right to life, the right to be free from unnecessary suffering, and the right to natural behavior in a suitable environment. 521:. These schools are usually presented as exclusive alternatives, but depending on how they are defined, they can overlap and do not necessarily exclude one another. In some cases, they differ in which acts they see as right or wrong. In other cases, they recommend the same course of action but provide different 885:. While all divine command theorists agree that morality depends on God, there are disagreements about the precise content of the divine commands, and theorists belonging to different religions tend to propose different moral laws. For example, Christian and Jewish divine command theorists may argue that the 1020:

that actualizing these potentials results in leading a good and happy life. Agent-based theories, by contrast, see happiness only as a side effect and focus instead on the admirable traits and motivational characteristics expressed while acting. This is often combined with the idea that one can learn from

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deny that these things have intrinsic value. Instead, they say that they have extrinsic value because they affect happiness and suffering. In this regard, they are desirable as a means but, unlike happiness, not as an end. The view that pleasure is the only thing with intrinsic value is called ethical or

1532:, like color and shape. Some moral naturalists hold that moral properties are a unique and basic type of natural property. Another view states that moral properties are real but not a fundamental part of reality and can be reduced to other natural properties, such as properties describing the causes of 564:

or disvalue, it is not included as a factor. Some consequentialists see this as a flaw, saying that all value-relevant factors need to be considered. They try to avoid this complication by including the act itself as part of the consequences. A related approach is to characterize consequentialism not

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require. As a rational and systematic field of inquiry, ethics studies practical reasons why people should act one way rather than another. Most ethical theories seek universal principles that express a general standpoint of what is objectively right and wrong. In a slightly different sense, the term

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and empirical description without judging or justifying which practices are objectively right. For instance, the question of how nurses think about the ethical implications of abortion belongs to descriptive ethics. Another example is descriptive business ethics, which describes ethical standards in

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accept the claim that there are objective moral facts. This view implies that moral values are mind-independent aspects of reality and that there is an absolute fact about whether a given action is right or wrong. A consequence of this view is that moral requirements have the same ontological status

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that operates on a higher level of abstraction than normative ethics by investigating its underlying assumptions. Metaethical theories typically do not directly judge which normative ethical theories are correct. However, metaethical theories can still influence normative theories by examining their

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they cause. An alternative approach says that there are many different sources of value, which all contribute to one overall value. Before the 20th century, consequentialists were only concerned with the total of value or the aggregate good. In the 20th century, alternative views were developed that

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The metaethical debate between cognitivism and non-cognitivism is about the meaning of moral statements and is a part of the study of semantics. According to cognitivism, moral statements like "Abortion is morally wrong" and "Going to war is never morally justified" are truth-apt, meaning that they

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Non-naturalism argues that moral properties form part of reality and argues that moral features are not identical or reducible to natural properties. This view is usually motivated by the idea that moral properties are unique because they express what should be the case. Proponents of this position

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is the original form of virtue theory developed in Ancient Greek philosophy and draws a close relation between virtuous behavior and happiness. It states that people flourish by living a virtuous life. Eudaimonist theories often hold that virtues are positive potentials residing in human nature and

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as the only source of intrinsic value. This means that an act is morally right if it produces "the greatest good for the greatest number" by increasing happiness and reducing suffering. Utilitarians do not deny that other things also have value, like health, friendship, and knowledge. However, they

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consequentialism. According to maximizing consequentialism, only the best possible act is morally permitted. This means that acts with positive consequences are wrong if there are alternatives with even better consequences. One criticism of maximizing consequentialism is that it demands too much by

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Some systems of normative ethics arrive at a single principle covering all possible cases. Others encompass a small set of basic rules that address all or at least the most important moral considerations. One difficulty for systems with several basic principles is that these principles may conflict

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that examines concrete moral problems encountered in real-life situations. Unlike normative ethics, it is not concerned with discovering or justifying universal ethical principles. Instead, it studies how those principles can be applied to specific domains of practical life, what consequences they

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of morality. It rejects the idea that there are objective moral principles that apply universally to all cultures and traditions. It asserts that there is no one coherent ethical code since morality itself is irrational and humans are morally ambivalent beings. Postmodern ethics instead focuses on

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about what rational people under ideal circumstances would agree on. For example, if they would agree that people should not lie then there is a moral obligation to refrain from lying. Because it relies on consent, contractualism is often understood as a patient-centered form of deontology. Famous

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In either case, Kant says that what matters is to have a good will. A person has a good will if they respect the moral law and form their intentions and motives in agreement with it. Kant states that actions motivated in such a way are unconditionally good, meaning that they are good even in cases

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to assess the value of consequences. Two key aspects of the hedonic calculus are the intensity and the duration of pleasure. According to this view, a pleasurable experience has a high value if it has a high intensity and lasts for a long time. A common criticism of Bentham's utilitarianism argued

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Another disagreement is between actual and expected consequentialism. According to the traditional view, only the actual consequences of an act affect its moral value. One difficulty of this view is that many consequences cannot be known in advance. This means that in some cases, even well-planned

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says that pleasure is good and that the action leading to the most overall pleasure is right. Consequentialism has been discussed indirectly since the formulation of classical utilitarianism in the late 18th century. A more explicit analysis of this view happened in the 20th century, when the term

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One of the main challenges of applied ethics is to breach the gap between abstract universal theories and their application to concrete situations. For example, an in-depth understanding of Kantianism or utilitarianism is usually not sufficient to decide how to analyze the moral implications of a

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deny the existence of moral facts. They reject the existence of both objective moral facts defended by moral realism and subjective moral facts defended by moral relativism. They believe that the basic assumptions underlying moral claims are misguided. Some moral nihilists conclude from this that

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reject the idea that morality is an objective feature of reality. They argue instead that moral principles are human inventions. This means that a behavior is not objectively right or wrong but only subjectively right or wrong relative to a certain standpoint. Moral standpoints may differ between

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focuses on the role of practice and holds that one of the key tasks of ethics is to solve practical problems in concrete situations. It has certain similarities to utilitarianism and its focus on consequences but concentrates more on how morality is embedded in and relative to social and cultural

830:(1724–1804) is one of the most well-known deontologists. He states that reaching outcomes that people desire, such as being happy, is not the main purpose of moral actions. Instead, he argues that there are universal principles that apply to everyone independent of their desires. He uses the term 581:

There are many different types of consequentialism. They differ based on what type of entity they evaluate, what consequences they take into consideration, and how they determine the value of consequences. Most theories assess the moral value of acts. However, consequentialism can also be used to

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Non-cognitivism is the view that moral statements lack a truth value. According to this view, the statement "Murder is wrong" is neither true nor false. Some non-cognitivists claim that moral statements have no meaning at all. A different interpretation is that they have another type of meaning.

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they have. Agent-centered theories often focus on the motives and intentions behind people's actions, highlighting the importance of acting for the right reasons. They tend to be agent-relative, meaning that the reasons for which people should act depend on personal circumstances. For example, a

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There are disagreements about which consequences should be assessed. An important distinction is between act consequentialism and rule consequentialism. According to act consequentialism, the consequences of an act determine its moral value. This means that there is a direct relation between the

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Consequentialism, also called teleological ethics, says that morality depends on consequences. According to the most common view, an act is right if it brings the best future. This means that there is no alternative course of action that has better consequences. A key aspect of consequentialist

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for fun. The situation is more complicated in cases where harm is inflicted on animals as a side effect of the pursuit of human interests. This happens, for example, during factory farming, when using animals as food, and for research experiments on animals. A key topic in animal ethics is the

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are usually used interchangeably but some philosophers distinguish between the two. According to one view, morality focuses on what moral obligations people have while ethics is broader and includes ideas about what is good and how to lead a meaningful life. Another difference is that codes of

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There is a close relation between the semantic theory of cognitivism and the ontological theory of moral realism. Moral realists assert that moral facts exist. This can be used to explain why moral statements are true or false: a statement is true if it is consistent with the facts and false

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Most forms of consequentialism are agent-neutral. This means that the value of consequences is assessed from a neutral perspective, that is, acts should have consequences that are good in general and not just good for the agent. It is controversial whether agent-relative moral theories, like

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and speech responsibility. Freedom of speech concerns the ability to articulate one's opinions and ideas without the threats of punishment and censorship. Speech responsibility is about being accountable for the consequences of communicative action and inaction. A closely related field is

1762:. This method does not start from universal principles but from moral intuitions about particular cases. It seeks to arrive at moral principles relevant to a specific domain, which may not be applicable to other domains. In either case, inquiry into applied ethics is often triggered by 781:, it is wrong to break a promise even if no harm comes from it. Deontologists are interested in which actions are right and often allow that there is a gap between what is right and what is good. Many focus on prohibitions and describe which acts are forbidden under any circumstances. 2276:. Some ethical theories, like consequentialism, stand very close to value theory by defining what is right in terms of what is good. But this is not true for ethics in general and deontological theories tend to reject the idea that what is good can be used to define what is right. 1819:, and personhood affect the moral status of entities. These differences concern, for example, how to treat non-living entities like rocks and non-sentient entities like plants in contrast to animals, and whether humans have a different moral status than other animals. According to 1666:, a person can flip a switch to redirect a trolley from one track to another, thereby sacrificing the life of one person to save five. This scenario explores how the difference between doing and allowing harm affects moral obligations. Another thought experiment, proposed by 2271:

is sometimes used for the discipline studying this overlap, that is, the part of ethics that studies values. The two disciplines are sometimes distinguished based on their focus: ethics is about moral behavior or what is right while value theory is about value or what is

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are contrasting terms that can be defined through each other: to be obligated to do something means that one is not permitted not to do it and to be permitted to do something means that one is not obligated not to do it. Some theorists define obligations in terms of

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as they understand moral principles first as fixed rules governing reward and punishment, then as conventional social norms, and later as abstract principles of what is objectively right across societies. A closely related question is whether and how people can be

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say that there are no basic moral beliefs. They argue that beliefs form a complex network and mutually support and justify one another. According to this view, a moral belief can only amount to knowledge if it coheres with the rest of the beliefs in the network.

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There are disagreements about the exact relation between value theory and ethics. Some philosophers characterize value theory as a subdiscipline of ethics while others see value theory as the broader term that encompasses other fields besides ethics, such as

2026:. A closely related topic is the question of whether corporations themselves, and not just their stakeholders, have moral agency. Business ethics further examines the role of honesty and fairness in business practices as well as the moral implications of 2208:. It governs questions of the circumstances under which they are permitted to kill enemies, destroy infrastructure, and put the lives of their own troops at risk. Additional topics are the recruitment, training, and discharge of military personnel. 1678:. In this scenario, the violinist dies if the connection is severed, similar to how a fetus dies in the case of abortion. The thought experiment explores whether it would be morally permissible to sever the connection within the next nine months. 2254:

is the only source of intrinsic value and that the magnitude of value corresponds to the degree of pleasure. Axiological pluralists, by contrast, hold that there are different sources of intrinsic value, such as happiness, knowledge, and beauty.

2014:, which is the responsibility of corporations to act in a manner that benefits society at large. Corporate social responsibility is a complex issue since many stakeholders are directly and indirectly involved in corporate decisions, such as the 1615:. A different foundationalist position focuses on particular observations rather than general intuitions. It says that if people are confronted with a concrete moral situation, they can perceive whether right or wrong conduct was involved. 477:

Theories in normative ethics state how people should act or what kind of behavior is correct. They do not aim to describe how people normally act, what moral beliefs ordinary people have, how these beliefs change over time, or what

85:. Metaethics explores the underlying assumptions and concepts of ethics. It asks whether there are objective moral facts, how moral knowledge is possible, and how moral judgments motivate people. Influential normative theories are 1753:

applies to a fetus or, from a utilitarian perspective, what the long-term consequences are in terms of the greatest good for the greatest number. This difficulty is particularly relevant to applied ethicists who employ a top-down

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investigates moral problems of war and violent conflicts. According to just war theory, waging war is morally justified if it fulfills certain conditions. These conditions are commonly divided into requirements concerning the

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Consequentialists usually understand the consequences of an action in a very wide sense that includes the totality of its effects. This is based on the idea that actions make a difference in the world by bringing about a

2790:(1908–1986), by contrast, held that values are created by humans and explored the consequences of this view in relation to individual freedom, responsibility, and authenticity. This period also saw the emergence of 2387:

the context of business, including common practices, official policies, and employee opinions. Descriptive ethics also has a historical dimension by exploring how moral practices and beliefs have changed over time.

2660:(1770–1831) saw Kant's categorical imperative on its own as an empty formalism and emphasized the role of social institutions in providing concrete content to moral duties. According to the Christian philosophy of 1627:

say that people are unable to distinguish between right and wrong behavior, thereby rejecting the idea that moral knowledge is possible. A common objection by critics of moral skepticism asserts that it leads to

1012:, of knowing when, how, and which virtue to express. For example, a lack of practical wisdom may lead courageous people to perform morally wrong actions by taking unnecessary risks that should better be avoided. 2541:(384–322 BCE), a good life is associated with being happy by cultivating virtues and flourishing. Starting in the 4th century BCE, the close relation between right action and happiness was also explored by the 1063:. Aristotle held that virtuous action leads to happiness and makes people flourish in life. Stoicism emerged about 300 BCE and taught that, through virtue alone, people can achieve happiness characterized by a 2684:(1806–1873). According to the utilitarian doctrine, actions should promote happiness while reducing suffering and the right action is the one that produces the greatest good for the greatest number of people. 1005:

Virtue theorists usually say that the mere possession of virtues by itself is not sufficient. Instead, people should manifest virtues in their actions. An important factor is the practical wisdom, also called

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Emotivism says that they articulate emotional attitudes. According to this view, the statement "Murder is wrong" expresses that the speaker has a negative moral attitude towards murder or disapproves of it.

2152:. Central topics in the ethics of technology include the risks associated with creating new technologies, their responsible use, and questions about human enhancement through technological means, such as 1897:. Medical ethics often addresses issues related to the start and end of life. It examines the moral status of fetuses, for example, whether they are full-fledged persons and whether abortion is a form of 1067:

free from emotional disturbances. The Stoics advocated rationality and self-mastery to achieve this state. In the 20th century, virtue ethics experienced a resurgence thanks to philosophers such as

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is one of the earliest forms of consequentialism. It arose in the 5th century BCE and argued that political action should promote justice as a means to increase the welfare of the people.

2526:) emphasized the importance of inquiry into what a good life is by critically questioning established ideas and exploring concepts like virtue, justice, courage, and wisdom. According to 2591:(980–1037 CE) synthesized ancient Greek philosophy with the ethical teachings of Islam while emphasizing the harmony between reason and faith. In medieval India, Hindu philosophers like 10078: 638:

additionally consider the distribution of value. One of them states that an equal distribution of goods is better than an unequal distribution even if the aggregate good is the same.

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by starting from universal ethical principles and applying them to particular cases within a specific domain. A different approach is to use a bottom-up methodology, known as

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are expressed in actions. As such, it is neither directly interested in the consequences of actions nor in universal moral duties. Virtues are positive character traits like

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ethics by claiming that ethical behavior consists in following the laws and order of nature, which he believed were created by God. In the Islamic world, philosophers like

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chain of events that would not have existed otherwise. A core intuition behind consequentialism is that the future should be shaped to achieve the best possible outcome.

17522: 2782:(1882–1950) built ethical systems based on the claim that values have objective reality that can be investigated using the phenomenological method. Existentialists like 73:

Normative ethics aims to find general principles that govern how people should act. Applied ethics examines concrete ethical problems in real-life situations, such as

1690:, there is a direct link between moral judgments and action. This means that every judgment about what is right motivates the person to act accordingly. For example, 14560: 9231: 2378:

Descriptive ethics, also called comparative ethics, studies existing moral codes, practices, and beliefs. It investigates and compares moral phenomena in different

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agents. According to Kant, to act morally is to act in agreement with reason as expressed by these principles while violating them is both immoral and irrational.

2406:. Its empirical outlook contrasts with the philosophical inquiry into normative questions, such as which ethical principles are correct and how to justify them. 2877:

A maxim is a rule that people can adopt to guide their action, like "If you want to make big money, you should go into sales" or "Thou shalt not commit murder".

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A major debate in metaethics is about the ontological status of morality, questioning whether ethical values and principles are real. It examines whether moral

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Many types assess the value of consequences based on whether they promote happiness or suffering. But there are also alternative evaluative principles, such as

470:, which may itself be explained in terms of a more general principle. Many theories of normative ethics also aim to guide behavior by helping people make moral 97:. According to consequentialists, an act is right if it leads to the best consequences. Deontologists focus on acts themselves, saying that they must adhere to 20988: 2886:

Some ethicists state that contractualism is not a normative ethical theory but a metaethical theory because of its emphasis on how moral norms are justified.

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that always accompany them. According to this view, someone has a duty to benefit another person if this other person has the right to receive that benefit.

2927:, which states that one cannot deduce a normative statement from a descriptive statement. The exact relation between these types of statements is disputed. 881:

Divine command theory says that God is the source of morality. It states that moral laws are divine commands and that to act morally is to obey and follow

1823:, only humans have a basic moral status. This suggests that all other entities possess a derivative moral status only insofar as they impact human life. 16257: 2652:, according to which the ethical value of actions depends on their conformity with moral laws independent of their outcome. These laws take the form of 2632:(1588–1679) identified self-interest as the primary drive of humans. He concluded that it would lead to "a war of every man against every man" unless a 2215:, which examines the moral dimensions of political decisions, educational ethics, which covers ethical issues related to proper teaching practices, and 2318: 2010:

Business ethics examines the moral implications of business conduct and how ethical principles apply to corporations and organizations. A key topic is

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The history of ethics studies how moral philosophy has developed and evolved in the course of history. It has its origin in ancient civilizations. In

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Handbook of Research on Biomedical Engineering Education and Advanced Bioengineering Learning: Interdisciplinary Concepts: Interdisciplinary Concepts

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Value theory, also called axiology, is the philosophical study of value. It examines the nature and types of value. A central distinction is between

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Distinct theories in normative ethics suggest different principles as the foundation of morality. The three most influential schools of thought are

11685: 2073:, and respect and uphold the client's rights, such as informed consent. More precise requirements often vary between professions. A cornerstone of 1889:

based on whether the ethical problems relate to humans, other animals, or nature in general. Medical ethics is the oldest branch of bioethics. The

1271:, often emphasize the interconnectedness of all living beings and the environment while stressing the importance of living in harmony with nature. 13443: 773:

or principles. These norms describe the requirements that all actions need to follow. They may include principles like telling the truth, keeping

2644:, can motivate ethical actions while he saw reason not as a motivating factor but only as what anticipates the consequences of possible actions. 1698:

that it is evil. Weaker forms of motivational internalism say that people can act against their own moral judgments, for example, because of the

14240: 9318: 2734:(1917–1981) suggested that every moral statement is false since there are no moral facts. An influential argument for moral realism was made by 2672:(1844–1900) formulated criticisms of both Christian and Kantian morality. Another influential development in this period was the formulation of 540:

theories is that they provide a characterization of what is good and then define what is right in terms of what is good. For example, classical

9695: 1968:, this concerns the circumstances under which the vegetation of an area may be cleared to use it for farming and the implications of planting 10891: 10054: 7497: 1901:. Ethical issues also arise about whether a person has the right to end their life in cases of terminal illness or chronic suffering and if 1838:

Bioethics is relevant to various aspects of life and many professions. It covers a wide range of moral problems associated with topics like

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Lazari-Radek, Katarzyna de; Singer, Peter (2017). "Parfit on Objectivity and 'The Profoundest Problem of Ethics'". In Singer, Peter (ed.).

2742:(1929–2003) agreed with the close relation between reasons and ethics but defended a subjective view instead that sees reasons as internal 15640: 13185: 9778: 5281: 896:

Contractualists reject the reference to God as the source of morality and argue instead that morality is based on an explicit or implicit

19861: 17765: 16320: 13964: 13138: 13057:"Moral Disobedience During the Lebanon War: What Can the Cognitive-Developmental Approach Learn from the Experience of Israeli Soldiers?" 10745: 10204: 8696: 10700: 10457: 18608: 14097: 12346: 2448:

was used as an ethical principle to guide behavior and maintain order by emphasizing the importance of truth, balance, and harmony. In

15879: 11310: 9982: 9275: 18886: 16000: 14519: 1318: 1294: 10037: 2738:(1942–2017), who argued that morality concerns objective features of reality that give people reasons to act in one way or another. 1575:, which combines cognitivism with moral nihilism by claiming that all moral statements are false because there are no moral facts. 15451: 15426: 14965: 13214: 12693: 12031: 11855: 10410: 2553:, which advocated living in tune with reason and virtue while practicing self-mastery and becoming immune to disturbing emotions. 1520:

A central disagreement among moral realists is between naturalism and non-naturalism. Naturalism states that moral properties are

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The Miniature Guide to Understanding the Foundations of Ethical Reasoning: Based on "Critical Thinking Concepts & Principles"

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There are disagreements in the academic literature about whether they are synonyms or whether one or the other is the wider term.

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to this contract is the source of moral norms and duties. To determine which duties people have, contractualists often rely on a

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Miller, Christian B. (2023). "Overview of Contemporary Metaethics and Normative Ethical Theory". In Miller, Christian B. (ed.).

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Jewish Ethics and the Care of End-of-life Patients: A Collection of Rabbinical, Bioethical, Philosophical, and Juristic Opinions

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One of the difficulties of applied ethics is to determine how to apply general ethical principles to concrete situations, like

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The most well-known form of consequentialism is utilitarianism. In its classical form, it is an act consequentialism that sees

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examines the moral issues associated with the creation and use of any artifact, from simple spears to high-tech computers and

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through which they can know right from wrong. Intuitionists often argue that general moral truths, like "Lying is wrong", are

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between two types of vices: excess and deficiency. For example, courage is a virtue that lies between the deficient state of

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is one of the earliest texts to engage in medical ethics by establishes ethical guidelines for medical practitioners like a

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in terms of consequences but in terms of outcome, with the outcome being defined as the act together with its consequences.

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and explore how people's intuitions of right and wrong change based on specific details in that situation. For example, in

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their different opinions without coercion but are at the same time required to justify them using rational argumentation.

17546: 16531: 14544: 9223: 4906: 2794:, which questions traditional ethical assumptions associated with a male perspective and puts alternative concepts, like 1940:

while arguing that humans should avoid or minimize the harm done to animals. There is wide agreement that it is wrong to

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provides a different explanation, stating that morality arises from moral emotions, which are not the same for everyone.

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On the level of psychology, metaethics is interested in how moral beliefs and experiences affect behavior. According to

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Kant provided several formulations of the categorical imperative. One formulation says that a person should only follow

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Modern scholars have questioned these traditionally cited dates, suggesting that Ramanuja's life ran from 1077 to 1157.

2966: 121: 19149: 19174: 16646: 16222: 13037: 12946: 9954:

Braunack-Mayer, A. J.; Street, J. M.; Palmer, N. (1998). "Technology, Ethics Of: Overview". In Chadwick, Ruth (ed.).

3251: 2165: 1694:

defends a strong form of motivational internalism by holding that a person can only perform an evil deed if they are

1437:

is a special moral status that applies to cases in which the agent does more than is morally required of them. To be

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to feel, decide, and act in a certain manner by being wholeheartedly committed to this manner. Virtues contrast with

21058: 20978: 20958: 19706: 16558: 16197: 12738: 9761: 2247: 211:, and the consequences of actions. An influential development in the 20th century was the emergence of metaethics. 125: 21227: 19854: 19736: 17758: 16471: 15587: 15554: 14192: 12830: 12291: 12122: 11155: 11046: 10956: 10659: 3038:

The exact date for Daoism disputed and some theorists suggest a later date between the 4th and 3rd centuries BCE.

2049:

Professional ethics is a closely related field that studies ethical principles applying to members of a specific

2011: 1433:. An action is morally right if it is in tune with a person's obligations and morally wrong if it violates them. 19344: 11928: 9516:"Library Managers and Ethical Leadership: A Survey of Current Practices from the Perspective of Business Ethics" 3342: 1445:. If a person is morally responsible then it is appropriate to respond to them in certain ways, for example, by 144:

describes the dominant moral codes and beliefs in different societies and considers their historical dimension.

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Environmental ethics deals with moral problems relating to the natural environment including animals, plants,

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Normative ethics is the philosophical study of ethical conduct and investigates the fundamental principles of

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holds that the principles of right actions are distinct from the principles of value. He says that the terms

2657: 1777:, like moral problems posed by new technologies and duties toward future generations. Major branches include 11810: 9658:

Beaucham, Tom L. (2003). "The Nature of Applied Ethics". In Frey, R. G.; Wellman, Christopher Heath (eds.).

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that may or may not reflect external reality. Another development in this period was the revival of ancient

1936:

Animal ethics examines how humans should treat other animals. This field often emphasizes the importance of

291:

can also refer to individual ethical theories in the form of a rational system of moral principles, such as

21018: 20887: 19741: 19646: 19294: 18011: 17578: 17538: 17451: 16172: 15235: 14910: 14728: 12494: 10981: 2290:

Moral psychology explores the psychological foundations and processes involved in moral behavior. It is an

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like abortion. One reason is that it may not be clear how the Kantian requirement of respecting everyone's

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otherwise. As a result, philosophers who accept one theory often accept the other as well. An exception is

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Morality is about what people ought to do rather than what they actually do, what they want to do, or what

2313:

or the question of how morality develops on a psychological level from infancy to adulthood. According to

2081:

emphasizes the importance of respect for justice, personal integrity, and confidentiality. Key factors in

1587:. According to this view, stating that "Murder is wrong" expresses a command like "Do not commit murder". 1333:

side of metaethics discusses whether and how people can acquire moral knowledge. Metaethics overlaps with

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than to conscious deliberation and understand morality as a habit that should be shaped in the right way.

948:

Discourse ethics also focuses on social agreement on moral norms but says that this agreement is based on

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Hirose, Iwao; Olson, Jonas (2015). "Introduction to Value Theory". In Hirose, Iwao; Olson, Jonas (eds.).

2153: 1015:

Different types of virtue ethics differ on how they understand virtues and their role in practical life.

712: 231:

Ethics, also called moral philosophy, is the study of moral phenomena. It is one of the main branches of

11677: 2969:, which states that the magnitude of physical properties like mass, length, and duration depends on the 2628:

Moral philosophy in the modern period was characterized by a shift toward a secular approach to ethics.

1654:

in ethics to decide between competing theories. They usually present an imagined situation involving an

21201: 19847: 19412: 19081: 18387: 18163: 17751: 17506: 13427: 10177:. In Keating, Charles B.; Katina, Polinpapilinho F.; Jr, Charles W. Chesterman; Pyne, James C. (eds.). 9630:"Smudging, Yoga, Ethical Veganism: Exploring the Boundaries of Religious and Spiritual Practice in Law" 2771: 2201: 2173: 1969: 1441:

for an action usually means that the person possesses and exercises certain capacities or some form of

1264: 1255:

extends the importance of living in harmony to the whole world and teaches that people should practice

1029: 20464: 17797: 2537:), to lead a good life means that the different parts of the soul are in harmony with each other. For 1924: 58:

questions about what people ought to do or which behavior is morally right. Its main branches include

21088: 21038: 19968: 19618: 17830: 17820: 17697: 14232: 10834:

Darwall, Stephen L. (2003). "Theories of Ethics". In Frey, R. G.; Wellman, Christopher Heath (eds.).

9292: 2485: 2356:, for example, can provide benefits to group survival by improving cooperation. Some theorists, like 2267:. A different characterization sees the two disciplines as overlapping but distinct fields. The term 2157: 1977: 1651: 1612: 1381:

express requirements of what people ought to do. Duties are sometimes defined as counterparts of the

1060: 949: 941: 703: 654: 15356:"Righting Names: The Importance of Native American Philosophies of Naming for Environmental Justice" 9687: 132:

is a related empirical field and investigates psychological processes involved in morality, such as

21078: 21028: 20837: 20127: 19721: 19284: 18534: 18374: 18371: 18097: 17931: 17916: 17713: 17200: 16857: 16613: 14214:

Indigenous Knowledge and the Integration of Knowledge Systems: Towards a Philosophy of Articulation

2808: 2723: 2090: 1929: 1863: 1580: 1361:

Metaethics examines basic ethical concepts and their relations. Ethics is primarily concerned with

1052: 561: 16490: 15896: 7168: 3845: 3843: 1827:, by contrast, extends an inherent moral status to all sentient beings. Further positions include 21158: 20469: 19299: 19240: 19193: 19051: 19014: 18382: 18297: 18287: 18211: 18077: 18049: 15656:

Sorabji, Richard; Rodin, David (2007). "Introduction". In Sorabji, Richard; Rodin, David (eds.).

12847: 11371: 10997:

Delden, J. J. M. van (1998). "Euthanasia (Physician-Assisted Suicide)". In Chadwick, Ruth (ed.).

7142: 2956:, which occurs when factors outside a person's control influence the moral status of that person. 2360:, argue that morality is not limited to humans, meaning that some non-human animals act based on 1906: 1521: 1391: 31: 20822: 16444: 15724: 13016: 11607: 11402: 6165:, Lead section, § 1. Varieties of Moral Skepticism, § 2. A Presumption Against Moral Skepticism? 5011: 2302:

forms, what sensitivity people have to moral evaluations, and how people attribute and react to

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The Fear, the Trembling, and the Fire: Kierkegaard and Hasidic Masters on the Binding of Isaac

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Boonin, David (2022). "1. Introduction: Sex, Ethics, and Philosophy". In Boonin, David (ed.).

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to ensure fairness and inclusivity. In particular, this means that discourse participants are

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The act itself is usually not seen as part of the consequences. This means that if an act has

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Zimmerman, Michael J. (2015). "Value and Normativity". In Hirose, Iwao; Olson, Jonas (eds.).

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because of its interest in how moral judgments motivate people to act. It also overlaps with

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or that an action is morally right if the person acts for their own benefit. It differs from

918: 868: 296: 16274: 16025: 15327: 15033: 14982: 14672: 14463: 14307: 13278: 12754:

Kriegel, Uri (1999). "Normativity and Rationality: Bernard Williams on Reasons for Action".

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was the emergence of metaethics. Significant early contributions to this field were made by

1729:

have in these fields, and whether additional domain-specific factors need to be considered.

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Harm done to animals is a particular concern in animal ethics, for example, as a result of

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There are many other schools of normative ethics in addition to the three main traditions.

441: 78: 20767: 20554: 20489: 17351: 9203:

Abelson, Raziel; Nielsen, Kai (2006). "Ethics, History of". In Borchert, Donald M. (ed.).

2661: 295:, and to a moral code that certain societies, social groups, or professions follow, as in 8: 21008: 20569: 20514: 20434: 20376: 20259: 20154: 19884: 19827: 19782: 19772: 19731: 19679: 19664: 19593: 19573: 19555: 19387: 19354: 19215: 19202: 19009: 18806: 18717: 18672: 18578: 18464: 18277: 18125: 17657: 17618: 17594: 17461: 17381: 17361: 17336: 17306: 16718: 16598: 15468: 13981: 10029: 8060:, Indian Philosophy: A Brief Historical Overview, The Ancient Period of Indian Philosophy 2823: 2767: 2707: 2703: 2669: 2329: 2005: 1786: 1362: 1293:

are right but in what it means for an action to be right and whether moral judgments are

1290: 1240: 1107: 752: 692: 292: 18539: 11309:

Elrod, Edwin M.; Smith, Martha M. (2005). "Information Ethics". In Mitcham, Carl (ed.).

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originated in ancient India between the sixth and the fifth centuries BCE and advocated

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views state that some moral beliefs are basic and do not require further justification.

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Handbook of Professional Ethics for Psychologists: Issues, Questions, and Controversies

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Descriptive ethics is a multidisciplinary field that is covered by disciplines such as

2373: 2268: 2205: 2119: 2074: 2039: 2035: 2019: 1941: 1847: 1725: 1647: 1525: 1511: 1370: 1342: 1285:

Metaethics is the branch of ethics that examines the nature, foundations, and scope of

1150: 1076: 1068: 905: 852: 848: 748: 669: 483: 141: 101:, like telling the truth and keeping promises. Virtue ethics sees the manifestation of 20737: 14151: 11084: 2340:

is responsible for moral behavior and moral sensitivity. It interprets morality as an

1357:

The deontic square visualizes the relations between possible moral statuses of an act.

937: 650:, for example, because the negative outcome could not be anticipated or was unlikely. 20917: 20817: 20782: 20607: 20584: 20579: 20454: 20070: 20060: 19909: 19894: 19870: 19815: 19716: 19711: 19696: 19636: 19598: 19583: 19540: 19111: 19071: 18989: 18917: 18900: 18878: 18506: 18481: 18292: 18112: 17855: 17707: 17692: 17682: 17662: 17411: 17242: 17145: 17135: 16864: 16822: 16429: 16403: 16373: 16345: 16290: 16247: 16142: 16087: 16059: 16031: 15978: 15948: 15926: 15912: 15849: 15821: 15791: 15768: 15740: 15682: 15661: 15610: 15577: 15544: 15516: 15495: 15403: 15382: 15363: 15333: 15162: 15139: 15118: 15067: 15039: 15011: 14988: 14935: 14859: 14840: 14803: 14786: 14707: 14697: 14678: 14650: 14620: 14593: 14550: 14497: 14469: 14448: 14425: 14399: 14371: 14343: 14315: 14265: 14217: 14182: 14103: 14057: 14029: 14008: 13941: 13915: 13862: 13841: 13789: 13761: 13733: 13712: 13670: 13651: 13607: 13570: 13562: 13524: 13496: 13466: 13433: 13380: 13352: 13322: 13284: 13265: 13257: 13247: 13230:

Matsuba, M. Kyle; Murzyn, Theresa; Hart, Daniel (2011). "A Model of Moral Identity".

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Dueñas, María del Pilar Muñoz; Lucia, Aiello; Rosario, Cabrita; Mauro, Gatti (2018).

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Mithraic Studies: Proceedings of the First International Congress of Mithraic Studies

9875: 9847: 9819: 9784: 9745: 9665: 9637: 9607: 9588: 9580: 9549: 9523: 9500: 9470: 9417: 9386: 9371: 9343: 9308: 9252: 9208: 2910:

Ontology is the branch of philosophy that studies the nature and categories of being.

2813: 2613: 2415: 2349: 2337: 2314: 2310: 2291: 2114: 2082: 1746: 1737: 1268: 1184: 1092: 957: 770: 546: 283: 148: 20687: 20381: 15202: 14287: 13582: 13402: 12412: 6363:, Lead section, § 1. Applied Ethics as Distinct from Normative Ethics and Metaethics 21173: 20847: 20807: 20797: 20747: 20732: 20722: 20682: 20642: 20632: 20509: 20479: 20439: 20325: 20161: 20139: 19929: 19919: 19767: 19701: 19691: 19392: 19339: 19289: 19269: 19230: 19225: 19066: 18994: 18712: 18623: 18514: 18486: 18471: 18434: 18140: 18120: 18087: 17992: 17954: 17677: 17602: 17586: 17416: 17401: 17346: 17125: 16907: 16874: 16869: 16766: 16666: 16603: 16583: 16575: 16282: 15904: 15732: 15512:

Effortless Action: Wu-wei As Conceptual Metaphor and Spiritual Ideal in Early China

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Dreier, James (2007). "Moral Relativism and Moral Nihilism". In Copp, David (ed.).

10682: 10613: 10546: 10245: 10153: 10060: 9572: 9300: 2987: 2783: 2779: 2739: 2681: 2621: 2549:, which recommended a simple lifestyle without indulging in sensory pleasures, and 2497: 2461: 2285: 2212: 1953: 1910: 1902: 1890: 1820: 1643:

is a thought experiment about the moral difference between doing and allowing harm.

1624: 1529: 1487: 1248: 1176: 1158: 933: 886: 876: 837: 743: 739: 725: 534: 510: 453: 268: 256: 248: 208: 129: 86: 59: 20842: 15908: 15814:"The Many Methods of Medical Ethics (Or, Thirteen Ways of Looking at a Blackbird)" 13708: 13603: 5391:, Lead section, § 6. Morals, Motives, and Reasons, § 7. Freedom and Responsibility 4754: 4752: 2204:. Military ethics is a closely related field that is interested in the conduct of 1325:, it asks what the meaning of moral terms are and whether moral statements have a 21222: 21123: 21118: 20882: 20827: 20812: 20792: 20772: 20727: 20702: 20612: 20564: 20549: 20449: 20409: 20300: 20295: 20122: 20010: 19924: 19899: 19473: 19442: 19407: 19372: 19250: 19101: 18999: 18957: 18868: 18856: 18841: 18816: 18791: 18561: 18429: 18424: 18341: 18326: 17999: 17883: 17732: 17466: 17205: 17160: 17120: 17068: 17013: 17003: 16927: 16902: 16884: 16837: 16728: 16661: 16656: 16544: 16509: 15676: 15177: 14491: 14337: 14175:

Norman, Richard (2005). "Moral Philosophy, History of". In Honderich, Ted (ed.).

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The Paradigm of Justice: A Contemporary Debate Between John Rawls and Amartya Sen

10835: 10686: 10617: 10374: 9659: 9411: 9304: 6131: 6129: 5385:, Lead section, § 5. Psychology and Metaethics, 7. Anthropological Considerations 2791: 2633: 2557: 2473: 2323: 2299: 2295: 2294:

that studies how humans think and act in moral contexts. It is interested in how

2161: 2001: 1981: 1782: 1763: 1663: 1655: 1640: 1596: 1584: 1561: 1430: 1330: 1286: 1179:

puts less emphasis on following precise laws and teaches instead the practice of

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Indigenous Resurgence: Decolonialization and Movements for Environmental Justice

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Jackson, Elizabeth; Goldschmidt, Tyron; Crummett, Dustin; Chan, Rebecca (2021).

11234:

Great Events in Religion: An Encyclopedia of Pivotal Events in Religious History

10456:

Christians, Clifford G. (2005). "Communication Ethics". In Mitcham, Carl (ed.).

2648:(1724–1804), by contrast, saw reason as the source of morality. He formulated a 1674:

by imagining a situation in which a person gets connected without their consent

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rather than as subjective constructs or expressions of personal preferences and

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express God's will while Muslims may reserve this role for the teachings of the

621:, and self-perfection. Some forms of consequentialism hold that there is only a 432:

conduct in specific areas, such as business and environment, are usually termed

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Sandler, R. (1998). "Environmental Ethics, Overview". In Chadwick, Ruth (ed.).

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Rendtorff, J. D. (1998). "Business Ethics, Overview". In Chadwick, Ruth (ed.).

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Integralism, Altruism and Reconstruction: Essays in Honor of Pitirim A. Sorokin

13884: 13646: 13629: 11444: 10810: 9712: 4749: 3822:, Lead section, § 3. What Is Good? Hedonistic Vs. Pluralistic Consequentialisms 2865: 2795: 2763: 2759: 2714:(1873–1958), who argued that moral values are essentially different from other 2695: 2677: 2673: 2569: 2565: 2512: 2361: 2177: 2169: 2149: 2133: 2058: 1985: 1973: 1937: 1878: 1859: 1770: 1719: 1498: 1434: 1397: 1111:

how moral demands arise in specific situations as one encounters other people.

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Many other fields of applied ethics are discussed in the academic literature.

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and duties towards future generations. Environmental ethicists often promote

1946: 1882: 1871: 1867: 1812: 1789:. There are many other branches, and their domains of inquiry often overlap. 1774: 1703: 1659: 1595:

The epistemology of ethics studies whether or how one can know moral truths.

1480: 1154: 1143: 1135: 1103: 1072: 969: 910: 882: 836:

for these principles, saying that they have their source in the structure of

827: 816: 812: 518: 311: 200: 164: 160: 156: 94: 16500: 16286: 16109: 14782: 14694:

Der Begriff ēthos bei Homer: Beitrag zu einer philosophischen Interpretation

13520:

Understanding Contemporary Journalism: A Handbook of Principles and Practice

11481: 2477: 1724:

Applied ethics, also known as practical ethics, is the branch of ethics and

1212: 1119: 819:

formulated a deontological system based on universal laws that apply to all

20862: 20857: 20832: 20762: 20697: 20657: 20627: 20622: 20534: 20524: 20414: 20149: 20144: 20132: 20053: 20039: 19963: 19468: 19458: 19417: 19397: 19169: 19132: 19091: 18977: 18927: 18588: 18566: 18544: 18491: 18459: 18331: 18191: 18102: 17898: 17667: 17610: 17441: 17436: 17431: 17406: 17376: 17110: 16983: 16917: 16912: 16847: 16703: 16688: 15675:

Stecker, Robert (2010). "Ethics and Aesthetics". In Skorupski, John (ed.).

14835: 14819:"A Norm Compliance Approach for Open and Goal-Directed Intelligent Systems" 14818: 14543:

Peterson, Anna L. (2020). "4. Pragmatism and Ethics: The Path of Inquiry".

13845: 13574: 13269: 12852:

Communication Climate at Work: Fostering Friendly Friction in Organisations

12578:

Maat, the Moral Ideal in Ancient Egypt: A Study in Classical African Ethics

11083:

Doris, John; Stich, Stephen; Phillips, Jonathan; Walmsley, Lachlan (2020).

9592: 4491:, § 2. Good Will, Moral Worth and Duty, § 3. Duty and Respect for Moral Law 3029:

The first explicit discussions of Maat as a concept date to about 2100 BCE.

2735: 2731: 2624:

was partly responsible for the emergence of metaethics in the 20th century.

2592: 2546: 2493: 2391: 2364:. Others explore evolutionary precursors to morality in non-human animals. 2237: 2193: 2086: 2078: 2043: 2023: 1989: 1608: 1572: 1338: 1244: 1232: 1191:

constitute a basic framework of Muslim ethics and focus on the practice of

790: 487: 479: 263:

life. Some of its key questions are "How should one live?" and "What gives

180: 117: 16214: 15491:

A History of Western Thought: From Ancient Greece to the Twentieth Century

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Kupperman, Joel J. (2005). "Axiological Ethics". In Honderich, Ted (ed.).

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Culturally Sustainable Social Robotics: Proceedings of Robophilosophy 2020

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Corporate Social Responsibility for Valorization of Cultural Organizations

21143: 20938: 20912: 20907: 20707: 20692: 20559: 20539: 20519: 20371: 20346: 20305: 20166: 20075: 20065: 20027: 19985: 19948: 19914: 19463: 19402: 19274: 19254: 19159: 19096: 19056: 19036: 18962: 18932: 18593: 18529: 18221: 18206: 18082: 18072: 18021: 17987: 17926: 17366: 17170: 16947: 16608: 16135:"Getting a Moral Thing into a Thought: Metasemantics for Non-Naturalists" 13545:

Mesoudi, Alex; Danielson, Peter (2008). "Ethics, Evolution and Culture".

11655:

Fitzpatrick, Simon (2017). "Animal morality: What is the debate about?".

10317:"The Priority of Phronesis: How to Rescue Virtue Theory From Its Critics" 9777:

Blum, Lawrence (2006). "Ethics and Morality". In Borchert, Donald (ed.).

2983: 2775: 2711: 2617: 2573: 2542: 2123: 1965: 1832: 1824: 1816: 1755: 1619: 1474: 1326: 1313:

Metaethics overlaps with various branches of philosophy. On the level of

1172: 995: 841: 820: 658: 252: 199:, ethical thought was strongly influenced by religious teachings. In the 55: 16189: 13785:

Thinking Through Technology: The Path Between Engineering and Philosophy

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LaFollette, Hugh (2007). "Pragmatic Ethics". In LaFollette, Hugh (ed.).

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and is about fulfilling social obligations, which may vary depending on

21148: 21108: 20677: 20667: 20544: 20474: 20361: 20330: 20310: 20254: 20249: 20204: 20099: 19309: 19137: 19086: 19076: 18947: 18851: 18796: 18603: 18583: 18449: 18216: 18130: 17959: 17906: 17870: 17774: 17426: 17396: 17391: 17371: 17321: 17232: 17090: 17033: 16993: 16988: 16758: 16681: 16522: 16513: 16504: 15845:

Ramanuja and Schleiermacher: Toward a Constructive Comparative Theology

15784:"'It's All in the Contract': Rethinking Feminist Critiques of Contract" 13692: 11979:

Consensus on Peirce's Concept of Habit: Before and Beyond Consciousness

9247:

Airaksinen, T. (1998). "Professional Ethics". In Chadwick, Ruth (ed.).

8155:, § 1b. Confucius (551-479 B.C.E.) of the Analects, § 1e. The Daodejing 4269:, § 1. Deontology's Foil: Consequentialism, § 2. Deontological Theories 3009: 2953: 2924: 2755: 2726:, which states that moral statements are commands that, unlike regular 2719: 2649: 2637: 2457: 2399: 2341: 2260: 2094: 2050: 1918: 1851: 1808: 1750: 1426: 1378: 1334: 1306: 1280: 1114: 1033: 1021: 1016: 991: 922: 914: 778: 764: 614: 583: 514: 371: 276: 240: 232: 110: 90: 67: 43: 15571: 15538: 14176: 12814: 12659:

Antithetical Arts: On the Ancient Quarrel Between Literature and Music

12275: 12106: 12077:

Hall, Edward; Sabl, Andrew (2022). Hall, Edward; Sabl, Andrew (eds.).

11733:"A Normative Framework for Addressing Peace and Related Global Issues" 11139: 11138:

Downie, R. S. (2005). "Ethics and Morality". In Honderich, Ted (ed.).

11038: 10940: 10643: 10642:

Crisp, Roger (2005). "Deontological Ethics". In Honderich, Ted (ed.).

10566: 9814:. In Hurwitz, Peter Joel; Picard, Jacques; Steinberg, Avraham (eds.). 3504:, § 1. Applied Ethics as Distinct from Normative Ethics and Metaethics 3329:, § 1. Applied Ethics as Distinct from Normative Ethics and Metaethics 2687: 21188: 21138: 20902: 20777: 20504: 20275: 20199: 20106: 20080: 20000: 19324: 19319: 19179: 19106: 19041: 18912: 18846: 18658: 18648: 18643: 18618: 18414: 17974: 17936: 17642: 17554: 17286: 17266: 17165: 17075: 17048: 17028: 16973: 16842: 16651: 12789:

Proportionality and the Rule of Law: Rights, Justification, Reasoning

10428:"28. Ethical Challenges for Global Education: A Buddhist Perspective" 3152:, § 1. Applied Ethics as Distinct from Normative Ethics and Metaethic 2577: 2538: 2395: 2379: 2137: 1957: 1798: 1778: 1759: 1695: 1604: 1492: 1322: 1056: 1048: 1008: 769:

Deontology assesses the moral rightness of actions based on a set of

687: 634: 610: 554: 491: 463: 224: 192: 171:. This period saw the emergence of ethical teachings associated with 19839: 18549: 14053:

Ethics for our Times: Essays in Gandhian Perspective: Second Edition

12439:

The Ethics of Subjectivity: Perspectives Since the Dawn of Modernity

11512:

Philosophy and Political Engagement: Reflection in the Public Sphere

10315:

Caro, Mario De; Marraffa, Massimo; Vaccarezza, Maria Silvia (2021).

5976:, § 1. What Is Moral Naturalism?, § 2. Descriptivism and Reductivism 5409:, Lead section, § 1.2 The Traditional Scheme and the Modal Analogies 2943:

describing the logical relations between these and similar concepts.

1773:, like right conduct in the family and close relationships, and the 1028:

are another form of virtue ethics. They emphasize the importance of

227:, how to lead a good life is one of the central questions of ethics. 219: 21113: 20589: 20315: 20285: 20244: 20239: 20005: 19980: 19154: 19061: 19026: 18984: 18972: 18760: 18554: 18454: 18397: 18201: 18155: 18039: 17672: 17637: 17271: 17256: 17180: 17175: 17140: 17130: 17043: 16978: 16952: 15973:. In Mower, Deborah; Robison, Wade L.; Vandenberg, Phyllis (eds.). 15089: 14395:

Journalism Ethics: Arguments and Cases for the Twenty-first Century

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Monsó, Susana; Benz-Schwarzburg, Judith; Bremhorst, Annika (2018).

12787:. In Huscroft, Grant; Miller, Bradley W.; Webber, Grégoire (eds.). 12785:"Human Dignity and Proportionality: Deontic Pluralism in Balancing" 12756:

Iyyun: The Jerusalem Philosophical Quarterly / עיון: רבעון פילוסופי

11782:

Gillon, R. (1998). "Bioethics, Overview". In Chadwick, Ruth (ed.).

11260:"Postmodernism and Ethics Against the Metaphysics of Comprehension" 10550: 10376:

Introduction to Ethics: Concepts, Theories, and Contemporary Issues

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Slote, Michael (2005). "Utilitarianism". In Honderich, Ted (ed.).

12274:

Hooker, Brad (2005). "Consequentialism". In Honderich, Ted (ed.).

11899:

Grenz, Stanley J.; Guretzki, David; Nordling, Cherith Fee (2010).

10203:

Campbell, Keith (2006). "Ontology". In Borchert, Donald M. (ed.).

4668:, § 3.3 The Principles of Discourse Ethics and Their Justification 3020:

mean different things and should not be confused with one another.

2656:, which are universal requirements that apply to every situation. 2504:, which teaches that human behavior should be in harmony with the 1988:

and policies directed at protecting and conserving ecosystems and

1972:. On a wider scale, environmental ethics addresses the problem of 1635: 1216: 1123: 928: 20351: 20214: 19995: 19953: 19936: 18781: 18755: 18750: 18692: 18687: 18519: 18407: 18402: 18361: 18183: 18029: 17911: 17296: 17185: 17150: 17105: 17100: 17095: 17008: 16998: 11802: 10744:

Cuneo, Terence (2020). "Teleological Suspension of the Ethical".

10580:

Problems in Value Theory: An Introduction to Contemporary Debates

10348:

Engineering Ethics: Peace, Justice, and the Earth, Second Edition

7637:, § 4. Ross's Distinctive Moral Framework: The Right and the Good 2641: 2403: 2066: 2027: 1855: 1843: 1629: 1528:. They are similar to the natural properties investigated by the 1470: 1353: 1220: 1192: 1163: 983: 979: 901: 774: 606: 495: 370:

and entered the English language in the 15th century through the

259:

people have, what behavior is right and wrong, and how to lead a

106: 16164: 15704: 15227: 14902: 14745: 14720: 12918: 12486: 11827: 11636: 10973: 10490: 10000:"Consequentialism, the Separateness of Persons, and Aggregation" 9466:

The Ethics Toolkit: A Compendium of Ethical Concepts and Methods

2136:

addresses the moral implications of nuclear technology, such as

1811:

disciplines. A key problem in bioethics is how features such as

1766:

in which a person is subject to conflicting moral requirements.

1039:

Influential schools of virtue ethics in ancient philosophy were

629:, which states that the moral value of acts only depends on the 20224: 20194: 20046: 19958: 19889: 19046: 18967: 18697: 18356: 18346: 18044: 17281: 17222: 17155: 17080: 16957: 15302: 12105:

Harrison, Ross (2005). "Meta-ethics". In Honderich, Ted (ed.).

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Fotion, N. (1998). "Military Ethics". In Chadwick, Ruth (ed.).

10128:

Satisficing and Maximizing: Moral Theorists on Practical Reason

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McNaughton, David; Rawling, Piers (1998). "Consequentialism".

12635:"Deriving the Supreme Moral Principle from Common Moral Ideas" 12463: 12049:"Duty & Obligation: Rights, Rules, and Respect for Nature" 11376:

Moral Strategy: An Introduction to the Ethics of Confrontation

10321:

Practical Wisdom: Philosophical and Psychological Perspectives

9563:

Baumann, Dieter (2007). "Military Ethics: A Task for Armies".

7823: 3155: 2990:, says that morality is based on a natural law created by God. 20234: 20229: 20209: 20017: 18862: 18524: 17810: 17743: 17261: 17251: 12965:

Does Anything Really Matter?: Essays on Parfit on Objectivity

6228:, § 3. The Trolley Problem and the Doing/Allowing Distinction 2896: 2527: 2469: 2453: 2425: 2129: 1450: 1219:

towards all sentient entities. A similar outlook is found in

1200: 1196: 1180: 1168: 1097: 890: 361: 355: 349: 323: 317: 315: 16400:

The Essence of Interstate Leadership: Debating Moral Realism

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Desiring the Good: Ancient Proposals and Contemporary Theory

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Slote, Michael (2005a). "Virtues". In Honderich, Ted (ed.).

14932:

Technology Ethics: A Philosophical Introduction and Readings

14643:"Sorokin and the Therapeutic of Love: A Critical Assessment" 9071:, § 4. Justice as Fairness: Justice Within a Liberal Society 7643:, § 6. Ross's Ethical Theory: Main Components and Principles 5343:, Lead section, § 4. Is/Ought and the Open Question Argument 2382:

and different groups within a society. It aims to provide a

1835:, which states that all of nature has a basic moral status. 1425:

Obligations are used to assess the moral status of actions,

482:

are upheld in certain social groups. These topics belong to

20219: 17523:

An Introduction to the Principles of Morals and Legislation

17301: 17217: 17063: 17058: 17018: 15035:

Applied Ethics: Oxford Bibliographies Online Research Guide

14096:

Nagel, Thomas (2006). "Ethics". In Borchert, Donald (ed.).

13726:"Divine Command and Beyond: The Ethics of the Commandments" 13630:"Moral Education Through the Fostering of Reasoning Skills" 11975:"8. Is Ethical Normativity Similar to Logical Normativity?" 11737:

Spiritual and Political Dimensions of Nonviolence and Peace

9898:"The Idea of the Judgment of the Dead in Ancient Near East" 6935:, § 1. Preliminary Distinctions, § 3d. Environmental Ethics 2445: 2273: 1804: 1537: 1466: 1414: 1401: 1374: 1208: 1204: 1134:

Ethical egoism is the view that people should act in their

999: 794: 260: 155:

with the development of ethical principles and theories in

98: 15658:

The Ethics of War: Shared Problems in Different Traditions

14336:

Pappu, S. S. Rama Rao (2013). "Indian Philosophy of Law".

14210:"Indigenous Knowledge Systems and the African Renaissance" 11082: 9953: 7658: 7202: 7187: 6970: 6968: 6903:, § 1. Introduction: The Challenge of Environmental Ethics 6605:, Lead section, § 4. The Idea of Moral Status in Bioethics 5256:, Lead section, § 2. The Normative Relevance of Metaethics 2901:, which has the meaning of both 'virtue' and 'excellence'. 2606:(1017–1137 CE) saw the practice of spirituality to attain 18707: 17227: 16536: 14025:

Understanding the Times: A Survey of Competing Worldviews

11973:

Gustafsson, Juuso-Ville; Pietarinen, Ahti-Veikko (2016).

10236:

Campbell, Keith (1985). "Self-mastery and Stoic Ethics".

10206:

Encyclopedia of Philosophy. 7: Oakeshott – Presupposition

7661:, Lead section, § Introduction: What Is Moral Psychology? 5361:, Lead section, § 6. Epistemological Issues in Metaethics 2505: 2433: 2015: 1544:

often emphasize this uniqueness by claiming that it is a

1260: 410:. It was introduced into the English language during the 16055:

Islam: Its Origin and Spread in Words, Maps and Pictures

14546:

Works Righteousness: Material Practice in Ethical Theory

9929:

Striking a Balance: A Primer in Traditional Asian Values

9228:

The American Heritage Dictionary of the English Language

8137:, § 2. Classical Sources for Our Understanding of Daoism 3918:, 5. Consequences of What? Rights, Relativity, and Rules 1412:. When describing people and their intentions, the term 738:

at the end of the 18th century and further developed by

15786:. In Carney, Terry; Ramia, Gaby; Yeatman, Anna (eds.). 14260:. In Becker, Lawrence C.; Becker, Charlotte B. (eds.). 13313:. Springer International Publishing. pp. 609–614. 12854:. Springer International Publishing. pp. 101–110. 11703:"What Is Robot Ethics? ... And Can It Be Standardized?" 11197: 10771:

India Revisited: Conversations on Continuity and Change

9338:. In Becker, Lawrence C.; Becker, Charlotte B. (eds.). 7001: 6965: 6258:, § 1. Important Characteristics of Thought Experiments 900:

between humans. They state that actual or hypothetical

755:

and between maximizing and satisficing utilitarianism.

14004:

Politics, Ethics and Social Responsibility of Business

10319:. In Caro, Mario De; Vaccarezza, Maria Silvia (eds.). 10314: 5538:, § 1.2 The Traditional Scheme and the Modal Analogies 4737: 4245:, § 6c. Deontological Pluralism and Prima Facie Duties 4215:, § 6c. Deontological Pluralism and Prima Facie Duties 2855:

because it also covers certain forms of virtue ethics.

1548:

or to infer prescriptive from descriptive statements.

1289:, concepts, and values. It is not interested in which 1096:

contexts. Pragmatists tend to give more importance to

784: 20989:

The Work of Art in the Age of Mechanical Reproduction

16310: 13730:

The Ten Commandments: The Reciprocity of Faithfulness

13589: 12051:. In Gardiner, Stephen Mark; Thompson, Allen (eds.). 11898: 10939:

Deigh, John (1999). "Ethics". In Audi, Robert (ed.).

10053:

Brun, Georg (2017). "Thought Experiments in Ethics".

7583: 7403: 7268:, Lead section, § 3. Jus Ad Bellum, § 4. Jus in Bello 6225: 5313:, Lead section, § 4. Ontological Issues in Metaethics 4656: 2640:(1711–1776) thought that only moral sentiments, like 2077:

is to protect public safety, health, and well-being.

1546:

fallacy to define ethics in terms of natural entities

1465:

exist as objective features independent of the human

1247:

places great emphasis on harmony in society and sees

734:

Classical utilitarianism was initially formulated by

728:

are the founding fathers of classical utilitarianism.

573:, should be considered as types of consequentialism. 15894: 14616:

What the Tortoise Taught Us: The Story of Philosophy

14443:. In Galston, A. W.; Peppard, Christiana Z. (eds.). 13400: 13061:

Moral Development: New Research in Moral Development

12410: 11972: 11580:. In Sunstein, Cass R.; Nussbaum, Martha C. (eds.). 7164: 5535: 5406: 4806: 4761: 4731: 4707: 4689: 3537: 3463: 1456: 15944:

Ancient Indian Social History: Some Interpretations

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Philosophical Foundations for a Christian Worldview

13812:"Animal Morality: What It Means and Why It Matters" 13158:. In O'Donohue, William; Ferguson, Kyle E. (eds.). 11935:. Springer International Publishing. pp. 1–5. 2754:(1920–2010). In the field of political philosophy, 1995: 1769:Applied ethics covers issues belonging to both the 789:Agent-centered deontological theories focus on the 15816:. In Sugarman, Jeremy; Sulmasy, Daniel P. (eds.). 15004:"27. The Moral Psychology of Moral Responsibility" 14462:Pera, Silvia Angelina; Tonder, Susara Van (2005). 13156:"Philosophical Foundations of Professional Ethics" 12961: 12210:The Concise Oxford Dictionary of English Etymology 11800: 11705:. In Nørskov, M.; Seibt, J.; Quick, O. S. (eds.). 11443:Finlayson, James Gordon; Rees, Dafydd Huw (2023). 8969: 6928: 6906: 6866: 6796: 6744: 6719: 6682: 6660: 6632: 6598: 6570: 6315:, Lead section, § 3. Moral Judgment and Motivation 6288:, Lead section, § 3. Moral Judgment and Motivation 5337:, Lead section, § 3. Semantic Issues in Metaethics 5319:, Lead section, § 3. Naturalism and Non-naturalism 3609: 2722:(1919–2002) followed this idea in formulating his 2694:explored moral philosophy from the perspective of 2085:include accuracy, truthfulness, independence, and 1976:and people's responsibility on the individual and 1551: 16319:. Metaphysics Research Lab, Stanford University. 16116:. Metaphysics Research Lab, Stanford University. 15878:. Metaphysics Research Lab, Stanford University. 15450:. Metaphysics Research Lab, Stanford University. 15441: 15425:. Metaphysics Research Lab, Stanford University. 15416: 15284:. Metaphysics Research Lab, Stanford University. 15259:. Metaphysics Research Lab, Stanford University. 15209:. Metaphysics Research Lab, Stanford University. 15184:. Metaphysics Research Lab, Stanford University. 14964:. Metaphysics Research Lab, Stanford University. 14691: 14424:(3. ed.). Foundation for Critical Thinking. 14158:. Metaphysics Research Lab, Stanford University. 13963:. Metaphysics Research Lab, Stanford University. 13891:. Metaphysics Research Lab, Stanford University. 13425: 13409:. Metaphysics Research Lab, Stanford University. 13309:. In Poff, Deborah C.; Michalos, Alex C. (eds.). 13229: 13213:. Metaphysics Research Lab, Stanford University. 12998:. Metaphysics Research Lab, Stanford University. 12945:. Metaphysics Research Lab, Stanford University. 12692:. Metaphysics Research Lab, Stanford University. 12518:. Metaphysics Research Lab, Stanford University. 12419:. Metaphysics Research Lab, Stanford University. 12345:. Metaphysics Research Lab, Stanford University. 11854:. Metaphysics Research Lab, Stanford University. 11825: 11582:Animal Rights: Current Debates and New Directions 11470:"Ethical Non-Naturalism and Normative Properties" 11451:. Metaphysics Research Lab, Stanford University. 11091:. Metaphysics Research Lab, Stanford University. 10817:. Metaphysics Research Lab, Stanford University. 10409:. Metaphysics Research Lab, Stanford University. 10209:(2 ed.). Thomson Gale, Macmillan Reference. 10036:. Metaphysics Research Lab, Stanford University. 9981:. Metaphysics Research Lab, Stanford University. 9634:New Spiritualities and the Cultures of Well-being 9393:. Metaphysics Research Lab, Stanford University. 9274:. Metaphysics Research Lab, Stanford University. 7742: 6611:, § 4a. Theories of Moral Standing and Personhood 6416: 6162: 4071: 3963: 3915: 3819: 3789: 3774: 3693: 3648: 3588: 3573: 3256: 2666:demands of ethical duties are sometimes suspended 1613:know them without relying on empirical experience 21214: 16442: 16311:Woollard, Fiona; Howard-Snyder, Frances (2022). 15971:"13 A Neo-Kohlbergian Tale of Two Sensitivities" 14518:Petersen, Thomas Søbirk; Ryberg, Jesper (2022). 13544: 13311:Encyclopedia of Business and Professional Ethics 13280:The Eudaimonist Ethics of al-Fārābī and Avicenna 11933:Encyclopedia of Business and Professional Ethics 10401:Chappell, Sophie-Grace; Smyth, Nicholas (2023). 7766: 7487: 7463: 4920:, § The Primacy of Habits, § Morality Is a Habit 2560:was strongly influenced by religious teachings. 2432:, humans should aim to live in harmony with the 1831:, which also covers non-sentient lifeforms, and 1803:Bioethics covers moral problems associated with 1505: 1297:and can be true at all. It further examines the 348:. This word gave rise to the Ancient Greek word 16451:. Metaphysics Research Lab, Stanford University 15811: 15606:Exploring Environmental Ethics: An Introduction 15475:. Metaphysics Research Lab, Stanford University 14888:. Metaphysics Research Lab, Stanford University 14137:. Metaphysics Research Lab, Stanford University 13988:. Metaphysics Research Lab, Stanford University 13693:"Weakness of will and motivational internalism" 13401:McNamara, Paul; Van De Putte, Frederik (2022). 13023:. Metaphysics Research Lab, Stanford University 12411:Hursthouse, Rosalind; Pettigrove, Glen (2023). 12146:. Metaphysics Research Lab, Stanford University 11977:. In West, Donna E.; Anderson, Myrdene (eds.). 11735:. In Boersema, David; Brown, Katy Gray (eds.). 10537:Corbin, Arthur L. (1924). "Rights and Duties". 10432:Buddhist Approach to Global Education in Ethics 10160:. Metaphysics Research Lab, Stanford University 9738:Tradition: A Journal of Orthodox Jewish Thought 9719:. 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"Bioethics". 11578:"Animals - Property or Persons?" 11468:FitzPatrick, William J. (2011). 10426:Chowdhury, Sanjoy Barua (2019). 9632:. In Mossière, Géraldine (ed.). 9497:The Oxford Handbook of Nietzsche 9165: 9137: 9125: 9113: 9101: 9089: 9077: 9050: 9038: 9014: 8990: 8978: 8951: 8939: 8912: 8900: 8876: 8864: 8840: 8828: 8816: 8800: 8776: 8764: 8752: 8725: 8713: 8683: 8671: 8647: 8635: 8611: 8599: 8575: 8563: 8539: 8527: 8488: 8464: 8452: 8440: 8410: 8398: 8386: 8362: 8350: 8326: 8296: 8272: 8260: 8236: 8224: 8200: 8188: 8143: 8116: 8084: 8048: 8033: 8018: 7970: 7946: 7907: 7853: 7838: 7814: 7784: 7751: 7727: 7697: 7691: 7685: 7649: 7625: 7595: 7565: 7553: 7538: 7505: 7490:, § 1. What Has Intrinsic Value? 7472: 7448: 7415: 7379: 7364: 7349: 7319: 7307: 7280: 7250: 7220: 7193: 7181: 7165:ten Have & Patrão Neves 2021 7155: 7129: 7090: 7075: 7060: 7048: 7025: 6992: 6919: 6891: 6857: 6827: 6815: 6781: 6757: 6729: 6673: 6645: 6617: 6589: 6555: 6507: 6495: 6483: 6441: 6429: 6398: 6383: 6357:, Lead section, § 1. Definitions 6345: 6318: 6306: 6276:, § 5. Psychology and Metaethics 6264: 6240: 6231: 6210: 6177: 6153: 6093: 6066: 6042: 6015: 5988: 5964: 5928: 5904: 5892: 5865: 5853: 5829: 5817: 5793: 5757: 5733: 5721: 5670: 5646: 5622: 5592: 5580: 5550: 5536:McNamara & Van De Putte 2022 5493: 5478: 5463: 5448: 5421: 5407:McNamara & Van De Putte 2022 5397: 4807:Hursthouse & Pettigrove 2023 4762:Hursthouse & Pettigrove 2023 4732:Hursthouse & Pettigrove 2023 4708:Hursthouse & Pettigrove 2023 4690:Hursthouse & Pettigrove 2023 3538:Hursthouse & Pettigrove 2023 3464:Gustafsson & Pietarinen 2016 3041: 3032: 3023: 3002: 2993: 2976: 2959: 2946: 2930: 2913: 2564:interpreted moral principles as 2317:, children go through different 2248:intrinsic and instrumental value 2192:, such as self-defense, and the 1996:Business and professional ethics 1404:. When used in a general sense, 1317:, it examines whether there are 1261:the natural flow of the universe 1051:(384–322 BCE), each virtue is a 963: 711: 702: 653:A further difference is between 126:intrinsic and instrumental value 16445:"Intrinsic Vs. Extrinsic Value" 15379:Famine, Affluence, and Morality 15153:Sayre-McCord, Geoffrey (1988). 14445:Expanding Horizons in Bioethics 14439:Peppard, Christiana Z. (2005). 13857:. In Abu-Faraj, Ziad O. (ed.). 13788:. University of Chicago Press. 13732:. Westminster John Knox Press. 11767:. University Press of America. 11428:. Mayfield Publishing Company. 10791:Hinduism: An Alphabetical Guide 10769:. In Jahanbegloo, Ramin (ed.). 10675:Crisp, Roger (2011). "Ethics". 10059:. Routledge. pp. 195–210. 9904:. Manchester University Press. 9606:. Westminster John Knox Press. 9410:Athanassoulis, Nafsika (2012). 9367:Gods and Myths of Ancient Egypt 7743:Matsuba, Murzyn & Hart 2011 7694:, Lead section, § 1. What It Is 6423:, Lead section, § 2. Personhood 6027:, § 1. The Naturalistic Fallacy 5373: 5349: 5325: 5301: 5268: 5244: 5214: 5184: 5154: 5139: 5124: 5109: 5094: 5079: 5049: 5019: 4983: 4953: 4926: 4893: 4878: 4854: 4839: 4812: 4800: 4776: 4722: 4698: 4674: 4638: 4626: 4614: 4581: 4551: 4521: 4497: 4473: 4449: 4419: 4407: 4368: 4356: 4344: 4308: 4284: 4251: 4227: 4203: 4179: 4143: 4107: 4092: 4080: 4056: 4029: 4017: 3972: 3948: 3906: 3879: 3855: 3804: 3780: 3768: 3732: 3708: 3684: 3669: 3654: 3642: 3579: 3567: 3552: 3528: 3516: 3487: 3475: 3448: 3394: 3367: 3355: 2967:Einstein's theory of relativity 2904: 2889: 2880: 2871: 2858: 2841: 2336:. One of its key ideas is that 2231: 2012:corporate social responsibility 1895:prohibition to harm the patient 1552:Cognitivism and non-cognitivism 1369:to be the case, in contrast to 940:, moral norms are justified by 486:and are studied in fields like 235:and investigates the nature of 203:, this focus shifted to a more 116:Ethics is closely connected to 27:Philosophical study of morality 17773: 17515:The Theory of Moral Sentiments 16885:Value monism – Value pluralism 16246:(2 ed.). Academic Press. 16244:Encyclopedia of Applied Ethics 15901:Dictionary of Global Bioethics 15788:Contractualism and Citizenship 15767:. Cambridge University Press. 15358:. In Dhillon, Jaskiran (ed.). 15117:(2 ed.). Academic Press. 15115:Encyclopedia of Applied Ethics 15063:Muslim Ethics: Emerging Vistas 15002:Rudy-Hiller, Fernando (2022). 14802:(2 ed.). Academic Press. 14800:Encyclopedia of Applied Ethics 14496:. Cambridge University Press. 14370:. Cambridge University Press. 13940:(13 ed.). Prentice Hall. 13728:. In Brown, William P. (ed.). 13493:Mill's The Subjection of Women 13491:. In Morales, Maria H. (ed.). 13319:10.1007/978-3-030-22767-8_1323 12791:. Cambridge University Press. 12538:Governing China in the New Era 12315:. Cambridge University Press. 12257:Introduction to Applied Ethics 12233:. Cambridge University Press. 12083:. Princeton University Press. 11786:(2 ed.). Academic Press. 11784:Encyclopedia of Applied Ethics 11561:(2 ed.). Academic Press. 11559:Encyclopedia of Applied Ethics 11287:. Cambridge University Press. 11281:Edmundson, William A. (2004). 11266:. Cambridge University Press. 11001:(2 ed.). Academic Press. 10999:Encyclopedia of Applied Ethics 10945:. Cambridge University Press. 10896:. Cambridge University Press. 10522:. Cambridge University Press. 10130:. Cambridge University Press. 9958:(2 ed.). Academic Press. 9956:Encyclopedia of Applied Ethics 9926:Brannigan, Michael C. (2010). 9900:. In Hinnells, John R. (ed.). 9818:. KTAV Publishing House, Inc. 9251:(2 ed.). Academic Press. 9249:Encyclopedia of Applied Ethics 8970:Lazari-Radek & Singer 2017 8476:, 1. Rāmānuja's Life and Works 7619:, § 3. Relation to the Deontic 4770:, § 3. Virtue Ethical Theories 3317: 3288: 3265: 3232: 3203: 3167: 3131: 3089: 3059: 3008:For example, the deontologist 2923:problem, first articulated by 2730:, are neither true nor false. 2298:and judgments take place, how 2160:. Important subfields include 1877:Bioethics can be divided into 498:rather than normative ethics. 13: 1: 20949:Oration on the Dignity of Man 19506: 16024:Tzafestas, Spyros G. (2015). 15909:10.1007/978-3-030-54161-3_310 15201:Sayre-McCord, Geoff (2023a). 15132:Satyanarayana, Y. V. (2009). 14696:. Universitätsverlag Winter. 13709:10.1080/09515089.2016.1255317 13604:10.1007/978-3-319-09483-0_145 12383:Hursthouse, Rosalind (1999). 12309:"Utilitarianism and Fairness" 11927:Gustafson, Andrew B. (2020). 11370:Feibleman, James K. (2012) . 11315:. Vol. 3. Thomson Gale. 11236:. Bloomsbury Publishing USA. 10837:A Companion to Applied Ethics 10578:. In Cowan, Steven B. (ed.). 10462:. Vol. 3. Thomson Gale. 10373:Chakraborti, Chhanda (2023). 10297:Consequentialism Reconsidered 9732:Blidstein, Gerald J. (1995). 9661:A Companion to Applied Ethics 4764:, § 2. Forms of Virtue Ethics 4353:, § 2. Deontological Theories 4320:, § 2. Deontological Theories 4296:, § 2. Deontological Theories 4197:, § 2. Deontological Theories 4074:, § 1. Classic Utilitarianism 3930:, § 1f. Rule Consequentialism 3651:, § 1. Classic Utilitarianism 3574:McNaughton & Rawling 1998 2847:According to some theorists, 2830: 2770:. In continental philosophy, 2658:Georg Wilhelm Friedrich Hegel 2596: 2581: 2531: 2520: 2506:natural order of the universe 2470:consequences of one's actions 2434:natural order of the universe 1506:Naturalism and non-naturalism 1341:since it aims to explain how 1274: 801: 758: 384:originates in the Latin word 360:), which was translated into 214: 21019:The Society of the Spectacle 19295:Ordinary language philosophy 17786: 17579:On the Genealogy of Morality 17539:Critique of Practical Reason 16491:Resources in other libraries 16340:. In Kolb, Robert W. (ed.). 16273:Wolfendale, Jessica (2007). 16139:Oxford Studies in Metaethics 16052:Verhoeven, F. R. J. (2013). 15975:Developing Moral Sensitivity 15631:Smith, Barry; Thomas, Alan. 15509:Slingerland, Edward (2007). 15176:Sayre-McCord, Geoff (2023). 15161:. Cornell University Press. 14619:. Rowman & Littlefield. 14001:Murthy, K. V. Bhanu (2009). 13936:Mulvaney, Robert J. (2009). 13523:. African Books Collective. 13495:. Rowman & Littlefield. 13489:"The Marriage of True Minds" 13347:. In Makowski, Piotr (ed.). 12860:10.1007/978-3-031-28971-2_12 12637:. In Hill, Thomas E. (ed.). 12633:Kerstein, Samuel J. (2009). 12080:Political Ethics: A Handbook 12005:The Principles of New Ethics 11618:10.4324/9780415249126-L008-1 11384:10.1007/978-94-011-9321-4_10 11342:Eysenck, Michael W. (2004). 11016:DeNicola, Daniel R. (2018). 10687:10.4324/9780415249126-L132-2 10618:10.4324/9780415249126-N039-1 10345:Catalano, George D. (2022). 9932:. Rowman & Littlefield. 9305:10.4324/9780415249126-L005-1 8320:, § Epicureanism, § Stoicism 7767:Mesoudi & Danielson 2008 7488:Zimmerman & Bradley 2019 7464:Zimmerman & Bradley 2019 7316:, pp. 121, 123–124, 126 6913:, § 3d. Environmental Ethics 6873:, § 3d. Environmental Ethics 6639:, § 3d. Environmental Ethics 4710:, Lead section, § 1.1 Virtue 3220:, § 1. Ethics and Metaethics 3185:, § 1. Ethics and Metaethics 3113:, § 1. Ethics and Metaethics 3053: 2718:found in the natural world. 2702:An important development in 1913:, research on human beings, 1792: 436:rather than morality, as in 124:, like the contrast between 7: 19345:Contemporary utilitarianism 19260:Internalism and externalism 16428:. Oxford university press. 16242:. In Chadwick, Ruth (ed.). 16086:. Oxford University Press. 15737:10.1007/978-1-349-17607-6_4 15603:Smith, Kimberly K. (2018). 15576:. Oxford University Press. 15543:. Oxford University Press. 15515:. Oxford University Press. 15381:. Oxford University Press. 15138:. Pearson Education India. 15135:Ethics: Theory and Practice 15010:. Oxford University Press. 14649:. Universitat de València. 14549:. Oxford University Press. 14306:Ortiz, Melba Vélez (2020). 14181:. Oxford University Press. 14007:. Pearson Education India. 13724:Miller, Patrick D. (2004). 13343:McDonald, Fritz J. (2017). 13190:. Oxford University Press. 13114:. Oxford University Press. 13110:. In Marenbon, John (ed.). 13106:Lisska, Anthony J. (2015). 12968:. Oxford University Press. 12819:. Oxford University Press. 12709:Krellenstein, Marc (2017). 12662:. Oxford University Press. 12541:. Foreign Languages Press. 12389:. Oxford University Press. 12280:. Oxford University Press. 12212:. Oxford University Press. 12186:. Oxford University Press. 12111:. Oxford University Press. 12055:. Oxford University Press. 11761:Gellman, Jerome I. (1994). 11584:. Oxford University Press. 11576:Francione, Gary L. (2004). 11472:. In Brady, Michael (ed.). 11407:. Pearson Education India. 11262:. In Connor, Steven (ed.). 11258:Eaglestone, Robert (2004). 11175:. Oxford University Press. 11144:. Oxford University Press. 11116:. Oxford University Press. 11068:. Oxford University Press. 10893:The Cambridge Rawls Lexicon 10750:. Oxford University Press. 10722:. Oxford University Press. 10648:. Oxford University Press. 10173:Calida, Behnido Y. (2022). 10006:. Oxford University Press. 9874:. Oxford University Press. 9499:. Oxford University Press. 7917:Sulmasy & Sugarman 2010 7881:Sulmasy & Sugarman 2010 3576:, § 1. Act-consequentialism 3428:Sulmasy & Sugarman 2010 2801: 2319:stages of moral development 2202:legitimate military targets 2154:performance-enhancing drugs 2113:. Two key issues in it are 2109:covers moral principles of 1903:doctors may help them do so 1611:and that it is possible to 1059:and the excessive state of 1030:interpersonal relationships 10: 21244: 18609:Svatantrika and Prasangika 18248: 17507:A Treatise of Human Nature 16566: 16240:"Applied Ethics, Overview" 16080:Vogt, Katja Maria (2017). 15969:Thoma, Stephen J. (2015). 15782:Sullivan, Barbara (2001). 15354:Sinclair, Rebekah (2022). 14956:Rosati, Connie S. (2016). 14671:Pritchard, Duncan (2015). 14099:Encyclopedia of Philosophy 13647:10.1007/s10677-023-10367-3 12362:Hudson, W. Donald (1969). 12255:Holmes, Robert L. (2018). 12227:Hollenbach, David (2002). 10576:"Introduction to Part One" 10273:Cardwell, Charles (2015). 9896:Brandon, S. G. F. (1975). 9780:Encyclopedia of Philosophy 9364:Armour, Robert A. (2001). 9205:Encyclopedia of Philosophy 9195: 9153:Bergoffen & Burke 2023 9147:Abelson & Nielsen 2006 9108:Abelson & Nielsen 2006 8892:Abelson & Nielsen 2006 8856:Abelson & Nielsen 2006 8807:Bergoffen & Burke 2023 8792:Abelson & Nielsen 2006 8663:Abelson & Nielsen 2006 8627:Abelson & Nielsen 2006 8591:Abelson & Nielsen 2006 8555:Abelson & Nielsen 2006 8378:Abelson & Nielsen 2006 8342:Abelson & Nielsen 2006 8312:Abelson & Nielsen 2006 8288:Abelson & Nielsen 2006 8252:Abelson & Nielsen 2006 8216:Abelson & Nielsen 2006 7956:Abelson & Nielsen 2006 7611:Alexander & Moore 2021 7042:, § 5. Professional Ethics 6492:, § 2. Theory and Practice 6468:, § 2. Theory and Practice 6367:Petersen & Ryberg 2022 4788:, § 3c. The Ethics of Care 4621:Alexander & Moore 2021 4591:Alexander & Moore 2021 4489:Johnson & Cureton 2022 4414:Johnson & Cureton 2022 4378:Johnson & Cureton 2022 4363:Alexander & Moore 2021 4351:Alexander & Moore 2021 4318:Alexander & Moore 2021 4294:Alexander & Moore 2021 4267:Alexander & Moore 2021 4195:Alexander & Moore 2021 3994:Alexander & Moore 2021 3940:Alexander & Moore 2021 3871:Alexander & Moore 2021 3850:Alexander & Moore 2021 3826:Alexander & Moore 2021 3625:Alexander & Moore 2021 2464:and discussed the role of 2413: 2409: 2371: 2283: 2235: 1999: 1970:genetically modified crops 1796: 1717: 1555: 1509: 1345:affect moral assessments. 1343:cross-cultural differences 1278: 1265:Native American philosophy 967: 866: 805: 762: 679: 532: 451: 356: 324: 29: 21197: 21101: 21089:Intellectuals and Society 21039:The Culture of Narcissism 20930: 20598: 20390: 20339: 20268: 20182: 20175: 20115: 19877: 19803: 19755: 19655: 19617: 19564: 19531: 19522: 19518: 19501: 19451: 19363: 19201: 19192: 19125: 18908: 18899: 18877: 18832: 18774: 18726: 18680: 18671: 18634: 18505: 18370: 18317: 18308: 18258: 18254: 18243: 18182: 18154: 18111: 18063: 18020: 17973: 17945: 17897: 17869: 17831:Philosophy of mathematics 17821:Philosophy of information 17796: 17792: 17781: 17723: 17630: 17475: 17241: 16966: 16895: 16757: 16632: 16574: 16486:Resources in your library 16313:"Doing Vs. Allowing Harm" 15870:Talbert, Matthew (2019). 15818:Methods in Medical Ethics 15761:Suikkanen, Jussi (2020). 15467:Skelton, Anthony (2022). 15396:Sinha, Jai B. P. (2014). 14855:Encyclopedia of Evolution 14852:Rice, Stanley A. (2009). 14641:Post, Stephen G. (2011). 14590:10.1017/S1358246100008493 14293:. Oxford University Press 14291:Oxford English Dictionary 14208:Ntuli, P. Pitika (2002). 14150:Norlock, Kathryn (2019). 14102:(2 ed.). Macmillan. 13957:"Theological Voluntarism" 13853:Monzon, Jorge E. (2012). 13828:10.1007/s10892-018-9275-3 13559:10.1007/s12064-008-0027-y 13042:. Harper & Brothers. 12641:. John Wiley & Sons. 12575:Karenga, Maulana (2004). 12512:"Kant's Moral Philosophy" 11874:The History of Philosophy 11669:10.1007/s10539-017-9599-6 11529:Flynn, Eileen P. (2012). 11284:An Introduction to Rights 10840:. John Wiley & Sons. 10716:Cummiskey, David (1996). 10574:Cowan, Steven B. (2020). 10250:10.1017/S0031819100070170 10100:. John Wiley & Sons. 9783:(2 ed.). Macmillan. 9664:. John Wiley & Sons. 9469:. John Wiley & Sons. 9000:Chappell & Smyth 2023 8025:Lipson & Binkley 2012 7872:Barsh & Lisewski 2013 7118:Patching & Hirst 2013 7100:Medvecky & Leach 2019 6171:, § 5. Moral Epistemology 6147:, § 5. Moral Epistemology 6115:Moreland & Craig 2017 5841:, § 4b. Moral Relativisms 5769:, § 4b. Moral Relativisms 5745:, § 1. Moral Disagreement 5116:Beaman & Strumos 2022 4822:Skirbekk & Gilje 2017 4666:Finlayson & Rees 2023 4606:Ashford & Mulgan 2018 3413:Barsh & Lisewski 2013 3377:Barsh & Lisewski 2013 2572:(1224–1274 CE) developed 2309:One of its key topics is 1688:motivational internalists 1605:special cognitive faculty 1524:properties accessible to 1310:foundational principles. 1227:as its principal virtue. 950:communicative rationality 862: 742:. Bentham introduced the 21079:The Malaise of Modernity 21029:The History of Sexuality 20128:Catholic social teaching 16858:Universal prescriptivism 16133:Werner, Preston (2020). 15723:Stoljar, Samuel (1984). 15326:Sims, Ronald R. (2017). 15251:Schroeder, Mark (2021). 15088:Sander-Staudt, Maureen. 14987:. Taylor & Francis. 14934:. Taylor & Francis. 14490:Perrett, Roy W. (2016). 14468:. Juta and Company Ltd. 14129:Nelkin, Dana K. (2023). 14071:Athanassoulis, Nafsika. 14050:Nadkarni, M. V. (2011). 13697:Philosophical Psychology 13063:. Taylor & Francis. 12846:Kvalnes, Øyvind (2023). 11871:Grayling, A. C. (2019). 11731:Gay, William C. (2006). 11657:Biology & Philosophy 11637:"Social Contract Theory" 11401:Fernando, A. C. (2010). 11348:. Taylor & Francis. 11228:Dynes, Wayne R. (2016). 10719:Kantian Consequentialism 10065:10.4324/9781315175027-12 9998:Brink, David O. (2020). 9544:Bauman, Zygmunt (1993). 9518:. In Besnoy, Amy (ed.). 9493:"Nietzsche the Kantian?" 7739:, Abstract, lead section 7484:, § 2.2 Monism/Pluralism 7272:Sorabji & Rodin 2007 6526:Meynell & Paron 2023 5805:, § 2g. Moral Relativism 5413:Ribino & Lodato 2019 4846:Hill & Blazejak 2021 4734:, § 1.2 Practical Wisdom 3248:Liddell & Scott 1889 2835: 2809:Index of ethics articles 2174:ethics of nanotechnology 1980:, including topics like 1930:intensive animal farming 1864:intensive animal farming 1321:moral facts. Concerning 576: 21159:Philosophy of education 19300:Postanalytic philosophy 19241:Experimental philosophy 16647:Artificial intelligence 16372:. Infobase Publishing. 16287:10.1057/9780230592803_4 16238:Winkler, E. R. (1998). 15941:Thapar, Romila (1978). 15276:Shaver, Robert (2023). 15159:Essays on Moral Realism 15032:Ryberg, Jesper (2010). 14880:Ridge, Michael (2019). 14858:. Infobase Publishing. 14783:10.5840/swjphil19778110 14613:Porter, Burton (2010). 14256:O'Neill, Onora (2013). 13628:Meyer, Kirsten (2023). 13305:Maxwell, Bruce (2023). 13277:Mattila, Janne (2022). 13059:. In Puka, Bill (ed.). 12684:Kraut, Richard (2022). 12603:Kendall, Sacha (2017). 12339:"Rule Consequentialism" 12259:. Bloomsbury Academic. 12047:Hale, Benjamin (2017). 11482:10.1057/9780230294899_2 11474:New Waves in Metaethics 11062:Doniger, Wendy (2010). 10794:. Penguin Books India. 10514:Connor, Steven (2004). 10122:Byron, Michael (2004). 9571:(Supplement 2): 34–38. 9440:"Divine Command Theory" 9334:Ames, Roger T. (2013). 9291:Almond, Brenda (1998). 9157:The Ethics of Ambiguity 8811:The Ethics of Ambiguity 8218:, pp. 394–396, 398 7545:Hirose & Olson 2015 7460:, § 2.1 Intrinsic Value 7437:Hirose & Olson 2015 7395:Hirose & Olson 2015 7082:Parker & Evans 2007 6954:Roser & Seidel 2016 6256:Brown & Fehige 2019 6199:Baggini & Fosl 2024 6193:Brown & Fehige 2019 5437:Lloyd & Hansen 2003 4912:Legg & Hookway 2021 4570:Myers & Noebel 2015 2897: 2864:This state is known as 2668:when doing God's will. 2654:categorical imperatives 2556:Ethical thought in the 1907:medical confidentiality 1237:a person's social class 1231:is a central aspect of 1159:613 commandments of God 1022:exceptional individuals 416: 350: 316: 50:phenomena. Also called 32:Ethics (disambiguation) 21228:Branches of philosophy 20098: 20052: 20038: 19433:Social constructionism 18445:Hellenistic philosophy 17861:Theoretical philosophy 17836:Philosophy of religion 17826:Philosophy of language 15872:"Moral Responsibility" 15377:Singer, Peter (2016). 14882:"Moral Non-Naturalism" 14367:Inside Lawyers' Ethics 14262:Encyclopedia of Ethics 13980:Murphy, Mark (2019a). 13914:. InterVarsity Press. 13883:Moore, Andrew (2019). 13782:Mitcham, Carl (2022). 13517:Mentan, Tatah (2022). 13487:Mendus, Susan (2005). 13205:Lutz, Matthew (2023). 13015:Leiter, Brian (2021). 12848:"Communication Ethics" 12556:Kagan, Shelly (1998). 12470:. Hackett Publishing. 12003:Haiming, Wang (2021). 11905:. InterVarsity Press. 11846:Gowans, Chris (2021). 11826:Gordon, John-Stewart. 11801:Gordon, John-Stewart. 11701:Funk, Michael (2021). 11422:Fieser, James (2000). 10862:Das, Kantilal (2021). 10788:Dalal, Roshen (2010). 10747:A Dictionary of Ethics 10604:Craig, Edward (1998). 10491:"Environmental Ethics" 10279:. Hackett Publishing. 9975:"Environmental Ethics" 9812:"Jewish Religious Law" 9810:Bollag, David (2006). 9340:Encyclopedia of Ethics 9268:"Deontological Ethics" 7926:Pera & Tonder 2005 7890:Pera & Tonder 2005 7209:Robson & Tsou 2023 7174:Elrod & Smith 2005 7013:, § 2. Business Ethics 6986:, § 2. Business Ethics 6941:, § 2. Radical Ecology 6163:Sinnott-Armstrong 2019 5982:, § 4a. Moral Realisms 5922:, § 4a. Moral Realisms 5751:, § 4a. Moral Realisms 5730:, § 4a. Moral Realisms 4072:Sinnott-Armstrong 2023 3964:Sinnott-Armstrong 2023 3916:Sinnott-Armstrong 2023 3820:Sinnott-Armstrong 2023 3790:Sinnott-Armstrong 2023 3775:Sinnott-Armstrong 2023 3694:Sinnott-Armstrong 2023 3649:Sinnott-Armstrong 2023 3589:Sinnott-Armstrong 2023 3437:Pera & Tonder 2005 3257:Proscurcin Junior 2014 2758:(1921–2002) relied on 2699: 2625: 2568:originating from God. 2562:Christian philosophers 2437: 2141: 2071:client confidentiality 1933: 1741: 1644: 1371:descriptive statements 1358: 1205:fasting during Ramadan 1131: 1065:peaceful state of mind 954:ideal speech situation 945: 833:categorical imperative 824: 623:single source of value 386: 376: 366: 228: 21164:Philosophy of history 21154:Philosophy of culture 21049:A Conflict of Visions 19816:Philosophy portal 19335:Scientific skepticism 19315:Reformed epistemology 17841:Philosophy of science 17571:The Methods of Ethics 16809:Divine command theory 16804:Ideal observer theory 16005:Oxford Bibliographies 15999:Thomas, Alan (2022). 15729:An Analysis of Rights 15703:Stephens, William O. 15303:"Ross, William David" 15228:"Evolutionary Ethics" 14524:Oxford Bibliographies 14465:Ethics in Health Care 14258:"Duty and Obligation" 13955:Murphy, Mark (2019). 13816:The Journal of Ethics 13666:Applied Ethics Primer 13547:Theory in Biosciences 12436:Imafidon, E. (2015). 12337:Hooker, Brad (2023). 12307:Hooker, Brad (2014). 11676:Frowe, Helen (2021). 11506:Fives, Allyn (2016). 11108:Dorsey, Dale (2020). 10154:"The Concept of Evil" 10152:Calder, Todd (2022). 10030:"Thought Experiments" 9600:Beach, Waldo (1988). 9155:, Lead section, § 5. 8809:, Lead section, § 5. 8159:Boyd & Timpe 2021 6901:Brennan & Lo 2022 6883:Brennan & Lo 2022 5146:Wu & Wokutch 2008 4333:Kumm & Walen 2014 3603:, § 1. Utilitarianism 3195:Paul & Elder 2005 3179:, § What Is Morality? 2851:is a wider term than 2750:by philosophers like 2690: 2616: 2484:, and the pursuit of 2423: 2346:evolutionary pressure 2324:taught to act morally 2132: 2111:communicative conduct 1986:sustainable practices 1927: 1915:organ transplantation 1735: 1668:Judith Jarvis Thomson 1638: 1526:empirical observation 1356: 1189:Five Pillars of Islam 1117: 931: 919:Jean-Jacques Rousseau 869:Divine command theory 840:and are true for all 815: 525:for why it is right. 310:has its roots in the 297:Protestant work ethic 222: 136:and the formation of 21169:Political philosophy 20969:Democracy in America 19236:Critical rationalism 18943:Edo neo-Confucianism 18787:Acintya bheda abheda 18766:Renaissance humanism 18477:School of the Sextii 17851:Practical philosophy 17846:Political philosophy 17688:Political philosophy 16394:Zhang, Feng (2023). 16366:Yount, Lisa (2007). 16215:"Animals and Ethics" 16108:Wenar, Leif (2021). 15947:. Orient Blackswan. 15897:"Information Ethics" 15790:. Federation Press. 15469:"William David Ross" 15060:Sajoo, Amyn (2008). 14836:10.1155/2019/7895875 14744:Ranganathan, Shyam. 14216:. New Africa Books. 13373:McEwan, Tom (2001). 13307:"Educational Ethics" 13129:Littlejohn, Ronnie. 12937:Lazar, Seth (2020). 12686:"Aristotle's Ethics" 12656:Kivy, Peter (2011). 12581:. Psychology Press. 12208:Hoad, T. F. (1993). 12138:Heyd, David (2019). 10809:Dalal, Neil (2021). 10767:"Buddhism and India" 10539:The Yale Law Journal 10489:Cochrane, Alasdair. 10294:Carlson, E. (2013). 9713:"Simone de Beauvoir" 9491:Bailey, Tom (2013). 9132:Bunnin & Yu 2009 9096:Bunnin & Yu 2009 9084:Bunnin & Yu 2009 9045:Bunnin & Yu 2009 9024:Bunnin & Yu 2009 8985:Bunnin & Yu 2009 8946:Bunnin & Yu 2009 8907:Bunnin & Yu 2009 8871:Bunnin & Yu 2009 8835:Bunnin & Yu 2009 7832:, pp. 1151–1152 7329:Hall & Sabl 2022 4809:, § 1. Preliminaries 4461:, § 1. Kant's Ethics 4386:, § 1. Kant's Ethics 3559:Bunnin & Yu 2009 2819:Practical philosophy 2650:deontological theory 2304:moral responsibility 2265:political philosophy 2146:ethics of technology 2107:Communication ethics 2032:conflict of interest 1887:environmental ethics 1700:weakness of the will 1601:Ethical intuitionism 1363:normative statements 1140:psychological egoism 1126:are key elements of 442:environmental ethics 343:personal disposition 79:treatment of animals 30:For other uses, see 21009:One-Dimensional Man 18807:Nimbarka Sampradaya 18718:Korean Confucianism 18465:Academic Skepticism 17658:Evolutionary ethics 17619:Reasons and Persons 17595:A Theory of Justice 16749:Uncertain sentience 16188:Williams, Garrath. 15725:"Rights and Duties" 14721:"Moral Development" 13669:. Broadview Press. 13465:. Springer Nature. 13055:Linn, Ruth (1994). 12165:. Springer Nature. 11678:"The Ethics of War" 11372:"Rights and Duties" 11022:. Broadview Press. 10765:Dalai Lama (2007). 10379:. Springer Nature. 10351:. Springer Nature. 10181:. Springer Nature. 10175:"System Governance" 9846:. Springer Nature. 9636:. Springer Nature. 9438:Austin, Michael W. 8512:, Indian Philosophy 8105:, Indian Philosophy 4485:, § 5. Moral Theory 4467:, § 5. Moral Theory 4392:, § 5. Moral Theory 4119:, pp. 936, 938 4068:, pp. 936, 938 3156:Jackson et al. 2021 2849:teleological ethics 2824:Science of morality 2708:analytic philosophy 2704:20th-century ethics 2670:Friedrich Nietzsche 2330:Evolutionary ethics 2158:genetic enhancement 2006:Professional ethics 1964:. In the domain of 1787:professional ethics 1676:to an ill violinist 1648:Thought experiments 1439:morally responsible 1422:is often employed. 1209:pilgrimage to Mecca 1108:cultural relativity 936:, as formulated by 753:rule utilitarianism 693:evaluative hedonism 293:Aristotelian ethics 255:. It examines what 21129:Cultural pessimism 21124:Cultural criticism 20023:National character 19428:Post-structuralism 19330:Scientific realism 19285:Quinean naturalism 19265:Logical positivism 19221:Analytical Marxism 18440:Peripatetic school 18352:Chinese naturalism 17879:Aesthetic response 17806:Applied philosophy 17653:Ethics in religion 17648:Descriptive ethics 17483:Nicomachean Ethics 16190:"Praise and Blame" 16165:"Moral Relativism" 16163:Westacott, Emrys. 16001:"Normative Ethics" 15444:"Consequentialism" 15419:"Moral Skepticism" 15402:. Springer India. 15362:. Berghahn Books. 15301:Simpson, David L. 15226:Schroeder, Doris. 14958:"Moral Motivation" 14286:OED Staff (2002). 13592:"Discourse Ethics" 13207:"Moral Naturalism" 12560:. Westview Press. 12535:Junru, Li (2019). 11929:"Normative Ethics" 11848:"Moral Relativism" 10403:"Bernard Williams" 9222:AHD staff (2022). 9149:, pp. 426–428 9110:, pp. 421–422 9008:, pp. 281–282 8972:, pp. 282–283 8894:, pp. 429–430 8858:, pp. 418–419 8794:, pp. 412–414 8788:, pp. 624–625 8665:, pp. 414–415 8629:, pp. 410–412 8593:, pp. 408–409 8557:, pp. 404–406 8380:, pp. 403–404 8314:, pp. 399–400 8290:, pp. 397–398 8254:, pp. 396–398 7769:, pp. 229–230 7745:, pp. 181–182 7607:, pp. 200–201 7532:, pp. 525–526 7425:Smith & Thomas 7205:, pp. 323–326 7190:, pp. 321–322 7057:, pp. 617–620 7019:, pp. 365–366 7002:Dueñas et al. 2018 6980:, pp. 365–366 6879:, pp. 105–106 6824:, pp. 333–334 6809:, pp. 317–319 6775:, pp. 200–201 6629:, pp. 288–289 6583:, pp. 267–268 6504:, § 1. Definitions 6294:, pp. 101–102 6189:, pp. 195–196 5901:, pp. 241–242 5877:, pp. 240–241 5826:, pp. 240–241 5787:, pp. 240–241 5743:Sayre-McCord 2023a 5713:Sayre-McCord 2023a 5604:, pp. 159–160 5517:, pp. 501–502 5511:, pp. 121–122 5226:, pp. 588–589 4872:, pp. 327–328 4716:, pp. 947–948 4686:, pp. 947–948 4302:, pp. 200–201 4263:, pp. 200–201 4239:, pp. 200–201 4221:, pp. 200–201 4191:, pp. 200–201 4168:Satyanarayana 2009 3990:, pp. 938–939 3960:, pp. 162–164 3891:, pp. 162–164 3867:, pp. 162–164 3834:, pp. 162–164 3798:, pp. 162–164 3744:, pp. 162–164 3720:, pp. 162–164 3621:, pp. 200–201 3525:, pp. 200–201 3298:Athanassoulis 2012 3259:, pp. 162–168 3226:, pp. 284–285 3119:, pp. 284–285 2971:frame of reference 2788:Simone de Beauvoir 2768:a form of fairness 2700: 2692:Simone de Beauvoir 2626: 2535: 428–347 BCE 2524: 469–399 BCE 2438: 2374:Descriptive ethics 2368:Descriptive ethics 2269:axiological ethics 2206:military personnel 2200:in the pursuit of 2142: 2120:information ethics 2089:as well as proper 2075:engineering ethics 2040:ethical leadership 2020:board of directors 1934: 1848:stem cell research 1742: 1738:medical procedures 1726:applied philosophy 1645: 1359: 1167:duty found in the 1157:are to follow the 1132: 1077:Alasdair MacIntyre 1069:Elizabeth Anscombe 946: 942:rational discourse 906:thought experiment 825: 670:Chinese philosophy 484:descriptive ethics 284:social conventions 229: 209:reasons for acting 142:Descriptive ethics 83:business practices 54:, it investigates 21210: 21209: 20926: 20925: 20071:Spontaneous order 20061:Social alienation 19910:Cultural heritage 19871:Social philosophy 19837: 19836: 19799: 19798: 19795: 19794: 19791: 19790: 19497: 19496: 19493: 19492: 19489: 19488: 19216:Analytic feminism 19188: 19187: 19150:Kierkegaardianism 19112:Transcendentalism 19072:Neo-scholasticism 18918:Classical Realism 18895: 18894: 18667: 18666: 18482:Neopythagoreanism 18239: 18238: 18235: 18234: 17856:Social philosophy 17741: 17740: 17708:Social philosophy 17693:Population ethics 17683:Philosophy of law 17663:History of ethics 17146:Political freedom 16823:Euthyphro dilemma 16614:Suffering-focused 16472:Library resources 16435:978-0-19-995930-3 16409:978-1-5292-3263-9 16379:978-1-4381-3063-7 16351:978-1-4129-1652-3 16296:978-0-230-59280-3 16253:978-0-12-373932-2 16213:Wilson, Scott D. 16148:978-0-19-260331-9 16093:978-0-19-069248-3 16065:978-1-134-54091-4 16037:978-3-319-21714-7 15984:978-1-317-49841-4 15954:978-81-250-0808-8 15918:978-3-030-54161-3 15855:978-0-227-90035-2 15827:978-1-58901-623-1 15797:978-1-86287-366-7 15774:978-1-108-58711-2 15746:978-1-349-17607-6 15688:978-1-136-96421-3 15667:978-0-7546-5448-3 15616:978-3-319-77395-7 15583:978-0-19-926479-7 15550:978-0-19-926479-7 15522:978-0-19-987457-6 15501:978-1-135-22604-6 15409:978-81-322-1804-3 15388:978-0-19-021920-8 15369:978-1-80073-247-6 15339:978-1-68123-956-9 15168:978-0-8014-9541-0 15145:978-81-317-9287-2 15124:978-0-12-373932-2 15073:978-0-85771-495-4 15045:978-0-19-980865-6 15017:978-0-19-887171-2 14994:978-1-317-20953-9 14941:978-1-000-83023-1 14865:978-1-4381-1005-9 14809:978-0-12-373932-2 14703:978-3-8253-6339-0 14684:978-1-135-03746-8 14656:978-84-370-8362-9 14626:978-1-4422-0553-6 14556:978-0-19-753225-6 14503:978-0-521-85356-9 14475:978-0-7021-6679-2 14454:978-1-4020-3061-1 14431:978-0-944583-17-3 14405:978-1-317-96374-5 14377:978-1-139-46128-3 14349:978-1-135-58277-7 14321:978-1-000-04831-5 14271:978-1-135-35096-3 14223:978-1-919876-58-0 14188:978-0-19-926479-7 14152:"Feminist Ethics" 14109:978-0-02-865790-5 14063:978-0-19-908935-2 14035:978-0-7814-1378-7 14028:. David C. Cook. 14014:978-93-325-0649-7 13947:978-0-13-600652-7 13921:978-0-8308-8917-4 13868:978-1-4666-0123-9 13795:978-0-226-82539-7 13767:978-1-350-21790-4 13739:978-0-664-22323-6 13676:978-1-77048-899-1 13613:978-3-319-09483-0 13530:978-9956-552-91-7 13502:978-0-7425-3518-3 13472:978-3-030-32116-1 13439:978-0-415-25069-6 13386:978-0-273-64340-1 13379:. Prentice Hall. 13358:978-1-351-49716-9 13328:978-3-030-22767-8 13290:978-90-04-50691-6 13253:978-0-12-386491-8 13197:978-0-19-926479-7 13169:978-0-7619-1189-0 13121:978-0-19-024697-6 13098:978-0-7914-8503-3 13070:978-0-8153-1552-0 12975:978-0-19-108439-3 12897:978-0-631-20119-9 12869:978-3-031-28971-2 12826:978-0-19-926479-7 12798:978-1-139-95287-3 12669:978-0-19-161575-7 12648:978-1-4443-0849-5 12618:978-1-137-45503-1 12588:978-0-415-94753-4 12567:978-0-8133-0846-3 12548:978-7-119-11413-2 12477:978-1-64792-014-2 12449:978-1-137-47242-7 12396:978-0-19-823818-8 12375:978-1-349-15336-7 12365:Is-ought Question 12322:978-1-139-86748-1 12287:978-0-19-926479-7 12266:978-1-3500-2980-4 12240:978-0-521-89451-7 12219:978-0-19-283098-2 12193:978-0-19-022143-0 12172:978-981-16-2742-2 12118:978-0-19-926479-7 12090:978-0-691-23131-0 12062:978-0-19-994133-9 12022:Haines, William. 12014:978-1-138-33161-7 11988:978-3-319-45920-2 11950:978-3-319-23514-1 11912:978-0-8308-6707-3 11884:978-0-241-98086-6 11793:978-0-12-373932-2 11774:978-0-8191-9365-0 11746:978-90-420-2061-0 11716:978-1-64368-155-9 11635:Friend, Celeste. 11627:978-0-415-25069-6 11591:978-0-19-803473-5 11568:978-0-12-373932-2 11542:978-1-136-34312-4 11521:978-1-137-44587-2 11491:978-0-230-29489-9 11445:"Jürgen Habermas" 11435:978-0-7674-1298-8 11414:978-81-317-3462-9 11393:978-94-011-8559-2 11355:978-1-84169-361-3 11322:978-0-02-865834-6 11294:978-0-521-00870-9 11273:978-0-521-64840-0 11243:978-1-61069-566-4 11213:978-1-5225-3552-2 11190:978-0-19-989207-5 11151:978-0-19-926479-7 11123:978-0-19-090534-7 11075:978-0-19-959334-7 11039:"Ethics, Applied" 11029:978-1-4604-0660-1 11008:978-0-12-373932-2 10972:DeLapp, Kevin M. 10952:978-1-107-64379-6 10924:978-1-135-95102-3 10903:978-0-521-19294-1 10875:978-1-000-43681-5 10847:978-1-4051-7190-8 10801:978-0-14-341421-6 10780:978-0-19-908788-4 10757:978-0-19-183575-9 10729:978-0-19-509453-4 10696:978-0-415-25069-6 10655:978-0-19-926479-7 10627:978-0-415-25069-6 10589:978-1-350-14741-6 10529:978-0-521-64840-0 10469:978-0-02-865834-6 10441:978-604-89-7928-7 10386:978-981-99-0707-6 10358:978-3-031-02115-2 10330:978-1-000-40605-4 10307:978-94-015-8553-8 10286:978-1-62466-374-1 10216:978-0-02-865787-5 10188:978-3-030-93852-9 10137:978-0-521-01005-4 10107:978-1-4051-9112-8 10074:978-1-315-17502-7 10013:978-0-19-090533-0 9965:978-0-12-373932-2 9939:978-0-7391-3846-5 9911:978-0-7190-0536-7 9881:978-0-19-258407-6 9853:978-3-030-87786-6 9825:978-0-88125-921-6 9790:978-0-02-865790-5 9671:978-1-4051-7190-8 9643:978-3-031-06263-6 9613:978-0-8042-0793-5 9565:Military Medicine 9555:978-0-631-18693-9 9546:Postmodern Ethics 9529:978-1-317-99372-8 9506:978-0-19-953464-7 9476:978-1-119-89197-0 9423:978-1-4411-6287-8 9377:978-977-424-669-2 9349:978-1-135-35096-3 9314:978-0-415-25069-6 9258:978-0-12-373932-2 9230:. HarperCollins. 9214:978-0-02-866072-1 8928:Sayre-McCord 1988 7659:Doris et al. 2020 6280:Sayre-McCord 2023 6169:Sayre-McCord 2023 6145:Sayre-McCord 2023 6082:Sayre-McCord 1988 5881:Krellenstein 2017 5389:Sayre-McCord 2023 5365:Sayre-McCord 2023 5341:Sayre-McCord 2023 5317:Sayre-McCord 2023 5260:Sayre-McCord 2023 5236:Sayre-McCord 2023 3125:, pp. vii–xi 2814:Outline of ethics 2798:, at the center. 2664:(1813–1855), the 2662:Søren Kierkegaard 2600: 700–750 CE 2585: 878–950 CE 2444:, the concept of 2416:History of ethics 2338:natural selection 2315:Lawrence Kohlberg 2311:moral development 2292:empirical science 2115:freedom of speech 2083:journalism ethics 1978:collective levels 1954:natural resources 1747:medical procedure 1488:Moral relativists 1269:Ubuntu philosophy 1257:effortless action 1251:as a key virtue. 1185:Great Commandment 1161:according to the 1153:. Key aspects of 1151:in most religions 1118:The practices of 1093:Pragmatist ethics 547:G. E. M. Anscombe 306:The English word 149:history of ethics 16:(Redirected from 21235: 21174:Social criticism 21094: 21084: 21074: 21064: 21054: 21044: 21034: 21024: 21014: 21004: 20994: 20984: 20974: 20964: 20954: 20944: 20180: 20179: 20162:Frankfurt School 20140:Communitarianism 20103: 20057: 20043: 19864: 19857: 19850: 19841: 19840: 19826: 19825: 19814: 19813: 19812: 19529: 19528: 19520: 19519: 19503: 19502: 19393:Frankfurt School 19340:Transactionalism 19290:Normative ethics 19270:Legal positivism 19246:Falsificationism 19231:Consequentialism 19226:Communitarianism 19199: 19198: 19067:New Confucianism 18906: 18905: 18713:Neo-Confucianism 18678: 18677: 18487:Second Sophistic 18472:Middle Platonism 18315: 18314: 18256: 18255: 18245: 18244: 18088:Epiphenomenalism 17955:Consequentialism 17889:Institutionalism 17794: 17793: 17783: 17782: 17768: 17761: 17754: 17745: 17744: 17731: 17730: 17678:Moral psychology 17623: 17615: 17607: 17603:Practical Ethics 17599: 17591: 17587:Principia Ethica 17583: 17575: 17567: 17559: 17551: 17543: 17535: 17527: 17519: 17511: 17503: 17495: 17491:Ethics (Spinoza) 17487: 17126:Moral imperative 16584:Consequentialism 16561: 16554: 16547: 16538: 16537: 16510:Normative Ethics 16460: 16458: 16456: 16439: 16420: 16418: 16416: 16402:. 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12134: 12132: 12130: 12101: 12099: 12097: 12073: 12071: 12069: 12043: 12041: 12039: 12018: 11999: 11997: 11995: 11969: 11967: 11965: 11923: 11921: 11919: 11895: 11893: 11891: 11867: 11865: 11863: 11842: 11840: 11838: 11822: 11820: 11818: 11797: 11778: 11757: 11755: 11753: 11727: 11725: 11723: 11697: 11695: 11693: 11672: 11663:(6): 1151–1183. 11651: 11649: 11647: 11631: 11602: 11600: 11598: 11572: 11553: 11551: 11549: 11525: 11502: 11500: 11498: 11464: 11462: 11460: 11439: 11418: 11397: 11366: 11364: 11362: 11338: 11336: 11334: 11305: 11303: 11301: 11277: 11254: 11252: 11250: 11224: 11222: 11220: 11194: 11167: 11165: 11163: 11134: 11132: 11130: 11104: 11102: 11100: 11079: 11058: 11056: 11054: 11033: 11012: 10993: 10991: 10989: 10968: 10966: 10964: 10935: 10933: 10931: 10907: 10886: 10884: 10882: 10858: 10856: 10854: 10830: 10828: 10826: 10805: 10784: 10761: 10740: 10738: 10736: 10712: 10710: 10708: 10671: 10669: 10667: 10638: 10636: 10634: 10600: 10598: 10596: 10570: 10533: 10510: 10508: 10506: 10485: 10483: 10481: 10452: 10450: 10448: 10422: 10420: 10418: 10397: 10395: 10393: 10369: 10367: 10365: 10341: 10339: 10337: 10311: 10290: 10269: 10244:(233): 327–340. 10232: 10230: 10228: 10199: 10197: 10195: 10169: 10167: 10165: 10148: 10146: 10144: 10118: 10116: 10114: 10090: 10088: 10086: 10049: 10047: 10045: 10024: 10022: 10020: 9994: 9992: 9990: 9969: 9950: 9948: 9946: 9922: 9920: 9918: 9892: 9890: 9888: 9864: 9862: 9860: 9836: 9834: 9832: 9806: 9804: 9802: 9773: 9771: 9769: 9728: 9726: 9724: 9707: 9705: 9703: 9686:Belzer, Marvin. 9682: 9680: 9678: 9654: 9652: 9650: 9624: 9622: 9620: 9596: 9559: 9540: 9538: 9536: 9510: 9487: 9485: 9483: 9459: 9457: 9455: 9434: 9432: 9430: 9406: 9404: 9402: 9387:"Contractualism" 9381: 9360: 9358: 9356: 9330: 9328: 9326: 9293:"Applied Ethics" 9287: 9285: 9283: 9262: 9243: 9241: 9239: 9218: 9190: 9169: 9163: 9141: 9135: 9129: 9123: 9117: 9111: 9105: 9099: 9093: 9087: 9081: 9075: 9054: 9048: 9042: 9036: 9018: 9012: 8994: 8988: 8982: 8976: 8955: 8949: 8943: 8937: 8924:, pp. 14–15 8916: 8910: 8904: 8898: 8880: 8874: 8868: 8862: 8844: 8838: 8832: 8826: 8820: 8814: 8804: 8798: 8780: 8774: 8768: 8762: 8756: 8750: 8729: 8723: 8717: 8711: 8687: 8681: 8675: 8669: 8651: 8645: 8639: 8633: 8615: 8609: 8603: 8597: 8579: 8573: 8567: 8561: 8543: 8537: 8531: 8525: 8492: 8486: 8468: 8462: 8456: 8450: 8444: 8438: 8414: 8408: 8402: 8396: 8390: 8384: 8366: 8360: 8354: 8348: 8330: 8324: 8300: 8294: 8276: 8270: 8264: 8258: 8240: 8234: 8228: 8222: 8204: 8198: 8192: 8186: 8168:Slingerland 2007 8147: 8141: 8120: 8114: 8088: 8082: 8052: 8046: 8037: 8031: 8022: 8016: 7974: 7968: 7950: 7944: 7911: 7905: 7857: 7851: 7842: 7836: 7830:Fitzpatrick 2017 7818: 7812: 7788: 7782: 7755: 7749: 7731: 7725: 7701: 7695: 7689: 7683: 7674:Rudy-Hiller 2022 7653: 7647: 7629: 7623: 7599: 7593: 7569: 7563: 7562:, pp. 73–74 7557: 7551: 7542: 7536: 7509: 7503: 7476: 7470: 7452: 7446: 7419: 7413: 7383: 7377: 7368: 7362: 7353: 7347: 7323: 7317: 7311: 7305: 7301:, pp. 34–35 7284: 7278: 7254: 7248: 7224: 7218: 7197: 7191: 7185: 7179: 7159: 7153: 7133: 7127: 7094: 7088: 7079: 7073: 7064: 7058: 7052: 7046: 7029: 7023: 6996: 6990: 6972: 6963: 6923: 6917: 6895: 6889: 6861: 6855: 6831: 6825: 6819: 6813: 6785: 6779: 6769:, § 3. Bioethics 6761: 6755: 6741:, § 3. Bioethics 6733: 6727: 6717: 6708: 6677: 6671: 6657:, § 3. Bioethics 6649: 6643: 6621: 6615: 6593: 6587: 6567:, § 3. Bioethics 6559: 6553: 6535:Chakraborti 2023 6511: 6505: 6499: 6493: 6487: 6481: 6445: 6439: 6433: 6427: 6402: 6396: 6387: 6381: 6349: 6343: 6334:Chakraborti 2023 6322: 6316: 6310: 6304: 6268: 6262: 6244: 6238: 6214: 6208: 6181: 6175: 6157: 6151: 6133: 6124: 6105:, pp. 14–15 6097: 6091: 6078:, pp. 14–15 6070: 6064: 6060:, pp. 14–15 6046: 6040: 6019: 6013: 5998:FitzPatrick 2011 5992: 5986: 5968: 5962: 5932: 5926: 5908: 5902: 5896: 5890: 5869: 5863: 5857: 5851: 5833: 5827: 5821: 5815: 5797: 5791: 5761: 5755: 5737: 5731: 5725: 5719: 5701: 5692: 5674: 5668: 5650: 5644: 5626: 5620: 5610:, pp. 88–89 5596: 5590: 5584: 5578: 5562:, pp. 75–76 5554: 5548: 5530: 5521: 5505:, pp. 36–37 5497: 5491: 5482: 5476: 5467: 5461: 5452: 5446: 5425: 5419: 5401: 5395: 5377: 5371: 5353: 5347: 5329: 5323: 5305: 5299: 5289:, pp. 21–22 5272: 5266: 5248: 5242: 5218: 5212: 5188: 5182: 5158: 5152: 5143: 5137: 5131:Chakraborti 2023 5128: 5122: 5113: 5107: 5098: 5092: 5083: 5077: 5053: 5047: 5023: 5017: 4987: 4981: 4957: 4951: 4930: 4924: 4897: 4891: 4882: 4876: 4858: 4852: 4843: 4837: 4816: 4810: 4804: 4798: 4780: 4774: 4756: 4747: 4726: 4720: 4702: 4696: 4678: 4672: 4648:Chakraborti 2023 4642: 4636: 4630: 4624: 4618: 4612: 4585: 4579: 4555: 4549: 4525: 4519: 4501: 4495: 4477: 4471: 4453: 4447: 4423: 4417: 4411: 4405: 4372: 4366: 4360: 4354: 4348: 4342: 4312: 4306: 4288: 4282: 4255: 4249: 4231: 4225: 4207: 4201: 4183: 4177: 4147: 4141: 4111: 4105: 4096: 4090: 4084: 4078: 4060: 4054: 4033: 4027: 4021: 4015: 4002:, pp. 47–48 3976: 3970: 3952: 3946: 3910: 3904: 3883: 3877: 3859: 3853: 3847: 3838: 3808: 3802: 3784: 3778: 3772: 3766: 3736: 3730: 3712: 3706: 3688: 3682: 3673: 3667: 3658: 3652: 3646: 3640: 3613: 3607: 3583: 3577: 3571: 3565: 3556: 3550: 3532: 3526: 3520: 3514: 3510:, pp. 2, 11 3491: 3485: 3479: 3473: 3452: 3446: 3398: 3392: 3388:, pp. 18–19 3371: 3365: 3359: 3353: 3321: 3315: 3300:, pp. 22–27 3292: 3286: 3269: 3263: 3236: 3230: 3207: 3201: 3171: 3165: 3135: 3129: 3093: 3087: 3063: 3048: 3045: 3039: 3036: 3030: 3027: 3021: 3006: 3000: 2997: 2991: 2988:Christian ethics 2980: 2974: 2973:of the observer. 2963: 2957: 2950: 2944: 2934: 2928: 2921:is–ought problem 2917: 2911: 2908: 2902: 2900: 2893: 2887: 2884: 2878: 2875: 2869: 2862: 2856: 2853:consequentialism 2845: 2786:(1905–1980) and 2784:Jean-Paul Sartre 2780:Nicolai Hartmann 2778:(1874–1928) and 2772:phenomenologists 2740:Bernard Williams 2682:John Stuart Mill 2680:(1748–1832) and 2622:Principia Ethica 2601: 2598: 2586: 2583: 2536: 2533: 2525: 2522: 2498:self-cultivation 2462:Hindu philosophy 2428:'s teachings of 2286:Moral psychology 2280:Moral psychology 2213:political ethics 2042:, and corporate 1917:, and access to 1911:informed consent 1891:Hippocratic Oath 1821:anthropocentrism 1805:living organisms 1764:ethical dilemmas 1710:to act morally. 1682:Moral motivation 1530:natural sciences 1431:character traits 1267:and the African 1177:Christian ethics 1087:Other traditions 944:within society. 934:discourse ethics 887:Ten Commandments 877:Discourse ethics 838:practical reason 744:hedonic calculus 740:John Stuart Mill 726:John Stuart Mill 715: 706: 588:character traits 535:Consequentialism 529:Consequentialism 511:consequentialism 504:ethical dilemmas 454:Normative ethics 448:Normative ethics 419: 409: 406: 403: 399: 396: 393: 389: 379: 369: 359: 358: 353: 347: 344: 341: 337: 334: 331: 327: 326: 321: 269:normative ethics 249:character traits 205:secular approach 130:Moral psychology 87:consequentialism 60:normative ethics 52:moral philosophy 21: 21243: 21242: 21238: 21237: 21236: 21234: 21233: 21232: 21213: 21212: 21211: 21206: 21193: 21119:Critical theory 21097: 21092: 21082: 21072: 21062: 21052: 21042: 21032: 21022: 21012: 21002: 20992: 20982: 20972: 20962: 20952: 20942: 20922: 20600: 20594: 20392: 20386: 20335: 20264: 20171: 20123:Budapest School 20111: 19900:Cosmopolitanism 19873: 19868: 19838: 19833: 19810: 19808: 19787: 19751: 19651: 19613: 19560: 19514: 19513: 19485: 19474:Russian cosmism 19447: 19443:Western Marxism 19408:New Historicism 19373:Critical theory 19359: 19355:Wittgensteinian 19251:Foundationalism 19184: 19121: 19102:Social contract 18958:Foundationalism 18891: 18873: 18857:Illuminationism 18842:Aristotelianism 18828: 18817:Vishishtadvaita 18770: 18722: 18663: 18630: 18501: 18430:Megarian school 18425:Eretrian school 18366: 18327:Agriculturalism 18304: 18250: 18231: 18178: 18150: 18107: 18059: 18016: 18000:Incompatibilism 17969: 17941: 17893: 17865: 17788: 17777: 17772: 17742: 17737: 17719: 17626: 17621: 17613: 17605: 17597: 17589: 17581: 17573: 17565: 17557: 17549: 17541: 17533: 17525: 17517: 17509: 17501: 17493: 17485: 17471: 17244: 17237: 17161:Self-discipline 17121:Moral hierarchy 17069:Problem of evil 17014:Double standard 17004:Culture of life 16962: 16891: 16838:Non-cognitivism 16753: 16628: 16570: 16565: 16497: 16496: 16495: 16480: 16479: 16475: 16468: 16463: 16454: 16452: 16436: 16414: 16412: 16410: 16384: 16382: 16380: 16356: 16354: 16352: 16326: 16324: 16301: 16299: 16297: 16263: 16261: 16254: 16228: 16226: 16203: 16201: 16178: 16176: 16153: 16151: 16149: 16123: 16121: 16098: 16096: 16094: 16070: 16068: 16066: 16042: 16040: 16038: 16014: 16012: 15989: 15987: 15985: 15959: 15957: 15955: 15931: 15929: 15919: 15885: 15883: 15860: 15858: 15856: 15832: 15830: 15828: 15802: 15800: 15798: 15775: 15751: 15749: 15747: 15713: 15711: 15693: 15691: 15689: 15668: 15646: 15644: 15621: 15619: 15617: 15593: 15591: 15584: 15560: 15558: 15551: 15527: 15525: 15523: 15502: 15478: 15476: 15457: 15455: 15432: 15430: 15410: 15389: 15370: 15344: 15342: 15340: 15316: 15314: 15291: 15289: 15266: 15264: 15241: 15239: 15216: 15214: 15203:"Moral Realism" 15191: 15189: 15169: 15146: 15125: 15103: 15101: 15078: 15076: 15074: 15050: 15048: 15046: 15022: 15020: 15018: 14995: 14971: 14969: 14946: 14944: 14942: 14916: 14914: 14891: 14889: 14870: 14868: 14866: 14810: 14759: 14757: 14734: 14732: 14719:Puka, William. 14704: 14685: 14661: 14659: 14657: 14631: 14629: 14627: 14566: 14564: 14557: 14533: 14531: 14508: 14506: 14504: 14480: 14478: 14476: 14455: 14432: 14410: 14408: 14406: 14382: 14380: 14378: 14354: 14352: 14350: 14326: 14324: 14322: 14296: 14294: 14276: 14274: 14272: 14246: 14244: 14224: 14198: 14196: 14189: 14165: 14163: 14140: 14138: 14119: 14117: 14110: 14086: 14084: 14073:"Virtue Ethics" 14064: 14040: 14038: 14036: 14015: 13991: 13989: 13970: 13968: 13948: 13926: 13924: 13922: 13898: 13896: 13873: 13871: 13869: 13800: 13798: 13796: 13772: 13770: 13768: 13744: 13742: 13740: 13681: 13679: 13677: 13618: 13616: 13614: 13535: 13533: 13531: 13507: 13505: 13503: 13477: 13475: 13473: 13449: 13447: 13440: 13416: 13414: 13403:"Deontic Logic" 13391: 13389: 13387: 13363: 13361: 13359: 13333: 13331: 13329: 13295: 13293: 13291: 13254: 13220: 13218: 13198: 13174: 13172: 13170: 13144: 13142: 13122: 13099: 13075: 13073: 13071: 13026: 13024: 13005: 13003: 12980: 12978: 12976: 12952: 12950: 12927: 12925: 12917:Latus, Andrew. 12907: 12905: 12898: 12874: 12872: 12870: 12836: 12834: 12827: 12803: 12801: 12799: 12744: 12742: 12699: 12697: 12674: 12672: 12670: 12649: 12623: 12621: 12619: 12593: 12591: 12589: 12568: 12549: 12525: 12523: 12500: 12498: 12478: 12454: 12452: 12450: 12426: 12424: 12413:"Virtue Ethics" 12401: 12399: 12397: 12376: 12352: 12350: 12327: 12325: 12323: 12297: 12295: 12288: 12267: 12245: 12243: 12241: 12220: 12198: 12196: 12194: 12173: 12149: 12147: 12128: 12126: 12119: 12095: 12093: 12091: 12067: 12065: 12063: 12037: 12035: 12015: 11993: 11991: 11989: 11963: 11961: 11951: 11917: 11915: 11913: 11889: 11887: 11885: 11861: 11859: 11836: 11834: 11816: 11814: 11794: 11775: 11751: 11749: 11747: 11721: 11719: 11717: 11691: 11689: 11645: 11643: 11628: 11596: 11594: 11592: 11569: 11547: 11545: 11543: 11522: 11496: 11494: 11492: 11458: 11456: 11436: 11415: 11394: 11360: 11358: 11356: 11332: 11330: 11323: 11299: 11297: 11295: 11274: 11248: 11246: 11244: 11218: 11216: 11214: 11191: 11161: 11159: 11152: 11128: 11126: 11124: 11098: 11096: 11076: 11052: 11050: 11037:Dittmer, Joel. 11030: 11009: 10987: 10985: 10962: 10960: 10953: 10929: 10927: 10925: 10904: 10880: 10878: 10876: 10852: 10850: 10848: 10824: 10822: 10802: 10781: 10758: 10734: 10732: 10730: 10706: 10704: 10697: 10665: 10663: 10656: 10632: 10630: 10628: 10594: 10592: 10590: 10530: 10504: 10502: 10479: 10477: 10470: 10446: 10444: 10442: 10416: 10414: 10391: 10389: 10387: 10363: 10361: 10359: 10335: 10333: 10331: 10308: 10287: 10276:Hornbook Ethics 10226: 10224: 10217: 10193: 10191: 10189: 10163: 10161: 10142: 10140: 10138: 10112: 10110: 10108: 10084: 10082: 10075: 10043: 10041: 10018: 10016: 10014: 9988: 9986: 9966: 9944: 9942: 9940: 9916: 9914: 9912: 9886: 9884: 9882: 9858: 9856: 9854: 9830: 9828: 9826: 9800: 9798: 9791: 9767: 9765: 9722: 9720: 9701: 9699: 9688:"Deontic Logic" 9676: 9674: 9672: 9648: 9646: 9644: 9618: 9616: 9614: 9556: 9534: 9532: 9530: 9507: 9481: 9479: 9477: 9453: 9451: 9428: 9426: 9424: 9400: 9398: 9378: 9354: 9352: 9350: 9336:"Taoist Ethics" 9324: 9322: 9315: 9281: 9279: 9259: 9237: 9235: 9215: 9198: 9193: 9189: 9170: 9166: 9162: 9142: 9138: 9130: 9126: 9118: 9114: 9106: 9102: 9094: 9090: 9082: 9078: 9074: 9055: 9051: 9043: 9039: 9035: 9019: 9015: 9011: 8995: 8991: 8983: 8979: 8975: 8956: 8952: 8944: 8940: 8936: 8917: 8913: 8905: 8901: 8897: 8881: 8877: 8869: 8865: 8861: 8845: 8841: 8833: 8829: 8821: 8817: 8805: 8801: 8797: 8781: 8777: 8769: 8765: 8757: 8753: 8749: 8730: 8726: 8718: 8714: 8710: 8688: 8684: 8676: 8672: 8668: 8652: 8648: 8640: 8636: 8632: 8616: 8612: 8604: 8600: 8596: 8580: 8576: 8568: 8564: 8560: 8544: 8540: 8532: 8528: 8524: 8493: 8489: 8485: 8469: 8465: 8457: 8453: 8445: 8441: 8437: 8415: 8411: 8403: 8399: 8391: 8387: 8383: 8367: 8363: 8355: 8351: 8347: 8331: 8327: 8323: 8301: 8297: 8293: 8277: 8273: 8265: 8261: 8257: 8241: 8237: 8229: 8225: 8221: 8205: 8201: 8193: 8189: 8185: 8148: 8144: 8140: 8121: 8117: 8113: 8109:Dalai Lama 2007 8089: 8085: 8081: 8053: 8049: 8038: 8034: 8023: 8019: 8015: 7975: 7971: 7967: 7951: 7947: 7943: 7912: 7908: 7904: 7901:, pp. 7–10 7858: 7854: 7843: 7839: 7835: 7819: 7815: 7811: 7789: 7785: 7781: 7756: 7752: 7748: 7732: 7728: 7724: 7702: 7698: 7690: 7686: 7682: 7654: 7650: 7646: 7630: 7626: 7622: 7600: 7596: 7592: 7570: 7566: 7558: 7554: 7543: 7539: 7535: 7510: 7506: 7502: 7477: 7473: 7469: 7453: 7449: 7445: 7420: 7416: 7412: 7384: 7380: 7369: 7365: 7354: 7350: 7346: 7324: 7320: 7312: 7308: 7304: 7290:Wolfendale 2007 7285: 7281: 7277: 7255: 7251: 7247: 7225: 7221: 7217: 7198: 7194: 7186: 7182: 7178: 7160: 7156: 7152: 7148:Christians 2005 7134: 7130: 7126: 7095: 7091: 7080: 7076: 7065: 7061: 7055:Airaksinen 1998 7053: 7049: 7045: 7035:Airaksinen 1998 7030: 7026: 7022: 6997: 6993: 6989: 6973: 6966: 6962: 6924: 6920: 6916: 6896: 6892: 6888: 6862: 6858: 6854: 6832: 6828: 6820: 6816: 6812: 6786: 6782: 6778: 6762: 6758: 6754: 6734: 6730: 6718: 6711: 6707: 6678: 6674: 6670: 6650: 6646: 6642: 6622: 6618: 6614: 6594: 6590: 6586: 6560: 6556: 6552: 6512: 6508: 6500: 6496: 6488: 6484: 6480: 6446: 6442: 6434: 6430: 6426: 6403: 6399: 6388: 6384: 6380: 6350: 6346: 6342: 6323: 6319: 6311: 6307: 6303: 6269: 6265: 6261: 6245: 6241: 6237: 6215: 6211: 6207: 6182: 6178: 6174: 6158: 6154: 6150: 6134: 6127: 6123: 6098: 6094: 6090: 6071: 6067: 6063: 6047: 6043: 6039: 6020: 6016: 6012: 5993: 5989: 5985: 5969: 5965: 5961: 5933: 5929: 5925: 5909: 5905: 5897: 5893: 5889: 5870: 5866: 5858: 5854: 5850: 5834: 5830: 5822: 5818: 5814: 5798: 5794: 5790: 5762: 5758: 5754: 5738: 5734: 5726: 5722: 5718: 5702: 5695: 5691: 5675: 5671: 5667: 5651: 5647: 5643: 5627: 5623: 5619: 5597: 5593: 5585: 5581: 5577: 5555: 5551: 5547: 5531: 5524: 5520: 5498: 5494: 5483: 5479: 5468: 5464: 5453: 5449: 5445: 5426: 5422: 5418: 5402: 5398: 5394: 5378: 5374: 5370: 5354: 5350: 5346: 5330: 5326: 5322: 5306: 5302: 5298: 5273: 5269: 5265: 5249: 5245: 5241: 5219: 5215: 5211: 5189: 5185: 5181: 5159: 5155: 5144: 5140: 5129: 5125: 5114: 5110: 5099: 5095: 5084: 5080: 5076: 5054: 5050: 5046: 5024: 5020: 5016: 4988: 4984: 4980: 4972:Eaglestone 2004 4958: 4954: 4950: 4938:, pp. 8–13 4931: 4927: 4923: 4918:LaFollette 2007 4898: 4894: 4885:Hursthouse 1999 4883: 4879: 4875: 4859: 4855: 4844: 4840: 4836: 4817: 4813: 4805: 4801: 4797: 4781: 4777: 4773: 4757: 4750: 4746: 4727: 4723: 4719: 4703: 4699: 4695: 4679: 4675: 4671: 4643: 4639: 4631: 4627: 4619: 4615: 4611: 4586: 4582: 4578: 4556: 4552: 4548: 4526: 4522: 4518: 4502: 4498: 4494: 4478: 4474: 4470: 4454: 4450: 4446: 4424: 4420: 4412: 4408: 4404: 4373: 4369: 4361: 4357: 4349: 4345: 4341: 4313: 4309: 4305: 4289: 4285: 4281: 4256: 4252: 4248: 4232: 4228: 4224: 4208: 4204: 4200: 4184: 4180: 4176: 4148: 4144: 4140: 4112: 4108: 4097: 4093: 4085: 4081: 4077: 4061: 4057: 4053: 4034: 4030: 4022: 4018: 4014: 3977: 3973: 3969: 3953: 3949: 3945: 3911: 3907: 3903: 3884: 3880: 3876: 3860: 3856: 3848: 3841: 3837: 3809: 3805: 3801: 3785: 3781: 3773: 3769: 3765: 3737: 3733: 3729: 3713: 3709: 3705: 3689: 3685: 3674: 3670: 3659: 3655: 3647: 3643: 3639: 3614: 3610: 3606: 3584: 3580: 3572: 3568: 3557: 3553: 3549: 3533: 3529: 3521: 3517: 3513: 3492: 3488: 3480: 3476: 3472: 3453: 3449: 3445: 3424:, pp. 7–10 3399: 3395: 3391: 3372: 3368: 3360: 3356: 3352: 3322: 3318: 3314: 3293: 3289: 3285: 3270: 3266: 3262: 3237: 3233: 3229: 3208: 3204: 3200: 3172: 3168: 3164: 3136: 3132: 3128: 3094: 3090: 3086: 3078:Hollenbach 2002 3064: 3060: 3056: 3051: 3046: 3042: 3037: 3033: 3028: 3024: 3007: 3003: 2998: 2994: 2981: 2977: 2964: 2960: 2951: 2947: 2935: 2931: 2918: 2914: 2909: 2905: 2894: 2890: 2885: 2881: 2876: 2872: 2863: 2859: 2846: 2842: 2838: 2833: 2828: 2804: 2792:feminist ethics 2634:social contract 2599: 2584: 2566:divine commands 2558:medieval period 2534: 2523: 2474:Buddhist ethics 2418: 2412: 2376: 2370: 2300:moral character 2296:moral reasoning 2288: 2282: 2244: 2236:Main articles: 2234: 2229: 2221:sexual behavior 2162:computer ethics 2103: 2101:Other subfields 2059:medical doctors 2036:worker's rights 2008: 2002:Business ethics 2000:Main articles: 1998: 1982:climate justice 1945:formulation of 1942:torture animals 1801: 1795: 1783:business ethics 1722: 1716: 1684: 1664:trolley problem 1656:ethical dilemma 1641:trolley problem 1597:Foundationalist 1593: 1591:Moral knowledge 1564: 1562:Non-cognitivism 1556:Main articles: 1554: 1518: 1510:Main articles: 1508: 1499:Moral nihilists 1459: 1408:contrasts with 1351: 1331:epistemological 1287:moral judgments 1283: 1277: 1217:loving-kindness 1128:Buddhist ethics 1124:loving-kindness 1089: 1081:Martha Nussbaum 1047:. According to 1041:Aristotelianism 972: 966: 938:Jürgen Habermas 898:social contract 879: 867:Main articles: 865: 810: 804: 791:person who acts 787: 767: 761: 732: 731: 730: 729: 718: 717: 716: 708: 707: 684: 678: 579: 562:intrinsic value 537: 531: 456: 450: 438:business ethics 407: 404: 401: 397: 394: 391: 345: 342: 339: 335: 332: 329: 265:meaning to life 217: 197:medieval period 151:started in the 35: 28: 23: 22: 15: 12: 11: 5: 21241: 21231: 21230: 21225: 21208: 21207: 21205: 21204: 21198: 21195: 21194: 21192: 21191: 21186: 21181: 21179:Social science 21176: 21171: 21166: 21161: 21156: 21151: 21146: 21141: 21136: 21131: 21126: 21121: 21116: 21111: 21105: 21103: 21099: 21098: 21096: 21095: 21085: 21075: 21069:Gender Trouble 21065: 21055: 21045: 21035: 21025: 21015: 21005: 20999:The Second Sex 20995: 20985: 20975: 20965: 20955: 20945: 20934: 20932: 20928: 20927: 20924: 20923: 20921: 20920: 20915: 20910: 20905: 20900: 20895: 20890: 20885: 20880: 20875: 20870: 20865: 20860: 20855: 20850: 20845: 20840: 20835: 20830: 20825: 20820: 20815: 20810: 20805: 20800: 20795: 20790: 20785: 20780: 20775: 20770: 20765: 20760: 20755: 20750: 20745: 20740: 20735: 20730: 20725: 20720: 20715: 20710: 20705: 20700: 20695: 20690: 20685: 20680: 20675: 20670: 20665: 20660: 20655: 20650: 20645: 20640: 20635: 20630: 20625: 20620: 20615: 20610: 20604: 20602: 20596: 20595: 20593: 20592: 20587: 20582: 20577: 20572: 20567: 20562: 20557: 20552: 20547: 20542: 20537: 20532: 20527: 20522: 20517: 20512: 20507: 20502: 20497: 20492: 20487: 20482: 20477: 20472: 20467: 20462: 20457: 20452: 20447: 20442: 20437: 20432: 20427: 20422: 20417: 20412: 20407: 20402: 20396: 20394: 20388: 20387: 20385: 20384: 20379: 20374: 20369: 20364: 20359: 20354: 20349: 20343: 20341: 20337: 20336: 20334: 20333: 20328: 20323: 20318: 20313: 20308: 20303: 20298: 20293: 20288: 20283: 20278: 20272: 20270: 20266: 20265: 20263: 20262: 20257: 20252: 20247: 20242: 20237: 20232: 20227: 20222: 20217: 20212: 20207: 20202: 20197: 20192: 20186: 20184: 20177: 20173: 20172: 20170: 20169: 20164: 20159: 20158: 20157: 20147: 20142: 20137: 20136: 20135: 20125: 20119: 20117: 20113: 20112: 20110: 20109: 20104: 20095: 20094: 20093: 20083: 20078: 20073: 20068: 20063: 20058: 20049: 20044: 20035: 20030: 20025: 20020: 20015: 20014: 20013: 20003: 19998: 19993: 19991:Invisible hand 19988: 19983: 19978: 19977: 19976: 19966: 19961: 19956: 19951: 19946: 19945: 19944: 19934: 19933: 19932: 19927: 19922: 19912: 19907: 19902: 19897: 19892: 19887: 19881: 19879: 19875: 19874: 19867: 19866: 19859: 19852: 19844: 19835: 19834: 19832: 19831: 19819: 19804: 19801: 19800: 19797: 19796: 19793: 19792: 19789: 19788: 19786: 19785: 19780: 19775: 19770: 19765: 19759: 19757: 19753: 19752: 19750: 19749: 19744: 19739: 19734: 19729: 19724: 19719: 19714: 19709: 19704: 19699: 19694: 19689: 19684: 19683: 19682: 19672: 19667: 19661: 19659: 19653: 19652: 19650: 19649: 19644: 19639: 19634: 19629: 19623: 19621: 19619:Middle Eastern 19615: 19614: 19612: 19611: 19606: 19601: 19596: 19591: 19586: 19581: 19576: 19570: 19568: 19562: 19561: 19559: 19558: 19553: 19548: 19543: 19537: 19535: 19526: 19516: 19515: 19512: 19511: 19507: 19499: 19498: 19495: 19494: 19491: 19490: 19487: 19486: 19484: 19483: 19476: 19471: 19466: 19461: 19455: 19453: 19449: 19448: 19446: 19445: 19440: 19435: 19430: 19425: 19420: 19415: 19410: 19405: 19400: 19395: 19390: 19385: 19383:Existentialism 19380: 19378:Deconstruction 19375: 19369: 19367: 19361: 19360: 19358: 19357: 19352: 19347: 19342: 19337: 19332: 19327: 19322: 19317: 19312: 19307: 19302: 19297: 19292: 19287: 19282: 19277: 19272: 19267: 19262: 19257: 19248: 19243: 19238: 19233: 19228: 19223: 19218: 19213: 19211:Applied ethics 19207: 19205: 19196: 19190: 19189: 19186: 19185: 19183: 19182: 19177: 19175:Nietzscheanism 19172: 19167: 19162: 19157: 19152: 19147: 19146: 19145: 19135: 19129: 19127: 19123: 19122: 19120: 19119: 19117:Utilitarianism 19114: 19109: 19104: 19099: 19094: 19089: 19084: 19079: 19074: 19069: 19064: 19059: 19054: 19049: 19044: 19039: 19034: 19029: 19024: 19019: 19018: 19017: 19015:Transcendental 19012: 19007: 19002: 18997: 18992: 18982: 18981: 18980: 18970: 18965: 18960: 18955: 18953:Existentialism 18950: 18945: 18940: 18935: 18930: 18925: 18920: 18915: 18909: 18903: 18897: 18896: 18893: 18892: 18890: 18889: 18883: 18881: 18875: 18874: 18872: 18871: 18866: 18859: 18854: 18849: 18844: 18838: 18836: 18830: 18829: 18827: 18826: 18821: 18820: 18819: 18814: 18809: 18804: 18799: 18794: 18789: 18778: 18776: 18772: 18771: 18769: 18768: 18763: 18758: 18753: 18748: 18743: 18741:Augustinianism 18738: 18732: 18730: 18724: 18723: 18721: 18720: 18715: 18710: 18705: 18700: 18695: 18690: 18684: 18682: 18675: 18669: 18668: 18665: 18664: 18662: 18661: 18656: 18654:Zoroastrianism 18651: 18646: 18640: 18638: 18632: 18631: 18629: 18628: 18627: 18626: 18621: 18616: 18611: 18606: 18601: 18596: 18591: 18586: 18576: 18575: 18574: 18569: 18559: 18558: 18557: 18552: 18547: 18542: 18537: 18532: 18527: 18522: 18511: 18509: 18503: 18502: 18500: 18499: 18497:Church Fathers 18494: 18489: 18484: 18479: 18474: 18469: 18468: 18467: 18462: 18457: 18452: 18442: 18437: 18432: 18427: 18422: 18417: 18412: 18411: 18410: 18405: 18400: 18395: 18390: 18379: 18377: 18368: 18367: 18365: 18364: 18359: 18354: 18349: 18344: 18339: 18334: 18329: 18323: 18321: 18312: 18306: 18305: 18303: 18302: 18301: 18300: 18295: 18290: 18285: 18280: 18270: 18264: 18262: 18252: 18251: 18241: 18240: 18237: 18236: 18233: 18232: 18230: 18229: 18224: 18219: 18214: 18209: 18204: 18199: 18194: 18188: 18186: 18180: 18179: 18177: 18176: 18171: 18166: 18160: 18158: 18152: 18151: 18149: 18148: 18143: 18138: 18133: 18128: 18123: 18117: 18115: 18109: 18108: 18106: 18105: 18100: 18095: 18090: 18085: 18080: 18075: 18069: 18067: 18061: 18060: 18058: 18057: 18052: 18047: 18042: 18037: 18032: 18026: 18024: 18018: 18017: 18015: 18014: 18012:Libertarianism 18009: 18008: 18007: 17997: 17996: 17995: 17985: 17979: 17977: 17971: 17970: 17968: 17967: 17962: 17957: 17951: 17949: 17943: 17942: 17940: 17939: 17934: 17929: 17924: 17919: 17914: 17909: 17903: 17901: 17895: 17894: 17892: 17891: 17886: 17881: 17875: 17873: 17867: 17866: 17864: 17863: 17858: 17853: 17848: 17843: 17838: 17833: 17828: 17823: 17818: 17816:Metaphilosophy 17813: 17808: 17802: 17800: 17790: 17789: 17779: 17778: 17771: 17770: 17763: 17756: 17748: 17739: 17738: 17736: 17735: 17724: 17721: 17720: 17718: 17717: 17710: 17705: 17703:Secular ethics 17700: 17698:Rehabilitation 17695: 17690: 17685: 17680: 17675: 17670: 17665: 17660: 17655: 17650: 17645: 17640: 17634: 17632: 17628: 17627: 17625: 17624: 17616: 17608: 17600: 17592: 17584: 17576: 17568: 17563:Utilitarianism 17560: 17552: 17544: 17536: 17528: 17520: 17512: 17504: 17496: 17488: 17479: 17477: 17473: 17472: 17470: 17469: 17464: 17459: 17454: 17449: 17444: 17439: 17434: 17429: 17424: 17419: 17414: 17409: 17404: 17399: 17394: 17389: 17384: 17379: 17374: 17369: 17364: 17359: 17354: 17349: 17344: 17339: 17334: 17329: 17324: 17319: 17314: 17309: 17304: 17299: 17294: 17289: 17284: 17279: 17274: 17269: 17264: 17259: 17254: 17248: 17246: 17239: 17238: 17236: 17235: 17230: 17225: 17220: 17215: 17214: 17213: 17208: 17203: 17193: 17188: 17183: 17178: 17173: 17168: 17163: 17158: 17153: 17148: 17143: 17138: 17133: 17128: 17123: 17118: 17113: 17108: 17103: 17098: 17093: 17088: 17083: 17078: 17073: 17072: 17071: 17066: 17061: 17051: 17046: 17041: 17036: 17031: 17026: 17021: 17016: 17011: 17006: 17001: 16996: 16991: 16986: 16981: 16976: 16970: 16968: 16964: 16963: 16961: 16960: 16955: 16950: 16945: 16940: 16935: 16930: 16925: 16923:Existentialist 16920: 16915: 16910: 16905: 16899: 16897: 16893: 16892: 16890: 16889: 16888: 16887: 16877: 16872: 16867: 16862: 16861: 16860: 16855: 16850: 16845: 16835: 16830: 16825: 16820: 16818:Constructivism 16815: 16814: 16813: 16812: 16811: 16806: 16796: 16795: 16794: 16792:Non-naturalism 16789: 16774: 16769: 16763: 16761: 16755: 16754: 16752: 16751: 16746: 16741: 16736: 16731: 16726: 16721: 16716: 16711: 16706: 16701: 16696: 16691: 16686: 16685: 16684: 16674: 16669: 16664: 16659: 16654: 16649: 16644: 16638: 16636: 16630: 16629: 16627: 16626: 16621: 16619:Utilitarianism 16616: 16611: 16606: 16601: 16596: 16591: 16586: 16580: 16578: 16572: 16571: 16564: 16563: 16556: 16549: 16541: 16535: 16534: 16525: 16519:Applied Ethics 16516: 16507: 16494: 16493: 16488: 16482: 16481: 16470: 16469: 16467: 16466:External links 16464: 16462: 16461: 16440: 16434: 16421: 16408: 16391: 16378: 16363: 16350: 16338:"Confucianism" 16333: 16308: 16295: 16270: 16252: 16235: 16210: 16185: 16160: 16147: 16130: 16105: 16092: 16077: 16064: 16049: 16036: 16021: 15996: 15983: 15966: 15953: 15938: 15917: 15892: 15867: 15854: 15839: 15826: 15809: 15796: 15779: 15773: 15764:Contractualism 15758: 15745: 15720: 15705:"Stoic Ethics" 15700: 15687: 15672: 15666: 15653: 15628: 15615: 15600: 15582: 15567: 15549: 15534: 15521: 15506: 15500: 15485: 15464: 15439: 15414: 15408: 15393: 15387: 15374: 15368: 15351: 15338: 15323: 15298: 15273: 15253:"Value Theory" 15248: 15223: 15198: 15173: 15167: 15150: 15144: 15129: 15123: 15110: 15085: 15072: 15066:. Bloomsbury. 15057: 15044: 15029: 15016: 14999: 14993: 14978: 14953: 14940: 14928:"Introduction" 14923: 14898: 14877: 14864: 14849: 14814: 14808: 14795: 14777:(1): 101–107. 14766: 14741: 14716: 14702: 14689: 14683: 14668: 14655: 14638: 14625: 14610: 14573: 14555: 14540: 14515: 14502: 14487: 14474: 14459: 14453: 14441:"Introduction" 14436: 14430: 14417: 14404: 14389: 14376: 14361: 14348: 14333: 14320: 14303: 14288:"Morality, n." 14283: 14270: 14253: 14228: 14222: 14205: 14187: 14172: 14147: 14126: 14108: 14093: 14068: 14062: 14047: 14034: 14019: 14013: 13998: 13977: 13952: 13946: 13933: 13920: 13905: 13880: 13867: 13861:. IGI Global. 13850: 13807: 13794: 13779: 13766: 13760:. Bloomsbury. 13751: 13738: 13721: 13703:(1–2): 44–57. 13688: 13675: 13660: 13625: 13612: 13587: 13553:(3): 229–240. 13542: 13529: 13514: 13501: 13484: 13471: 13456: 13438: 13423: 13398: 13385: 13370: 13357: 13340: 13327: 13302: 13289: 13274: 13252: 13227: 13202: 13196: 13181: 13168: 13151: 13126: 13120: 13103: 13097: 13082: 13069: 13052: 13033: 13012: 12987: 12974: 12959: 12934: 12914: 12896: 12881: 12868: 12843: 12825: 12810: 12797: 12780: 12751: 12706: 12681: 12668: 12653: 12647: 12630: 12617: 12611:. Bloomsbury. 12600: 12587: 12572: 12566: 12553: 12547: 12532: 12507: 12482: 12476: 12461: 12448: 12433: 12408: 12395: 12380: 12374: 12359: 12334: 12321: 12304: 12286: 12271: 12265: 12252: 12239: 12224: 12218: 12205: 12192: 12177: 12171: 12156: 12135: 12117: 12102: 12089: 12074: 12061: 12044: 12019: 12013: 12000: 11987: 11970: 11949: 11924: 11911: 11896: 11883: 11877:. Penguin UK. 11868: 11843: 11823: 11798: 11792: 11779: 11773: 11758: 11745: 11728: 11715: 11698: 11673: 11652: 11632: 11626: 11603: 11590: 11573: 11567: 11554: 11541: 11526: 11520: 11503: 11490: 11465: 11440: 11434: 11419: 11413: 11398: 11392: 11367: 11354: 11339: 11321: 11306: 11293: 11278: 11272: 11255: 11242: 11225: 11212: 11206:. IGI Global. 11195: 11189: 11168: 11150: 11135: 11122: 11110:"Consequences" 11105: 11080: 11074: 11059: 11034: 11028: 11013: 11007: 10994: 10969: 10951: 10936: 10923: 10908: 10902: 10887: 10874: 10859: 10846: 10831: 10806: 10800: 10785: 10779: 10762: 10756: 10741: 10728: 10713: 10695: 10672: 10654: 10639: 10626: 10601: 10588: 10582:. Bloomsbury. 10571: 10551:10.2307/788021 10545:(5): 501–527. 10534: 10528: 10516:"Introduction" 10511: 10486: 10468: 10453: 10440: 10423: 10398: 10385: 10370: 10357: 10342: 10329: 10312: 10306: 10291: 10285: 10270: 10233: 10215: 10200: 10187: 10170: 10149: 10136: 10124:"Introduction" 10119: 10106: 10091: 10073: 10050: 10025: 10012: 9995: 9970: 9964: 9951: 9938: 9923: 9910: 9893: 9880: 9865: 9852: 9837: 9824: 9807: 9789: 9774: 9729: 9708: 9683: 9670: 9655: 9642: 9625: 9612: 9597: 9560: 9554: 9541: 9528: 9511: 9505: 9488: 9475: 9460: 9435: 9422: 9416:. Bloomsbury. 9407: 9382: 9376: 9361: 9348: 9331: 9313: 9288: 9263: 9257: 9244: 9219: 9213: 9199: 9197: 9194: 9192: 9191: 9188: 9187: 9178: 9177:, Lead section 9171: 9164: 9161: 9160: 9150: 9143: 9136: 9124: 9112: 9100: 9088: 9076: 9073: 9072: 9066: 9056: 9049: 9037: 9034: 9033: 9027: 9020: 9013: 9010: 9009: 9003: 8996: 8989: 8977: 8974: 8973: 8967: 8957: 8950: 8938: 8935: 8934: 8925: 8918: 8911: 8899: 8896: 8895: 8889: 8882: 8875: 8863: 8860: 8859: 8853: 8846: 8839: 8827: 8815: 8799: 8796: 8795: 8789: 8782: 8775: 8763: 8751: 8748: 8747: 8738: 8731: 8724: 8712: 8709: 8708: 8699: 8689: 8682: 8670: 8667: 8666: 8660: 8653: 8646: 8634: 8631: 8630: 8624: 8617: 8610: 8598: 8595: 8594: 8588: 8581: 8574: 8562: 8559: 8558: 8552: 8545: 8538: 8526: 8523: 8522: 8513: 8507: 8501: 8500:, Lead section 8494: 8487: 8484: 8483: 8477: 8470: 8463: 8451: 8439: 8436: 8435: 8426: 8416: 8409: 8397: 8385: 8382: 8381: 8375: 8368: 8361: 8349: 8346: 8345: 8339: 8332: 8325: 8322: 8321: 8315: 8309: 8302: 8295: 8292: 8291: 8285: 8278: 8271: 8259: 8256: 8255: 8249: 8242: 8235: 8223: 8220: 8219: 8213: 8206: 8199: 8187: 8184: 8183: 8174: 8165: 8156: 8149: 8142: 8139: 8138: 8132: 8122: 8115: 8112: 8111: 8106: 8100: 8090: 8083: 8080: 8079: 8070: 8061: 8054: 8047: 8032: 8017: 8014: 8013: 8004: 7995: 7986: 7976: 7969: 7966: 7965: 7959: 7952: 7945: 7942: 7941: 7932: 7923: 7913: 7906: 7903: 7902: 7896: 7887: 7878: 7869: 7859: 7852: 7837: 7834: 7833: 7827: 7820: 7813: 7810: 7809: 7800: 7790: 7783: 7780: 7779: 7770: 7764: 7763:, Lead section 7757: 7750: 7747: 7746: 7740: 7733: 7726: 7723: 7722: 7713: 7703: 7696: 7684: 7681: 7680: 7671: 7662: 7655: 7648: 7645: 7644: 7638: 7631: 7624: 7621: 7620: 7617:Schroeder 2021 7614: 7608: 7601: 7594: 7591: 7590: 7581: 7571: 7564: 7560:Kupperman 2005 7552: 7537: 7534: 7533: 7527: 7518: 7517:, Lead section 7515:Schroeder 2021 7511: 7504: 7501: 7500: 7491: 7485: 7482:Schroeder 2021 7478: 7471: 7468: 7467: 7466:, Lead section 7461: 7458:Schroeder 2021 7454: 7447: 7444: 7443: 7434: 7433:, Lead section 7431:Schroeder 2021 7428: 7427:, Lead section 7421: 7414: 7411: 7410: 7401: 7392: 7391:, Lead section 7389:Schroeder 2021 7385: 7378: 7363: 7348: 7345: 7344: 7335: 7325: 7318: 7306: 7303: 7302: 7296: 7286: 7279: 7276: 7275: 7274:, pp. 2–3 7269: 7263: 7262:, Lead section 7256: 7249: 7246: 7245: 7236: 7230:Tzafestas 2015 7226: 7219: 7216: 7215: 7206: 7199: 7192: 7180: 7177: 7176: 7171: 7161: 7154: 7151: 7150: 7145: 7135: 7128: 7125: 7124: 7115: 7106: 7096: 7089: 7074: 7059: 7047: 7044: 7043: 7037: 7031: 7024: 7021: 7020: 7017:Rendtorff 1998 7014: 7008: 6998: 6991: 6988: 6987: 6981: 6978:Rendtorff 1998 6974: 6964: 6961: 6960: 6951: 6942: 6936: 6925: 6918: 6915: 6914: 6904: 6897: 6890: 6887: 6886: 6885:, Lead section 6880: 6874: 6863: 6856: 6853: 6852: 6843: 6837:Francione 2004 6833: 6826: 6814: 6811: 6810: 6804: 6794: 6793:, Lead section 6787: 6780: 6777: 6776: 6770: 6763: 6756: 6753: 6752: 6742: 6735: 6728: 6709: 6706: 6705: 6704:, Lead section 6699: 6690: 6679: 6672: 6669: 6668: 6658: 6651: 6644: 6641: 6640: 6630: 6623: 6616: 6613: 6612: 6606: 6595: 6588: 6585: 6584: 6578: 6577:, Lead section 6568: 6561: 6554: 6551: 6550: 6541: 6532: 6523: 6513: 6506: 6494: 6482: 6479: 6478: 6469: 6463: 6454: 6453:, pp. 7–9 6447: 6440: 6438:, pp. 7–9 6428: 6425: 6424: 6414: 6404: 6397: 6382: 6379: 6378: 6369: 6364: 6358: 6351: 6344: 6341: 6340: 6331: 6324: 6317: 6305: 6302: 6301: 6295: 6289: 6283: 6277: 6270: 6263: 6260: 6259: 6253: 6246: 6239: 6236: 6235: 6229: 6223: 6216: 6209: 6206: 6205: 6196: 6195:, Lead section 6190: 6183: 6176: 6173: 6172: 6166: 6159: 6152: 6149: 6148: 6142: 6135: 6125: 6122: 6121: 6112: 6106: 6099: 6092: 6089: 6088: 6079: 6072: 6065: 6062: 6061: 6055: 6048: 6041: 6038: 6037: 6028: 6021: 6014: 6011: 6010: 6009:, Lead section 6004: 5994: 5987: 5984: 5983: 5977: 5970: 5963: 5960: 5959: 5950: 5941: 5934: 5927: 5924: 5923: 5917: 5910: 5903: 5891: 5888: 5887: 5878: 5871: 5864: 5852: 5849: 5848: 5842: 5835: 5828: 5816: 5813: 5812: 5806: 5799: 5792: 5789: 5788: 5782: 5781:, Lead section 5776: 5770: 5763: 5756: 5753: 5752: 5746: 5739: 5732: 5720: 5717: 5716: 5715:, Lead section 5710: 5703: 5693: 5690: 5689: 5683: 5682:, Lead section 5676: 5669: 5666: 5665: 5664:, Lead section 5659: 5658:, Lead section 5652: 5645: 5642: 5641: 5640:, pp. 5–6 5635: 5634:, Lead section 5628: 5621: 5618: 5617: 5616:, pp. 5–6 5611: 5605: 5598: 5591: 5589:, pp. 4–5 5579: 5576: 5575: 5574:, Lead section 5569: 5568:, pp. 4–5 5563: 5556: 5549: 5546: 5545: 5539: 5532: 5522: 5519: 5518: 5512: 5509:Feibleman 2012 5506: 5499: 5492: 5477: 5462: 5447: 5444: 5443: 5434: 5433:, pp. 1–4 5427: 5420: 5417: 5416: 5410: 5403: 5396: 5393: 5392: 5386: 5379: 5372: 5369: 5368: 5362: 5355: 5348: 5345: 5344: 5338: 5331: 5324: 5321: 5320: 5314: 5307: 5300: 5297: 5296: 5295:, Lead section 5290: 5284: 5274: 5267: 5264: 5263: 5257: 5250: 5243: 5240: 5239: 5238:, Lead section 5233: 5232:, Lead section 5227: 5220: 5213: 5210: 5209: 5200: 5190: 5183: 5180: 5179: 5173:Brannigan 2010 5170: 5160: 5153: 5138: 5123: 5108: 5101:Chowdhury 2019 5093: 5086:Verhoeven 2013 5078: 5075: 5074: 5065: 5055: 5048: 5045: 5044: 5038:Blidstein 1995 5035: 5025: 5018: 5015: 5014: 5005: 4996: 4989: 4982: 4979: 4978: 4969: 4959: 4952: 4949: 4948: 4939: 4932: 4925: 4922: 4921: 4915: 4914:, § 6.2 Ethics 4909: 4899: 4892: 4877: 4874: 4873: 4867: 4866:, Lead section 4860: 4853: 4838: 4835: 4834: 4828: 4818: 4811: 4799: 4796: 4795: 4794:, Lead section 4789: 4782: 4775: 4772: 4771: 4765: 4758: 4748: 4745: 4744: 4735: 4728: 4721: 4718: 4717: 4711: 4704: 4697: 4694: 4693: 4692:, Lead section 4687: 4680: 4673: 4670: 4669: 4663: 4654: 4644: 4637: 4635:, Lead section 4625: 4613: 4610: 4609: 4608:, Lead section 4603: 4594: 4587: 4580: 4577: 4576: 4567: 4557: 4550: 4547: 4546: 4537: 4527: 4520: 4517: 4516: 4515:, Lead section 4510: 4509:, Lead section 4503: 4496: 4493: 4492: 4486: 4479: 4472: 4469: 4468: 4462: 4455: 4448: 4445: 4444: 4435: 4425: 4418: 4416:, Lead section 4406: 4403: 4402: 4393: 4387: 4381: 4380:, Lead section 4374: 4367: 4355: 4343: 4340: 4339: 4330: 4321: 4314: 4307: 4304: 4303: 4297: 4290: 4283: 4280: 4279: 4270: 4264: 4257: 4250: 4247: 4246: 4240: 4233: 4226: 4223: 4222: 4216: 4209: 4202: 4199: 4198: 4192: 4185: 4178: 4175: 4174: 4165: 4156: 4149: 4142: 4139: 4138: 4129: 4120: 4113: 4106: 4099:Suikkanen 2020 4091: 4079: 4076: 4075: 4069: 4062: 4055: 4052: 4051: 4042: 4035: 4028: 4026:, Lead section 4016: 4013: 4012: 4003: 3997: 3991: 3985: 3978: 3971: 3968: 3967: 3961: 3954: 3947: 3944: 3943: 3937: 3931: 3925: 3924:, Lead section 3919: 3912: 3905: 3902: 3901: 3895:Cummiskey 1996 3892: 3885: 3878: 3875: 3874: 3868: 3861: 3854: 3839: 3836: 3835: 3829: 3823: 3817: 3816:, Lead section 3810: 3803: 3800: 3799: 3793: 3786: 3779: 3777:, Lead section 3767: 3764: 3763: 3754: 3748:Edmundson 2004 3745: 3738: 3731: 3728: 3727: 3724:Zimmerman 2015 3721: 3714: 3707: 3704: 3703: 3702:, Lead section 3697: 3696:, Lead section 3690: 3683: 3668: 3653: 3641: 3638: 3637: 3628: 3622: 3615: 3608: 3605: 3604: 3598: 3597:, Lead section 3592: 3591:, Lead section 3585: 3578: 3566: 3551: 3548: 3547: 3541: 3540:, Lead section 3534: 3527: 3515: 3512: 3511: 3505: 3499: 3493: 3486: 3484:, pp. 2–3 3474: 3471: 3470: 3461: 3454: 3447: 3444: 3443: 3434: 3425: 3419: 3410: 3400: 3393: 3390: 3389: 3383: 3373: 3366: 3364:, pp. 1–3 3354: 3351: 3350: 3345: 3339:Gustafson 2020 3336: 3335:, pp. 1–2 3330: 3323: 3316: 3313: 3312: 3307: 3301: 3294: 3287: 3284: 3283: 3277: 3275:OED Staff 2002 3271: 3264: 3261: 3260: 3254: 3245: 3238: 3231: 3228: 3227: 3221: 3215: 3213:AHD staff 2022 3209: 3202: 3199: 3198: 3192: 3191:, pp. 1–2 3186: 3180: 3173: 3166: 3163: 3162: 3153: 3147: 3141:Pritchard 2015 3137: 3130: 3127: 3126: 3120: 3114: 3108: 3107:, Lead section 3102: 3095: 3088: 3085: 3084: 3075: 3065: 3057: 3055: 3052: 3050: 3049: 3040: 3031: 3022: 3001: 2992: 2975: 2958: 2945: 2929: 2912: 2903: 2888: 2879: 2870: 2866:supererogation 2857: 2839: 2837: 2834: 2832: 2829: 2827: 2826: 2821: 2816: 2811: 2805: 2803: 2800: 2764:social justice 2760:Kantian ethics 2724:prescriptivism 2696:existentialism 2678:Jeremy Bentham 2674:utilitarianism 2570:Thomas Aquinas 2513:ancient Greece 2414:Main article: 2411: 2408: 2372:Main article: 2369: 2366: 2362:moral emotions 2348:that augments 2284:Main article: 2281: 2278: 2233: 2230: 2228: 2227:Related fields 2225: 2178:nuclear ethics 2170:machine ethics 2150:nanotechnology 2134:Nuclear ethics 2102: 2099: 1997: 1994: 1974:global warming 1938:animal welfare 1879:medical ethics 1860:animal testing 1797:Main article: 1794: 1791: 1771:private sphere 1720:Applied ethics 1718:Main article: 1715: 1714:Applied ethics 1712: 1683: 1680: 1650:are used as a 1625:Moral skeptics 1592: 1589: 1581:Prescriptivism 1553: 1550: 1516:Non-naturalism 1507: 1504: 1481:Moral realists 1475:cultural norms 1458: 1455: 1435:Supererogation 1350: 1349:Basic concepts 1347: 1279:Main article: 1276: 1273: 1183:, such as the 1088: 1085: 1026:ethics of care 968:Main article: 965: 962: 873:Contractualism 864: 861: 808:Kantian ethics 806:Main article: 803: 800: 786: 783: 763:Main article: 760: 757: 736:Jeremy Bentham 722:Jeremy Bentham 720: 719: 710: 709: 701: 700: 699: 698: 697: 682:Utilitarianism 680:Main article: 677: 676:Utilitarianism 674: 648:expected value 627:utilitarianism 601:satisfaction, 578: 575: 571:ethical egoism 545:was coined by 542:utilitarianism 533:Main article: 530: 527: 523:justifications 452:Main article: 449: 446: 412:Middle English 301:medical ethics 273:applied ethics 216: 213: 153:ancient period 64:applied ethics 26: 18:Right (ethics) 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 21240: 21229: 21226: 21224: 21221: 21220: 21218: 21203: 21200: 21199: 21196: 21190: 21187: 21185: 21184:Social theory 21182: 21180: 21177: 21175: 21172: 21170: 21167: 21165: 21162: 21160: 21157: 21155: 21152: 21150: 21147: 21145: 21142: 21140: 21137: 21135: 21132: 21130: 21127: 21125: 21122: 21120: 21117: 21115: 21112: 21110: 21107: 21106: 21104: 21100: 21091: 21090: 21086: 21081: 21080: 21076: 21071: 21070: 21066: 21061: 21060: 21056: 21051: 21050: 21046: 21041: 21040: 21036: 21031: 21030: 21026: 21021: 21020: 21016: 21011: 21010: 21006: 21001: 21000: 20996: 20991: 20990: 20986: 20981: 20980: 20976: 20971: 20970: 20966: 20961: 20960: 20956: 20951: 20950: 20946: 20941: 20940: 20936: 20935: 20933: 20929: 20919: 20916: 20914: 20911: 20909: 20906: 20904: 20901: 20899: 20896: 20894: 20891: 20889: 20886: 20884: 20881: 20879: 20876: 20874: 20871: 20869: 20866: 20864: 20861: 20859: 20856: 20854: 20851: 20849: 20846: 20844: 20841: 20839: 20838:Radhakrishnan 20836: 20834: 20831: 20829: 20826: 20824: 20821: 20819: 20816: 20814: 20811: 20809: 20806: 20804: 20801: 20799: 20796: 20794: 20791: 20789: 20786: 20784: 20781: 20779: 20776: 20774: 20771: 20769: 20766: 20764: 20761: 20759: 20756: 20754: 20751: 20749: 20746: 20744: 20741: 20739: 20736: 20734: 20731: 20729: 20726: 20724: 20721: 20719: 20716: 20714: 20711: 20709: 20706: 20704: 20701: 20699: 20696: 20694: 20691: 20689: 20686: 20684: 20681: 20679: 20676: 20674: 20671: 20669: 20666: 20664: 20661: 20659: 20656: 20654: 20651: 20649: 20646: 20644: 20641: 20639: 20636: 20634: 20631: 20629: 20626: 20624: 20621: 20619: 20616: 20614: 20611: 20609: 20606: 20605: 20603: 20599:20th and 21st 20597: 20591: 20588: 20586: 20583: 20581: 20578: 20576: 20573: 20571: 20568: 20566: 20563: 20561: 20558: 20556: 20553: 20551: 20548: 20546: 20543: 20541: 20538: 20536: 20533: 20531: 20528: 20526: 20523: 20521: 20518: 20516: 20513: 20511: 20508: 20506: 20503: 20501: 20498: 20496: 20493: 20491: 20488: 20486: 20483: 20481: 20478: 20476: 20473: 20471: 20468: 20466: 20463: 20461: 20458: 20456: 20453: 20451: 20448: 20446: 20443: 20441: 20438: 20436: 20433: 20431: 20428: 20426: 20423: 20421: 20418: 20416: 20413: 20411: 20408: 20406: 20403: 20401: 20398: 20397: 20395: 20391:18th and 19th 20389: 20383: 20380: 20378: 20375: 20373: 20370: 20368: 20365: 20363: 20360: 20358: 20355: 20353: 20350: 20348: 20345: 20344: 20342: 20338: 20332: 20329: 20327: 20324: 20322: 20319: 20317: 20314: 20312: 20309: 20307: 20304: 20302: 20299: 20297: 20294: 20292: 20289: 20287: 20284: 20282: 20279: 20277: 20274: 20273: 20271: 20267: 20261: 20258: 20256: 20253: 20251: 20248: 20246: 20243: 20241: 20238: 20236: 20233: 20231: 20228: 20226: 20223: 20221: 20218: 20216: 20213: 20211: 20208: 20206: 20203: 20201: 20198: 20196: 20193: 20191: 20188: 20187: 20185: 20181: 20178: 20174: 20168: 20165: 20163: 20160: 20156: 20153: 20152: 20151: 20148: 20146: 20143: 20141: 20138: 20134: 20131: 20130: 20129: 20126: 20124: 20121: 20120: 20118: 20114: 20108: 20105: 20102: 20101: 20096: 20092: 20089: 20088: 20087: 20084: 20082: 20079: 20077: 20074: 20072: 20069: 20067: 20064: 20062: 20059: 20056: 20055: 20050: 20048: 20045: 20042: 20041: 20036: 20034: 20031: 20029: 20026: 20024: 20021: 20019: 20016: 20012: 20009: 20008: 20007: 20004: 20002: 19999: 19997: 19994: 19992: 19989: 19987: 19984: 19982: 19979: 19975: 19972: 19971: 19970: 19967: 19965: 19962: 19960: 19957: 19955: 19952: 19950: 19947: 19943: 19940: 19939: 19938: 19935: 19931: 19928: 19926: 19923: 19921: 19918: 19917: 19916: 19913: 19911: 19908: 19906: 19903: 19901: 19898: 19896: 19893: 19891: 19888: 19886: 19883: 19882: 19880: 19876: 19872: 19865: 19860: 19858: 19853: 19851: 19846: 19845: 19842: 19830: 19829: 19820: 19818: 19817: 19806: 19805: 19802: 19784: 19781: 19779: 19776: 19774: 19771: 19769: 19766: 19764: 19761: 19760: 19758: 19756:Miscellaneous 19754: 19748: 19745: 19743: 19740: 19738: 19735: 19733: 19730: 19728: 19725: 19723: 19720: 19718: 19715: 19713: 19710: 19708: 19705: 19703: 19700: 19698: 19695: 19693: 19690: 19688: 19685: 19681: 19678: 19677: 19676: 19673: 19671: 19668: 19666: 19663: 19662: 19660: 19658: 19654: 19648: 19645: 19643: 19640: 19638: 19635: 19633: 19630: 19628: 19625: 19624: 19622: 19620: 19616: 19610: 19607: 19605: 19602: 19600: 19597: 19595: 19592: 19590: 19587: 19585: 19582: 19580: 19577: 19575: 19572: 19571: 19569: 19567: 19563: 19557: 19554: 19552: 19549: 19547: 19544: 19542: 19539: 19538: 19536: 19534: 19530: 19527: 19525: 19521: 19517: 19509: 19508: 19504: 19500: 19482: 19481: 19477: 19475: 19472: 19470: 19467: 19465: 19462: 19460: 19457: 19456: 19454: 19452:Miscellaneous 19450: 19444: 19441: 19439: 19438:Structuralism 19436: 19434: 19431: 19429: 19426: 19424: 19423:Postmodernism 19421: 19419: 19416: 19414: 19413:Phenomenology 19411: 19409: 19406: 19404: 19401: 19399: 19396: 19394: 19391: 19389: 19386: 19384: 19381: 19379: 19376: 19374: 19371: 19370: 19368: 19366: 19362: 19356: 19353: 19351: 19350:Vienna Circle 19348: 19346: 19343: 19341: 19338: 19336: 19333: 19331: 19328: 19326: 19323: 19321: 19318: 19316: 19313: 19311: 19308: 19306: 19303: 19301: 19298: 19296: 19293: 19291: 19288: 19286: 19283: 19281: 19280:Moral realism 19278: 19276: 19273: 19271: 19268: 19266: 19263: 19261: 19258: 19256: 19252: 19249: 19247: 19244: 19242: 19239: 19237: 19234: 19232: 19229: 19227: 19224: 19222: 19219: 19217: 19214: 19212: 19209: 19208: 19206: 19204: 19200: 19197: 19195: 19191: 19181: 19178: 19176: 19173: 19171: 19168: 19166: 19163: 19161: 19158: 19156: 19153: 19151: 19148: 19144: 19141: 19140: 19139: 19136: 19134: 19131: 19130: 19128: 19124: 19118: 19115: 19113: 19110: 19108: 19105: 19103: 19100: 19098: 19095: 19093: 19090: 19088: 19085: 19083: 19082:Phenomenology 19080: 19078: 19075: 19073: 19070: 19068: 19065: 19063: 19060: 19058: 19055: 19053: 19050: 19048: 19045: 19043: 19040: 19038: 19035: 19033: 19030: 19028: 19025: 19023: 19022:Individualism 19020: 19016: 19013: 19011: 19008: 19006: 19003: 19001: 18998: 18996: 18993: 18991: 18988: 18987: 18986: 18983: 18979: 18976: 18975: 18974: 18971: 18969: 18966: 18964: 18961: 18959: 18956: 18954: 18951: 18949: 18946: 18944: 18941: 18939: 18936: 18934: 18931: 18929: 18926: 18924: 18921: 18919: 18916: 18914: 18911: 18910: 18907: 18904: 18902: 18898: 18888: 18887:Judeo-Islamic 18885: 18884: 18882: 18880: 18876: 18870: 18867: 18865: 18864: 18863:ʿIlm al-Kalām 18860: 18858: 18855: 18853: 18850: 18848: 18845: 18843: 18840: 18839: 18837: 18835: 18831: 18825: 18822: 18818: 18815: 18813: 18812:Shuddhadvaita 18810: 18808: 18805: 18803: 18800: 18798: 18795: 18793: 18790: 18788: 18785: 18784: 18783: 18780: 18779: 18777: 18773: 18767: 18764: 18762: 18759: 18757: 18754: 18752: 18749: 18747: 18746:Scholasticism 18744: 18742: 18739: 18737: 18734: 18733: 18731: 18729: 18725: 18719: 18716: 18714: 18711: 18709: 18706: 18704: 18701: 18699: 18696: 18694: 18691: 18689: 18686: 18685: 18683: 18679: 18676: 18674: 18670: 18660: 18657: 18655: 18652: 18650: 18647: 18645: 18642: 18641: 18639: 18637: 18633: 18625: 18622: 18620: 18617: 18615: 18612: 18610: 18607: 18605: 18602: 18600: 18597: 18595: 18592: 18590: 18587: 18585: 18582: 18581: 18580: 18577: 18573: 18570: 18568: 18565: 18564: 18563: 18560: 18556: 18553: 18551: 18548: 18546: 18543: 18541: 18538: 18536: 18533: 18531: 18528: 18526: 18523: 18521: 18518: 18517: 18516: 18513: 18512: 18510: 18508: 18504: 18498: 18495: 18493: 18490: 18488: 18485: 18483: 18480: 18478: 18475: 18473: 18470: 18466: 18463: 18461: 18458: 18456: 18453: 18451: 18448: 18447: 18446: 18443: 18441: 18438: 18436: 18433: 18431: 18428: 18426: 18423: 18421: 18418: 18416: 18413: 18409: 18406: 18404: 18401: 18399: 18396: 18394: 18391: 18389: 18386: 18385: 18384: 18381: 18380: 18378: 18376: 18373: 18369: 18363: 18360: 18358: 18355: 18353: 18350: 18348: 18345: 18343: 18340: 18338: 18335: 18333: 18330: 18328: 18325: 18324: 18322: 18320: 18316: 18313: 18311: 18307: 18299: 18296: 18294: 18291: 18289: 18286: 18284: 18281: 18279: 18276: 18275: 18274: 18271: 18269: 18266: 18265: 18263: 18261: 18257: 18253: 18246: 18242: 18228: 18225: 18223: 18220: 18218: 18215: 18213: 18210: 18208: 18205: 18203: 18200: 18198: 18197:Conceptualism 18195: 18193: 18190: 18189: 18187: 18185: 18181: 18175: 18172: 18170: 18167: 18165: 18162: 18161: 18159: 18157: 18153: 18147: 18144: 18142: 18139: 18137: 18134: 18132: 18129: 18127: 18126:Particularism 18124: 18122: 18119: 18118: 18116: 18114: 18110: 18104: 18101: 18099: 18096: 18094: 18093:Functionalism 18091: 18089: 18086: 18084: 18081: 18079: 18078:Eliminativism 18076: 18074: 18071: 18070: 18068: 18066: 18062: 18056: 18053: 18051: 18048: 18046: 18043: 18041: 18038: 18036: 18033: 18031: 18028: 18027: 18025: 18023: 18019: 18013: 18010: 18006: 18003: 18002: 18001: 17998: 17994: 17991: 17990: 17989: 17986: 17984: 17983:Compatibilism 17981: 17980: 17978: 17976: 17972: 17966: 17963: 17961: 17958: 17956: 17953: 17952: 17950: 17948: 17944: 17938: 17935: 17933: 17930: 17928: 17925: 17923: 17922:Particularism 17920: 17918: 17915: 17913: 17910: 17908: 17905: 17904: 17902: 17900: 17896: 17890: 17887: 17885: 17882: 17880: 17877: 17876: 17874: 17872: 17868: 17862: 17859: 17857: 17854: 17852: 17849: 17847: 17844: 17842: 17839: 17837: 17834: 17832: 17829: 17827: 17824: 17822: 17819: 17817: 17814: 17812: 17809: 17807: 17804: 17803: 17801: 17799: 17795: 17791: 17784: 17780: 17776: 17769: 17764: 17762: 17757: 17755: 17750: 17749: 17746: 17734: 17726: 17725: 17722: 17716: 17715: 17711: 17709: 17706: 17704: 17701: 17699: 17696: 17694: 17691: 17689: 17686: 17684: 17681: 17679: 17676: 17674: 17671: 17669: 17666: 17664: 17661: 17659: 17656: 17654: 17651: 17649: 17646: 17644: 17641: 17639: 17636: 17635: 17633: 17629: 17620: 17617: 17612: 17609: 17604: 17601: 17596: 17593: 17588: 17585: 17580: 17577: 17572: 17569: 17564: 17561: 17556: 17553: 17548: 17545: 17540: 17537: 17532: 17529: 17524: 17521: 17516: 17513: 17508: 17505: 17500: 17497: 17492: 17489: 17484: 17481: 17480: 17478: 17474: 17468: 17465: 17463: 17460: 17458: 17455: 17453: 17450: 17448: 17445: 17443: 17440: 17438: 17435: 17433: 17430: 17428: 17425: 17423: 17420: 17418: 17415: 17413: 17410: 17408: 17405: 17403: 17400: 17398: 17395: 17393: 17390: 17388: 17385: 17383: 17380: 17378: 17375: 17373: 17370: 17368: 17365: 17363: 17360: 17358: 17355: 17353: 17350: 17348: 17345: 17343: 17340: 17338: 17335: 17333: 17330: 17328: 17325: 17323: 17320: 17318: 17315: 17313: 17310: 17308: 17305: 17303: 17300: 17298: 17295: 17293: 17290: 17288: 17285: 17283: 17280: 17278: 17275: 17273: 17270: 17268: 17265: 17263: 17260: 17258: 17255: 17253: 17250: 17249: 17247: 17245: 17240: 17234: 17231: 17229: 17226: 17224: 17221: 17219: 17216: 17212: 17209: 17207: 17204: 17202: 17199: 17198: 17197: 17194: 17192: 17189: 17187: 17184: 17182: 17179: 17177: 17174: 17172: 17169: 17167: 17164: 17162: 17159: 17157: 17154: 17152: 17149: 17147: 17144: 17142: 17139: 17137: 17134: 17132: 17129: 17127: 17124: 17122: 17119: 17117: 17116:Moral courage 17114: 17112: 17109: 17107: 17104: 17102: 17099: 17097: 17094: 17092: 17089: 17087: 17084: 17082: 17079: 17077: 17074: 17070: 17067: 17065: 17062: 17060: 17057: 17056: 17055: 17054:Good and evil 17052: 17050: 17047: 17045: 17042: 17040: 17039:Family values 17037: 17035: 17032: 17030: 17027: 17025: 17022: 17020: 17017: 17015: 17012: 17010: 17007: 17005: 17002: 17000: 16997: 16995: 16992: 16990: 16987: 16985: 16982: 16980: 16977: 16975: 16972: 16971: 16969: 16965: 16959: 16956: 16954: 16951: 16949: 16946: 16944: 16941: 16939: 16936: 16934: 16931: 16929: 16926: 16924: 16921: 16919: 16916: 16914: 16911: 16909: 16906: 16904: 16901: 16900: 16898: 16894: 16886: 16883: 16882: 16881: 16878: 16876: 16873: 16871: 16868: 16866: 16863: 16859: 16856: 16854: 16853:Quasi-realism 16851: 16849: 16846: 16844: 16841: 16840: 16839: 16836: 16834: 16831: 16829: 16826: 16824: 16821: 16819: 16816: 16810: 16807: 16805: 16802: 16801: 16800: 16797: 16793: 16790: 16788: 16785: 16784: 16783: 16780: 16779: 16778: 16775: 16773: 16770: 16768: 16765: 16764: 16762: 16760: 16756: 16750: 16747: 16745: 16742: 16740: 16737: 16735: 16732: 16730: 16727: 16725: 16722: 16720: 16717: 16715: 16712: 16710: 16707: 16705: 16702: 16700: 16697: 16695: 16692: 16690: 16687: 16683: 16680: 16679: 16678: 16677:Environmental 16675: 16673: 16670: 16668: 16665: 16663: 16660: 16658: 16655: 16653: 16650: 16648: 16645: 16643: 16640: 16639: 16637: 16635: 16631: 16625: 16622: 16620: 16617: 16615: 16612: 16610: 16607: 16605: 16602: 16600: 16599:Particularism 16597: 16595: 16592: 16590: 16587: 16585: 16582: 16581: 16579: 16577: 16573: 16569: 16562: 16557: 16555: 16550: 16548: 16543: 16542: 16539: 16533: 16529: 16526: 16524: 16520: 16517: 16515: 16511: 16508: 16506: 16502: 16499: 16498: 16492: 16489: 16487: 16484: 16483: 16478: 16473: 16450: 16446: 16441: 16437: 16431: 16427: 16422: 16411: 16405: 16401: 16397: 16392: 16381: 16375: 16371: 16370: 16369:Animal Rights 16364: 16353: 16347: 16343: 16339: 16334: 16322: 16318: 16314: 16309: 16298: 16292: 16288: 16284: 16280: 16276: 16271: 16259: 16255: 16249: 16245: 16241: 16236: 16224: 16220: 16216: 16211: 16199: 16195: 16191: 16186: 16174: 16170: 16166: 16161: 16150: 16144: 16140: 16136: 16131: 16119: 16115: 16111: 16106: 16095: 16089: 16085: 16084: 16078: 16067: 16061: 16058:. Routledge. 16057: 16056: 16050: 16039: 16033: 16029: 16028: 16022: 16010: 16006: 16002: 15997: 15986: 15980: 15977:. Routledge. 15976: 15972: 15967: 15956: 15950: 15946: 15945: 15939: 15928: 15924: 15920: 15914: 15910: 15906: 15902: 15898: 15893: 15881: 15877: 15873: 15868: 15857: 15851: 15847: 15846: 15840: 15829: 15823: 15819: 15815: 15810: 15799: 15793: 15789: 15785: 15780: 15776: 15770: 15766: 15765: 15759: 15748: 15742: 15738: 15734: 15730: 15726: 15721: 15710: 15706: 15701: 15690: 15684: 15681:. Routledge. 15680: 15679: 15673: 15669: 15663: 15659: 15654: 15642: 15638: 15634: 15629: 15618: 15612: 15608: 15607: 15601: 15589: 15585: 15579: 15575: 15574: 15568: 15556: 15552: 15546: 15542: 15541: 15535: 15524: 15518: 15514: 15513: 15507: 15503: 15497: 15494:. Routledge. 15493: 15492: 15486: 15474: 15470: 15465: 15453: 15449: 15445: 15440: 15428: 15424: 15420: 15415: 15411: 15405: 15401: 15400: 15394: 15390: 15384: 15380: 15375: 15371: 15365: 15361: 15357: 15352: 15341: 15335: 15331: 15330: 15324: 15312: 15308: 15304: 15299: 15287: 15283: 15279: 15274: 15262: 15258: 15254: 15249: 15237: 15233: 15229: 15224: 15212: 15208: 15204: 15199: 15187: 15183: 15179: 15174: 15170: 15164: 15160: 15156: 15151: 15147: 15141: 15137: 15136: 15130: 15126: 15120: 15116: 15111: 15099: 15095: 15091: 15090:"Care Ethics" 15086: 15075: 15069: 15065: 15064: 15058: 15047: 15041: 15037: 15036: 15030: 15019: 15013: 15009: 15005: 15000: 14996: 14990: 14986: 14985: 14979: 14967: 14963: 14959: 14954: 14943: 14937: 14933: 14929: 14924: 14912: 14908: 14904: 14899: 14887: 14883: 14878: 14867: 14861: 14857: 14856: 14850: 14846: 14842: 14837: 14832: 14828: 14824: 14820: 14815: 14811: 14805: 14801: 14796: 14792: 14788: 14784: 14780: 14776: 14772: 14767: 14755: 14751: 14747: 14742: 14730: 14726: 14722: 14717: 14713: 14709: 14705: 14699: 14695: 14690: 14686: 14680: 14677:. Routledge. 14676: 14675: 14669: 14658: 14652: 14648: 14644: 14639: 14628: 14622: 14618: 14617: 14611: 14607: 14603: 14599: 14595: 14591: 14587: 14583: 14579: 14574: 14562: 14558: 14552: 14548: 14547: 14541: 14529: 14525: 14521: 14516: 14505: 14499: 14495: 14494: 14488: 14477: 14471: 14467: 14466: 14460: 14456: 14450: 14446: 14442: 14437: 14433: 14427: 14423: 14418: 14407: 14401: 14398:. Routledge. 14397: 14396: 14390: 14379: 14373: 14369: 14368: 14362: 14351: 14345: 14342:. Routledge. 14341: 14340: 14334: 14323: 14317: 14314:. Routledge. 14313: 14309: 14304: 14292: 14289: 14284: 14273: 14267: 14264:. Routledge. 14263: 14259: 14254: 14242: 14238: 14234: 14229: 14225: 14219: 14215: 14211: 14206: 14194: 14190: 14184: 14180: 14179: 14173: 14161: 14157: 14153: 14148: 14136: 14132: 14127: 14115: 14111: 14105: 14101: 14100: 14094: 14082: 14078: 14074: 14069: 14065: 14059: 14055: 14054: 14048: 14037: 14031: 14027: 14026: 14020: 14016: 14010: 14006: 14005: 13999: 13987: 13983: 13978: 13966: 13962: 13958: 13953: 13949: 13943: 13939: 13934: 13923: 13917: 13913: 13912: 13906: 13894: 13890: 13886: 13881: 13870: 13864: 13860: 13856: 13851: 13847: 13843: 13838: 13833: 13829: 13825: 13821: 13817: 13813: 13808: 13797: 13791: 13787: 13786: 13780: 13769: 13763: 13759: 13758: 13752: 13741: 13735: 13731: 13727: 13722: 13718: 13714: 13710: 13706: 13702: 13698: 13694: 13689: 13678: 13672: 13668: 13667: 13661: 13657: 13653: 13648: 13643: 13639: 13635: 13631: 13626: 13615: 13609: 13605: 13601: 13597: 13593: 13588: 13584: 13580: 13576: 13572: 13568: 13564: 13560: 13556: 13552: 13548: 13543: 13532: 13526: 13522: 13521: 13515: 13504: 13498: 13494: 13490: 13485: 13474: 13468: 13464: 13463: 13457: 13445: 13441: 13435: 13432:. Routledge. 13431: 13430: 13424: 13412: 13408: 13404: 13399: 13388: 13382: 13378: 13377: 13371: 13360: 13354: 13351:. Routledge. 13350: 13346: 13341: 13330: 13324: 13320: 13316: 13312: 13308: 13303: 13292: 13286: 13282: 13281: 13275: 13271: 13267: 13263: 13259: 13255: 13249: 13245: 13241: 13237: 13233: 13228: 13216: 13212: 13208: 13203: 13199: 13193: 13189: 13188: 13182: 13171: 13165: 13161: 13157: 13152: 13140: 13136: 13132: 13127: 13123: 13117: 13113: 13109: 13108:"Natural Law" 13104: 13100: 13094: 13090: 13089: 13083: 13072: 13066: 13062: 13058: 13053: 13049: 13045: 13041: 13040: 13034: 13022: 13018: 13013: 13001: 12997: 12993: 12988: 12977: 12971: 12967: 12966: 12960: 12948: 12944: 12940: 12935: 12924: 12920: 12915: 12903: 12899: 12893: 12890:. Blackwell. 12889: 12888: 12882: 12871: 12865: 12861: 12857: 12853: 12849: 12844: 12832: 12828: 12822: 12818: 12817: 12811: 12800: 12794: 12790: 12786: 12781: 12777: 12773: 12769: 12765: 12761: 12757: 12752: 12740: 12736: 12732: 12728: 12724: 12720: 12716: 12712: 12707: 12695: 12691: 12687: 12682: 12671: 12665: 12661: 12660: 12654: 12650: 12644: 12640: 12636: 12631: 12620: 12614: 12610: 12606: 12601: 12590: 12584: 12580: 12579: 12573: 12569: 12563: 12559: 12554: 12550: 12544: 12540: 12539: 12533: 12521: 12517: 12513: 12508: 12496: 12492: 12488: 12483: 12479: 12473: 12469: 12468: 12462: 12451: 12445: 12441: 12440: 12434: 12422: 12418: 12414: 12409: 12398: 12392: 12388: 12387: 12381: 12377: 12371: 12367: 12366: 12360: 12348: 12344: 12340: 12335: 12324: 12318: 12314: 12310: 12305: 12293: 12289: 12283: 12279: 12278: 12272: 12268: 12262: 12258: 12253: 12242: 12236: 12232: 12231: 12225: 12221: 12215: 12211: 12206: 12195: 12189: 12185: 12184: 12178: 12174: 12168: 12164: 12163: 12157: 12145: 12141: 12136: 12124: 12120: 12114: 12110: 12109: 12103: 12092: 12086: 12082: 12081: 12075: 12064: 12058: 12054: 12050: 12045: 12033: 12029: 12025: 12020: 12016: 12010: 12007:. Routledge. 12006: 12001: 11990: 11984: 11980: 11976: 11971: 11960: 11956: 11952: 11946: 11942: 11938: 11934: 11930: 11925: 11914: 11908: 11904: 11903: 11897: 11886: 11880: 11876: 11875: 11869: 11857: 11853: 11849: 11844: 11833: 11829: 11824: 11812: 11808: 11804: 11799: 11795: 11789: 11785: 11780: 11776: 11770: 11766: 11765: 11759: 11748: 11742: 11738: 11734: 11729: 11718: 11712: 11709:. IOS Press. 11708: 11704: 11699: 11687: 11683: 11679: 11674: 11670: 11666: 11662: 11658: 11653: 11642: 11638: 11633: 11629: 11623: 11619: 11615: 11612:. Routledge. 11611: 11610: 11604: 11593: 11587: 11583: 11579: 11574: 11570: 11564: 11560: 11555: 11544: 11538: 11535:. Routledge. 11534: 11533: 11527: 11523: 11517: 11513: 11509: 11504: 11493: 11487: 11483: 11479: 11475: 11471: 11466: 11454: 11450: 11446: 11441: 11437: 11431: 11427: 11426: 11420: 11416: 11410: 11406: 11405: 11399: 11395: 11389: 11385: 11381: 11377: 11373: 11368: 11357: 11351: 11347: 11346: 11340: 11328: 11324: 11318: 11314: 11313: 11307: 11296: 11290: 11286: 11285: 11279: 11275: 11269: 11265: 11261: 11256: 11245: 11239: 11235: 11231: 11226: 11215: 11209: 11205: 11201: 11196: 11192: 11186: 11182: 11178: 11174: 11169: 11157: 11153: 11147: 11143: 11142: 11136: 11125: 11119: 11115: 11111: 11106: 11094: 11090: 11086: 11081: 11077: 11071: 11067: 11066: 11060: 11048: 11044: 11040: 11035: 11031: 11025: 11021: 11020: 11014: 11010: 11004: 11000: 10995: 10983: 10979: 10975: 10970: 10958: 10954: 10948: 10944: 10943: 10937: 10926: 10920: 10917:. Routledge. 10916: 10915: 10909: 10905: 10899: 10895: 10894: 10888: 10877: 10871: 10868:. Routledge. 10867: 10866: 10860: 10849: 10843: 10839: 10838: 10832: 10820: 10816: 10812: 10807: 10803: 10797: 10793: 10792: 10786: 10782: 10776: 10772: 10768: 10763: 10759: 10753: 10749: 10748: 10742: 10731: 10725: 10721: 10720: 10714: 10702: 10698: 10692: 10688: 10684: 10681:. Routledge. 10680: 10679: 10673: 10661: 10657: 10651: 10647: 10646: 10640: 10629: 10623: 10619: 10615: 10612:. Routledge. 10611: 10607: 10602: 10591: 10585: 10581: 10577: 10572: 10568: 10564: 10560: 10556: 10552: 10548: 10544: 10540: 10535: 10531: 10525: 10521: 10517: 10512: 10500: 10496: 10492: 10487: 10475: 10471: 10465: 10461: 10460: 10454: 10443: 10437: 10433: 10429: 10424: 10412: 10408: 10404: 10399: 10388: 10382: 10378: 10377: 10371: 10360: 10354: 10350: 10349: 10343: 10332: 10326: 10323:. Routledge. 10322: 10318: 10313: 10309: 10303: 10299: 10298: 10292: 10288: 10282: 10278: 10277: 10271: 10267: 10263: 10259: 10255: 10251: 10247: 10243: 10239: 10234: 10222: 10218: 10212: 10208: 10207: 10201: 10190: 10184: 10180: 10176: 10171: 10159: 10155: 10150: 10139: 10133: 10129: 10125: 10120: 10109: 10103: 10099: 10098: 10092: 10080: 10076: 10070: 10066: 10062: 10058: 10057: 10051: 10039: 10035: 10031: 10026: 10015: 10009: 10005: 10001: 9996: 9984: 9980: 9976: 9971: 9967: 9961: 9957: 9952: 9941: 9935: 9931: 9930: 9924: 9913: 9907: 9903: 9899: 9894: 9883: 9877: 9873: 9872: 9866: 9855: 9849: 9845: 9844: 9838: 9827: 9821: 9817: 9813: 9808: 9796: 9792: 9786: 9782: 9781: 9775: 9763: 9759: 9755: 9751: 9747: 9743: 9739: 9735: 9734:"Tikkun Olam" 9730: 9718: 9714: 9709: 9697: 9694:. Routledge. 9693: 9689: 9684: 9673: 9667: 9663: 9662: 9656: 9645: 9639: 9635: 9631: 9626: 9615: 9609: 9605: 9604: 9598: 9594: 9590: 9586: 9582: 9578: 9574: 9570: 9566: 9561: 9557: 9551: 9548:. Blackwell. 9547: 9542: 9531: 9525: 9522:. Routledge. 9521: 9517: 9512: 9508: 9502: 9498: 9494: 9489: 9478: 9472: 9468: 9467: 9461: 9449: 9445: 9441: 9436: 9425: 9419: 9415: 9414: 9413:Virtue Ethics 9408: 9396: 9392: 9388: 9383: 9379: 9373: 9369: 9368: 9362: 9351: 9345: 9342:. Routledge. 9341: 9337: 9332: 9320: 9316: 9310: 9306: 9302: 9298: 9294: 9289: 9277: 9273: 9269: 9264: 9260: 9254: 9250: 9245: 9233: 9229: 9225: 9220: 9216: 9210: 9206: 9201: 9200: 9186: 9182: 9181:Imafidon 2015 9179: 9176: 9173: 9172: 9168: 9158: 9154: 9151: 9148: 9145: 9144: 9140: 9133: 9128: 9122:, p. 168 9121: 9116: 9109: 9104: 9098:, p. 296 9097: 9092: 9086:, p. 620 9085: 9080: 9070: 9067: 9065: 9061: 9058: 9057: 9053: 9047:, p. 589 9046: 9041: 9032:, p. 627 9031: 9028: 9026:, p. 262 9025: 9022: 9021: 9017: 9007: 9004: 9001: 8998: 8997: 8993: 8987:, p. 737 8986: 8981: 8971: 8968: 8966: 8962: 8961:McDonald 2017 8959: 8958: 8954: 8948:, p. 504 8947: 8942: 8933: 8929: 8926: 8923: 8920: 8919: 8915: 8909:, p. 406 8908: 8903: 8893: 8890: 8888:, p. 626 8887: 8884: 8883: 8879: 8873:, p. 294 8872: 8867: 8857: 8854: 8852:, p. 626 8851: 8848: 8847: 8843: 8837:, p. 443 8836: 8831: 8825:, p. 626 8824: 8819: 8812: 8808: 8803: 8793: 8790: 8787: 8784: 8783: 8779: 8773:, p. 132 8772: 8767: 8760: 8755: 8746: 8742: 8739: 8736: 8733: 8732: 8728: 8722:, p. 144 8721: 8716: 8707: 8703: 8700: 8698: 8694: 8691: 8690: 8686: 8680:, p. 110 8679: 8674: 8664: 8661: 8659:, p. 625 8658: 8655: 8654: 8650: 8643: 8638: 8628: 8625: 8623:, p. 625 8622: 8619: 8618: 8614: 8608:, p. 105 8607: 8602: 8592: 8589: 8587:, p. 624 8586: 8583: 8582: 8578: 8571: 8566: 8556: 8553: 8551:, p. 624 8550: 8547: 8546: 8542: 8535: 8530: 8521: 8517: 8514: 8511: 8510:Grayling 2019 8508: 8505: 8502: 8499: 8496: 8495: 8491: 8481: 8478: 8475: 8472: 8471: 8467: 8461:, p. 160 8460: 8455: 8449:, p. 175 8448: 8443: 8434: 8430: 8427: 8425: 8421: 8418: 8417: 8413: 8406: 8401: 8394: 8389: 8379: 8376: 8374:, p. 623 8373: 8370: 8369: 8365: 8359:, p. 185 8358: 8353: 8344:, p. 401 8343: 8340: 8338:, p. 623 8337: 8334: 8333: 8329: 8319: 8318:Grayling 2019 8316: 8313: 8310: 8308:, p. 623 8307: 8304: 8303: 8299: 8289: 8286: 8284:, p. 623 8283: 8280: 8279: 8275: 8268: 8263: 8253: 8250: 8248:, p. 623 8247: 8244: 8243: 8239: 8233:, p. 156 8232: 8227: 8217: 8214: 8212:, p. 623 8211: 8208: 8207: 8203: 8197:, p. 178 8196: 8191: 8182: 8178: 8175: 8173: 8169: 8166: 8164: 8160: 8157: 8154: 8151: 8150: 8146: 8136: 8133: 8131: 8127: 8124: 8123: 8119: 8110: 8107: 8104: 8103:Grayling 2019 8101: 8099: 8095: 8092: 8091: 8087: 8078: 8074: 8071: 8069: 8065: 8062: 8059: 8056: 8055: 8051: 8045: 8041: 8036: 8030: 8026: 8021: 8012: 8008: 8005: 8003: 7999: 7996: 7994: 7990: 7987: 7985: 7981: 7978: 7977: 7973: 7964:, p. 622 7963: 7960: 7958:, p. 394 7957: 7954: 7953: 7949: 7940: 7936: 7933: 7931: 7927: 7924: 7922: 7918: 7915: 7914: 7910: 7900: 7897: 7895: 7891: 7888: 7886: 7882: 7879: 7877: 7873: 7870: 7868: 7864: 7861: 7860: 7856: 7850: 7846: 7841: 7831: 7828: 7826:, p. 283 7825: 7822: 7821: 7817: 7808: 7804: 7801: 7799: 7795: 7792: 7791: 7787: 7778: 7774: 7771: 7768: 7765: 7762: 7759: 7758: 7754: 7744: 7741: 7738: 7735: 7734: 7730: 7721: 7717: 7714: 7712: 7708: 7705: 7704: 7700: 7693: 7688: 7679: 7675: 7672: 7670: 7666: 7663: 7660: 7657: 7656: 7652: 7642: 7639: 7636: 7633: 7632: 7628: 7618: 7615: 7612: 7609: 7606: 7603: 7602: 7598: 7589: 7585: 7582: 7580: 7576: 7573: 7572: 7568: 7561: 7556: 7550: 7546: 7541: 7531: 7528: 7526: 7522: 7519: 7516: 7513: 7512: 7508: 7499: 7495: 7492: 7489: 7486: 7483: 7480: 7479: 7475: 7465: 7462: 7459: 7456: 7455: 7451: 7442: 7438: 7435: 7432: 7429: 7426: 7423: 7422: 7418: 7409: 7405: 7402: 7400: 7396: 7393: 7390: 7387: 7386: 7382: 7376: 7372: 7367: 7361: 7357: 7352: 7343: 7339: 7336: 7334: 7330: 7327: 7326: 7322: 7315: 7310: 7300: 7297: 7295: 7291: 7288: 7287: 7283: 7273: 7270: 7267: 7264: 7261: 7258: 7257: 7253: 7244: 7240: 7237: 7235: 7231: 7228: 7227: 7223: 7214: 7210: 7207: 7204: 7201: 7200: 7196: 7189: 7184: 7175: 7172: 7170: 7166: 7163: 7162: 7158: 7149: 7146: 7144: 7140: 7137: 7136: 7132: 7123: 7119: 7116: 7114: 7110: 7107: 7105: 7101: 7098: 7097: 7093: 7087: 7083: 7078: 7072: 7068: 7067:Catalano 2022 7063: 7056: 7051: 7041: 7038: 7036: 7033: 7032: 7028: 7018: 7015: 7012: 7009: 7007: 7003: 7000: 6999: 6995: 6985: 6982: 6979: 6976: 6975: 6971: 6969: 6959: 6955: 6952: 6950: 6946: 6943: 6940: 6937: 6934: 6932: 6927: 6926: 6922: 6912: 6910: 6905: 6902: 6899: 6898: 6894: 6884: 6881: 6878: 6875: 6872: 6870: 6865: 6864: 6860: 6851: 6847: 6844: 6842: 6838: 6835: 6834: 6830: 6823: 6818: 6808: 6805: 6802: 6800: 6795: 6792: 6789: 6788: 6784: 6774: 6771: 6768: 6765: 6764: 6760: 6750: 6748: 6743: 6740: 6737: 6736: 6732: 6725: 6723: 6716: 6714: 6703: 6700: 6698: 6694: 6691: 6688: 6686: 6681: 6680: 6676: 6666: 6664: 6659: 6656: 6653: 6652: 6648: 6638: 6636: 6631: 6628: 6625: 6624: 6620: 6610: 6607: 6604: 6602: 6597: 6596: 6592: 6582: 6579: 6576: 6574: 6569: 6566: 6563: 6562: 6558: 6549: 6545: 6542: 6540: 6536: 6533: 6531: 6527: 6524: 6522: 6518: 6515: 6514: 6510: 6503: 6498: 6491: 6486: 6477: 6473: 6470: 6467: 6464: 6462: 6458: 6455: 6452: 6451:Beaucham 2003 6449: 6448: 6444: 6437: 6436:Beaucham 2003 6432: 6422: 6420: 6415: 6413: 6409: 6406: 6405: 6401: 6395: 6391: 6386: 6377: 6373: 6370: 6368: 6365: 6362: 6359: 6356: 6353: 6352: 6348: 6339: 6335: 6332: 6329: 6326: 6325: 6321: 6314: 6309: 6299: 6298:Milevski 2017 6296: 6293: 6290: 6287: 6284: 6281: 6278: 6275: 6272: 6271: 6267: 6257: 6254: 6252:, p. 195 6251: 6248: 6247: 6243: 6233: 6230: 6227: 6224: 6222:, p. 195 6221: 6218: 6217: 6213: 6204: 6200: 6197: 6194: 6191: 6188: 6185: 6184: 6180: 6170: 6167: 6164: 6161: 6160: 6156: 6146: 6143: 6140: 6137: 6136: 6132: 6130: 6120: 6116: 6113: 6110: 6107: 6104: 6101: 6100: 6096: 6087: 6083: 6080: 6077: 6074: 6073: 6069: 6059: 6056: 6053: 6050: 6049: 6045: 6036: 6032: 6029: 6026: 6023: 6022: 6018: 6008: 6005: 6003: 5999: 5996: 5995: 5991: 5981: 5978: 5975: 5972: 5971: 5967: 5958: 5954: 5953:DeNicola 2018 5951: 5949: 5945: 5942: 5939: 5936: 5935: 5931: 5921: 5918: 5915: 5912: 5911: 5907: 5900: 5895: 5886: 5882: 5879: 5876: 5873: 5872: 5868: 5862:, p. 241 5861: 5856: 5846: 5843: 5840: 5837: 5836: 5832: 5825: 5820: 5810: 5807: 5804: 5801: 5800: 5796: 5786: 5783: 5780: 5777: 5774: 5771: 5768: 5765: 5764: 5760: 5750: 5747: 5744: 5741: 5740: 5736: 5729: 5724: 5714: 5711: 5708: 5705: 5704: 5700: 5698: 5687: 5684: 5681: 5678: 5677: 5673: 5663: 5660: 5657: 5654: 5653: 5649: 5639: 5636: 5633: 5630: 5629: 5625: 5615: 5612: 5609: 5606: 5603: 5600: 5599: 5595: 5588: 5583: 5573: 5570: 5567: 5564: 5561: 5558: 5557: 5553: 5543: 5540: 5537: 5534: 5533: 5529: 5527: 5516: 5513: 5510: 5507: 5504: 5501: 5500: 5496: 5490: 5486: 5481: 5475: 5471: 5466: 5460: 5456: 5451: 5442: 5438: 5435: 5432: 5429: 5428: 5424: 5414: 5411: 5408: 5405: 5404: 5400: 5390: 5387: 5384: 5381: 5380: 5376: 5366: 5363: 5360: 5357: 5356: 5352: 5342: 5339: 5336: 5333: 5332: 5328: 5318: 5315: 5312: 5309: 5308: 5304: 5294: 5291: 5288: 5287:Campbell 2006 5285: 5283: 5279: 5276: 5275: 5271: 5261: 5258: 5255: 5252: 5251: 5247: 5237: 5234: 5231: 5228: 5225: 5224:Harrison 2005 5222: 5221: 5217: 5208: 5204: 5203:Sinclair 2022 5201: 5199: 5195: 5192: 5191: 5187: 5178: 5174: 5171: 5169: 5165: 5162: 5161: 5157: 5151: 5147: 5142: 5136: 5132: 5127: 5121: 5117: 5112: 5106: 5102: 5097: 5091: 5087: 5082: 5073: 5069: 5066: 5064: 5060: 5057: 5056: 5052: 5043: 5039: 5036: 5034: 5030: 5027: 5026: 5022: 5013: 5009: 5008:Fernando 2010 5006: 5004: 5000: 4997: 4994: 4991: 4990: 4986: 4977: 4973: 4970: 4968: 4964: 4961: 4960: 4956: 4947: 4943: 4940: 4937: 4934: 4933: 4929: 4919: 4916: 4913: 4910: 4908: 4904: 4903:Peterson 2020 4901: 4900: 4896: 4890: 4886: 4881: 4871: 4870:Campbell 1985 4868: 4865: 4862: 4861: 4857: 4851: 4847: 4842: 4832: 4829: 4827: 4823: 4820: 4819: 4815: 4808: 4803: 4793: 4792:Sander-Staudt 4790: 4787: 4786:Athanassoulis 4784: 4783: 4779: 4769: 4768:Athanassoulis 4766: 4763: 4760: 4759: 4755: 4753: 4743: 4739: 4736: 4733: 4730: 4729: 4725: 4715: 4712: 4709: 4706: 4705: 4701: 4691: 4688: 4685: 4682: 4681: 4677: 4667: 4664: 4662: 4658: 4655: 4653: 4649: 4646: 4645: 4641: 4634: 4629: 4622: 4617: 4607: 4604: 4602: 4598: 4597:Sullivan 2001 4595: 4592: 4589: 4588: 4584: 4575: 4571: 4568: 4566: 4562: 4559: 4558: 4554: 4545: 4541: 4538: 4536: 4532: 4529: 4528: 4524: 4514: 4511: 4508: 4505: 4504: 4500: 4490: 4487: 4484: 4481: 4480: 4476: 4466: 4463: 4460: 4457: 4456: 4452: 4443: 4439: 4438:Cardwell 2015 4436: 4434: 4430: 4429:Kerstein 2009 4427: 4426: 4422: 4415: 4410: 4401: 4397: 4396:Nadkarni 2011 4394: 4391: 4388: 4385: 4382: 4379: 4376: 4375: 4371: 4364: 4359: 4352: 4347: 4338: 4334: 4331: 4329: 4325: 4322: 4319: 4316: 4315: 4311: 4301: 4298: 4295: 4292: 4291: 4287: 4278: 4274: 4271: 4268: 4265: 4262: 4259: 4258: 4254: 4244: 4241: 4238: 4235: 4234: 4230: 4220: 4217: 4214: 4211: 4210: 4206: 4196: 4193: 4190: 4187: 4186: 4182: 4173: 4169: 4166: 4164: 4160: 4157: 4155:, p. 938 4154: 4151: 4150: 4146: 4137: 4133: 4130: 4128: 4124: 4121: 4118: 4115: 4114: 4110: 4104: 4100: 4095: 4088: 4083: 4073: 4070: 4067: 4064: 4063: 4059: 4050: 4046: 4043: 4040: 4037: 4036: 4032: 4025: 4020: 4011: 4007: 4004: 4001: 3998: 3995: 3992: 3989: 3986: 3984:, p. 164 3983: 3980: 3979: 3975: 3965: 3962: 3959: 3956: 3955: 3951: 3941: 3938: 3936:, p. 164 3935: 3932: 3929: 3926: 3923: 3920: 3917: 3914: 3913: 3909: 3900: 3896: 3893: 3890: 3887: 3886: 3882: 3872: 3869: 3866: 3863: 3862: 3858: 3851: 3846: 3844: 3833: 3830: 3827: 3824: 3821: 3818: 3815: 3812: 3811: 3807: 3797: 3794: 3791: 3788: 3787: 3783: 3776: 3771: 3762: 3758: 3755: 3753: 3749: 3746: 3743: 3740: 3739: 3735: 3725: 3722: 3719: 3716: 3715: 3711: 3701: 3698: 3695: 3692: 3691: 3687: 3681: 3677: 3672: 3666: 3662: 3657: 3650: 3645: 3636: 3632: 3629: 3626: 3623: 3620: 3617: 3616: 3612: 3602: 3599: 3596: 3593: 3590: 3587: 3586: 3582: 3575: 3570: 3564: 3560: 3555: 3545: 3542: 3539: 3536: 3535: 3531: 3524: 3519: 3509: 3506: 3503: 3500: 3498: 3495: 3494: 3490: 3483: 3478: 3469: 3465: 3462: 3459: 3456: 3455: 3451: 3442: 3438: 3435: 3433: 3429: 3426: 3423: 3420: 3418: 3414: 3411: 3409: 3405: 3402: 3401: 3397: 3387: 3384: 3382: 3378: 3375: 3374: 3370: 3363: 3358: 3349: 3346: 3344: 3340: 3337: 3334: 3331: 3328: 3325: 3324: 3320: 3311: 3308: 3306:, p. 271 3305: 3302: 3299: 3296: 3295: 3291: 3282:, p. 300 3281: 3278: 3276: 3273: 3272: 3268: 3258: 3255: 3253: 3249: 3246: 3244:, p. 156 3243: 3240: 3239: 3235: 3225: 3222: 3219: 3216: 3214: 3211: 3210: 3206: 3196: 3193: 3190: 3187: 3184: 3181: 3178: 3175: 3174: 3170: 3161: 3157: 3154: 3151: 3148: 3146: 3142: 3139: 3138: 3134: 3124: 3123:Mulvaney 2009 3121: 3118: 3115: 3112: 3109: 3106: 3103: 3101:, p. 622 3100: 3097: 3096: 3092: 3083: 3079: 3076: 3074: 3070: 3067: 3066: 3062: 3058: 3044: 3035: 3026: 3019: 3015: 3011: 3005: 2996: 2989: 2985: 2982:For example, 2979: 2972: 2968: 2962: 2955: 2949: 2942: 2941:formal system 2938: 2937:Deontic logic 2933: 2926: 2922: 2916: 2907: 2899: 2892: 2883: 2874: 2867: 2861: 2854: 2850: 2844: 2840: 2825: 2822: 2820: 2817: 2815: 2812: 2810: 2807: 2806: 2799: 2797: 2793: 2789: 2785: 2781: 2777: 2773: 2769: 2765: 2761: 2757: 2753: 2752:Philippa Foot 2749: 2748:virtue ethics 2745: 2744:mental states 2741: 2737: 2733: 2729: 2725: 2721: 2717: 2713: 2709: 2705: 2697: 2693: 2689: 2685: 2683: 2679: 2675: 2671: 2667: 2663: 2659: 2655: 2651: 2647: 2646:Immanuel Kant 2643: 2639: 2635: 2631: 2630:Thomas Hobbes 2623: 2619: 2615: 2611: 2609: 2605: 2594: 2590: 2579: 2575: 2571: 2567: 2563: 2559: 2554: 2552: 2548: 2544: 2540: 2529: 2518: 2514: 2509: 2507: 2503: 2499: 2495: 2491: 2490:Ancient China 2487: 2486:enlightenment 2483: 2479: 2475: 2471: 2467: 2463: 2459: 2455: 2451: 2450:ancient India 2447: 2443: 2442:ancient Egypt 2435: 2431: 2427: 2424:According to 2422: 2417: 2407: 2405: 2401: 2397: 2393: 2388: 2385: 2384:value-neutral 2381: 2375: 2365: 2363: 2359: 2358:Mark Rowlands 2355: 2351: 2347: 2343: 2339: 2335: 2331: 2327: 2325: 2320: 2316: 2312: 2307: 2305: 2301: 2297: 2293: 2287: 2277: 2275: 2270: 2266: 2262: 2256: 2253: 2249: 2243: 2239: 2224: 2222: 2218: 2217:sexual ethics 2214: 2209: 2207: 2203: 2199: 2195: 2191: 2186: 2185:ethics of war 2181: 2179: 2175: 2171: 2167: 2163: 2159: 2155: 2151: 2147: 2139: 2135: 2131: 2127: 2125: 2121: 2116: 2112: 2108: 2098: 2096: 2092: 2088: 2084: 2080: 2076: 2072: 2068: 2064: 2060: 2056: 2052: 2047: 2045: 2041: 2037: 2033: 2029: 2025: 2021: 2017: 2013: 2007: 2003: 1993: 1991: 1987: 1983: 1979: 1975: 1971: 1967: 1963: 1959: 1955: 1950: 1948: 1947:animal rights 1943: 1939: 1931: 1926: 1922: 1920: 1916: 1912: 1908: 1904: 1900: 1896: 1892: 1888: 1884: 1883:animal ethics 1880: 1875: 1873: 1872:air pollution 1869: 1868:nuclear waste 1865: 1861: 1857: 1853: 1849: 1845: 1841: 1836: 1834: 1830: 1826: 1822: 1818: 1814: 1813:consciousness 1810: 1806: 1800: 1790: 1788: 1784: 1780: 1776: 1775:public sphere 1772: 1767: 1765: 1761: 1757: 1752: 1748: 1739: 1734: 1730: 1727: 1721: 1711: 1709: 1705: 1704:mental states 1701: 1697: 1693: 1689: 1679: 1677: 1673: 1669: 1665: 1661: 1660:Philippa Foot 1657: 1653: 1649: 1642: 1637: 1633: 1631: 1626: 1621: 1616: 1614: 1610: 1606: 1602: 1598: 1588: 1586: 1582: 1576: 1574: 1568: 1563: 1559: 1549: 1547: 1541: 1539: 1535: 1531: 1527: 1523: 1517: 1513: 1503: 1500: 1496: 1494: 1489: 1485: 1482: 1478: 1476: 1472: 1468: 1464: 1454: 1452: 1448: 1444: 1440: 1436: 1432: 1428: 1423: 1421: 1417: 1416: 1411: 1407: 1403: 1399: 1394: 1393: 1388: 1384: 1380: 1376: 1372: 1368: 1364: 1355: 1346: 1344: 1340: 1336: 1332: 1328: 1324: 1320: 1316: 1311: 1308: 1304: 1300: 1296: 1292: 1288: 1282: 1272: 1270: 1266: 1262: 1259:by following 1258: 1254: 1250: 1246: 1242: 1241:stage of life 1238: 1234: 1230: 1226: 1222: 1218: 1214: 1210: 1206: 1202: 1198: 1194: 1190: 1186: 1182: 1181:selfless love 1178: 1174: 1170: 1166: 1165: 1160: 1156: 1155:Jewish ethics 1152: 1147: 1145: 1144:contradictory 1141: 1137: 1136:self-interest 1129: 1125: 1121: 1116: 1112: 1109: 1105: 1101: 1099: 1094: 1084: 1082: 1078: 1074: 1073:Philippa Foot 1070: 1066: 1062: 1058: 1054: 1050: 1046: 1042: 1037: 1035: 1031: 1027: 1023: 1018: 1013: 1011: 1010: 1003: 1001: 997: 993: 989: 985: 981: 977: 971: 970:Virtue ethics 964:Virtue ethics 961: 959: 958:free to voice 955: 951: 943: 939: 935: 932:According to 930: 926: 924: 920: 916: 912: 911:Thomas Hobbes 907: 903: 899: 894: 892: 888: 884: 878: 874: 870: 860: 856: 854: 853:universalized 850: 845: 843: 839: 835: 834: 829: 828:Immanuel Kant 822: 818: 817:Immanuel Kant 814: 809: 799: 796: 792: 782: 780: 776: 772: 766: 756: 754: 750: 745: 741: 737: 727: 723: 714: 705: 696: 694: 689: 683: 673: 671: 667: 663: 660: 656: 651: 649: 643: 639: 636: 632: 628: 624: 620: 616: 612: 608: 604: 600: 595: 593: 590:, rules, and 589: 585: 574: 572: 566: 563: 558: 556: 550: 548: 543: 536: 526: 524: 520: 519:virtue ethics 516: 512: 507: 505: 499: 497: 493: 489: 485: 481: 480:ethical codes 475: 473: 469: 465: 461: 455: 445: 443: 439: 435: 430: 426: 421: 418: 413: 388: 383: 378: 373: 368: 363: 352: 320: 319: 313: 312:Ancient Greek 309: 304: 302: 298: 294: 290: 285: 280: 278: 274: 270: 266: 262: 258: 254: 250: 246: 242: 238: 234: 226: 223:According to 221: 212: 210: 206: 202: 201:modern period 198: 195:. During the 194: 190: 186: 182: 178: 174: 170: 166: 162: 158: 157:ancient Egypt 154: 150: 145: 143: 139: 135: 131: 127: 123: 119: 114: 112: 108: 104: 100: 96: 95:virtue ethics 92: 88: 84: 80: 76: 71: 69: 65: 61: 57: 53: 49: 45: 44:philosophical 41: 37: 33: 19: 21133: 21087: 21077: 21067: 21057: 21047: 21037: 21027: 21017: 21007: 20997: 20987: 20977: 20967: 20957: 20947: 20937: 20357:Guicciardini 20340:Early modern 20176:Philosophers 20150:Conservatism 20145:Confucianism 20133:Distributism 20066:Social norms 20054:Sittlichkeit 20040:Ressentiment 19986:Institutions 19964:Human nature 19821: 19807: 19478: 19469:Postcritique 19459:Kyoto School 19418:Posthumanism 19398:Hermeneutics 19253: / 19194:Contemporary 19170:Newtonianism 19133:Cartesianism 19092:Reductionism 18928:Conservatism 18923:Collectivism 18861: 18589:Sarvāstivadā 18567:Anekantavada 18492:Neoplatonism 18460:Epicureanism 18393:Pythagoreans 18332:Confucianism 18298:Contemporary 18288:Early modern 18192:Anti-realism 18146:Universalism 18103:Subjectivism 17946: 17899:Epistemology 17712: 17668:Human rights 17611:After Virtue 17337:Schopenhauer 17111:Moral agency 16984:Common sense 16880:Universalism 16848:Expressivism 16828:Intuitionism 16799:Subjectivism 16744:Terraforming 16719:Professional 16567: 16476: 16453:. 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L. Mackie 2701: 2627: 2593:Adi Shankara 2555: 2547:Epicureanism 2510: 2494:Confucianism 2482:non-violence 2439: 2392:anthropology 2389: 2377: 2328: 2308: 2289: 2257: 2245: 2238:Value theory 2232:Value theory 2210: 2182: 2143: 2104: 2087:impartiality 2079:Legal ethics 2048: 2044:philanthropy 2024:shareholders 2009: 1990:biodiversity 1951: 1935: 1876: 1837: 1802: 1768: 1743: 1723: 1706:, such as a 1685: 1646: 1620:coherentists 1617: 1609:self-evident 1594: 1577: 1573:error theory 1569: 1565: 1542: 1519: 1497: 1486: 1479: 1460: 1424: 1419: 1418:rather than 1413: 1409: 1405: 1390: 1386: 1360: 1339:anthropology 1312: 1302: 1284: 1245:Confucianism 1233:Hindu ethics 1225:non-violence 1223:, which has 1162: 1148: 1133: 1102: 1090: 1061:recklessness 1038: 1014: 1007: 1004: 996:dispositions 973: 947: 895: 880: 857: 851:that can be 846: 831: 826: 788: 768: 733: 685: 664: 652: 644: 640: 596: 580: 567: 559: 551: 538: 508: 500: 488:anthropology 476: 457: 433: 428: 424: 422: 381: 307: 305: 288: 281: 253:institutions 230: 181:Confucianism 146: 118:value theory 115: 72: 51: 39: 38: 36: 21144:Historicism 20973:(1835–1840) 20939:De Officiis 20663:de Beauvoir 20633:Baudrillard 20585:Vivekananda 20575:Tocqueville 20490:Kierkegaard 20306:Ibn Khaldun 20276:Alpharabius 20167:Personalism 20076:Stewardship 20033:Reification 20028:Natural law 19949:Familialism 19915:Culturalism 19464:Objectivism 19403:Neo-Marxism 19365:Continental 19275:Meta-ethics 19255:Coherentism 19160:Hegelianism 19097:Rationalism 19057:Natural law 19037:Materialism 18963:Historicism 18933:Determinism 18824:Navya-Nyāya 18599:Sautrāntika 18594:Pudgalavada 18530:Vaisheshika 18383:Presocratic 18283:Renaissance 18222:Physicalism 18207:Materialism 18113:Normativity 18098:Objectivism 18083:Emergentism 18073:Behaviorism 18022:Metaphysics 17988:Determinism 17927:Rationalism 17486:(c. 322 BC) 17352:Kierkegaard 17171:Stewardship 16948:Rousseauian 16865:Rationalism 16777:Cognitivism 16724:Programming 16699:Meat eating 16672:Engineering 16501:Meta-Ethics 16099:January 10, 14584:: 159–185. 13855:"Bioethics" 13238:: 181–207. 12762:: 281–292. 12246:January 10, 11803:"Bioethics" 10044:October 29, 9744:(2): 5–43. 9120:Dehsen 2013 9062:, pp. 9030:Norman 2005 8963:, pp. 8922:Miller 2023 8886:Norman 2005 8850:Norman 2005 8823:Norman 2005 8786:Norman 2005 8771:Dehsen 2013 8759:Dehsen 2013 8741:Bailey 2013 8735:Leiter 2021 8720:Dehsen 2013 8678:Dehsen 2013 8657:Norman 2005 8642:Dehsen 2013 8621:Norman 2005 8606:Dehsen 2013 8585:Norman 2005 8570:Dehsen 2013 8549:Norman 2005 8534:Dehsen 2013 8504:Ranganathan 8480:Sydnor 2012 8474:Ranganathan 8459:Dehsen 2013 8447:Dehsen 2013 8405:Dehsen 2013 8393:Dehsen 2013 8372:Norman 2005 8357:Dehsen 2013 8336:Norman 2005 8306:Norman 2005 8282:Norman 2005 8267:Dehsen 2013 8246:Norman 2005 8231:Dehsen 2013 8210:Norman 2005 8195:Dehsen 2013 8094:Thapar 1978 8075:, pp. 8007:Armour 2001 8000:, pp. 7962:Norman 2005 7845:Monzon 2012 7718:, pp. 7667:, pp. 7577:, pp. 7575:Calida 2022 7547:, pp. 7523:, pp. 7496:, pp. 7439:, pp. 7397:, pp. 7371:Boonin 2022 7358:, pp. 7331:, pp. 7314:Fotion 1998 7292:, pp. 7211:, pp. 7141:, pp. 7109:Mentan 2022 7084:, pp. 7004:, pp. 6839:, pp. 6822:Holmes 2018 6807:Holmes 2018 6773:Delden 1998 6627:Holmes 2018 6581:Gillon 1998 6546:, pp. 6517:Ryberg 2010 6502:Almond 1998 6490:Almond 1998 6466:Almond 1998 6459:, pp. 6410:, pp. 6392:, pp. 6374:, pp. 6355:Almond 1998 6336:, pp. 6313:Rosati 2016 6300:, p. 3 6292:Reilly 1977 6286:Rosati 2016 6103:Miller 2023 6076:Miller 2023 6058:Miller 2023 6031:Werner 2020 6000:, pp. 5944:Lisska 2015 5899:Dreier 2007 5883:, pp. 5875:Dreier 2007 5860:Dreier 2007 5845:Gowans 2021 5824:Dreier 2007 5809:Gowans 2021 5785:Dreier 2007 5773:Gowans 2021 5662:Nelkin 2023 5638:Miller 2023 5614:Miller 2023 5587:Miller 2023 5572:Calder 2022 5566:Miller 2023 5515:Corbin 1924 5487:, pp. 5472:, pp. 5470:Hudson 1969 5455:Fieser 2000 5431:Miller 2023 5415:, p. 3 5205:, pp. 5196:, pp. 5068:Porter 2010 5040:, pp. 5031:, pp. 5029:Bollag 2006 4999:McEwan 2001 4993:Shaver 2023 4974:, pp. 4963:Connor 2004 4944:, pp. 4936:Bauman 1993 4905:, pp. 4740:, pp. 4714:Slote 2005a 4684:Slote 2005a 4659:, pp. 4531:Miller 2004 4513:Murphy 2019 4273:Murthy 2009 4159:Hooker 2014 4123:Mendus 2005 4000:Singer 2016 3982:Hooker 2005 3958:Hooker 2005 3934:Hooker 2005 3922:Hooker 2023 3897:, pp. 3889:Hooker 2005 3865:Hooker 2005 3832:Hooker 2005 3796:Hooker 2005 3742:Hooker 2005 3718:Hooker 2005 3678:, pp. 3676:Dorsey 2020 3631:Murthy 2009 3601:Hooker 2023 3497:Thomas 2022 3466:, pp. 3460:, p. 2 3348:Thomas 2022 3341:, pp. 3304:Downie 2005 3158:, pp. 3099:Norman 2005 3071:, pp. 2984:natural law 2939:provides a 2776:Max Scheler 2762:to analyze 2712:G. E. Moore 2618:G. E. Moore 2574:natural law 2545:schools of 2543:Hellenistic 2124:information 2091:attribution 1966:agriculture 1833:ecocentrism 1829:biocentrism 1825:Sentientism 1817:rationality 1756:methodology 1558:Cognitivism 1400:or what is 1379:obligations 1365:about what 1327:truth value 1249:benevolence 1053:golden mean 1017:Eudaimonism 668:in ancient 659:satisficing 380:. The term 328:), meaning 257:obligations 215:Definition 21217:Categories 21149:Humanities 21109:Agnotology 20768:Kołakowski 20331:Ibn Tufayl 20311:Maimonides 20255:Thucydides 20250:Tertullian 20205:Lactantius 20100:Volksgeist 20081:Traditions 19895:Convention 19763:Amerindian 19670:Australian 19609:Vietnamese 19589:Indonesian 19138:Kantianism 19087:Positivism 19077:Pragmatism 19052:Naturalism 19032:Liberalism 19010:Subjective 18948:Empiricism 18852:Avicennism 18797:Bhedabheda 18681:East Asian 18604:Madhyamaka 18584:Abhidharma 18450:Pyrrhonism 18217:Nominalism 18212:Naturalism 18141:Skepticism 18131:Relativism 18121:Absolutism 18050:Naturalism 17960:Deontology 17932:Skepticism 17917:Naturalism 17907:Empiricism 17871:Aesthetics 17775:Philosophy 17382:Bonhoeffer 17091:Immorality 17034:Eudaimonia 16994:Conscience 16989:Compassion 16875:Skepticism 16870:Relativism 16787:Naturalism 16767:Absolutism 16739:Technology 16589:Deontology 16523:PhilPapers 16514:PhilPapers 16505:PhilPapers 16455:January 3, 16415:January 3, 16357:January 3, 16204:January 7, 16071:January 3, 15990:January 4, 15886:January 7, 15833:January 3, 15803:January 3, 15752:January 7, 15694:January 4, 15647:January 3, 15633:"Axiology" 15345:January 3, 15317:January 3, 15267:January 3, 15242:January 4, 15023:January 4, 14871:January 4, 14823:Complexity 14746:"Ramanuja" 14735:January 3, 14662:January 4, 14632:January 3, 14567:January 3, 14481:January 3, 14277:January 7, 14120:January 7, 14041:January 3, 13885:"Hedonism" 13874:January 4, 13745:January 3, 13619:January 3, 13508:January 3, 13450:January 3, 13417:January 7, 13392:January 3, 13175:January 7, 13076:January 4, 13048:1146511662 12908:January 3, 12804:January 3, 12700:January 1, 12675:January 3, 12624:January 3, 12402:January 3, 12328:January 3, 12199:January 4, 12150:January 7, 12068:January 3, 11994:January 3, 11964:January 3, 11918:January 4, 11828:"Abortion" 11739:. Rodopi. 11722:January 4, 11548:January 3, 11361:January 4, 11300:January 3, 11129:January 3, 11099:January 3, 10963:January 7, 10735:January 3, 10707:January 7, 10606:"Ontology" 10595:January 4, 10447:January 3, 10417:January 8, 10336:January 3, 10238:Philosophy 10194:January 4, 10164:January 7, 10143:January 3, 10113:January 3, 10085:January 7, 10019:January 3, 9945:January 3, 9831:January 3, 9801:January 7, 9768:January 3, 9702:January 7, 9649:January 3, 9619:January 3, 9535:January 3, 9482:January 7, 9429:January 7, 9401:January 3, 9355:January 3, 9238:January 6, 9183:, p. 9069:Wenar 2021 8930:, p. 8743:, p. 8704:, p. 8693:Cuneo 2020 8518:, p. 8516:Dalal 2010 8498:Dalal 2021 8431:, p. 8429:Sajoo 2008 8422:, p. 8179:, p. 8177:Junru 2019 8170:, p. 8161:, p. 8153:Littlejohn 8135:Littlejohn 8128:, p. 8126:Dynes 2016 8096:, p. 8073:Sinha 2014 8066:, p. 8064:Pappu 2013 8042:, p. 8027:, p. 8009:, p. 7989:Ortiz 2020 7982:, p. 7937:, p. 7928:, p. 7919:, p. 7899:Kagan 1998 7892:, p. 7883:, p. 7874:, p. 7865:, p. 7847:, p. 7805:, p. 7796:, p. 7775:, p. 7737:Meyer 2023 7709:, p. 7676:, p. 7665:Thoma 2015 7605:Crisp 2005 7586:, p. 7521:Cowan 2020 7406:, p. 7373:, p. 7340:, p. 7266:Lazar 2020 7260:Frowe 2021 7241:, p. 7232:, p. 7167:, p. 7120:, p. 7111:, p. 7102:, p. 7069:, p. 6956:, p. 6947:, p. 6945:Smith 2018 6848:, p. 6846:Yount 2007 6695:, p. 6537:, p. 6528:, p. 6519:, p. 6474:, p. 6472:Fives 2016 6201:, p. 6117:, p. 6084:, p. 6033:, p. 6025:Ridge 2019 6007:Ridge 2019 5955:, p. 5946:, p. 5457:, p. 5439:, p. 5293:Craig 1998 5280:, p. 5194:Ntuli 2002 5175:, p. 5166:, p. 5148:, p. 5133:, p. 5118:, p. 5103:, p. 5088:, p. 5070:, p. 5061:, p. 5059:Beach 1988 5010:, p. 5001:, p. 4965:, p. 4887:, p. 4848:, p. 4831:Kraut 2022 4824:, p. 4650:, p. 4599:, p. 4572:, p. 4563:, p. 4561:Flynn 2012 4542:, p. 4540:Flynn 2012 4533:, p. 4440:, p. 4431:, p. 4398:, p. 4335:, p. 4326:, p. 4300:Crisp 2005 4275:, p. 4261:Crisp 2005 4237:Crisp 2005 4219:Crisp 2005 4189:Crisp 2005 4170:, p. 4161:, p. 4153:Slote 2005 4134:, p. 4125:, p. 4117:Slote 2005 4101:, p. 4087:Moore 2019 4066:Slote 2005 4047:, p. 4045:Zhang 2023 4039:Littlejohn 4008:, p. 4006:Byron 2004 3988:Slote 2005 3759:, p. 3757:Brink 2020 3750:, p. 3663:, p. 3633:, p. 3619:Crisp 2005 3561:, p. 3544:Kagan 1998 3523:Crisp 2005 3508:Kagan 1998 3482:Kagan 1998 3458:Kagan 1998 3439:, p. 3430:, p. 3422:Kagan 1998 3415:, p. 3406:, p. 3386:Kagan 1998 3379:, p. 3362:Kagan 1998 3333:Kagan 1998 3250:, p. 3224:Deigh 1999 3218:Crisp 2011 3183:Crisp 2011 3177:Nagel 2006 3143:, p. 3117:Deigh 1999 3111:Crisp 2011 3105:Nagel 2006 3080:, p. 3010:David Ross 2954:moral luck 2925:David Hume 2831:References 2756:John Rawls 2720:R. M. Hare 2716:properties 2638:David Hume 2608:liberation 2478:compassion 2458:Upanishads 2456:and later 2400:psychology 2342:adaptation 2261:aesthetics 2196:, such as 2138:atom bombs 2095:plagiarism 2051:profession 2022:, and the 1958:ecosystems 1919:healthcare 1852:euthanasia 1809:biological 1751:personhood 1632:behavior. 1512:Naturalism 1463:properties 1392:permission 1387:Obligation 1335:psychology 1307:metatheory 1281:Metaethics 1275:Metaethics 1213:compassion 1146:position. 1120:compassion 1104:Postmodern 1034:well-being 992:compassion 923:John Rawls 915:John Locke 883:God's will 823:creatures. 802:Kantianism 779:David Ross 765:Deontology 759:Deontology 655:maximizing 615:friendship 515:deontology 423:The terms 390:, meaning 372:Old French 277:metaethics 241:evaluation 233:philosophy 111:compassion 91:deontology 68:metaethics 21189:Sociology 21139:Historism 20848:Santayana 20818:Oakeshott 20788:MacIntyre 20773:Kropotkin 20748:Heidegger 20601:centuries 20515:Nietzsche 20480:Jefferson 20465:Helvétius 20430:Condorcet 20393:centuries 20377:Montaigne 20200:Confucius 20190:Augustine 20107:Worldview 20001:Modernity 19974:Formation 19642:Pakistani 19604:Taiwanese 19551:Ethiopian 19524:By region 19510:By region 19325:Scientism 19320:Systemics 19180:Spinozism 19107:Socialism 19042:Modernism 19005:Objective 18913:Anarchism 18847:Averroism 18736:Christian 18688:Neotaoism 18659:Zurvanism 18649:Mithraism 18644:Mazdakism 18415:Cyrenaics 18342:Logicians 17975:Free will 17937:Solipsism 17884:Formalism 17643:Casuistry 17555:Either/Or 17462:Korsgaard 17457:Azurmendi 17422:MacIntyre 17362:Nietzsche 17292:Augustine 17287:Confucius 17267:Aristotle 17243:Ethicists 17201:Intrinsic 17166:Suffering 17076:Happiness 17049:Free will 17029:Etiquette 16974:Authority 16918:Epicurean 16913:Confucian 16908:Christian 16843:Emotivism 16667:Discourse 16604:Pragmatic 16576:Normative 15927:241302927 14845:1099-0526 14791:0038-481X 14712:891609972 14598:1755-3555 14308:"Preface" 13717:1465-394X 13656:1572-8447 13640:: 41–55. 13567:1611-7530 13283:. Brill. 13262:0065-2407 12768:0021-3306 12727:0271-0137 11959:243173997 11200:"Preface" 10811:"Śaṅkara" 10559:0044-0094 10266:144863967 10258:1469-817X 10227:March 21, 9750:0041-0608 9585:1930-613X 7935:Funk 2021 7863:Sims 2017 7803:Post 2011 7794:Rice 2009 7773:Rice 2009 7761:Schroeder 7707:Linn 1994 6931:Bioethics 6929:Gordon, " 6909:Bioethics 6907:Gordon, " 6869:Bioethics 6867:Gordon, " 6799:Bioethics 6797:Gordon, " 6747:Bioethics 6745:Gordon, " 6722:Bioethics 6720:Gordon, " 6702:Frey 1998 6685:Bioethics 6683:Gordon, " 6663:Bioethics 6661:Gordon, " 6635:Bioethics 6633:Gordon, " 6601:Bioethics 6599:Gordon, " 6573:Bioethics 6571:Gordon, " 6417:Gordon, " 6250:Brun 2017 6220:Brun 2017 6187:Brun 2017 5974:Lutz 2023 5914:Lutz 2023 5803:Westacott 5779:Westacott 5632:Heyd 2019 5602:Pick 2004 5278:Lowe 2005 5164:Ames 2013 4483:Jankowiak 4465:Jankowiak 4390:Jankowiak 4324:Hale 2017 4132:Kivy 2011 4024:Heyd 2019 3404:Sims 2017 3310:Blum 2006 3280:Hoad 1993 3242:Hoad 1993 3069:Vogt 2017 3054:Citations 2728:judgments 2578:Al-Farabi 2539:Aristotle 2396:sociology 2380:societies 2093:to avoid 2055:engineers 1799:Bioethics 1793:Bioethics 1779:bioethics 1760:casuistry 1493:Emotivism 1323:semantics 1319:objective 1295:objective 1057:cowardice 1049:Aristotle 1009:phronesis 688:happiness 635:suffering 611:knowledge 582:evaluate 492:sociology 472:decisions 464:suffering 405:character 333:character 225:Aristotle 193:Aristotle 138:character 134:reasoning 56:normative 46:study of 21202:Category 21114:Axiology 21102:See also 20893:Voegelin 20883:Spengler 20858:Shariati 20813:Nussbaum 20798:Maritain 20758:Irigaray 20738:Habermas 20703:Foucault 20688:Durkheim 20590:Voltaire 20555:de Staël 20530:Rousseau 20455:Franklin 20316:Muhammad 20301:Gelasius 20286:Avempace 20269:Medieval 20245:Polybius 20240:Plutarch 20006:Morality 19981:Ideology 19969:Identity 19878:Concepts 19828:Category 19783:Yugoslav 19773:Romanian 19680:Scottish 19665:American 19594:Japanese 19574:Buddhist 19556:Africana 19546:Egyptian 19388:Feminist 19310:Rawlsian 19305:Quietism 19203:Analytic 19155:Krausism 19062:Nihilism 19027:Kokugaku 18990:Absolute 18985:Idealism 18973:Humanism 18761:Occamism 18728:European 18673:Medieval 18619:Yogacara 18579:Buddhist 18572:Syādvāda 18455:Stoicism 18420:Cynicism 18408:Sophists 18403:Atomists 18398:Eleatics 18337:Legalism 18278:Medieval 18202:Idealism 18156:Ontology 18136:Nihilism 18040:Idealism 17798:Branches 17787:Branches 17733:Category 17673:Ideology 17638:Axiology 17467:Nussbaum 17417:Frankena 17412:Anscombe 17402:Williams 17357:Sidgwick 17277:Valluvar 17272:Diogenes 17257:Socrates 17181:Theodicy 17176:Sympathy 17141:Pacifism 17131:Morality 17044:Fidelity 17024:Equality 16979:Autonomy 16967:Concepts 16928:Feminist 16903:Buddhist 16833:Nihilism 16772:Axiology 16729:Research 16662:Computer 16657:Business 16344:. Sage. 16321:Archived 16258:Archived 16223:Archived 16198:Archived 16173:Archived 16118:Archived 16009:Archived 15880:Archived 15714:June 15, 15641:Archived 15588:Archived 15555:Archived 15479:July 28, 15452:Archived 15427:Archived 15311:Archived 15286:Archived 15278:"Egoism" 15261:Archived 15236:Archived 15211:Archived 15186:Archived 15098:Archived 14966:Archived 14911:Archived 14829:: 1–20. 14754:Archived 14729:Archived 14561:Archived 14528:Archived 14355:June 10, 14241:Archived 14193:Archived 14160:Archived 14114:Archived 14081:Archived 13965:Archived 13893:Archived 13846:30930677 13583:18643499 13575:18357481 13444:Archived 13411:Archived 13270:21887962 13215:Archived 13162:. Sage. 13145:June 12, 13139:Archived 13000:Archived 12947:Archived 12902:Archived 12831:Archived 12776:23352588 12739:Archived 12735:44631529 12694:Archived 12520:Archived 12495:Archived 12421:Archived 12347:Archived 12292:Archived 12123:Archived 12032:Archived 11856:Archived 11837:June 24, 11811:Archived 11686:Archived 11646:July 22, 11453:Archived 11327:Archived 11249:April 4, 11156:Archived 11093:Archived 11047:Archived 10982:Archived 10957:Archived 10819:Archived 10701:Archived 10660:Archived 10633:June 17, 10499:Archived 10474:Archived 10411:Archived 10221:Archived 10079:Archived 10038:Archived 9983:Archived 9795:Archived 9762:Archived 9758:23260803 9723:June 23, 9696:Archived 9593:18214134 9448:Archived 9395:Archived 9319:Archived 9276:Archived 9232:Archived 9224:"Ethics" 9060:Das 2021 7338:Gay 2006 7143:101, 105 6939:Cochrane 6419:Abortion 5686:Williams 5489:423–424 4864:Stephens 2802:See also 2774:such as 2620:'s book 2604:Ramanuja 2589:Avicenna 2551:Stoicism 2517:Socrates 2468:and the 2354:Altruism 2252:pleasure 2242:Axiology 2067:teachers 1840:abortion 1692:Socrates 1672:abortion 1585:commands 1534:pleasure 1447:praising 1315:ontology 1303:morality 1045:Stoicism 988:kindness 842:rational 821:rational 793:and the 775:promises 631:pleasure 603:autonomy 592:policies 468:innocent 460:morality 429:morality 417:moralité 382:morality 237:morality 189:Socrates 177:Buddhism 173:Hinduism 75:abortion 20943:(44 BC) 20873:Sombart 20868:Skinner 20853:Scruton 20833:Polanyi 20808:Niebuhr 20793:Marcuse 20728:Gramsci 20723:Gentile 20683:Du Bois 20673:Deleuze 20643:Benoist 20613:Agamben 20570:Thoreau 20560:Stirner 20550:Spencer 20500:Le Play 20450:Fourier 20435:Emerson 20420:Carlyle 20405:Bentham 20382:Müntzer 20352:Erasmus 20326:Plethon 20321:Photios 20281:Aquinas 20215:Mencius 20183:Ancient 20116:Schools 19996:Loyalty 19954:History 19942:Counter 19937:Culture 19905:Customs 19778:Russian 19747:Spanish 19742:Slovene 19732:Maltese 19727:Italian 19707:Finland 19675:British 19657:Western 19647:Turkish 19632:Islamic 19627:Iranian 19579:Chinese 19566:Eastern 19533:African 19480:more... 19165:Marxism 18995:British 18938:Dualism 18834:Islamic 18792:Advaita 18782:Vedanta 18756:Scotism 18751:Thomism 18693:Tiantai 18636:Persian 18624:Tibetan 18614:Śūnyatā 18555:Cārvāka 18545:Ājīvika 18540:Mīmāṃsā 18520:Samkhya 18435:Academy 18388:Ionians 18362:Yangism 18319:Chinese 18310:Ancient 18273:Western 18268:Ancient 18227:Realism 18184:Reality 18174:Process 18055:Realism 18035:Dualism 18030:Atomism 17912:Fideism 17631:Related 17377:Tillich 17342:Bentham 17317:Spinoza 17312:Aquinas 17297:Mencius 17211:Western 17186:Torture 17151:Precept 17106:Loyalty 17101:Liberty 17096:Justice 17009:Dignity 16999:Consent 16943:Kantian 16933:Islamic 16896:Schools 16782:Realism 16714:Nursing 16709:Medical 16694:Machine 16634:Applied 16530:at the 15332:. IAP. 14606:1105915 14509:June 9, 14297:May 15, 14141:May 15, 13992:May 16, 13837:6404642 13027:May 15, 12928:May 15, 11890:May 24, 10930:May 28, 9196:Sources 9064:118–119 8002:175–176 7993:Preface 7720:586–588 7669:230–231 7641:Simpson 7498:336–338 7360:609–610 7040:Dittmer 7011:Dittmer 6984:Dittmer 6841:115–116 6767:Dittmer 6739:Dittmer 6655:Dittmer 6609:Dittmer 6565:Dittmer 6548:174–175 6461:176–117 6412:175–176 6394:175–176 6376:174–175 6361:Dittmer 6338:619–620 4946:195–196 4661:895–896 4459:O'Neill 4384:O'Neill 4243:Simpson 4213:Simpson 3899:157–158 3502:Dittmer 3468:125–126 3327:Dittmer 3150:Dittmer 2642:empathy 2410:History 2404:history 2350:fitness 2063:lawyers 2053:, like 2028:bribery 1856:suicide 1844:cloning 1696:unaware 1630:immoral 1522:natural 1471:culture 1451:blaming 1443:control 1427:motives 1299:meaning 1291:actions 1221:Jainism 1201:charity 1171:and to 1164:Mitzvah 984:courage 980:honesty 976:virtues 902:consent 607:freedom 584:motives 496:history 466:to the 395:manners 387:moralis 377:éthique 351:ēthikós 245:conduct 107:courage 105:, like 103:virtues 42:is the 21223:Ethics 21134:Ethics 21093:(2010) 21083:(1991) 21073:(1990) 21063:(1987) 21053:(1987) 21043:(1979) 21033:(1976) 21023:(1967) 21013:(1964) 21003:(1949) 20993:(1935) 20983:(1930) 20963:(1756) 20953:(1486) 20898:Walzer 20888:Taylor 20878:Sowell 20863:Simmel 20828:Pareto 20823:Ortega 20733:Guénon 20718:Gehlen 20713:Gandhi 20668:Debord 20653:Butler 20648:Berlin 20638:Bauman 20628:Badiou 20618:Arendt 20608:Adorno 20540:Ruskin 20495:Le Bon 20470:Herder 20445:Fichte 20440:Engels 20410:Bonald 20400:Arnold 20372:Milton 20367:Luther 20347:Calvin 20225:Origen 20195:Cicero 20155:Social 20091:Family 20086:Values 20047:Rights 20011:Public 19959:Honour 19890:Anomie 19885:Agency 19737:Polish 19717:German 19712:French 19697:Danish 19687:Canada 19637:Jewish 19599:Korean 19584:Indian 19126:People 19047:Monism 19000:German 18968:Holism 18901:Modern 18879:Jewish 18802:Dvaita 18775:Indian 18698:Huayan 18550:Ajñana 18507:Indian 18372:Greco- 18357:Taoism 18347:Mohism 18293:Modern 18260:By era 18249:By era 18164:Action 18045:Monism 17965:Virtue 17947:Ethics 17622:(1984) 17614:(1981) 17606:(1979) 17598:(1971) 17590:(1903) 17582:(1887) 17574:(1874) 17566:(1861) 17558:(1843) 17550:(1820) 17542:(1788) 17534:(1785) 17526:(1780) 17518:(1759) 17510:(1740) 17502:(1726) 17494:(1677) 17452:Taylor 17437:Parfit 17432:Singer 17407:Mackie 17282:Cicero 17223:Virtue 17156:Rights 17081:Honour 16938:Jewish 16734:Sexual 16642:Animal 16624:Virtue 16568:Ethics 16528:Ethics 16477:Ethics 16474:about 16432: 16406: 16376: 16348: 16293: 16250: 16145: 16090: 16062: 16034: 15981: 15951: 15925: 15915: 15852: 15824: 15794: 15771: 15743: 15685: 15664: 15613: 15580: 15547: 15519: 15498: 15406: 15385: 15366: 15336: 15165: 15142: 15121: 15070: 15042: 15014: 14991: 14938: 14862: 14843: 14806: 14789: 14710: 14700: 14681: 14653: 14623: 14604: 14596: 14553: 14500: 14472: 14451: 14428: 14402: 14374: 14346: 14318: 14268: 14220: 14185: 14106: 14060: 14032: 14011: 13944: 13918: 13865: 13844: 13834: 13792: 13764: 13736: 13715: 13673: 13654: 13610: 13581: 13573: 13565: 13527: 13499: 13469: 13436: 13383: 13355: 13325: 13287: 13268: 13260: 13250: 13194: 13166: 13118: 13095: 13067: 13046: 12972: 12894: 12866: 12823: 12795: 12774: 12766: 12733: 12725: 12666: 12645: 12615: 12585: 12564: 12545: 12474: 12446: 12393: 12372: 12319: 12284: 12263: 12237: 12216: 12190: 12169: 12115: 12087: 12059: 12011: 11985: 11957: 11947: 11909: 11881: 11790: 11771: 11743: 11713: 11624: 11588: 11565: 11539: 11518: 11488: 11432: 11411: 11390: 11352: 11319: 11291: 11270: 11240: 11210: 11187: 11148: 11120: 11072: 11026: 11005: 10949: 10921: 10900: 10872: 10844: 10798: 10777: 10754: 10726: 10693: 10652: 10624: 10586: 10567:788021 10565: 10557: 10526: 10466: 10438: 10383: 10355: 10327: 10304: 10283: 10264: 10256: 10213: 10185: 10134: 10104: 10071: 10010: 9962: 9936: 9908: 9878: 9850: 9822: 9787: 9756: 9748: 9668: 9640: 9610: 9591: 9583: 9552: 9526: 9503: 9473: 9420: 9374: 9346: 9311: 9255: 9211: 7006:xv–xvi 6791:Wilson 6274:DeLapp 6139:DeLapp 6109:DeLapp 6052:DeLapp 5980:DeLapp 5920:DeLapp 5839:DeLapp 5767:DeLapp 5749:DeLapp 5728:DeLapp 5707:DeLapp 5542:Belzer 5383:DeLapp 5359:DeLapp 5335:DeLapp 5311:DeLapp 5254:DeLapp 5230:DeLapp 4633:Friend 4507:Austin 3928:Haines 3814:Haines 3700:Haines 3595:Haines 2602:) and 2587:) and 2502:Daoism 2430:Daoism 2402:, and 2176:, and 2065:, and 2018:, the 1962:cosmos 1956:, and 1899:murder 1885:, and 1870:, and 1785:, and 1708:desire 1652:method 1453:them. 1429:, and 1398:values 1383:rights 1375:Duties 1329:. The 1253:Taoism 1207:, and 1197:prayer 1098:habits 1079:, and 990:, and 921:, and 875:, and 863:Others 849:maxims 795:duties 666:Mohism 619:beauty 599:desire 555:causal 517:, and 494:, and 434:ethics 425:ethics 367:ethica 357:ἠθικός 308:ethics 289:ethics 275:, and 251:, and 185:Daoism 169:Greece 167:, and 99:duties 93:, and 81:, and 66:, and 40:Ethics 20931:Works 20918:Žižek 20903:Weber 20843:Röpke 20803:Negri 20783:Lasch 20753:Hoppe 20708:Fromm 20698:Evola 20678:Dewey 20658:Camus 20565:Taine 20545:Smith 20535:Royce 20525:Renan 20460:Hegel 20425:Comte 20415:Burke 20362:Locke 20296:Dante 20291:Bruni 20260:Xunzi 20235:Plato 20230:Philo 20210:Laozi 20018:Mores 19930:Multi 19920:Inter 19768:Aztec 19722:Greek 19702:Dutch 19692:Czech 19541:Bantu 18978:Anti- 18525:Nyaya 18515:Hindu 18375:Roman 18169:Event 17811:Logic 17714:Index 17476:Works 17447:Adams 17442:Nagel 17397:Dewey 17392:Rawls 17372:Barth 17367:Moore 17332:Hegel 17307:Xunzi 17262:Plato 17252:Laozi 17233:Wrong 17206:Japan 17196:Value 17191:Trust 17086:Ideal 16953:Stoic 16704:Media 16689:Legal 15923:S2CID 14602:S2CID 13579:S2CID 12939:"War" 12772:JSTOR 12731:JSTOR 11955:S2CID 10563:JSTOR 10262:S2CID 9754:JSTOR 8965:95–96 8077:81–82 7579:77–79 7525:17–18 7294:47–78 7213:16–17 7086:22–23 6697:xviii 5885:75–90 5656:Latus 5474:11–13 5207:96–97 5198:58–60 5033:15–16 4907:65–66 4742:31–33 3680:97–98 3073:42–43 3018:right 2898:arête 2836:Notes 2528:Plato 2454:Vedas 2426:Laozi 1367:ought 1193:faith 1169:Torah 1000:vices 891:Quran 771:norms 577:Types 374:term 362:Latin 318:êthos 314:word 165:China 161:India 122:value 48:moral 20913:Zinn 20908:Weil 20778:Land 20763:Kirk 20623:Aron 20580:Vico 20520:Owen 20510:Mill 20505:Marx 20485:Kant 20475:Hume 20220:Mozi 19925:Mono 18869:Sufi 18703:Chan 18562:Jain 18535:Yoga 18065:Mind 18005:Hard 17993:Hard 17427:Hare 17387:Foot 17347:Mill 17327:Kant 17322:Hume 17302:Mozi 17218:Vice 17136:Norm 17064:Evil 17059:Good 17019:Duty 16759:Meta 16682:Land 16609:Role 16594:Care 16457:2024 16430:ISBN 16417:2024 16404:ISBN 16387:2023 16374:ISBN 16359:2024 16346:ISBN 16329:2023 16304:2023 16291:ISBN 16266:2023 16248:ISBN 16231:2023 16206:2024 16181:2023 16156:2023 16143:ISBN 16126:2023 16101:2024 16088:ISBN 16073:2024 16060:ISBN 16045:2023 16032:ISBN 16017:2023 15992:2024 15979:ISBN 15962:2023 15949:ISBN 15934:2023 15913:ISBN 15888:2024 15863:2023 15850:ISBN 15835:2024 15822:ISBN 15805:2024 15792:ISBN 15769:ISBN 15754:2024 15741:ISBN 15716:2024 15696:2024 15683:ISBN 15662:ISBN 15649:2024 15624:2023 15611:ISBN 15596:2023 15578:ISBN 15563:2023 15545:ISBN 15530:2023 15517:ISBN 15496:ISBN 15481:2024 15460:2023 15435:2023 15404:ISBN 15383:ISBN 15364:ISBN 15347:2024 15334:ISBN 15319:2024 15294:2023 15269:2024 15244:2024 15219:2023 15194:2023 15163:ISBN 15140:ISBN 15119:ISBN 15106:2023 15081:2023 15068:ISBN 15053:2023 15040:ISBN 15025:2024 15012:ISBN 14989:ISBN 14974:2023 14949:2023 14936:ISBN 14919:2023 14894:2023 14873:2024 14860:ISBN 14841:ISSN 14827:2019 14804:ISBN 14787:ISSN 14762:2023 14737:2024 14708:OCLC 14698:ISBN 14679:ISBN 14664:2024 14651:ISBN 14634:2024 14621:ISBN 14594:ISSN 14569:2024 14551:ISBN 14536:2023 14511:2023 14498:ISBN 14483:2024 14470:ISBN 14449:ISBN 14426:ISBN 14413:2023 14400:ISBN 14385:2023 14372:ISBN 14357:2023 14344:ISBN 14329:2023 14316:ISBN 14299:2024 14279:2024 14266:ISBN 14249:2023 14218:ISBN 14201:2023 14183:ISBN 14168:2023 14143:2024 14122:2024 14104:ISBN 14089:2023 14058:ISBN 14043:2024 14030:ISBN 14009:ISBN 13994:2024 13973:2023 13942:ISBN 13929:2023 13916:ISBN 13901:2023 13876:2024 13863:ISBN 13842:PMID 13803:2023 13790:ISBN 13775:2023 13762:ISBN 13747:2024 13734:ISBN 13713:ISSN 13684:2023 13671:ISBN 13652:ISSN 13621:2024 13608:ISBN 13571:PMID 13563:ISSN 13538:2023 13525:ISBN 13510:2024 13497:ISBN 13480:2023 13467:ISBN 13452:2024 13434:ISBN 13419:2024 13394:2024 13381:ISBN 13366:2023 13353:ISBN 13336:2023 13323:ISBN 13298:2023 13285:ISBN 13266:PMID 13258:ISSN 13248:ISBN 13223:2023 13192:ISBN 13177:2024 13164:ISBN 13147:2023 13116:ISBN 13093:ISBN 13078:2024 13065:ISBN 13044:OCLC 13029:2024 13008:2023 12983:2023 12970:ISBN 12955:2023 12930:2024 12910:2024 12892:ISBN 12877:2023 12864:ISBN 12839:2023 12821:ISBN 12806:2024 12793:ISBN 12764:ISSN 12747:2023 12723:ISSN 12702:2024 12677:2024 12664:ISBN 12643:ISBN 12626:2024 12613:ISBN 12596:2023 12583:ISBN 12562:ISBN 12543:ISBN 12528:2023 12503:2023 12472:ISBN 12457:2023 12444:ISBN 12429:2023 12404:2024 12391:ISBN 12370:ISBN 12355:2023 12330:2024 12317:ISBN 12300:2023 12282:ISBN 12261:ISBN 12248:2024 12235:ISBN 12214:ISBN 12201:2024 12188:ISBN 12167:ISBN 12152:2024 12131:2023 12113:ISBN 12098:2023 12085:ISBN 12070:2024 12057:ISBN 12040:2023 12009:ISBN 11996:2024 11983:ISBN 11966:2024 11945:ISBN 11920:2024 11907:ISBN 11892:2023 11879:ISBN 11864:2023 11839:2024 11819:2023 11788:ISBN 11769:ISBN 11754:2023 11741:ISBN 11724:2024 11711:ISBN 11694:2023 11648:2024 11622:ISBN 11599:2023 11586:ISBN 11563:ISBN 11550:2024 11537:ISBN 11516:ISBN 11499:2023 11486:ISBN 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