174:, Romania, consisted of 22 pieces, comprising a wide assortment of gold vessels, plates and cups as well as jewellery, including two rings with inscriptions. When first uncovered, the objects were found stuck together by an unidentifiable black mass, leading to the assumption that the hoard might have been covered in some kind of organic material (e.g. cloth or leather) prior to being interred. The total weight of the find was approximately 20 kg (44 lb.).
119:
350:
776:
frieze represents a group of divinities, some in
Classical guise, others with attributes more easily assignable to the Germanic pantheon. A powerful male god holding a club and cornucopia, and seated on a throne in the form of a horseâs head, is probably closer to Donar than to Hercules. A heroic warrior in full armour and wearing three hair-knots is plainly a barbarian kingly god, while a trio of goddesses presumably represents the
20:
131:
101:
and has been subjected to various attempts at reconstruction and interpretation. Recently, however, it has become possible to reconstruct the damaged portion with the aid of rediscovered depictions of the ring in its original state. Taken as a whole, the inscribed ring may offer insight into the nature of the pre-Christian
273:
As with most finds of this type, it remains unclear as to why the objects were placed within the barrow, though several plausible reasons have been proposed. Taylor argues that the ring-barrow in which the objects were found was likely the site of a pagan temple, and that, based on an analysis of the
775:
Constantinescu (2003:2) describes the object as "a patera with pagan (Germanic) gods representations". Remarking on the figures displayed on the patera, Todd (1992:130) writes: âIn the centre sits a throned figurine of a female on a circular throne, holding a goblet in cupped hands. The encircling
657:
The photograph of the
Arundel Society, the existence of which remained unknown to scholars for nearly a century, was republished by Bernard Mees in 2004. Though Mees suggests that the photograph conclusively identifies the original rune as Odal (/o/), it is not yet known how others in the academic
330:
Various dates for the burial of the hoard have been proposed, largely derived from considerations regarding the origin of the objects themselves and their manner of burial, though the inscription has also been an important factor (see below). Taylor suggests a range from 210 to 250. In more recent
100:
The inscribed ring remains the subject of considerable academic interest, and a number of theories regarding its origin, the reason for its burial and its date have been proposed. The inscription, which sustained irreparable damage shortly after its discovery, can no longer be read with certainty,
252:
analysis indicates that the gold used to make the inscribed ring, classified as Celto-Germanic, is neither as pure as that of the Graeco-Roman, nor as alloyed as that found in the
Polychrome Germanic objects. These results seem to indicate that at least part of the hoard â including the inscribed
177:
Ten objects, among them one of the inscribed rings, were stolen shortly after the find was made, and when the remaining objects were recovered, it was discovered that the other ring had been cut into at least four pieces by a
Bucharest goldsmith, whereby one of the inscribed characters had become
322:, a Gothic general in the Roman army who was killed by the Huns around 400, as the owner of the hoard. Although this would help explain why the hoard remained buried, it fails to account for the conspicuous ring-barrow having been chosen as the site to hide such a large and valuable treasure.
278:
indicative of a still-active paganism. Though this theory has been largely ignored, later research, notably that of
Looijenga (1997), has observed that all of the remaining objects in the hoard possess a "definite ceremonial character". Particularly noteworthy in this connection is the
961:
MacLeod and Mees (2006:174) write: " is reminiscent in form of some of the epithets of the
Rhenish mother goddesses of the Mediotautic tribe, and similar inscriptions to goddesses described as 'Swabian mothers' and even 'Germanic mothers' are known from the Roman Rhineland." See also:
560:
is generally considered to have been almost complete within a few generations after their having arrived there in 238. Though paganism among the Goths did survive the initial conversion phase of 250 to 300 â as the martyring of the converted
Christian Goths
975:
MacLeod and Mees (2006:174) write: "The
Pietroassa inscription may indicate that something associated with Gutanio was holy in one sense, then, and that something else was holy in another â the distinction may well originally have been that
265:). While this may cast some doubt on the traditional theory regarding a Roman-Mediterranean origin for the ring, further research is necessary before the origin of the material used in its manufacture can be identified conclusively.
480:, "sanctuary". Following this reading, she translates the whole inscription "Gothic (object). Sacrosanct." Reichert (1993) suggests that it is also possible to read the damaged rune as á /j/, and interprets it as representative of
244:
origin for the ore has been ruled out. Though
Cojocaru (1999) rejects the possibility of Roman imperial coins having been melted down and used for some of the objects, Constantinescu (2003) comes to the opposite conclusion.
331:
studies, scholars have proposed slightly later dates, with supporters of the
Athanaric theory suggesting the end of the 4th century, the date also proposed by Constantinescu, and Tomescu suggesting the early 5th century.
596:) may help to clarify the distinction between the two concepts in the Gothic language, implying that the ring was considered holy, not only for its being connected to one or more divinities, but also in and of itself.
780:. The seated goddess who presides over the entire ensemble is also not easily placed in the Classical order. She is better viewed as a barbarian mother of the gods.â Photographs of the patera can be found here
435:(1966), translates as "sacred (and) inviolable inheritance of the Goths". Other scholars have interpreted the á as indicative of a feminine ending: Johnsen (1971) translates "the holy relic (= the ring) of
1079:
Constantinescu, B.; Bugoi, R.; Cojocaru, V.; Voiculescu, D.; Grambole, D.; Herrmann, F.; Ceccato, D.; Calligaro, T.; Salomon, J. (August 2003). "Micro-PIXE Study of Gold Archaeological Objects".
584:
and archaeological finds. Furthermore, they suggest that the inscription could be proof of the existence of "mother goddess" worship among the Goths â echoing the well-documented worship of "
189:(1879), in one of the earliest works discussing the find, speculates that the objects could represent a part of the plunder acquired by Goths in the raids made on the Roman provinces of
548:
and that the intent behind it was religious. Taylor interprets the inscription as being clearly pagan in nature and indicative of the existence of a temple to which the ring was a
374:) having been mostly destroyed when the ring was cut in half by thieves. The damaged rune has been the object of some scholarly debate, and is variously interpreted as indicating
667:
Taylor (1879:8) writes:"The great intrinsic value of the gold points to the dedication of the spoils of some great triumph -- it may be the plunder of the camp of the Emperor
504:". Though DĂŒwel (2001) has expressed doubts regarding the meaning of such a statement, Nordgren (2004) supports Reichert's reading, viewing the ring as connected to a
576:
MacLeod and Mees (2006), following Mees (2004), interpret the ring as possibly representing either a "temple-ring" or a "sacred oath-ring", the existence of which in
314:(380) enabled him to bring his tribesmen under the protection of Roman rule prior to his death in 381. Other researchers have suggested that the hoard was that of an
397:
This reading was followed by early scholars, notably Taylor, who translates "dedicated to the temple of the Goths", and Diculescu (1923), who translates "sacred (
588:" in other parts of the Germanic North. MacLeod and Mees also propose that the appearance of both of the Common Germanic terms denoting "holiness" (
1608:
1166:
891:
871:
847:
573:) shows â it was weakened considerably in the following years, and the likelihood of such a deposit being made would have been greatly diminished.
1664:
1255:
1232:
1200:
290:
Those in favour of viewing the objects as the personal hoard of Athanaric suggest that the gold was buried in an attempt to hide it from the
984:
that of sacred or consecrated (essentially human-fashioned or used) objects in Gothic." For further discussion on the distinction between
1639:
382:(Looijenga 1997). If the photograph of the Arundel Society is to be taken as a guide, then the inscription originally read as follows:
217:
catalogue (1994) suggests that the objects could also be viewed as having been gifts made by Roman leaders to allied Germanic princes.
544:
Despite the lack of consensus regarding the exact import of the inscription, scholars seem to agree that its language is some form of
1113:
1106:
340:
197:(238 - 251). Another early theory, probably first proposed by Odobescu (1889) and picked up again by Giurascu (1976), identifies
224:
studies performed on the objects indicate at least three geographically disparate origins for the gold ore itself: the Southern
1073:
185:
The remaining objects in the collection display a high quality of craftsmanship such that scholars doubt an indigenous origin.
1567:
1534:
1497:
1456:
1399:
1378:
1314:
1175:
1141:
1017:
182:
of the ring before it was damaged survive, and the nature of the lost character can be established with relative certainty.
658:
community will respond. Cf. Mees (2004:55-79). For more on the early history of the find, see Steiner-Welz (2005:170-175).
1644:
784:
257:, and could therefore represent objects that had been in Gothic possession prior to their southward migration (see
307:
934:
Pieper (2003) in Heizmann (2003:595-646). For a discussion of this and similar readings, see North (1997:139-141).
178:
damaged to the point of illegibility. Fortunately, detailed drawings, a cast, and a photograph made by London's
781:
1649:
409:) of the Goths". DĂŒwel (2001), commenting upon the same reading, suggests interpreting á as indicative of
1605:
888:
868:
844:
816:
catalogue apparently mentions the same figure; see Looijenga (1997:28). See also Tomescu (1994:230-235).
625:
1629:
1354:
Nedoma, Robert (1993). "Abbildungen und Nachbildungen des unbeschÀdigten Runenrings von Pietroassa".
980:
was originally the type of holiness connected with the gods and goddesses (and hence holy sites) and
615:
1478:
1295:
1208:
Johnsen, Ingrid Sanness (1971). "Omkring tolkning av runeinnskriften pÄ gullringen fra Pietroassa".
1050:
1036:
Cojocaru, V.; Besliu, C.; Manea, C. A. (June 1999). "Nuclear Analyses of the Pietroasa Gold Hoard".
209:, as the likely owner of the hoard, presumably acquired through the conflict with the Roman Emperor
1370:
The Well Spring of the Goths: About the Gothic Peoples in the Nordic Countries and on the Continent
1669:
306:
around 375. However, it remains unclear why the gold would have remained buried, as Athanaric's
1151:
1045:
249:
1187:
Runica-Germanica-Mediaevalia (ErgÀnzungsbÀnde zum Reallexikon der Germanischen Altertumskunde)
1659:
1578:
1559:
Language Change and Language Structure: Older Germanic Languages in a Comparative Perspective
1282:
1110:
675:." Regarding other early works on the ring and its inscription, see Massmann (1857:209-213).
1508:
796:
620:
581:
186:
123:
67:
8:
1512:
1029:
Goldhelm, Schwert und SilberschĂ€tze: ReichtĂŒmer aus 6000 Jahren rumĂ€nischer Vergangenheit
553:
262:
149:
248:
A comparison of mineralogical composition, smelting and forging techniques, and earlier
1466:
1249:
1226:
1194:
1096:
1063:
1563:
1530:
1493:
1452:
1395:
1374:
1341:
Mees, Bernard (2004). "Runo Gothica: The Runes and the Origins of Wulfila's Script".
1310:
1171:
1137:
1013:
605:
577:
562:
344:
284:
83:
1431:
Rusu, Mircea (1984). "Tezaurul De La Pietroasele Ći Contextul Istoric Contemporan".
1100:
1067:
1088:
1055:
258:
139:
1612:
1557:
1524:
1487:
1446:
1389:
1368:
1325:
1304:
1117:
1007:
895:
875:
864:
851:
566:
545:
436:
432:
179:
102:
87:
1265:"Runes around the North Sea and on the Continent AD 150-700: Texts and Contexts"
48:
1654:
1634:
1583:
742:
549:
513:
500:
Reichert translates this as "(good) year of the Goths, sacred (and) inviolable
354:
225:
94:
71:
1092:
1623:
1330:
Germania: Vierteljahrsschrift fĂŒr Deutsche Alterthumskunde (Hg.: F. Pfeiffer)
672:
610:
367:
202:
91:
684:
Odobescu (1889), Giurascu (1976). Referenced in Constantinescu (2003:3, 11).
275:
448:
311:
159:
79:
630:
552:. He derives his date for the burial (210 to 250) from the fact that the
410:
379:
371:
171:
118:
44:
24:
1553:
1059:
569:(372) at the hands of the indigenously pagan Goths (in the latter case
447:
of the Goths)"; Antonsen (2002) translates "Sacrosanct of Gothic women/
349:
315:
295:
221:
19:
1242:
Die Kultur der alten Germanen: Teil I: Die materiellen Voraussetzungen
1264:
1078:
570:
299:
206:
198:
56:
1031:(catalogue). Frankfurt am Main: Sonderausstellung Schirn Kunsthalle.
283:, or libation dish, which is decorated with depictions of (probably
509:
375:
1445:
Schmauder, Michael (December 1, 2002). Corradini, Richard (ed.).
508:
king in his role of ensuring an abundant harvest (represented by
451:". Construing the damaged rune as á /s/, Looijenga (1997) reads:
167:
52:
1552:
887:
Johnsen (1971), Krogmann (1978), Antonsen (2002); referenced in
963:
668:
557:
533:
505:
440:
319:
280:
237:
210:
194:
190:
834:
Reichert (1993), Nedoma (1993); referenced in DĂŒwel (2001:32).
777:
585:
444:
130:
303:
254:
241:
233:
229:
63:
443:
for áčá /wi/, translates "dedicated to the Gothic Mothers (=
812:
Rusu (1984:207-229); referenced in Cojocaru (1999:11). The
406:
370:
runic inscription of 15 characters, with the 7th (probably
291:
60:
40:
766:
Looijenga (1997:28). See also MacLeod and Mees (2006:174).
705:
Constantinescu (2003:16). See also Cojocaru (1999:10-11).
43:-like necklace found in a ring barrow in Pietroassa (now
1544:
Tomescu, Dorina (1994). "Der Schatzfund von Pietroasa".
741:
Constantinescu (2003:13-14) specifically identifies the
274:
surviving inscription (see below), they were part of a
1216:
1579:"Kultplats helgad Ă„t guden Ull hittad i Upplands Bro"
1411:
Le tresor de Petrossa: Etude sur l'orfevrerie antique
1184:
1302:
1210:
MĂ„l og Namn. Studiar I Nordisk MĂ„l- og Namnegranskin
361:
1035:
825:
Constantinescu (2003:3,14); Tomescu (1994:230-235).
253:ring â was composed of gold ore mined far north of
1125:Die Wandalen und die Goten in Ungarn und RumÀnien
843:Taylor (1879:8); Diculescu (1923), referenced in
1621:
1167:Language and history in the early Germanic world
1081:Journal of Radioanalytical and Nuclear Chemistry
1038:Journal of Radioanalytical and Nuclear Chemistry
952:MacLeod and Mees (2006:173-174); Ullberg (2007).
753:
751:
723:Cojocaru (1999:10-11); Constantinescu (2003:16).
468:should be understood as an early form of Gothic
318:king, with Rusu (1984) specifically identifying
78:. The ring itself is generally assumed to be of
1448:The 'Gold Hoards' of the Early Migration Period
1420:Die Sprache: Zeitschrift fĂŒr Sprachwissenschaft
1418:Reichert, Hermann (1993). "GUTANI? WI HAILAG".
1356:Die Sprache: Zeitschrift fĂŒr Sprachwissenschaft
1343:Die Sprache: Zeitschrift fĂŒr Sprachwissenschaft
1158:. Bucharest: Romanian Academy Publishing House.
916:Reichert (1993); referenced in DĂŒwel (2001:32).
1451:. Brill Academic Publishers. pp. 81â107.
696:(1994:230). Referenced in Looijenga (1997:28).
166:The original hoard, discovered within a large
748:
391:
1485:
1217:Krause, Wolfgang; Jankuhn, Herbert (1966).
512:). Pieper (2003) reads the damaged rune as
1254:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (
1231:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (
1199:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (
1556:; MĂžrck, Endre; Westvik, Olaf J. (1994).
1444:
1262:
1185:Heizmann, Wilhelm; Pieper, Peter (2003).
1122:
1049:
925:DĂŒwel (2001:32); Nordgren (2004:508-509).
378:(Reichert 1993, Nedoma 1993) or possibly
1417:
1408:
1366:
1323:
1239:
1150:
1005:
357:inscription from the ring of Pietroassa.
348:
129:
126:, of which the inscribed ring is a part.
117:
18:
1576:
1543:
1219:Die Runeninschriften im Ă€lteren FĂŒthark
1207:
671:, or the ransom of the wealthy city of
341:Runic transliteration and transcription
302:and began moving down into Thervingian
1622:
1514:Greeks and Goths: A Study on the Runes
1507:
1492:. Mannheim: Reinhard Welz Vermittler.
1391:Heathen Gods in Old English Literature
1353:
1303:MacLeod, Mindy; Mees, Bernard (2006).
59:), in 1837. It formed part of a large
1665:Archaeological discoveries in Romania
1387:
1189:. Berlin, New York. pp. 595â646.
1163:
1131:
1026:
795:Constantinescu (2003:3,14). See also
745:as the likely origin of the gold ore.
16:A Roman-era necklace found in Romania
1522:
1430:
1340:
1577:Ullberg, Sara (December 13, 2007).
1546:Goldhelm, Schwert und SilberschÀtze
992:in Gothic, see Green (2000:360-361)
23:The ring of Pietroassa (drawing by
13:
14:
1681:
1640:Germanic archaeological artifacts
1599:
1489:Runenkunde: Die Welt der Germanen
1127:. Leipzig: Mannus-Bibliothek, 34.
362:Reconstruction and interpretation
1306:Runic Amulets and Magic Objects
969:
955:
946:
937:
928:
919:
910:
901:
881:
857:
837:
828:
819:
806:
789:
769:
760:
735:
1413:. Paris-Leipzig: J. Rotschild.
1394:. Cambridge University Press.
1170:. Cambridge University Press.
1123:Diculescu, Constantin (1923).
1027:Avram, Alexandru, ed. (1994).
1009:Runes and Germanic Linguistics
786:. See also Macleod (2006:174).
726:
717:
708:
699:
687:
678:
661:
651:
642:
334:
294:, who had defeated the Gothic
1:
998:
898:. See also MacLeod (2006:174)
1486:Steiner-Welz, Sonja (2005).
1409:Odobescu, Alexandru (1889).
439:"; Krogmann (1978), reading
7:
1517:. London: MacMillan and Co.
1136:. Stuttgart: J.B. Metzler.
1006:Antonsen, Elmer H. (2002).
599:
554:Christianizing of the Goths
170:known as IstriĆŁa Hill near
103:pagan religion of the Goths
10:
1686:
1645:Elder Futhark inscriptions
1367:Nordgren, Ingemar (2004).
1326:"Der Bukarester Runenring"
1263:Looijenga, Tineke (1997).
878:. See also Toril (1994:5).
539:
338:
108:
1270:. University of Groningen
1164:Green, Dennis H. (2000).
616:Gothic runic inscriptions
268:
113:
1529:. Blackwell Publishing.
1240:Krogmann, Willy (1978).
1156:History of the Romanians
714:Constantinescu (2003:2).
636:
626:Treasure of OsztrĂłpataka
1388:North, Richard (1997).
1324:Massmann, H.F. (1857).
1093:10.1023/A:1024700316827
580:times is documented in
445:female guardian spirits
366:The gold ring bears an
325:
122:A poster depicting the
86:origin, and features a
1523:Todd, Malcolm (1992).
1290:Cite journal requires
867:(1966), referenced in
358:
163:
127:
28:
1433:CercetĂŁri Arheologice
1152:Giurescu, Constantine
1132:DĂŒwel, Klaus (2001).
1012:. Mouton de Gruyter.
732:Cojocaru (1999:9ff.).
536:of the Goths. Holy."
532:He translates this "
352:
133:
121:
22:
1650:Individual necklaces
907:Looijenga (1997:28).
863:DĂŒwel (2001:31-32);
797:Ammianus Marcellinus
648:Schmauder (2002:84).
621:Pietroasele Treasure
582:Old Norse literature
152:, early 4th century.
142:, early 3rd century.
68:Pietroasele treasure
263:Chernyakhov culture
150:Chernyakhov culture
124:Pietroassa treasure
90:inscription in the
70:) dated to between
1611:2013-07-26 at the
1116:2021-10-01 at the
1060:10.1007/BF02349869
943:Taylor (1879:7-8).
894:2013-07-26 at the
874:2013-07-26 at the
850:2013-07-26 at the
464:She comments that
359:
164:
128:
33:Ring of Pietroassa
29:
1630:Germanic paganism
1606:Runenprojekt Kiel
1569:978-3-11-013538-1
1536:978-0-631-19904-5
1526:The Early Germans
1499:978-3-936041-15-6
1458:978-90-04-11862-1
1401:978-0-521-55183-0
1380:978-0-595-33648-7
1316:978-1-84383-205-8
1309:. Boydell Press.
1177:978-0-521-79423-7
1143:978-3-476-13072-3
1019:978-3-11-017462-5
889:Runenprojekt Kiel
869:Runenprojekt Kiel
845:Runenprojekt Kiel
353:Rendition of the
345:Name of the Goths
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586:mother goddesses
476:as early Gothic
472:, "Gothic", and
431:This, following
393:
392:á·áąáášáŸáááčá áșášááášá·
387:gutaniowi hailag
259:Wielbark culture
240:. An indigenous
157:
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140:Wielbark Culture
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401:) to the Jove (
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1670:BuzÄu County
1660:Gold objects
1617:
1588:. Retrieved
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1283:cite journal
1272:. Retrieved
1244:. Wiesbaden.
1241:
1221:. Göttingen.
1218:
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606:AlmĂĄttki ĂĄss
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312:Theodosius I
289:
276:votive hoard
272:
247:
219:
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213:in 369. The
184:
176:
165:
160:Roman Empire
99:
49:BuzÄu County
36:
32:
30:
1554:Swan, Toril
631:Pietroasele
335:Inscription
316:Ostrogothic
287:) deities.
250:typological
172:Pietroasele
168:ring barrow
72:250 and 400
51:, southern
45:Pietroasele
25:Henri Trenk
1624:Categories
1590:2008-02-29
1548:: 230â235.
1439:: 207â229.
1426:: 235â247.
1362:: 226â234.
1336:: 209â213.
1274:2008-04-08
1212:: 172â186.
1134:Runenkunde
999:References
565:(370) and
556:along the
456:gutanīs wī
339:See also:
296:Greuthungi
203:pagan king
55:(formerly
39:is a gold
37:BuzÄu torc
1477:ignored (
1467:cite book
1250:cite book
1227:cite book
1195:cite book
1046:CiteSeerX
783:and here
571:Athanaric
300:Black Sea
207:Thervingi
199:Athanaric
57:Wallachia
1609:Archived
1511:(1879).
1349:: 55â79.
1154:(1976).
1114:Archived
1101:94512851
1068:29840954
892:Archived
872:Archived
848:Archived
814:Goldhelm
694:Goldhelm
600:See also
516:, thus:
489:gutanī j
484:, thus:
470:gutaneis
420:gutanÄ« Ć
285:Germanic
215:Goldhelm
27:, 1875).
1111:Summary
540:Meaning
466:gutanīs
437:GutaniĆ
405:, i.e.
320:Gainnas
236:), and
220:Recent
109:History
53:Romania
1566:
1533:
1496:
1455:
1398:
1377:
1313:
1174:
1140:
1099:
1066:
1048:
1016:
990:hailag
982:hailag
964:Matres
865:Krause
669:Decius
594:hailag
567:Sabbas
558:Danube
546:Gothic
534:Ingwin
527:hailag
521:gutanī
510:á jera
506:sacral
502:hailag
495:hailag
459:hailag
433:Krause
426:hailag
415:thus:
399:hailag
308:treaty
281:Patera
269:Burial
242:Dacian
238:Persia
211:Valens
195:Thrace
191:Moesia
187:Taylor
158:
156:
148:
146:
138:
136:
114:Origin
74:
1655:Torcs
1635:Goths
1268:(PDF)
1097:S2CID
1064:S2CID
637:Notes
578:pagan
514:á /Ć/
441:á /m/
380:á /s/
376:á /j/
372:á /o/
355:runic
310:with
304:Dacia
255:Dacia
234:Sudan
230:Nubia
80:Roman
66:(the
64:hoard
1564:ISBN
1531:ISBN
1494:ISBN
1479:help
1453:ISBN
1396:ISBN
1375:ISBN
1311:ISBN
1296:help
1256:link
1233:link
1201:link
1172:ISBN
1138:ISBN
1014:ISBN
988:and
592:and
478:weih
407:Thor
403:iowī
343:and
326:Date
292:Huns
193:and
61:gold
41:torc
31:The
1107:PDF
1089:doi
1085:257
1074:PDF
1056:doi
1042:240
986:wīh
978:wīh
590:wīh
47:),
35:or
1626::
1581:.
1471::
1469:}}
1465:{{
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1332:.
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1193:{{
1109:;
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1083:.
1072:.
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1054:.
1040:.
799:'
750:^
524:wi
492:wī
474:wī
423:wī
261:,
228:,
201:,
105:.
97:.
76:CE
1593:.
1572:.
1539:.
1519:.
1504:.
1502:.
1481:)
1461:.
1441:.
1437:7
1404:.
1383:.
1347:3
1334:2
1319:.
1298:)
1294:(
1277:.
1258:)
1235:)
1203:)
1180:.
1160:.
1146:.
1103:.
1091::
1070:.
1058::
1022:.
966:.
854:.
482:j
412:Ć
232:(
82:-
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