Rings of Jupiter - Knowledge

2077: 1585: 1602: 360: 1293:. The Amalthea gossamer ring is actually the brightest near its top and bottom edges and becomes gradually brighter towards Jupiter; one of the edges is often brighter than another. The outer boundary of the ring is relatively steep; the ring's brightness drops abruptly just inward of the orbit of Amalthea, although it may have a small extension beyond the orbit of the satellite ending near 4:3 resonance with Thebe. In forward-scattered light the ring appears to be about 30 times fainter than the main ring. In back-scattered light it has been detected only by the 3921: 592: 1248: 352: 1037: 5077: 4361: 1568: 922: 19: 1441:

magnetosphere. When the dust enters the shadow behind Jupiter, it loses its electrical charge fairly quickly. Since the small dust particles partially corotate with the planet, they will move outward during the shadow pass creating an outward extension of the Thebe gossamer ring. The same forces can explain a dip in the particle distribution and ring's brightness, which occurs between the orbits of Amalthea and Thebe.

4372: 487:. The third ringlet is found inward of the central gap, outside the orbit of Metis. The ring's brightness drops sharply just outward of the Metidian orbit, forming the Metis notch. Inward of the orbit of Metis, the brightness of the ring rises much less than in forward-scattered light. So in the back-scattered geometry the main ring appears to consist of two different parts: a narrow outer part extending from 1470: 1011:, for the larger and smaller sets of waves, respectively. The formation of the larger set of waves can be explained if the ring was impacted by a cloud of particles released by the comet with a total mass on the order of 2–5 × 10 kg, which would have tilted the ring out of the equatorial plane by 2 km. A similar spiraling wave pattern that tightens over time has been observed by 1372:;). Its inner boundary is not clearly defined because of the presence of the much brighter main ring and halo. The thickness of the ring is approximately 8400 km near the orbit of Thebe and slightly decreases in the direction of the planet. The Thebe gossamer ring is brightest near its top and bottom edges and gradually becomes brighter towards 372: 1499:

was at least 0.04 km, assuming it had the same albedo as Himalia. If the ring (arc) is debris from Himalia, it must have formed quite recently, given the century-scale precession of the Himalian orbit. It is possible that the ring could be debris from the impact of a very small undiscovered moon

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of the Thebe gossamer ring is about 3 × 10, which is three times lower than the Amalthea gossamer ring, but the total mass of the dust is the same—about 10–10 kg. However the particle size distribution of the dust is somewhat shallower than in the Amalthea ring. It follows a power law

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means that the total cross section of all particles inside the ring is about 5000 km². The particles in the main ring are expected to have aspherical shapes. The total mass of the dust is estimated to be 10−10 kg. The mass of large bodies, excluding Metis and Adrastea, is 10−10 kg. It

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is higher at longer wavelengths. The existing spectra span the range 0.5–2.5 μm. No spectral features have been found so far which can be attributed to particular chemical compounds, although the Cassini observations yielded evidence for absorption bands near 0.8 μm and 2.2 μm. The spectra

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of particles known as the "halo ring"; a relatively bright, exceptionally thin "main ring"; and two wide, thick and faint outer "gossamer rings", named after the moons of whose material they are composed: Amalthea and Thebe. The principal attributes of the known Jovian Rings are listed in the table.

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The dust in the gossamer rings originates in essentially the same way as that in the main ring and halo. Its sources are the inner Jovian moons Amalthea and Thebe respectively. High velocity impacts by projectiles coming from outside the Jovian system eject dust particles from their surfaces. These

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The optical properties of the halo ring can be explained by the hypothesis that it comprises only dust with particle sizes less than 15 μm. Parts of the halo located far from the ring plane may consist of submicrometre dust. This dusty composition explains the much stronger forward-scattering,

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spacecraft conducted a deep search for new small moons inside the main ring. While no satellites larger than 0.5 km were found, the cameras of the spacecraft detected seven small clumps of ring particles. They orbit just inside the orbit of Adrastea inside a dense ringlet. The conclusion, that

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are excited while passing through it. The bloom of the main ring may be a beginning of the halo. The halo ring's inner boundary is not far from the strongest 2:1 Lorentz resonance. In this resonance the excitation is probably very significant, forcing particles to plunge into the Jovian atmosphere

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between the Lagrangian points. The dust may be present at the leading and trailing Lagrange points of Thebe as well. This discovery implies that there are two particle populations in the gossamer rings: one slowly drifts in the direction of Jupiter as described above, while another remains near a

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The presence of two populations of particles in the main ring explains why its appearance depends on the viewing geometry. The dust scatters light preferably in the forward direction and forms a relatively thick homogenous ring bounded by the orbit of Adrastea. In contrast, large particles, which

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However some properties have so far gone unexplained, like the Thebe Extension, which may be due to unseen bodies outside Thebe's orbit, and structures visible in the back-scattered light. One possible explanation of the Thebe Extension is influence of the electromagnetic forces from the Jovian

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In 2002–2003 Galileo spacecraft had two passes through the gossamer rings. During them its dust counter detected dust particles in the size range 0.2–5 μm. In addition, the Galileo spacecraft's star scanner detected small, discrete bodies (< 1 km) near Amalthea. These may represent

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space probes show the presence of two sets of spiraling vertical corrugations in the main ring. These waves became more tightly wound over time at the rate expected for differential nodal regression in Jupiter's gravity field. Extrapolating backwards, the more prominent of the two sets of waves

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in all rings except the halo. The halo ring is probably dominated by submicrometre dust. The total mass of the ring system (including unresolved parent bodies) is poorly constrained, but is probably in the range of 10 to 10 kg. The age of the ring system is also not known, but it is

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telescope. Back-scattering images show a peak of brightness just inside the orbit of Thebe. In 2002–2003 the dust counter of the Galileo spacecraft detected dust particles in the size range 0.2–5 μm—similar to those in the Amalthea ring—and confirmed the results obtained from imaging.

941:, so the dust must be continuously replenished in the collisions between large bodies with sizes from 1 cm to 0.5 km and between the same large bodies and high velocity particles coming from outside the Jovian system. This parent body population is confined to the narrow—about 483:, or slightly beyond the orbit of Adrastea, is very steep. The orbit of the moon is marked by a gap in the ring so there is a thin ringlet just outside its orbit. There is another ringlet just inside Adrastean orbit followed by a gap of unknown origin located at about 632:

with 0.1–10 μm particle sizes. This explains the stronger forward-scattering of light as compared to back-scattering. However, larger bodies are required to explain the strong back-scattering and fine structure in the bright outer part of the main ring.

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In visible and near-infrared light, the rings have a reddish color, except the halo ring, which is neutral or blue in color. The size of the dust in the rings varies, but the cross-sectional area is greatest for nonspherical particles of radius about 15

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depends on their maximum size— the upper value corresponds to about 1 km maximum diameter. These masses can be compared with masses of Adrastea, which is about 2 × 10 kg, Amalthea, about 2 × 10 kg, and Earth's

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orbiter was the bloom of the main ring—a faint, relatively thick (about 600 km) cloud of material which surrounds its inner part. The bloom grows in thickness towards the inner boundary of the main ring, where it transitions into the halo.

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Observed in back-scattered light the main ring appears to be razor thin, extending in the vertical direction no more than 30 km. In the side scatter geometry the ring thickness is 80–160 km, increasing somewhat in the direction of

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The Jovian ring system is faint and consists mainly of dust. It has four main components: a thick inner torus of particles known as the "halo ring"; a relatively bright, exceptionally thin "main ring"; and two wide, thick and faint outer

1289:). Its inner boundary is not clearly defined because of the presence of the much brighter main ring and halo. The thickness of the ring is approximately 2300 km near the orbit of Amalthea and slightly decreases in the direction of 965:

forming the faint (in back-scattered light) innermost part of the main ring and halo ring. The age of the main ring is currently unknown, but it may be the last remnant of a past population of small bodies near

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images revealed longitudinal variations of the main ring's brightness unconnected with the viewing geometry. The Galileo images also showed some patchiness in the ring on the scales 500–1000 km.

898: 1215: 1403:) and called the Thebe Extension. In forward-scattered light the ring appears to be about 3 times fainter than the Amalthea gossamer ring. In back-scattered light it has been detected only by the 22:

A schema of Jupiter's ring system showing the four main components. For simplicity, Metis and Adrastea are depicted as sharing their orbit. (In reality, Metis is very slightly closer to Jupiter.)

764: > 15 ± 0.3 μm. The distribution of large bodies in the mm–km size range is undetermined presently. The light scattering in this model is dominated by particles with 1601: 1444:

The peak in the brightness just inside of the Amalthea's orbit and, therefore, the vertical asymmetry the Amalthea gossamer ring may be due to the dust particles trapped at the leading (L

503:, which lacks any visible structure like in the forward-scattering geometry. The Metis notch serves as their boundary. The fine structure of the main ring was discovered in data from the 367:

spacecraft. The fine structure of its outer part is visible. The lower image shows the main ring in forward-scattered light demonstrating its lack of any structure except the Metis notch.

1147:, is the same. However its total photon flux is several times lower than that of the main ring and is more strongly concentrated near the ring plane than in the forward-scattered light. 148:

In 2022, dynamical simulations suggested that the relative meagreness of Jupiter's ring system, compared to that of the smaller Saturn, is due to destabilising resonances created by the

945:—and bright outer part of the main ring, and includes Metis and Adrastea. The largest parent bodies must be less than 0.5 km in size. The upper limit on their size was obtained by 1318:

images and the direct dust measurements have allowed the determination of the particle size distribution, which appears to follow the same power law as the dust in the main ring with

691: 1063:). From this radius the ring becomes rapidly thicker towards Jupiter. The true vertical extent of the halo is not known but the presence of its material was detected as high as 794: 1225:

of dust particles by the electromagnetic forces in the Jovian magnetosphere. The outer boundary of the halo ring coincides with location of a strong 3:2 Lorentz resonance. As

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observations, was near 4 km. The dust produced in collisions retains approximately the same orbital elements as the parent bodies and slowly spirals in the direction of

2468: 1305:. Back-scattering images show additional structure in the ring: a peak in the brightness just inside the Amalthean orbit and confined to the top or bottom edge of the ring. 3538:

Brown, R. H.; Baines, K. H.; Bellucci, G.; et al. (2003). "Observations with the Visual and Infrared Mapping Spectrometer (VIMS) during Cassini's Flyby of Jupiter".

1106:. Its shape resembles a thick torus without clear internal structure. In contrast to the main ring, the halo's appearance depends only slightly on the viewing geometry. 579:. The clumps are divided into two groups of five and two members, respectively. The nature of the clumps is not clear, but their orbits are close to 115:116 and 114:115 1044:

The halo ring is the innermost and the vertically thickest Jovian ring. Its outer edge coincides with the inner boundary of the main ring approximately at the radius

1491:, it photographed what appeared to be a faint, previously unknown planetary ring or ring arc, parallel with and slightly inside the orbit of the irregular satellite 1334:

The Thebe gossamer ring is the faintest Jovian ring. It appears as a very faint structure with a rectangular cross section, stretching from the Thebean orbit at

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Brooks, S. M.; Esposito, L. W.; Showalter, M. R.; et al. (2004). "The Size Distribution of Jupiter's Main Ring from Galileo Imaging and Spectroscopy".

444:. The appearance of the main ring depends on the viewing geometry. In forward-scattered light the brightness of the main ring begins to decrease steeply at 2659: 2551: 5174: 1433:. This hypothesis naturally explains almost all observable properties of the rings: rectangular cross-section, decrease of thickness in the direction of 1326:

of this ring is about 10, which is an order of magnitude lower than that of the main ring, but the total mass of the dust (10–10 kg) is comparable.

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conducted extensive observations of the Jovian ring system. Future missions to the Jovian system will provide additional information about the rings.

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bluer colors and lack of visible structure in the halo. The dust probably originates in the main ring, a claim supported by the fact that the halo's

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spacecraft failed to detect it, probably due to insufficient spatial resolution. However the fine structure was observed by the Keck telescope using

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Burns, J.A.; Schaffer, L. E.; Greenberg, R. J.; Showalter, Mark R.; et al. (1985). "Lorentz Resonances and the Structure of the Jovian Ring".

111:'s orbit. One explanation is that a small moon recently crashed into Himalia and the force of the impact ejected the material that forms the ring. 3609: 3310:

Krueger, Harald; Hamilton, Douglas P.; Moissl, Richard; Gruen, Eberhard (2009). "Galileo In-Situ Dust Measurements in Jupiter's Gossamer Rings".

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Lorentz resonance is a resonance between particle's orbital motion and rotation of planetary magnetosphere, when the ratio of their periods is a

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and perhaps smaller, unobserved bodies as the result of high-velocity impacts. High-resolution images obtained in February and March 2007 by the

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Showalter, M. R.; Burns, J. A.; de Pater, I.; et al. (26–28 September 2005). "Updates On The Dusty Rings Of Jupiter, Uranus And Neptune".

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orbiter between 1995 and 2003 greatly extended the existing knowledge about the Jovian rings. Ground-based observation of the rings by the

1115:. While its surface brightness is much less than that of the main ring, its vertically (perpendicular to the ring plane) integrated photon 636:

Analysis of available phase and spectral data leads to a conclusion that the size distribution of small particles in the main ring obeys a

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clearly shepherds the ring. The brightness continues to increase in the direction of Jupiter and has a maximum near the ring's center at

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Wong, M. H.; de Pater, I.; Showalter, M. R.; et al. (2006). "Ground-based Near Infrared Spectroscopy of Jupiter's Ring and Moons".

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in the same year, which allowed rough determination of the ring's structure. The superior quality of the images obtained by the

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The Amalthea gossamer ring is a very faint structure with a rectangular cross section, stretching from the orbit of Amalthea at

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The thickness of the gossamer rings is defined here as the distance between peaks of brightness at their top and bottom edges.

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spacecraft in February–March 2007 allowed observation of the fine structure in the main ring for the first time. In 2000, the

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is comparable with that of the dust in the main ring. The large thickness of the halo can be attributed to the excitation of

937:. Volatile materials such as ices, for example, evaporate quickly. The lifetime of dust particles in the ring is from 100 to 1173: 4089: 3272:

Krüger, H.; Grün, E.; Hamilton, D. P. (18–25 July 2004). "Galileo In-Situ Dust Measurements in Jupiter's Gossamer Rings".

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Hedman, M. M.; Burns, J. A.; Evans, M. W.; Tiscareno, M. S.; Porco, C. C. (2011). "Saturn's curiously corrugated C Ring".

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Smith, B. A.; Soderblom, L. A.; Johnson, T. V.; et al. (1979). "The Jupiter System through the Eyes of Voyager 1".

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Meier, R.; Smith, B. A.; Owen, T. C.; et al. (1999). "Near Infrared Photometry of the Jovian Ring and Adrastea".

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distribution in the range 0.5–2.5 μm is flatter than in the main ring; the halo is not red and may even be blue.

541:. The ring appears to be much thicker in the forward-scattered light—about 300 km. One of the discoveries of the 3847: 2471:. NASA/Johns Hopkins University Applied Physics Laboratory/Southwest Research Institute. May 1, 2007. Archived from 3600: 62:

and from Earth for several years. Ground-based observation of the rings requires the largest available telescopes.

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scatter in the back direction, are confined in a number of ringlets between the Metidian and Adrastean orbits.

3619: 5355: 5108: 5062: 3674: 1429:. The thickness of the gossamer rings is determined by vertical excursions of the moons due to their nonzero 5349: 1567: 1477:

images of the possible Himalia ring. The double exposure of Himalia is circled. The arrow points to Jupiter.

1127:, the halo's brightness is strongly concentrated towards the ring plane and follows a power law of the form 5288: 1522:

spacecraft obtained a single overexposed image of the ring system. More extensive imaging was conducted by

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The properties of the main ring can be explained by the hypothesis that it contains significant amounts of

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Image of the main ring obtained by Galileo in forward-scattered light. The Metis notch is clearly visible.

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Burns, J. A.; Simonelli, D. P.; Showalter, M. R.; Hamilton; Porco, Carolyn C.; Throop; Esposito (2004).

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Fillius, R. W.; McIlwain, C. E.; Mogro-Campero, A. (1975). "Radiation Belts of Jupiter—A Second Look".

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into Himalia, suggesting that Jupiter might continue to gain and lose small moons through collisions.

1376:—much like the Amalthea ring. The outer boundary of the ring is not especially steep, stretching over 5382: 5214: 5081: 4395: 4127: 4122: 4117: 4071: 1965: 3459:

Cheng, A. F.; Weaver, H. A.; Nguyen, L.; Hamilton, D. P.; Stern, S. A.; Throop, H. B. (March 2010).

3402: 3084: 2789:; Johnson, T. V.; Shubert, G.; et al. (2005). "Amalthea's Density Is Less Than That of Water". 2185:"The Jovian Rings: New Results Derived from Cassini, Galileo, Voyager, and Earth-based Observations" 479:

In back-scattered light the situation is different. The outer boundary of the main ring, located at

5488: 5101: 4104: 3895: 3667: 3229:"Properties and dynamics of Jupiter's gossamer rings from Galileo, Voyager, Hubble and Keck images" 2938: 1644: 1234:

thus defining a sharp inner boundary. Being derived from the main ring, the halo has the same age.

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is altitude over the ring plane. The halo's appearance in the back-scattered light, as observed by

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The back-scattered light is the light scattered at an angle close to 180° relative to solar light.

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The halo ring appears brightest in forward-scattered light, in which it was extensively imaged by

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over the ring plane. The inner boundary of the halo is relatively sharp and located at the radius

495:, which itself includes three narrow ringlets separated by notches, and a fainter inner part from 5311: 3910: 3905: 3129: 2915: 1680:

It should be compared with approximately 1700 km² total cross section of Metis and Adrastea.

476:, merging into the halo ring. In forward-scattered light all Jovian rings are especially bright. 1384:. There is a barely visible continuation of the ring beyond the orbit of Thebe, extending up to 4141: 3079: 1542:

in 1999 revealed the rich structure visible in back-scattered light. Images transmitted by the

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is comparable due to its much larger thickness. Despite a claimed vertical extent of more than

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particles initially retain the same orbits as their moons but then gradually spiral inward by

5423: 5186: 5180: 3883: 3840: 3468:. 41st Lunar and Planetary Science Conference. Lunar and Planetary Institute. p. 2549. 1656:

The forward-scattered light is the light scattered at a small angle relative to solar light.

5365: 5168: 4952: 4299: 4229: 4192: 3814: 3547: 3496: 3469: 3417: 3372: 3329: 3277: 3243: 3182: 3144: 3071: 2986: 2875: 2798: 2727: 2674: 2629: 2566: 2513: 2501: 2447: 2391: 2308: 2199: 2089: 2036: 1980: 1966:"Keck Infrared Observations of Jupiter's Ring System near Earth's 1997 Ring Plane Crossing" 1911: 1853: 1741: 1575: 1530: 1314: 1222: 1111: 611: 553: 543: 505: 54: 3460: 3130:"A Comparison of Lorentz, Planetary Gravitational, and Satellite Gravitational Resonances" 359: 8: 4376: 4346: 4306: 4180: 3363:

Fieseler, P.D.; et al. (2004). "The Galileo Star Scanner Observations at Amalthea".

3035: 1430: 1230: 1218: 149: 3650: 3551: 3500: 3473: 3421: 3376: 3333: 3281: 3247: 3186: 3148: 3075: 2990: 2879: 2802: 2731: 2678: 2633: 2570: 2517: 2451: 2395: 2312: 2203: 2093: 2040: 1984: 1915: 1857: 1745: 1020: 1016: 5402: 5301: 5232: 4341: 4319: 3867: 3809: 3520: 3441: 3345: 3319: 3198: 3105: 3010: 2822: 2690: 2590: 2409: 2381: 2105: 1765: 727: 3559: 2101: 1842:"The Structure of Jupiter's Ring System as Revealed by the Galileo Imaging Experiment" 38:

rings were the third ring system to be discovered in the Solar System, after those of

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with q < 2. In the Thebe extension the parameter q may be even smaller.

591: 580: 3524: 3202: 3109: 3014: 2694: 2594: 1769: 468:. The inner boundary of the main ring, in contrast, appears to fade off slowly from 5493: 4731: 4706: 4681: 4418: 4364: 3929: 3833: 3721: 3555: 3504: 3425: 3380: 3349: 3337: 3251: 3190: 3152: 3089: 2994: 2883: 2806: 2786: 2735: 2682: 2637: 2574: 2521: 2399: 2333: 2207: 2184: 2180: 2097: 2044: 2027:(1987). "Jupiter's Ring System: New Results on Structure and Particle Properties". 2024: 1988: 1919: 1861: 1749: 1621: 1457: 2887: 2826: 1508:

The existence of the Jovian rings was inferred from observations of the planetary

5391: 5257: 5252: 5242: 5124: 4989: 4982: 4957: 4799: 4760: 4686: 4617: 4561: 4513: 4496: 4489: 4451: 4446: 4235: 4207: 4186: 4024: 4013: 3992: 3987: 3954: 3949: 3764: 3716: 3711: 3508: 3384: 3341: 3255: 2970:"The impact of comet Shoemaker-Levy 9 sends ripples through the rings of Jupiter" 2739: 2641: 2525: 2211: 1753: 1690: 1548: 1040:

False color image of the halo ring obtained by Galileo in forward-scattered light

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space probe and the system was more thoroughly investigated in the 1990s by the

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with Jupiter, while the smaller set appears to date to the first half of 1990.

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extended appearance. They subtend 0.1–0.3° along the ring, which correspond to

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Mosaic of Jovian ring images with a scheme showing ring and satellite locations

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Showalter, Mark R.; Cheng, Andrew F.; Weaver, Harold A.; et al. (2007).

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The dust is constantly being removed from the main ring by a combination of

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The upper image shows the main ring in back-scattered light as seen by the

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Image of the gossamer rings obtained by Galileo in forward-scattered light

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Showalter, Mark R.; de Pater, Imke; Verbanac, Guili; et al. (2008).

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with Metis. They may be wavelike structures excited by this interaction.

448:(just inward of the Adrastean orbit) and reaches the background level at 137: 3429: 3042:. NASA / Jet Propulsion Laboratory / Space Science Institute. 2011-03-31 2657: 2332:. Encyclopedia of Earth Science. Springer, Dordrecht. pp. 373–375. 422:. Its inner edge is not marked by any satellite and is located at about 5321: 5296: 4972: 4967: 4928: 4923: 4908: 4903: 4834: 4809: 4794: 4789: 4784: 4741: 4716: 4701: 4691: 4651: 4641: 4592: 4576: 4571: 4542: 4220: 4213: 3486: 2771:. In Grun, E.; Gustafson, B. A. S.; Dermott, S. T.; Fechtig H. (eds.). 2766:"Dusty Rings and Circumplanetary Dust: Observations and Simple Physics" 1513: 987:

appears to have been excited in 1995, around the time of the impact of

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McMuldroch, S.; Pilortz, S. H.; Danielson, J. E.; et al. (2000).

2303:. In Bagenal, Fran; Dowling, Timothy E.; McKinnon, William B. (eds.). 509:

orbiter and is clearly visible in back-scattered images obtained from

418:) and coincides with the orbit of Jupiter's smallest inner satellite, 5247: 5146: 5139: 5001: 4475: 4312: 4292: 4248: 4241: 3977: 3804: 3769: 3654: 3645: 3194: 2859:

Burns, J. A.; Showalter, M. R.; Hamilton, D. P.; et al. (1999).

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Ockert-Bell, M. E.; Burns, J. A.; Daubar, I. J.; et al. (1999).

1524: 1518: 637: 568: 133: 48: 2858: 1963: 1839: 4864: 4819: 4387: 2386: 1731: 1151: 599: 5093: 3324: 2763: 2660:"Galileo NIMS Near-Infrared Observations of Jupiter's Ring System" 1964:

de Pater, I.; Showalter, M. R.; Burns, J. A.; et al. (1999).

1610:'s photo of Jupiter and rings in infrared at 2.12 and 3.23 μm 1495:. The amount of material in the part of the ring or arc imaged by 921: 388:

The narrow and relatively thin main ring is the brightest part of

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is a normalizing parameter chosen to match the known total light

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rings", named for the moons of whose material they are composed:

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The detection of the Amalthea gossamer ring from the ground, in

1090:), but some material is present further inward to approximately 995:

s November 1996 observations are consistent with wavelengths of

4996: 4918: 3698: 3659: 3172: 2552:"Clump Detections and Limits on Moons in Jupiter's Ring System" 2502:"Keck observations of the 2002–2003 jovian ring plane crossing" 2295: 1553: 1469: 1309:

collisional debris generated from impacts with this satellite.

709: 621: 392:'s ring system. Its outer edge is located at a radius of about 81:

The main and halo rings consist of dust ejected from the moons

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orbiting at the edge of Jupiter's main ring, as imaged by the

3271: 2945:. NASA / Jet Propulsion Laboratory-Caltech / SETI. 2011-03-31 2367: 452:—just outward of the Adrastean orbit. Therefore, Adrastea at 141: 104:

possible that it has existed since the formation of Jupiter.

2370:"The Dynamical Viability of an Extended Jupiter Ring System" 1901: 842:{\displaystyle \scriptstyle \tau _{l}\,=\,4.7\times 10^{-6}} 625:

of the main ring are very similar to Adrastea and Amalthea.

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Jupiter's ring system was the third to be discovered in the

95:

spacecraft revealed a rich fine structure in the main ring.

1155: 1116: 906: 745: 629: 3825: 3637: 3309: 2499: 1437:

and brightening of the top and bottom edges of the rings.

3458: 3403:"The sculpting of Jupiter's gossamer rings by its shadow" 3226: 620:

have shown that particles forming it are red, i.e. their

586: 3573: 2444:

Proceedings of the Conference held September 26–28, 2005

1643:

The normal optical depth is the ratio between the total

1229:

causes particles to slowly drift towards Jupiter, their

893:{\displaystyle \scriptstyle \tau _{s}=1.3\times 10^{-6}} 140:. It is composed of four main components: a thick inner 1647:

of the ring's particles to the square area of the ring.

1154:

of the halo ring are different from the main ring. The

925:

Schematic illustrating the formation of Jupiter's rings

771:

The power law mentioned above allows estimation of the

567:

they are clumps and not small moons, is based on their

4428:

Listed in increasing approximate distance from Jupiter

3400: 2968:

Showalter, M. R.; Hedman, M. M.; Burns, J. A. (2011).

2500:

De Pater, I.; Showalter, M. R.; MacIntosh, B. (2008).

2441: 1210:{\displaystyle \scriptstyle \tau _{s}\,\sim \,10^{-6}} 1177: 856: 803: 781: 460:, although there is a pronounced gap (notch) near the 107:

A ring or ring arc appears to exist close to the moon

2764:

Burns, J.A.; Hamilton, D.P.; Showalter, M.R. (2001).

2619: 1176: 855: 802: 780: 730: 648: 58:

orbiter. The main ring has also been observed by the

2967: 951:

spacecraft. The previous upper limit, obtained from

5175:

Infrared interferometer spectrometer and radiometer

2920:. Cassini Imaging Central Laboratory for Operations 2908: 2022: 335:. There is an extension beyond the orbit of Thebe. 2931: 1835: 1833: 1831: 1829: 1827: 1825: 1823: 1821: 1819: 1817: 1815: 1813: 1811: 1809: 1807: 1805: 1803: 1801: 1799: 1209: 892: 841: 788: 736: 685: 515:in February–March 2007. The early observations by 2911:"Forensic sleuthing ties ring ripples to impacts" 2653: 2651: 2368:Stephen R Kane and Zhexing Li (August 26, 2022). 2305:Jupiter: The Planet, Satellites and Magnetosphere 1797: 1795: 1793: 1791: 1789: 1787: 1785: 1783: 1781: 1779: 5480: 3222: 3220: 3218: 3216: 3214: 3212: 2545: 2543: 2541: 2539: 2537: 2535: 2437: 2435: 2433: 2431: 2429: 2427: 2425: 2423: 2326:Showalter, Mark (1997). "Jupiter: Ring system". 3396: 3394: 3123: 3121: 3119: 2463: 2461: 2178: 1419: 756: < 15 ± 0.3 μm and 131:. It was first observed on 4 March 1979 by the 2648: 2495: 2493: 2491: 2489: 2068: 2066: 2064: 2062: 2060: 2058: 1959: 1957: 1955: 1953: 1776: 1461:source moon trapped in 1:1 resonance with it. 46:. The main ring was discovered in 1979 by the 5109: 4403: 3841: 3675: 3401:Hamilton, Douglas P.; Kruger, Harold (2008). 3305: 3303: 3301: 3299: 3297: 3295: 3293: 3291: 3267: 3265: 3209: 2713: 2711: 2532: 2420: 2174: 2172: 2170: 2168: 2132: 2130: 1951: 1949: 1947: 1945: 1943: 1941: 1939: 1937: 1935: 1933: 1031: 3574:"Juno—NASA New Frontiers Mission to Jupiter" 3391: 3168: 3166: 3116: 2963: 2961: 2959: 2854: 2852: 2850: 2848: 2846: 2844: 2842: 2840: 2838: 2836: 2779: 2759: 2757: 2755: 2753: 2751: 2749: 2458: 2291: 2289: 2287: 2285: 2283: 2281: 2279: 2277: 2275: 2273: 2271: 2269: 2267: 2265: 2263: 2261: 2259: 2257: 2255: 2253: 2251: 2249: 2247: 2245: 2243: 2241: 2166: 2164: 2162: 2160: 2158: 2156: 2154: 2152: 2150: 2148: 1897: 1701: 1699: 1639: 1637: 1456:of this moon. The particles may also follow 3480: 2615: 2613: 2611: 2486: 2307:. Cambridge University Press. p. 241. 2239: 2237: 2235: 2233: 2231: 2229: 2227: 2225: 2223: 2221: 2055: 2018: 2016: 2014: 2012: 2010: 2008: 2006: 2004: 2002: 1895: 1893: 1891: 1889: 1887: 1885: 1883: 1881: 1879: 1877: 1727: 1725: 1723: 1721: 1098:. Thus the width of the halo ring is about 346: 5116: 5102: 4410: 4396: 3848: 3834: 3682: 3668: 3646:Planetary Ring Node: Jupiter's Ring System 3288: 3262: 2708: 2137:Morring, F. (May 7, 2007). "Ring Leader". 2127: 1930: 1487:mission to Pluto approached Jupiter for a 1161: 752:is 2.0 ± 0.2 for particles with 440:Thus the width of the main ring is around 114: 3531: 3452: 3323: 3163: 3083: 2956: 2833: 2746: 2403: 2385: 2325: 2145: 1865: 1696: 1634: 1590:The rings as observed from the inside by 1242: 1192: 1188: 818: 814: 3362: 3127: 2909:Mason, J.; Cook, J.-R. C. (2011-03-31). 2902: 2861:"The Formation of Jupiter's Faint Rings" 2608: 2218: 2072: 1999: 1874: 1718: 1468: 1246: 1035: 973: 920: 590: 370: 358: 350: 17: 5499:Astronomical objects discovered in 1979 3053: 3028: 2136: 5481: 1329: 587:Spectra and particle size distribution 5284:Radioisotope thermoelectric generator 5097: 4391: 3829: 3663: 2775:. Berlin: Springer. pp. 641–725. 4417: 3566: 2139:Aviation Week & Space Technology 933:and electromagnetic forces from the 5123: 2183:; West, R. A.; et al. (2004). 1538:telescope in 1997 and 2002 and the 686:{\displaystyle n(r)=A\times r^{-q}} 13: 3462:A New Ring or Ring Arc of Jupiter? 2939:"Subtle Ripples in Jupiter's Ring" 1674: 789:{\displaystyle \scriptstyle \tau } 414:= equatorial radius of Jupiter or 14: 5510: 3589: 2329:Encyclopedia of Planetary Science 1237: 916: 760:= 5 ± 1 for those with 602:of the main ring obtained by the 5076: 5075: 4370: 4360: 4359: 3919: 3689: 3655:USGS planetary nomenclature page 2469:"Jupiter's Rings: Sharpest View" 2023:Showalter, M. R.; Burns, J. A.; 1600: 1583: 1566: 1516:spacecraft in 1975. In 1979 the 3605:NASA's Solar System Exploration 3356: 3274:35th COSPAR Scientific Assembly 2446:. Kaua'i, Hawaii. p. 130. 2361: 2319: 1683: 1668: 1659: 1650: 1464: 4067:Jupiter-crossing minor planets 2082:Reports on Progress in Physics 1675: 1503: 909:, 7.4 × 10 kg. 708:is a number of particles with 658: 652: 166: 1: 3651:Rings of Jupiter nomenclature 3560:10.1016/S0019-1035(03)00134-9 2888:10.1126/science.284.5417.1146 2374:The Planetary Science Journal 1712: 1573:The ring system as imaged by 1481:In September 2006, as NASA's 1003:, and vertical amplitudes of 748:from the ring. The parameter 3509:10.1126/science.188.4187.465 3385:10.1016/j.icarus.2004.01.012 3342:10.1016/j.icarus.2009.03.040 3256:10.1016/j.icarus.2007.12.012 2740:10.1016/j.icarus.2004.03.003 2642:10.1016/j.icarus.2006.07.007 2526:10.1016/j.icarus.2007.11.029 2454:. LPI Contribution No. 1280. 2298:"Jupiter's ring-moon system" 2212:10.1016/j.icarus.2003.12.020 2049:10.1016/0019-1035(87)90018-2 1754:10.1126/science.204.4396.951 1420:Origin of the gossamer rings 1026: 341: 7: 5289:Specific orbital energy of 3855: 2102:10.1088/0034-4885/65/12/201 1615: 1299:Advanced Camera for Surveys 160: 10: 5515: 5063:Jupiter's moons in fiction 4268:Jupiter Icy Moons Explorer 1740:(4396): 951–957, 960–972. 1608:James Webb Space Telescope 1559: 163: 5455: 5432: 5413: 5381: 5339: 5330: 5271: 5225: 5200: 5156: 5131: 5071: 5050: 4942: 4774: 4626: 4610: 4585: 4522: 4506: 4465: 4434: 4425: 4355: 4334: 4285: 4260: 4172: 4154: 4140: 4128:2016 Jupiter impact event 4123:2010 Jupiter impact event 4118:2009 Jupiter impact event 4103: 4080: 4059: 4052: 4001: 3968: 3937: 3928: 3917: 3876: 3863: 3797: 3778: 3745: 3697: 3615:NASA Voyager project page 3610:NASA Pioneer project page 2338:10.1007/1-4020-4520-4_205 849:for the large bodies and 551:Detailed analysis of the 3596:Jupiter Rings Fact Sheet 3128:Hamilton, D. P. (1994). 3036:"Tilting Saturn's rings" 1627: 1322:=2 ± 0.5. The 1032:Appearance and structure 347:Appearance and structure 250:10– 10 (large particles) 5467:(2017 documentary film) 5312:NASA Deep Space Network 4377:Solar System portal 3094:10.1126/science.1202238 2999:10.1126/science.1202241 2811:10.1126/science.1110422 2579:10.1126/science.1147647 1552:spacecraft en route to 1427:Poynting–Robertson drag 1297:telescope and the ACS ( 1227:Poynting–Robertson drag 1162:Origin of the halo ring 931:Poynting–Robertson drag 560:In February–March 2007 261:Amalthea gossamer ring 115:Discovery and structure 5434:Exploration of Neptune 5341:Exploration of Jupiter 4113:Comet Shoemaker–Levy 9 3157:10.1006/icar.1994.1089 2687:10.1006/icar.2000.6343 1993:10.1006/icar.1998.6068 1924:10.1006/icar.1999.6172 1867:10.1006/icar.1998.6072 1478: 1252: 1243:Amalthea gossamer ring 1211: 1041: 989:Comet Shoemaker-Levy 9 926: 894: 843: 790: 738: 687: 596: 517:Hubble Space Telescope 385: 368: 356: 60:Hubble Space Telescope 30:are a system of faint 23: 5415:Exploration of Uranus 5383:Exploration of Saturn 5187:Voyager Golden Record 5181:Plasma Wave Subsystem 1472: 1250: 1212: 1039: 974:Vertical corrugations 924: 895: 844: 791: 739: 688: 594: 374: 362: 354: 21: 5169:Cosmic Ray Subsystem 3911:Jupiter's South Pole 3906:Jupiter's North Pole 3815:Circumplanetary disc 2475:on November 13, 2014 1431:orbital inclinations 1231:orbital inclinations 1219:orbital inclinations 1174: 935:Jovian magnetosphere 853: 800: 778: 728: 646: 300:Thebe gossamer ring 4307:Io Volcano Observer 3737:Rings of exoplanets 3552:2003Icar..164..461B 3501:1975Sci...188..465F 3474:2010LPI....41.2549C 3430:10.1038/nature06886 3422:2008Natur.453...72H 3377:2004Icar..169..390F 3334:2009Icar..203..198K 3282:2004cosp...35.1582K 3248:2008Icar..195..361S 3187:1985Natur.316..115B 3149:1994Icar..109..221H 3076:2011Sci...332..708H 2991:2011Sci...332..711S 2880:1999Sci...284.1146B 2874:(5417): 1146–1150. 2803:2005Sci...308.1291A 2797:(5726): 1291–1293. 2773:Interplanetary Dust 2732:2004Icar..170...35B 2679:2000Icar..146....1M 2634:2006Icar..185..403W 2571:2007Sci...318..232S 2518:2008Icar..195..348D 2452:2005LPICo1280..130S 2396:2022PSJ.....3..179K 2313:2004jpsm.book..241B 2204:2004Icar..172...59T 2094:2002RPPh...65.1741E 2041:1987Icar...69..458S 1985:1999Icar..138..214D 1916:1999Icar..141..253M 1858:1999Icar..138..188O 1746:1979Sci...204..951S 1330:Thebe gossamer ring 1152:spectral properties 900:for the dust. This 768:around 15 μm. 150:Galilean satellites 5302:Grand Tour program 5233:Stamatios Krimigis 3868:Outline of Jupiter 3810:Circumstellar disc 2405:10.3847/PSJ/ac7de6 1479: 1253: 1207: 1206: 1042: 927: 890: 889: 839: 838: 796:of the main ring: 786: 785: 734: 683: 597: 386: 384:spacecraft in 2007 369: 357: 242:5.9 × 10 24: 5474: 5473: 5451: 5450: 5091: 5090: 4385: 4384: 4330: 4329: 4136: 4135: 4048: 4047: 3823: 3822: 3755:Rings of Chariklo 3495:(4187): 465–467. 3181:(6024): 115–119. 3040:PIA 12820 caption 2943:PIA 13893 caption 2565:(5848): 232–234. 2347:978-1-4020-4520-2 2088:(12): 1741–1783. 2078:"Planetary rings" 1473:Composite of six 1448:) and trailing (L 1269: 737:{\displaystyle A} 339: 338: 322:~3 × 10 283:~1 × 10 209:~1 × 10 123:, after those of 5506: 5337: 5336: 5307:Rings of Jupiter 5118: 5111: 5104: 5095: 5094: 5079: 5078: 5058:Rings of Jupiter 4419:Moons of Jupiter 4412: 4405: 4398: 4389: 4388: 4375: 4374: 4373: 4363: 4362: 4270:(2023, en route) 4152: 4151: 4057: 4056: 3935: 3934: 3923: 3850: 3843: 3836: 3827: 3826: 3722:Rings of Neptune 3707:Rings of Jupiter 3684: 3677: 3670: 3661: 3660: 3584: 3583: 3581: 3580: 3570: 3564: 3563: 3535: 3529: 3528: 3484: 3478: 3477: 3467: 3456: 3450: 3449: 3407: 3398: 3389: 3388: 3360: 3354: 3353: 3327: 3307: 3286: 3285: 3276:. p. 1582. 3269: 3260: 3259: 3233: 3224: 3207: 3206: 3195:10.1038/316115a0 3170: 3161: 3160: 3134: 3125: 3114: 3113: 3087: 3070:(6030): 708–11. 3057: 3051: 3050: 3048: 3047: 3032: 3026: 3025: 3023: 3017:. Archived from 2974: 2965: 2954: 2953: 2951: 2950: 2935: 2929: 2928: 2926: 2925: 2906: 2900: 2899: 2865: 2856: 2831: 2830: 2783: 2777: 2776: 2770: 2761: 2744: 2743: 2715: 2706: 2705: 2703: 2697:. Archived from 2664: 2655: 2646: 2645: 2617: 2606: 2605: 2603: 2597:. Archived from 2556: 2547: 2530: 2529: 2497: 2484: 2483: 2481: 2480: 2465: 2456: 2455: 2439: 2418: 2417: 2407: 2389: 2365: 2359: 2358: 2356: 2354: 2323: 2317: 2316: 2302: 2293: 2216: 2215: 2189: 2176: 2143: 2142: 2134: 2125: 2124: 2122: 2121: 2112:. Archived from 2070: 2053: 2052: 2020: 1997: 1996: 1970: 1961: 1928: 1927: 1899: 1872: 1871: 1869: 1837: 1774: 1773: 1729: 1706: 1703: 1694: 1687: 1681: 1679: 1672: 1666: 1663: 1657: 1654: 1648: 1641: 1622:Moons of Jupiter 1604: 1587: 1570: 1458:horseshoe orbits 1395: 1391: 1389: 1383: 1381: 1364: 1360: 1358: 1345: 1341: 1339: 1281: 1277: 1275: 1267: 1262: 1260: 1216: 1214: 1213: 1208: 1205: 1204: 1187: 1186: 1126: 1124: 1105: 1103: 1097: 1095: 1082: 1078: 1076: 1070: 1068: 1055: 1051: 1049: 1010: 1006: 1002: 998: 978:Images from the 944: 940: 939:1,000 years 899: 897: 896: 891: 888: 887: 866: 865: 848: 846: 845: 840: 837: 836: 813: 812: 795: 793: 792: 787: 743: 741: 740: 735: 692: 690: 689: 684: 682: 681: 578: 574: 502: 498: 494: 490: 486: 482: 475: 471: 467: 459: 455: 451: 447: 443: 429: 425: 417: 399: 395: 319: 314: 309: 305: 280: 275: 270: 266: 236: 231: 227: 206: 201: 196: 192: 155: 154: 28:rings of Jupiter 5514: 5513: 5509: 5508: 5507: 5505: 5504: 5503: 5489:Planetary rings 5479: 5478: 5475: 5470: 5456:Popular culture 5447: 5428: 5409: 5377: 5332: 5326: 5267: 5258:Edward C. Stone 5253:Larry Soderblom 5243:Raymond Heacock 5221: 5216:Family Portrait 5196: 5152: 5127: 5125:Voyager program 5122: 5092: 5087: 5067: 5046: 4938: 4770: 4622: 4606: 4586:Carpo group (2) 4581: 4518: 4502: 4461: 4430: 4421: 4416: 4386: 4381: 4371: 4369: 4351: 4326: 4281: 4256: 4236:Voyager program 4208:Pioneer program 4187:Galileo project 4181:Cassini–Huygens 4168: 4147: 4145: 4132: 4099: 4076: 4044: 3997: 3964: 3924: 3915: 3872: 3859: 3854: 3824: 3819: 3793: 3774: 3770:Rings of Quaoar 3760:Rings of Chiron 3741: 3717:Rings of Uranus 3712:Rings of Saturn 3693: 3688: 3601:Jupiter's Rings 3592: 3587: 3578: 3576: 3572: 3571: 3567: 3536: 3532: 3485: 3481: 3465: 3457: 3453: 3416:(7191): 72–75. 3405: 3399: 3392: 3361: 3357: 3308: 3289: 3270: 3263: 3231: 3225: 3210: 3171: 3164: 3132: 3126: 3117: 3085:10.1.1.651.5611 3058: 3054: 3045: 3043: 3034: 3033: 3029: 3021: 2985:(6030): 711–3. 2972: 2966: 2957: 2948: 2946: 2937: 2936: 2932: 2923: 2921: 2907: 2903: 2863: 2857: 2834: 2787:Anderson, J. D. 2784: 2780: 2768: 2762: 2747: 2716: 2709: 2701: 2662: 2656: 2649: 2618: 2609: 2601: 2554: 2548: 2533: 2498: 2487: 2478: 2476: 2467: 2466: 2459: 2440: 2421: 2366: 2362: 2352: 2350: 2348: 2324: 2320: 2300: 2294: 2219: 2187: 2179:Throop, H. B.; 2177: 2146: 2135: 2128: 2119: 2117: 2074:Esposito, L. W. 2071: 2056: 2021: 2000: 1968: 1962: 1931: 1900: 1875: 1838: 1777: 1730: 1719: 1715: 1710: 1709: 1704: 1697: 1691:rational number 1688: 1684: 1673: 1669: 1664: 1660: 1655: 1651: 1642: 1635: 1630: 1618: 1611: 1605: 1596: 1588: 1579: 1571: 1562: 1510:radiation belts 1506: 1467: 1454:Lagrange points 1451: 1447: 1422: 1402: 1399: 1393: 1387: 1385: 1379: 1377: 1371: 1368: 1362: 1356: 1354: 1352: 1349: 1343: 1337: 1335: 1332: 1288: 1285: 1279: 1273: 1271: 1258: 1256: 1245: 1240: 1197: 1193: 1182: 1178: 1175: 1172: 1171: 1164: 1122: 1120: 1101: 1099: 1093: 1091: 1089: 1086: 1080: 1074: 1072: 1066: 1064: 1062: 1059: 1053: 1047: 1045: 1034: 1029: 1008: 1004: 1000: 996: 976: 942: 938: 919: 880: 876: 861: 857: 854: 851: 850: 829: 825: 808: 804: 801: 798: 797: 779: 776: 775: 729: 726: 725: 674: 670: 647: 644: 643: 589: 576: 572: 531:adaptive optics 501:128,000 km 500: 496: 493:129,000 km 492: 488: 485:128,500 km 484: 481:129,100 km 480: 474:120,000 km 473: 469: 466:128,000 km 465: 458:126,000 km 457: 454:129,000 km 453: 450:129,300 km 449: 446:128,600 km 445: 441: 436: 433: 427: 424:122,500 km 423: 415: 413: 410: 406: 403: 397: 394:129,000 km 393: 349: 344: 331:Connected with 317: 312: 307: 303: 292:Connected with 278: 273: 268: 264: 249: 234: 229: 225: 204: 199: 194: 190: 167:Thickness (km) 117: 32:planetary rings 12: 11: 5: 5512: 5502: 5501: 5496: 5491: 5472: 5471: 5469: 5468: 5459: 5457: 5453: 5452: 5449: 5448: 5446: 5445: 5438: 5436: 5430: 5429: 5427: 5426: 5419: 5417: 5411: 5410: 5408: 5407: 5406: 5405: 5400: 5387: 5385: 5379: 5378: 5376: 5375: 5374: 5373: 5368: 5363: 5358: 5354:with volcanos 5345: 5343: 5334: 5328: 5327: 5325: 5324: 5319: 5314: 5309: 5304: 5299: 5294: 5286: 5281: 5279:Gravity assist 5275: 5273: 5269: 5268: 5266: 5265: 5263:Timothy Ferris 5260: 5255: 5250: 5245: 5240: 5235: 5229: 5227: 5223: 5222: 5220: 5219: 5212: 5204: 5202: 5198: 5197: 5195: 5194: 5184: 5178: 5172: 5166: 5160: 5158: 5154: 5153: 5151: 5150: 5143: 5135: 5133: 5129: 5128: 5121: 5120: 5113: 5106: 5098: 5089: 5088: 5086: 5085: 5072: 5069: 5068: 5066: 5065: 5060: 5054: 5052: 5048: 5047: 5045: 5044: 5039: 5034: 5029: 5024: 5019: 5014: 5009: 5004: 4999: 4994: 4985: 4980: 4975: 4970: 4965: 4960: 4955: 4949: 4947: 4944:Pasiphae group 4940: 4939: 4937: 4936: 4931: 4926: 4921: 4916: 4911: 4906: 4901: 4896: 4891: 4882: 4877: 4872: 4867: 4862: 4857: 4852: 4847: 4842: 4837: 4832: 4827: 4822: 4817: 4812: 4807: 4802: 4797: 4792: 4787: 4781: 4779: 4772: 4771: 4769: 4768: 4763: 4758: 4753: 4744: 4739: 4734: 4729: 4727:Jupiter LXVIII 4724: 4719: 4714: 4709: 4704: 4699: 4694: 4689: 4684: 4679: 4674: 4669: 4664: 4659: 4654: 4649: 4644: 4639: 4633: 4631: 4624: 4623: 4621: 4620: 4614: 4612: 4608: 4607: 4605: 4604: 4595: 4589: 4587: 4583: 4582: 4580: 4579: 4574: 4569: 4564: 4559: 4554: 4545: 4540: 4535: 4529: 4527: 4520: 4519: 4517: 4516: 4510: 4508: 4504: 4503: 4501: 4500: 4493: 4486: 4479: 4471: 4469: 4467:Galilean moons 4463: 4462: 4460: 4459: 4454: 4449: 4444: 4438: 4436: 4432: 4431: 4426: 4423: 4422: 4415: 4414: 4407: 4400: 4392: 4383: 4382: 4380: 4379: 4367: 4356: 4353: 4352: 4350: 4349: 4344: 4338: 4336: 4332: 4331: 4328: 4327: 4325: 4324: 4316: 4310: 4304: 4296: 4289: 4287: 4283: 4282: 4280: 4279: 4275:Europa Clipper 4271: 4264: 4262: 4258: 4257: 4255: 4254: 4253: 4252: 4245: 4233: 4226: 4225: 4224: 4217: 4205: 4198: 4197: 4196: 4184: 4176: 4174: 4170: 4169: 4167: 4166: 4158: 4156: 4149: 4138: 4137: 4134: 4133: 4131: 4130: 4125: 4120: 4115: 4109: 4107: 4101: 4100: 4098: 4097: 4092: 4086: 4084: 4078: 4077: 4075: 4074: 4072:Solar eclipses 4069: 4063: 4061: 4054: 4050: 4049: 4046: 4045: 4043: 4042: 4040:Pasiphae group 4037: 4032: 4027: 4022: 4016: 4011: 4005: 4003: 3999: 3998: 3996: 3995: 3990: 3985: 3980: 3974: 3972: 3966: 3965: 3963: 3962: 3957: 3952: 3947: 3941: 3939: 3932: 3926: 3925: 3918: 3916: 3914: 3913: 3908: 3903: 3898: 3893: 3892: 3891: 3889:Great Red Spot 3880: 3878: 3874: 3873: 3871: 3870: 3864: 3861: 3860: 3853: 3852: 3845: 3838: 3830: 3821: 3820: 3818: 3817: 3812: 3807: 3801: 3799: 3798:Related topics 3795: 3794: 3792: 3791: 3784: 3782: 3776: 3775: 3773: 3772: 3767: 3765:Ring of Haumea 3762: 3757: 3751: 3749: 3743: 3742: 3740: 3739: 3734: 3727:Rings of Earth 3724: 3719: 3714: 3709: 3703: 3701: 3695: 3694: 3687: 3686: 3679: 3672: 3664: 3658: 3657: 3648: 3643: 3635: 3626: 3617: 3612: 3607: 3598: 3591: 3590:External links 3588: 3586: 3585: 3565: 3546:(2): 461–470. 3530: 3479: 3451: 3390: 3371:(2): 390–401. 3355: 3318:(1): 198–213. 3287: 3261: 3242:(1): 361–377. 3208: 3162: 3143:(2): 221–240. 3115: 3052: 3027: 3024:on 2020-02-12. 2955: 2930: 2901: 2832: 2778: 2745: 2707: 2704:on 2020-04-12. 2647: 2628:(2): 403–415. 2607: 2604:on 2019-03-03. 2531: 2512:(1): 348–360. 2485: 2457: 2419: 2360: 2346: 2318: 2217: 2144: 2126: 2054: 2035:(3): 458–498. 1998: 1979:(2): 214–223. 1929: 1910:(2): 253–262. 1873: 1852:(2): 188–213. 1775: 1716: 1714: 1711: 1708: 1707: 1695: 1682: 1667: 1658: 1649: 1632: 1631: 1629: 1626: 1625: 1624: 1617: 1614: 1613: 1612: 1606: 1599: 1597: 1589: 1582: 1580: 1572: 1565: 1561: 1558: 1505: 1502: 1489:gravity assist 1466: 1463: 1449: 1445: 1421: 1418: 1400: 1397: 1369: 1366: 1350: 1347: 1331: 1328: 1286: 1283: 1244: 1241: 1239: 1238:Gossamer rings 1236: 1223:eccentricities 1203: 1200: 1196: 1191: 1185: 1181: 1163: 1160: 1087: 1084: 1060: 1057: 1033: 1030: 1028: 1025: 975: 972: 918: 917:Origin and age 915: 886: 883: 879: 875: 872: 869: 864: 860: 835: 832: 828: 824: 821: 817: 811: 807: 784: 733: 694: 693: 680: 677: 673: 669: 666: 663: 660: 657: 654: 651: 588: 585: 533:in 2002–2003. 434: 431: 416:71,398 km 411: 408: 404: 401: 348: 345: 343: 340: 337: 336: 329: 326: 323: 320: 315: 310: 301: 297: 296: 290: 287: 284: 281: 276: 271: 262: 258: 257: 251: 246: 243: 240: 237: 232: 223: 219: 218: 216: 213: 210: 207: 202: 197: 188: 184: 183: 180: 177: 176:Dust fraction 174: 168: 165: 162: 159: 116: 113: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 5511: 5500: 5497: 5495: 5492: 5490: 5487: 5486: 5484: 5477: 5466: 5465: 5461: 5460: 5458: 5454: 5444: 5441:and its moon 5440: 5439: 5437: 5435: 5431: 5425: 5421: 5420: 5418: 5416: 5412: 5404: 5401: 5399: 5396:with craters 5395: 5394: 5393: 5390:and its moon 5389: 5388: 5386: 5384: 5380: 5372: 5369: 5367: 5364: 5362: 5359: 5357: 5353: 5352: 5351: 5348:and its moon 5347: 5346: 5344: 5342: 5338: 5335: 5329: 5323: 5320: 5318: 5315: 5313: 5310: 5308: 5305: 5303: 5300: 5298: 5295: 5293: 5292: 5287: 5285: 5282: 5280: 5277: 5276: 5274: 5270: 5264: 5261: 5259: 5256: 5254: 5251: 5249: 5246: 5244: 5241: 5239: 5238:Carolyn Porco 5236: 5234: 5231: 5230: 5228: 5224: 5218: 5217: 5213: 5211: 5210: 5209:Pale Blue Dot 5206: 5205: 5203: 5199: 5192: 5188: 5185: 5182: 5179: 5176: 5173: 5170: 5167: 5165: 5162: 5161: 5159: 5155: 5149: 5148: 5144: 5142: 5141: 5137: 5136: 5134: 5130: 5126: 5119: 5114: 5112: 5107: 5105: 5100: 5099: 5096: 5084: 5083: 5074: 5073: 5070: 5064: 5061: 5059: 5056: 5055: 5053: 5049: 5043: 5040: 5038: 5035: 5033: 5030: 5028: 5025: 5023: 5020: 5018: 5015: 5013: 5010: 5008: 5005: 5003: 5000: 4998: 4995: 4993: 4992: 4991: 4986: 4984: 4981: 4979: 4978:Jupiter LXVII 4976: 4974: 4971: 4969: 4966: 4964: 4961: 4959: 4956: 4954: 4953:Philophrosyne 4951: 4950: 4948: 4945: 4941: 4935: 4932: 4930: 4927: 4925: 4922: 4920: 4917: 4915: 4912: 4910: 4907: 4905: 4902: 4900: 4897: 4895: 4892: 4890: 4889: 4888: 4883: 4881: 4880:Jupiter LXXII 4878: 4876: 4873: 4871: 4868: 4866: 4863: 4861: 4858: 4856: 4853: 4851: 4848: 4846: 4843: 4841: 4838: 4836: 4833: 4831: 4828: 4826: 4825:Jupiter LXIII 4823: 4821: 4818: 4816: 4813: 4811: 4808: 4806: 4803: 4801: 4798: 4796: 4793: 4791: 4788: 4786: 4783: 4782: 4780: 4777: 4773: 4767: 4764: 4762: 4759: 4757: 4754: 4752: 4751: 4750: 4745: 4743: 4740: 4738: 4735: 4733: 4730: 4728: 4725: 4723: 4720: 4718: 4715: 4713: 4710: 4708: 4705: 4703: 4700: 4698: 4695: 4693: 4690: 4688: 4685: 4683: 4680: 4678: 4675: 4673: 4670: 4668: 4665: 4663: 4660: 4658: 4655: 4653: 4650: 4648: 4645: 4643: 4640: 4638: 4635: 4634: 4632: 4629: 4625: 4619: 4616: 4615: 4613: 4609: 4603: 4602: 4601: 4596: 4594: 4591: 4590: 4588: 4584: 4578: 4575: 4573: 4570: 4568: 4565: 4563: 4560: 4558: 4555: 4553: 4552: 4551: 4546: 4544: 4541: 4539: 4536: 4534: 4531: 4530: 4528: 4525: 4524:Himalia group 4521: 4515: 4512: 4511: 4509: 4505: 4499: 4498: 4494: 4492: 4491: 4487: 4485: 4484: 4480: 4478: 4477: 4473: 4472: 4470: 4468: 4464: 4458: 4455: 4453: 4450: 4448: 4445: 4443: 4440: 4439: 4437: 4433: 4429: 4424: 4420: 4413: 4408: 4406: 4401: 4399: 4394: 4393: 4390: 4378: 4368: 4366: 4358: 4357: 4354: 4348: 4345: 4343: 4340: 4339: 4337: 4333: 4322: 4321: 4317: 4314: 4311: 4308: 4305: 4302: 4301: 4297: 4294: 4291: 4290: 4288: 4284: 4277: 4276: 4272: 4269: 4266: 4265: 4263: 4259: 4251: 4250: 4246: 4244: 4243: 4239: 4238: 4237: 4234: 4232: 4231: 4227: 4223: 4222: 4218: 4216: 4215: 4211: 4210: 4209: 4206: 4204: 4203: 4199: 4195: 4194: 4190: 4189: 4188: 4185: 4183: 4182: 4178: 4177: 4175: 4171: 4165: 4164: 4160: 4159: 4157: 4153: 4150: 4143: 4139: 4129: 4126: 4124: 4121: 4119: 4116: 4114: 4111: 4110: 4108: 4106: 4102: 4096: 4093: 4091: 4088: 4087: 4085: 4083: 4079: 4073: 4070: 4068: 4065: 4064: 4062: 4058: 4055: 4051: 4041: 4038: 4036: 4033: 4031: 4028: 4026: 4023: 4020: 4017: 4015: 4012: 4010: 4009:Himalia group 4007: 4006: 4004: 4000: 3994: 3991: 3989: 3986: 3984: 3981: 3979: 3976: 3975: 3973: 3971: 3967: 3961: 3958: 3956: 3953: 3951: 3948: 3946: 3943: 3942: 3940: 3936: 3933: 3931: 3927: 3922: 3912: 3909: 3907: 3904: 3902: 3899: 3897: 3896:Magnetosphere 3894: 3890: 3887: 3886: 3885: 3882: 3881: 3879: 3875: 3869: 3866: 3865: 3862: 3858: 3851: 3846: 3844: 3839: 3837: 3832: 3831: 3828: 3816: 3813: 3811: 3808: 3806: 3803: 3802: 3800: 3796: 3790:(unconfirmed) 3789: 3788:Rings of Rhea 3786: 3785: 3783: 3781: 3777: 3771: 3768: 3766: 3763: 3761: 3758: 3756: 3753: 3752: 3750: 3748: 3747:Minor planets 3744: 3738: 3735: 3732: 3728: 3725: 3723: 3720: 3718: 3715: 3713: 3710: 3708: 3705: 3704: 3702: 3700: 3696: 3692: 3685: 3680: 3678: 3673: 3671: 3666: 3665: 3662: 3656: 3652: 3649: 3647: 3644: 3642: 3640: 3636: 3634: 3633:project space 3632: 3627: 3625: 3623: 3618: 3616: 3613: 3611: 3608: 3606: 3602: 3599: 3597: 3594: 3593: 3575: 3569: 3561: 3557: 3553: 3549: 3545: 3541: 3534: 3526: 3522: 3518: 3514: 3510: 3506: 3502: 3498: 3494: 3490: 3483: 3475: 3471: 3464: 3463: 3455: 3447: 3443: 3439: 3435: 3431: 3427: 3423: 3419: 3415: 3411: 3404: 3397: 3395: 3386: 3382: 3378: 3374: 3370: 3366: 3359: 3351: 3347: 3343: 3339: 3335: 3331: 3326: 3321: 3317: 3313: 3306: 3304: 3302: 3300: 3298: 3296: 3294: 3292: 3283: 3279: 3275: 3268: 3266: 3257: 3253: 3249: 3245: 3241: 3237: 3230: 3223: 3221: 3219: 3217: 3215: 3213: 3204: 3200: 3196: 3192: 3188: 3184: 3180: 3176: 3169: 3167: 3158: 3154: 3150: 3146: 3142: 3138: 3131: 3124: 3122: 3120: 3111: 3107: 3103: 3099: 3095: 3091: 3086: 3081: 3077: 3073: 3069: 3065: 3064: 3056: 3041: 3037: 3031: 3020: 3016: 3012: 3008: 3004: 3000: 2996: 2992: 2988: 2984: 2980: 2979: 2971: 2964: 2962: 2960: 2944: 2940: 2934: 2919: 2918:press release 2917: 2912: 2905: 2897: 2893: 2889: 2885: 2881: 2877: 2873: 2869: 2862: 2855: 2853: 2851: 2849: 2847: 2845: 2843: 2841: 2839: 2837: 2828: 2824: 2820: 2816: 2812: 2808: 2804: 2800: 2796: 2792: 2788: 2782: 2774: 2767: 2760: 2758: 2756: 2754: 2752: 2750: 2741: 2737: 2733: 2729: 2725: 2721: 2714: 2712: 2700: 2696: 2692: 2688: 2684: 2680: 2676: 2672: 2668: 2661: 2654: 2652: 2643: 2639: 2635: 2631: 2627: 2623: 2616: 2614: 2612: 2600: 2596: 2592: 2588: 2584: 2580: 2576: 2572: 2568: 2564: 2560: 2553: 2546: 2544: 2542: 2540: 2538: 2536: 2527: 2523: 2519: 2515: 2511: 2507: 2503: 2496: 2494: 2492: 2490: 2474: 2470: 2464: 2462: 2453: 2449: 2445: 2438: 2436: 2434: 2432: 2430: 2428: 2426: 2424: 2415: 2411: 2406: 2401: 2397: 2393: 2388: 2383: 2379: 2375: 2371: 2364: 2349: 2343: 2339: 2335: 2331: 2330: 2322: 2314: 2310: 2306: 2299: 2292: 2290: 2288: 2286: 2284: 2282: 2280: 2278: 2276: 2274: 2272: 2270: 2268: 2266: 2264: 2262: 2260: 2258: 2256: 2254: 2252: 2250: 2248: 2246: 2244: 2242: 2240: 2238: 2236: 2234: 2232: 2230: 2228: 2226: 2224: 2222: 2213: 2209: 2205: 2201: 2197: 2193: 2186: 2182: 2175: 2173: 2171: 2169: 2167: 2165: 2163: 2161: 2159: 2157: 2155: 2153: 2151: 2149: 2140: 2133: 2131: 2116:on 2020-06-16 2115: 2111: 2107: 2103: 2099: 2095: 2091: 2087: 2083: 2079: 2075: 2069: 2067: 2065: 2063: 2061: 2059: 2050: 2046: 2042: 2038: 2034: 2030: 2026: 2019: 2017: 2015: 2013: 2011: 2009: 2007: 2005: 2003: 1994: 1990: 1986: 1982: 1978: 1974: 1967: 1960: 1958: 1956: 1954: 1952: 1950: 1948: 1946: 1944: 1942: 1940: 1938: 1936: 1934: 1925: 1921: 1917: 1913: 1909: 1905: 1898: 1896: 1894: 1892: 1890: 1888: 1886: 1884: 1882: 1880: 1878: 1868: 1863: 1859: 1855: 1851: 1847: 1843: 1836: 1834: 1832: 1830: 1828: 1826: 1824: 1822: 1820: 1818: 1816: 1814: 1812: 1810: 1808: 1806: 1804: 1802: 1800: 1798: 1796: 1794: 1792: 1790: 1788: 1786: 1784: 1782: 1780: 1771: 1767: 1763: 1759: 1755: 1751: 1747: 1743: 1739: 1735: 1728: 1726: 1724: 1722: 1717: 1702: 1700: 1692: 1686: 1678: 1677: 1671: 1662: 1653: 1646: 1645:cross section 1640: 1638: 1633: 1623: 1620: 1619: 1609: 1603: 1598: 1595: 1594: 1586: 1581: 1578: 1577: 1569: 1564: 1563: 1557: 1555: 1551: 1550: 1545: 1541: 1537: 1533: 1532: 1527: 1526: 1521: 1520: 1515: 1511: 1501: 1498: 1494: 1490: 1486: 1485: 1476: 1471: 1462: 1459: 1455: 1442: 1438: 1436: 1432: 1428: 1417: 1414: 1413:optical depth 1409: 1406: 1375: 1327: 1325: 1324:optical depth 1321: 1317: 1316: 1310: 1306: 1304: 1300: 1296: 1292: 1266: 1249: 1235: 1232: 1228: 1224: 1220: 1201: 1198: 1194: 1189: 1183: 1179: 1170: 1169:optical depth 1159: 1157: 1153: 1148: 1146: 1142: 1138: 1134: 1130: 1118: 1114: 1113: 1107: 1038: 1024: 1022: 1018: 1015:in Saturns's 1014: 994: 990: 985: 981: 971: 969: 964: 960: 959: 954: 950: 949: 943:1,000 km 936: 932: 923: 914: 910: 908: 903: 902:optical depth 884: 881: 877: 873: 870: 867: 862: 858: 833: 830: 826: 822: 819: 815: 809: 805: 782: 774: 773:optical depth 769: 767: 763: 759: 755: 751: 747: 731: 723: 720: + 719: 715: 711: 707: 703: 699: 678: 675: 671: 667: 664: 661: 655: 649: 642: 641: 640: 639: 634: 631: 626: 623: 619: 618: 613: 609: 605: 601: 593: 584: 582: 577:3,000 km 570: 565: 564: 558: 556: 555: 549: 546: 545: 540: 534: 532: 528: 527: 522: 518: 514: 513: 508: 507: 477: 463: 442:6,500 km 438: 421: 391: 383: 382: 377: 373: 366: 361: 353: 334: 330: 327: 324: 321: 316: 311: 302: 299: 298: 295: 291: 288: 285: 282: 277: 272: 263: 260: 259: 256: 252: 248:10– 10 (dust) 247: 244: 241: 238: 233: 224: 221: 220: 217: 214: 211: 208: 203: 198: 189: 186: 185: 181: 178: 175: 172: 171:Optical depth 169: 157: 156: 153: 151: 146: 143: 139: 136: 135: 130: 126: 122: 112: 110: 105: 102: 96: 94: 93: 88: 84: 79: 77: 73: 69: 63: 61: 57: 56: 51: 50: 45: 41: 37: 33: 29: 20: 16: 5476: 5464:The Farthest 5462: 5306: 5290: 5226:Voyager team 5215: 5207: 5145: 5138: 5080: 5057: 4988: 4987: 4914:Jupiter LXVI 4885: 4884: 4805:Jupiter LXIX 4747: 4746: 4712:Jupiter LXIV 4628:Ananke group 4598: 4597: 4548: 4547: 4495: 4488: 4481: 4474: 4427: 4318: 4298: 4273: 4247: 4240: 4228: 4219: 4212: 4202:New Horizons 4200: 4191: 4179: 4161: 4030:Ananke group 3900: 3731:space debris 3706: 3691:Ring systems 3641:project page 3639:New Horizons 3638: 3630: 3624:project page 3621: 3577:. Retrieved 3568: 3543: 3539: 3533: 3492: 3488: 3482: 3461: 3454: 3413: 3409: 3368: 3364: 3358: 3315: 3311: 3273: 3239: 3235: 3178: 3174: 3140: 3136: 3067: 3061: 3055: 3044:. Retrieved 3039: 3030: 3019:the original 2982: 2976: 2947:. Retrieved 2942: 2933: 2922:. Retrieved 2914: 2904: 2871: 2867: 2794: 2790: 2781: 2772: 2726:(1): 35–57. 2723: 2719: 2699:the original 2670: 2666: 2625: 2621: 2599:the original 2562: 2558: 2509: 2505: 2477:. Retrieved 2473:the original 2443: 2377: 2373: 2363: 2351:. Retrieved 2328: 2321: 2304: 2198:(1): 59–77. 2195: 2191: 2181:Porco, C. C. 2138: 2118:. Retrieved 2114:the original 2085: 2081: 2032: 2028: 2025:Cuzzi, J. N. 1976: 1972: 1907: 1903: 1849: 1845: 1737: 1733: 1685: 1676: 1670: 1661: 1652: 1591: 1574: 1547: 1544:New Horizons 1543: 1529: 1523: 1517: 1507: 1497:New Horizons 1496: 1484:New Horizons 1482: 1480: 1475:New Horizons 1474: 1465:Himalia ring 1443: 1439: 1423: 1410: 1333: 1319: 1313: 1311: 1307: 1264: 1254: 1165: 1149: 1136: 1132: 1128: 1110: 1108: 1043: 1012: 1009:0.6 ± 0.2 km 992: 984:New Horizons 983: 979: 977: 956: 948:New Horizons 946: 928: 911: 770: 765: 761: 757: 753: 749: 721: 717: 713: 705: 701: 697: 695: 635: 627: 615: 598: 563:New Horizons 561: 559: 552: 550: 542: 535: 524: 512:New Horizons 510: 504: 478: 439: 387: 381:New Horizons 379: 365:New Horizons 364: 161:Radius (km) 147: 132: 121:Solar System 118: 106: 97: 92:New Horizons 90: 80: 64: 53: 47: 27: 25: 15: 5331:Observation 5317:Frank Drake 5037:S/2003 J 23 5017:Jupiter LIX 4963:Jupiter LVI 4934:S/2003 J 10 4899:Jupiter LXI 4815:S/2003 J 24 4776:Carme group 4766:Jupiter LXX 4722:S/2003 J 12 4677:S/2003 J 16 4662:Jupiter LIV 4657:Jupiter LII 4435:Inner moons 4142:Exploration 4095:Trojan camp 4035:Carme group 2673:(1): 1–11. 1504:Exploration 1353:) to about 1270:) to about 1001:630 ± 20 km 569:azimuthally 253:Bounded by 164:Width (km) 138:space probe 5483:Categories 5366:Prometheus 5322:Carl Sagan 5297:Titan IIIE 5157:Components 5132:Spacecraft 5032:Callirrhoe 4973:S/2016 J 4 4968:S/2003 J 4 4929:S/2021 J 5 4924:S/2018 J 3 4909:S/2003 J 9 4904:Jupiter LI 4840:Kallichore 4835:S/2021 J 4 4810:S/2021 J 6 4795:S/2016 J 3 4790:S/2022 J 2 4785:S/2022 J 1 4742:S/2003 J 2 4717:S/2021 J 1 4702:S/2021 J 2 4692:S/2022 J 3 4652:S/2021 J 3 4642:Jupiter LV 4593:S/2018 J 4 4572:S/2011 J 3 4543:S/2018 J 2 4221:Pioneer 11 4214:Pioneer 10 4090:Greek camp 3884:Atmosphere 3579:2007-06-06 3046:2011-04-04 2949:2011-04-04 2924:2011-04-04 2479:2011-09-29 2387:2207.06434 2380:(7): 179. 2120:2007-06-17 1713:References 1514:Pioneer 11 997:1920 ± 150 581:resonances 222:Main ring 187:Halo ring 5403:Shahrazad 5392:Enceladus 5291:Voyager 1 5248:Jim Blinn 5147:Voyager 2 5140:Voyager 1 5002:Megaclite 4732:Thelxinoe 4707:Praxidike 4682:Harpalyke 4347:Mythology 4313:Tianwen-4 4293:Laplace-P 4249:Voyager 2 4242:Voyager 1 4053:Astronomy 4002:Irregular 3877:Geography 3805:Gas torus 3653:from the 3446:205212936 3325:0803.2849 3080:CiteSeerX 2414:250526615 2110:250909885 1525:Voyager 2 1519:Voyager 1 1199:− 1190:∼ 1180:τ 1027:Halo ring 1005:2.4 ± 0.7 882:− 874:× 859:τ 831:− 823:× 806:τ 783:τ 676:− 668:× 638:power law 464:orbit at 342:Main ring 179:Mass, kg 134:Voyager 1 49:Voyager 1 5422:and its 5398:Dunyazad 5191:contents 5082:Category 5051:See also 4990:Pasiphae 4983:Hegemone 4958:Eurydome 4865:Eukelade 4820:Chaldene 4800:Pasithee 4761:Hermippe 4687:Orthosie 4618:Valetudo 4611:Valetudo 4562:Lysithea 4514:Themisto 4507:Themisto 4497:Callisto 4490:Ganymede 4452:Amalthea 4447:Adrastea 4365:Category 4286:Proposed 4148:missions 4025:Valetudo 4014:Themisto 3993:Callisto 3988:Ganymede 3970:Galilean 3955:Amalthea 3950:Adrastea 3525:32239999 3517:17734363 3438:18451856 3203:36269909 3110:11449779 3102:21454753 3015:27371440 3007:21454755 2896:10325220 2819:15919987 2695:53941924 2595:12995172 2587:17932287 2141:: 80–83. 2076:(2002). 1770:33147728 1762:17800430 1616:See also 1390: km 1382: km 1359: km 1340: km 1276: km 1261: km 1135:, where 1125: km 1104: km 1096: km 1077: km 1069: km 1050: km 993:Galileo' 712:between 523:and the 462:Metidian 420:Adrastea 294:Amalthea 255:Adrastea 87:Adrastea 72:Amalthea 68:gossamer 5494:Jupiter 5333:targets 5272:Related 5164:MHW-RTG 5027:Autonoe 5007:Cyllene 4875:Taygete 4845:Erinome 4756:Iocaste 4672:Euanthe 4647:Eupheme 4637:Euporie 4550:Himalia 4342:Fiction 4335:Related 4300:Shensuo 4230:Ulysses 4193:Galileo 4155:Current 4146:orbital 4105:Impacts 4082:Trojans 4060:General 3857:Jupiter 3699:Planets 3631:Cassini 3622:Galileo 3548:Bibcode 3497:Bibcode 3489:Science 3470:Bibcode 3418:Bibcode 3373:Bibcode 3350:1154579 3330:Bibcode 3278:Bibcode 3244:Bibcode 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