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over a bed of stones." The nerve growth produced by the tumour was unlike anything she had seen before – the nerves took over areas that would become other tissues and even entered veins in the embryo. But nerves did not grow into the arteries, which would flow from the embryo back to the tumour. This suggested to
Montalcini that the tumour itself was releasing a substance that was stimulating the growth of nerves. Her research led to the seminal publication "In vitro experiments on the effects of mouse sarcomas 180 and 37 on the spinal and sympathetic ganglia of the chick embryo" in 1954, which was a foundational work in identifying and understanding nerve growth factor (NGF). This discovery paved the way for future research in neurobiology and had profound implications for understanding neurodegenerative diseases.
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well into her later years, even attending the opening assembly of the newly elected Senate at the age of 97. She died in her home in Rome on 30 December 2012 at the age of 103. In honor of her legacy, numerous institutions, scholarships, and awards have been named after her. For instance, the Rita Levi-Montalcini
Foundation was established to support education and research for young women in Africa and Italy, ensuring her impact on science and society continues to inspire future generations. Additionally, various commemorative events and memorials, including a Google Doodle on her 106th birthday, celebrate her life and contributions to neurobiology.
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683:). As per the normal cautionary routine, Germany banned Cronassial in 1983, followed by other countries. Italy prohibited the drug only in 1993; at the same time, an investigation revealed that Fidia paid the Italian Ministry of Health for a quick approval of Cronassial and later paid for pushing the use of the drug in the treatment of diseases where it had not been tested. Levi-Montalcini's relationship with the company was revealed during the investigation, and she was criticized publicly.
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618:. After the liberation of Florence in August 1944, she volunteered her medical expertise for the Allied health service, providing critical care to those injured during the war. This period highlighted her resilience and commitment to medical science despite the tumultuous circumstances. Upon returning to Turin in 1945, she resumed her research activities.
629:; he was interested in two of the articles Levi-Montalcini had published in foreign scientific journals. After she duplicated the results of her home laboratory experiments, Hamburger offered her a research associate position, which she held for 30 years. It was there that, in 1952, she did her most important work: isolating
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660:(Rome), and from 1969 to 1978, the Laboratory of Cellular Biology. After she retired in 1977, she was appointed as director of the Institute of Cell Biology of the Italian National Council of Research in Rome. She later retired from that position in 1979, however continued to be involved as a guest professor.
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Levi-Montalcini's father, Adamo Levi, was an electrical engineer and mathematician, and her mother, Adele
Montalcini, was a painter. The family's Jewish roots extend back to the Roman Empire; due to the family's strict and traditional background, Adamo was not supportive of women attending college as
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By transferring pieces of tumours to chick embryos, Montalcini established a mass of cells that was full of nerve fibres. The discovery of nerves growing everywhere like a halo around the tumour cells was surprising. When describing it, Montalcini said it is: "like rivulets of water flowing steadily
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During World War II she set up a laboratory in her bedroom in Turin and studied the growth of nerve fibers in chicken embryos, discovering that nerve cells die when they lack targets, and laying the groundwork for much of her later research. She described this experience decades later in the science
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Levi-Montalcini never married and had no children. In a 2006 interview, she said, "I never had any hesitation or regrets in this sense... My life has been enriched by excellent human relations, work and interests. I have never felt lonely." She remained active in scientific research and public life
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Medical School. Her father discouraged his daughters from attending college, as he feared it would disrupt their potential lives as wives and mothers, but eventually he supported Levi-Montalcini's aspirations to become a doctor. While she was at the
University of Turin, the neurohistologist
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Levi-Montalcini earned a Nobel Prize along with
Stanley Cohen in 1986 in the physiology or medicine category. The two earned their Nobel Prizes for their research into the nerve growth factor (NGF), the protein that causes cell growth due to stimulated nerve tissue.
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Gennaio, Roberto; Gargiulo, Marco; Medagli, Piero; Chetta, Francesco S. (2017). "Ophrys×montalciniae nothosubsp. cristoforettiae(O. incubacea subsp. brutia × O. sphegodes subsp. classica), nuovo ibrido naturale del
Salento (Puglia)".
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and divided her time between there and St. Louis. In 1963, she became the first woman to receive the Max
Weinstein Award (given by the United Cerebral Palsy Association) due to her significant contributions to neurological research.
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as an important modulator of this cell. Understanding this mechanism initiated a new era of research into this compound which has resulted in more discoveries regarding its mechanisms and benefits, a far better understanding of the
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Levi-Montalcini founded the
European Brain Research Institute in 2002, and then served as its president. Her role in this institute was at the centre of some criticism from some parts of the scientific community in 2010.
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On 28–29 April 2006, Levi-Montalcini, aged 97, attended the opening assembly of the newly elected Senate, at which the
President of the Senate was elected. She declared her preference for the centre-left candidate
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Mother and Father both came from
Sephardic families which had moved respectively from Asti and Casale Monferrato, two towns of some importance in Piedmont, to settle in Turin at the turn of the century.
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sparked her interest in the developing nervous system. After graduating summa cum laude M.D. in 1936, Montalcini remained at the university as Levi's assistant, but her academic career was cut short by
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La vita intellettuale. Professioni, arti, impresa in Italia e nel pianeta. Atti del forum internazionale, 13 e 14 febbraio 2007, Bologna, Salone del podesta di Palazzo Re Enzo, Piazza del Nettuno
508:. This honor was given due to her significant scientific contributions. On 22 April 2009, she became the first Nobel laureate to reach the age of 100, and the event was feted with a party at
801:, stated it was a great loss "for all of humanity." He praised her as someone who represented "civic conscience, culture and the spirit of research of our time." Italian astrophysicist
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Controversies were raised about the cooperation of Levi-Montalcini with the Italian pharmaceutical concern Fidia. While working for Fidia, she improved her understanding of
809:, paid tribute to Levi-Montalcini's "charismatic and tenacious" character and for her lifelong endeavour to "defend the battles in which she believed." Vatican spokesman
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were the youngest of four children. Her parents were Adele Montalcini, a painter, and Adamo Levi, an electrical engineer and mathematician, whose families had moved from
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2149:"Oldest living Nobel laureate arrives today on solidarity visit. 98- year-old Italian neurologist Rita Levi-Montalcini triumphed over Mussolini's anti-Jewish edicts"
2838:"Evolution in pharmacologic thinking around the natural analgesic palmitoylethanolamide: from nonspecific resistance to PPAR-α agonist and effective nutraceutical"
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Italians rally to condemn Nobel 'bribe' allegation: Professor rejects claim by civil servant that a pharmaceuticals firm 'bought' her 1986 prize for medicine
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Ribatti, D (June 2016). "The failed attribution of the Nobel Prize for Medicine or Physiology to Viktor Hamburger for the discovery of Nerve Growth Factor".
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Born and raised in a Sephardic Jewish family in which culture and love of learning were categorical imperatives, she abandoned religion and embraced atheism.
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Staughton RC, Good J (1990). "Double-blind, placebo-controlled clinical trial of a mixture of gangliosides ('Cronassial') in post-herpetic neuralgia".
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614:, under false identities, protected by some non-Jewish friends. During the Nazi occupation, Levi-Montalcini was in contact with the partisans of the
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603:, who became a respected artist best known for her aluminum sculptures designed to bring light to the rooms due to the reflective white surface.
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3839:"The 1986 Nobel Prize for Physiology or Medicine awarded for discovery of growth factors: Rita Levi-Montalcini, M.D., and Stanley Cohen, Ph.D"
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633:(NGF) from observations of certain cancerous tissues that cause extremely rapid growth of nerve cells. The critical experiment was done with
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939:. This made her the fourth Nobel Prize winner to come from Italy's small (less than 50,000 people) but very old Jewish community, after
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Provine, R. R. (2001). "In the trenches with Viktor Hamburger and Rita Levi-Montalcini (1965–1974): One student's perspective".
2531:"Self-inflicted damage.The autocratic actions of an institute's founder could destroy a centre of excellence for brain research"
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Rita Levi-Montalcini racconta la scuola ai ragazzi|Rita Levi-Montalcini con Giuseppina Tripodi racconta la scuola ai ragazzi
671:. Beginning in 1975, she supported the drug Cronassial (a particular mixture of gangliosides) produced by Fidia from bovine
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Muhm, Myriam : Vage Hoffnung für Parkinson-Kranke – Überlegungen der Medizin-Nobelpreisträgerin Rita Levi-Montalcini,
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3598:"A Lab of Her Own: Sheltered in her bedroom during WWII, Rita Levi-Montalcini discovered how the nervous system is wired"
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Levi-Montalcini, R. (2000). "From a home-made laboratory to the Nobel Prize: An interview with Rita Levi-Montalcini".
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tissue. Independent studies showed that the drug actually could be successful in the treatment of intended diseases (
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In 1999, Levi-Montalcini was nominated Goodwill Ambassador of the United Nations Food and Agriculture Organization (
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Cowan, W. M. (2001). "Viktor Hamburger Andrita Levi-Montalcini: The Path to the Discovery of Nerve Growth Factor".
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praised Levi-Montalcini's civil and moral efforts, saying she was an "inspiring" example for Italy and the world.
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In September 1946, Levi-Montalcini was granted a one-semester research fellowship in the laboratory of Professor
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told Sky TG24 TV in a tribute to her fellow scientist, "She is really someone to be admired." Italy's premier,
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3325:"E' scomparsa Rita Levi Montalcini, premio Nobel per la medicina, tra i soci fondatori di Città della Scienza"
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palmitoylethanolamide product formulations designed specifically for improved absorption and bioavailability.
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Aloe, L. (2003). "Rita Levi-Montalcini and the discovery of nerve growth factor: Past and present studies".
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Aloe L, Leon A, Levi-Montalcini R (1993). "A proposed autacoid mechanism controlling mastocyte behaviour".
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Aloe, L. (2004). "Rita Levi-Montalcini: The discovery of nerve growth factor and modern neurobiology".
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1799:"Rita Levi-Montalcini (1909–2012) Nobel prizewinning neurobiologist and eminent advocate for science"
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1975. Image courtesy of the Bernard Becker Medical Library, Washington University School of Medicine.
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3754:"Rita Levi-Montalcini: A brief biographic view of past and present studies on nerve growth factor"
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2180:"Nobel-winning scientist Levi-Montalcini dies in Rome at 103, biologist studied growth factor"
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In 2006, Levi-Montalcini received the degree Honoris Causa in Biomedical Engineering from the
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3513:"Stamp vignette on medical science. Rita Levi-Montalcini – Nobel Prize for work in neurology"
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Le tue antenate. Donne pioniere nella società e nella scienza dall'antichità ai giorni nostri
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Lungo le vie della conoscenza. Un viaggio per sentieri inesplorati con Rita Levi-Montalcini
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in 1952. Their publication in 1954 became the first definitive indication of the protein.
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In 2009, she received the Leonardo da Vinci Award from the European Academy of Sciences.
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She was made a full professor in 1958. In 1962, she established a second laboratory in
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Origine ed Evoluzione del nucleo accessorio del Nervo abducente nell'embrione di pollo
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in human pathology. In the same period (1993), she identified the endogenous compound
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AFP Biography (dated 22 April 2009) celebrating Rita Levi-Montalcini's 100th Birthday
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Storie di ordinaria resurrezione (e non). Fuori dalla depressione e altri mali oscuri
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In the 1990s, she was one of the first scientists to point out the importance of the
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1979 article in Scientific American describing the discovery of nerve growth factor
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3713:"The Nobel chronicles. 1986: Stanley Cohen (b 1922); Rita Levi-Montalcini (b 1909)"
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1944:"Secret of Longevity: No Food, No Husband, No Regrets or anything like that at all"
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L'Università delle tre culture. Conferenza della professoressa Rita Levi-Montalcini
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2582:. Advances in Experimental Medicine and Biology. Vol. 174. pp. 593–600.
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In her teenage years, she considered becoming a writer and admired Swedish writer
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Bendiner, E. (1992). "Rita Levi-Montalcini and the unveiling of growth factors".
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Recipients of the Great Cross of the National Order of Scientific Merit (Brazil)
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10.1002/(SICI)1097-0029(19990515/01)45:4/5<207::AID-JEMT3>3.0.CO;2-E
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Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America
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Horowitz SH (1984). "Ganglioside (Cronassial) Therapy in Diabetic Neuropathy".
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Scienza, tecnologia e istituzioni in Europa. Vito Volterra e l'origine del CNR
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Non si trova cioccolata. Lettere di bambini jugoslavi nell'orrore della guerra
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You can help Knowledge by formatting it if you know how. Please also consider
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2303:"Missouri Women in the Health Sciences - Biographies - Rita Levi-Montalcini"
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Pécsi, T. (1987). "Nobel Prize for medicine, 1986 (Rita Levi-Montalcini)".
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1171:, in "Commentarii", vol. III, n. 15, Pontificia Academia Scientiarum, 1976.
1025:. and Academician of Studium, Accademia di Casale e del Monferrato, Italy.
787:
783:, her twin sister, a popular artist who died on 29 September 2000, age 91.
768:
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From 1961 to 1969, she directed the Research Center of Neurobiology of the
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When the Germans invaded Italy in September 1943, her family fled south to
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2081:"Five facts about Rita Levi-Montalcini, who figured out how neurons grow"
806:
3978:
3216:
American Philosophical Society Member History (Dr. Rita Levi-Montalcini)
2453:
The door in the dream : conversations with eminent women in science
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790:. During a show, Grillo called the 94-year-old woman an "old whore".
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it would intrude in their ability to tend to the children and house.
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961:
In 1991, she received the Laurea Honoris Causa in Medicine from the
9881:
5852:
5228:
4004:
An Annual Reviews Conversations Interview with Rita Levi-Montalcini
3035:[Freemasons of left wing. In the lodges are 4 thousands.].
700:
3084:
The Door in the Dream: Conversations With Eminent Women in Science
1334:
1925–1995: la Treccani compie 70 anni. Mostra storico-documentaria
1263:
Memoria: un telaio infinito Dialogo su un mondo tutto da scoprire
1165:, con Pietro Angeletti e Giuseppe Moruzzi, Milano, Rizzoli, 1975.
10058:
Recipients of the Albert Lasker Award for Basic Medical Research
9605:
3969:
Biography of Rita Levi-Montalcini at Embryo Project Encyclopedia
3394:
1599:, con Giuseppina Tripodi, Milano, Baldini Castoldi Dalai, 2008.
1539:, con Giuseppina Tripodi, Milano, Baldini Castoldi Dalai, 2006.
1388:
Presentazione di Nicola Canal, Angelo Ghezzi e Mauro Zaffaroni,
1286:, con Guido Cimino e Lauro Galzigna, Ancona, Transeuropa, 1993.
2740:"Mast cells synthesize, store, and release nerve growth factor"
1063:" features Levi-Montalcini as one of 12 neurologist Luminaries.
1042:
subsp. classica), was named after her: 'Ophrys × montalciniae'.
544:, respectively, to Turin at the turn of the twentieth century.
3412:
Sandrone, Stefano (2013). "Rita Levi-Montalcini (1909–2012)".
3147:"Golden Plate Awardees of the American Academy of Achievement"
2132:
Krause-Jackson, Flavia; Martinuzzi, Elisa (30 December 2012).
433:
407:
374:
3261:
2507:. Network of European Neuroscience Institutes. Archived from
2315:
1336:, Roma, Treccani, Istituto della Enciclopedia italiana, 1995.
779:. She had two sisters: Anna, five years older than Rita, and
672:
521:
371:
362:
73:
3964:
Interview with Rita Levi-Montalcini (dated 26 November 2008)
3345:
2297:
2295:
1918:"The Doyenne of Neuroscience celebrates her 100th birthday"
1439:
Un universo inquieto. Vita e opere di Paola Levi Montalcini
1341:
L'uso degli animali nella ricerca scientifica. Libro bianco
771:
in 1974. He was one of the best-known contemporary Italian
649:
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336:
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3228:"Albert Lasker Basic Medical Research Award: 1986 Winners"
3006:"Nobel-winning biologist Rita Levi-Montalcini dies at 103"
1497:, con Giuseppina Tripodi, Brescia, Serra Tarantola, 2005.
1330:
Per i settanta anni della Enciclopedia italiana, 1925–1995
424:
10038:
Members of the United States National Academy of Sciences
2738:
Leon A, Buriani A, Dal Toso R, et al. (April 1994).
2580:
Ganglioside Structure, Function, and Biomedical Potential
976:
574:
3191:"Rita Levi-Montalcini – The Embryo Project Encyclopedia"
2354:
2292:
2131:
1725:
The American Heritage Dictionary of the English Language
1189:
NGF. Apertura di una nuova frontiera nella neurobiologia
481:; 22 April 1909 – 30 December 2012) was an Italian
2796:
786:
In 2003, she filed a libel suit for defamation against
637:
at the Carlos Chagas Filho Biophysics Institute of the
10023:
Members of the European Molecular Biology Organization
2896:"Rita Levi-Montalcini - Biography, Facts and Pictures"
2316:
Levi-Montalcini, R.; Meyer, H.; Hamburger, V. (1954).
2134:"Levi-Montalcini, Italian Nobel Laureate, Dies at 103"
1034:
In April 2016, a spontaneous orchid (a hybrid between
970:
Foreign Member of the Royal Society (ForMemRS) in 1995
2004:"Dr. Rita Levi-Montalcini, Nobel Winner, Dies at 103"
1000:
In 2008, she received the PhD Honoris Causa from the
445:
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418:
401:
386:
377:
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330:
9963:
Fellows of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences
3311:"Prodi May Need Elderly Senators to Keep Government"
2961:"Women in Science: Rita Levi-Montalcini (1909–2012)"
1117:
Goldstein, Bob (2021). "A Lab of Her Own". Nautilus.
889:
In 1970, she received the Golden Plate Award of the
592:
Death by Design/The Life and Times of Life and Times
430:
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404:
395:
389:
365:
359:
339:
333:
3655:
International Journal of Developmental Neuroscience
2737:
1997:
1995:
1993:
1205:, con Mario Alberto Battaglia, Genova, AISM, 1989.
878:In 1968, she became the tenth woman elected to the
436:
421:
368:
350:
3692:The International Journal of Developmental Biology
2977:
2450:
2099:
1718:
500:From 2001 until her death, she also served in the
5864:
2355:Levi-Montalcini, Rita; Calissano, Pietro (1979).
2053:
1641:, con Giuseppina Tripodi, Milano, Rizzoli, 2009.
1525:, con Giuseppina Tripodi, Milano, Rizzoli, 2006.
10113:Washington University School of Medicine faculty
9924:
8149:Mathematical, statistical, and computer sciences
2980:"Tra "vaffa" e condanne, Camere tabù per Grillo"
1990:
1776:"The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 1986"
1585:, con Giuseppina Tripodi, Roma, Gallucci, 2008.
3979:The Official Site of Louisa Gross Horwitz Prize
3689:
3033:"I massoni di sinistra. Nelle logge sono 4mila"
3030:
2505:"The European Brain Research Institute in Rome"
2409:
2097:
1597:La clessidra della vita di Rita Levi-Montalcini
1203:Sclerosi multipla in Italia. Aspetti e problemi
5587:
3110:
3108:
2703:"Rita Levi Montalcini e la vicenda Cronossial"
937:Albert Lasker Award for Basic Medical Research
10033:Members of the Pontifical Academy of Sciences
9591:
5834:
5573:
4030:
2618:
2475:
2220:"Death by Design: Where Parallel Worlds Meet"
595:(1997). The film also features her fraternal
520:Levi-Montalcini was born on 22 April 1909 in
3843:New England and Regional Allergy Proceedings
3008:. NBC News. Associated Press. Archived from
3003:
1339:Prefazione an American Medical Association,
1169:New developments in neurobiological research
1093:In Praise of Imperfection: My Life and Work.
1054:has named numerous space stations after her.
1014:she received the PhD Honoris Causa from the
3105:
2577:
2102:In Praise of Imperfection: My Life and Work
1977:"Scheda di attività – Rita Levi-Montalcini"
1796:
1698:"Fellowship of the Royal Society 1660–2015"
1421:, Sondrio, Banca Popolare di Sondrio, 1999.
515:
10078:Washington University in St. Louis faculty
9598:
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5841:
5827:
5580:
5566:
4037:
4023:
3956:
3510:
2274:"EBRI - European Brain Research Institute"
1691:
1689:
1390:Sclerosi multipla. Attualità e prospettive
927:In 1986, Levi-Montalcini and collaborator
880:United States National Academy of Sciences
735:. Due to her support of the government of
44:
10048:Nobel laureates in Physiology or Medicine
10028:Members of the French Academy of Sciences
3769:
3595:
3528:
3080:
2910:"Mastella: sì al procedimento su Storace"
2871:
2853:
2836:Hesselink, Jan M Keppel (8 August 2013).
2835:
2773:
2763:
2554:
2448:
2192:
1893:
1878:"Neuroscience: One hundred years of Rita"
1871:
1869:
1824:
1790:
1268:Prefazione a Giacomo Scotti (a cura di),
979:) by FAO Director-General Jacques Diouf.
958:, the highest American scientific honor.
871:In 1966, she was elected a Fellow of the
816:According to the former President of the
277:1 August 2001 – 30 December 2012
10093:National Research Council (Italy) people
7558:
3869:
3794:
3411:
2790:
2731:
2410:Levi-Montalcini, R. (16 November 1998).
2078:
1627:, Milano, Baldini Castoldi Dalai, 2009.
1469:, Milano, Baldini Castoldi Dalai, 2004.
1455:, Milano, Baldini & Castoldi, 2002.
1441:, Milano, Baldini & Castoldi, 2001.
1377:, Milano, Baldini & Castoldi, 1999.
1363:, Milano, Baldini & Castoldi, 1998.
1349:, Milano, Baldini & Castoldi, 1996.
947:(a university colleague and friend) and
852:changing this notice to be more specific
754:
577:from academic and professional careers.
6128:
5850:United States National Medal of Science
3836:
3652:
3615:
3258:"International Council of Human Duties"
3062:. American Academy of Arts and Sciences
3057:"Book of Members, 1780–2010: Chapter L"
2997:
2497:
2174:
2172:
2170:
2168:
2098:Levi-Montalcini, Rita (18 April 1988).
1935:
1686:
1680:European Molecular Biology Organization
1665:
1663:
715:On 1 August 2001, she was appointed as
9948:20th-century American women scientists
9925:
3308:
3004:D'Emilio, Frances (30 December 2012).
2146:
2054:Costantino Ceoldo (31 December 2012).
2047:
1971:
1969:
1875:
1866:
580:
528:parents with roots dating back to the
9579:
8678:
8677:
8147:
7557:
7071:
6127:
5863:
5822:
5561:
4050:Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine
4018:
3870:Holloway, Marguerite (January 1993).
3815:
3566:
3456:
3114:
2978:Gian Marco Chiocci (5 October 2007).
2705:. Politica Molecolare. November 2011.
2412:"The saga of the nerve growth factor"
2240:
2182:. Fox News Channel. 30 December 2012.
2001:
1028:
915:Ralph W. Gerard Prize in Neuroscience
873:American Academy of Arts and Sciences
823:
763:Levi-Montalcini had an older brother
487:Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine
476:
9968:Foreign members of the Royal Society
3751:
3710:
3545:
3473:
3171:. The Pontifical Academy of Sciences
3049:
2928:"Dispetto alla Montalcini al seggio"
2621:Current Medical Research and Opinion
2165:
2002:Carey, Benedict (30 December 2012).
1941:
1695:
1669:
1660:
896:In 1974, she became a member of the
827:
639:Federal University of Rio de Janeiro
10043:National Medal of Science laureates
3989:Is this the secret of eternal life?
3511:Shampo, M. A.; Kyle, R. A. (2003).
3161:
3118:A to Z of Women in Science and Math
2958:
1966:
1910:
1672:"Rita Levi-Montalcini EMBO profile"
1523:I nuovi magellani nell'er@ digitale
1261:Presentazione di Gilberto Salmoni,
1185:(1999, nuova edizione accresciuta).
1104:Twentieth Century Women Scientists.
797:Upon her death, the Mayor of Rome,
710:
569:and the subsequent introduction of
478:[ˈriːtaˈlɛːvimontalˈtʃiːni]
13:
3630:10.1016/j.brainresbull.2016.02.019
3596:Goldstein, Bob (1 December 2021).
3404:
3045:from the original on 12 June 2010.
2193:Goldstein, Bob (2 December 2021).
2079:Reynolds, Lauren (15 March 2018).
2072:
1265:, Genova, Costa & Nolan, 1993.
1129:"L'Archivio "medicina – medicine""
627:Washington University in St. Louis
243:Washington University in St. Louis
14:
10129:
3898:
3890:10.1038/scientificamerican0193-32
3758:Microscopy Research and Technique
3381:"EDSM - Elite Dangerous Star Map"
2942:"Rita Levi-Montalcini- Biography"
2717:"Nobel comprato? Non ne so nulla"
2373:10.1038/scientificamerican0679-68
3309:Ghieth, Sheyam (13 April 2006).
2056:"Homage to Rita Levi Montalcini"
1284:Reti. Scienza, cultura, economia
1126:#293, p. 22. December 1986
1002:Complutense University of Madrid
920:In 1986, she was elected to the
832:
746:
326:
9943:20th-century Italian biologists
9781:Jeremy David Pickett-Heaps
3548:Archives Italiennes de Biologie
3387:
3373:
3359:
3339:
3317:
3302:
3284:"Meet the Goodwill Ambassadors"
3276:
3250:
3220:
3209:
3183:
3155:American Academy of Achievement
3139:
3074:
3031:Alberto Statera (9 June 2010).
3024:
2971:
2952:
2934:
2930:. La Repubblica. 14 April 2008.
2920:
2902:
2888:
2829:
2709:
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2403:
2348:
2309:
2266:
2253:
2234:
2212:
2186:
2140:
2125:
2091:
2014:
1942:Owen, Richard (30 April 2009).
1361:L'asso nella manica a brandelli
1246:Prefazione a Gianni Bonadonna,
1149:
1131:. Larchivio.org. Archived from
1084:
1059:The card game "Endowed Chairs:
995:Polytechnic University of Turin
891:American Academy of Achievement
16:Italian neurologist (1909–2012)
9811:Ian William Murison Smith
9739:Christopher John Marshall
3797:Hospital Practice (Office Ed.)
3581:10.1146/annurev.neuro.24.1.551
3367:"Station - in [INARA]"
2541:(7279): 270. 21 January 2010.
2457:. Joseph Henry Press. p.
1841:
1768:
1753:Merriam-Webster.com Dictionary
1740:
1712:
1298:Vito Volterra. Il suo percorso
1191:, Roma-Napoli, Theoria, 1989.
1099:) Basic Books, New York, 1988.
1079:List of Jewish Nobel laureates
922:American Philosophical Society
898:Pontifical Academy of Sciences
1:
10003:Italian women neuroscientists
7072:
5865:Behavioral and social science
3872:"Finding the Good in the Bad"
3729:10.1016/S0140-6736(00)82069-3
3667:10.1016/S0736-5748(00)00081-2
3569:Annual Review of Neuroscience
2147:Siegel, Judy (4 March 2008).
1728:(5th ed.). HarperCollins
1654:
1481:Abbi il coraggio di conoscere
1021:She was a founding member of
913:In 1985, she was awarded the
902:In 1983, she was awarded the
51:
9696:Jonathan Charles Howard
3943:Resources in other libraries
3924:Resources in other libraries
3463:Embryo Project Encyclopedia.
2588:10.1007/978-1-4684-1200-0_50
1304:, Roma-Bari, Laterza, 1993.
1159:, Roma, Tip. Cuggiani, 1942.
1074:Timeline of women in science
759:Rita Levi-Montalcini in 2009
212:University of Milano-Bicocca
7:
5142:Christiane Nüsslein-Volhard
2449:Wasserman, Elga R. (2000).
1403:Intervista in Serena Zoli,
1343:, Bologna, Esculapio, 1995.
1067:
1012:Sapienza University of Rome
982:In 2001, she was nominated
485:. She was awarded the 1986
10:
10134:
10073:University of Turin alumni
9953:21st-century Sephardi Jews
8753:Subrahmanyan Chandrasekhar
3855:10.2500/108854187779045385
1625:Cronologia di una scoperta
1557:, Bologna, Proctor, 2007.
1318:, Milano, Garzanti, 1993.
1224:, Milano, Garzanti, 1989.
1177:, Milano, Garzanti, 1987.
954:In 1987, she received the
904:Louisa Gross Horwitz Prize
610:, where they survived the
532:. She and her twin sister
178:Louisa Gross Horwitz Prize
9983:20th-century Italian Jews
9894:Salome Gluecksohn-Waelsch
9873:
9621:
9515:
9364:
9213:
9034:
8840:
8688:
8684:
8673:
8607:
8509:
8398:
8309:
8230:
8158:
8154:
8143:
8100:
8009:
7901:
7792:
7728:William Hayward Pickering
7673:
7568:
7564:
7553:
7479:
7371:
7225:
7101:
7082:
7078:
7067:
6978:
6787:
6601:
6419:
6275:
6138:
6134:
6123:
6080:
6021:
5933:
5893:
5874:
5870:
5859:
5746:
5727:
5702:
5671:
5652:
5628:
5597:
5215:
4880:
4541:
4339:Charles Scott Sherrington
4315:Frederick Gowland Hopkins
4277:
4056:
3938:Resources in your library
3919:Resources in your library
3488:10.1016/j.tcb.2004.05.011
3434:10.1007/s00415-013-6864-8
2633:10.1185/03007999009111498
2357:"The Nerve-Growth Factor"
1613:, Serra Tarantola, 2008.
1483:, Milano, Rizzoli, 2004.
1427:, Milano, Cortina, 2000.
1407:, Milano, Rizzoli, 1999.
1272:, Napoli, Pironti, 1993.
1250:, Milano, Rizzoli, 1991.
1241:Poesie inedite. 1934–1946
1106:New York: Facts on File.
986:by the Italian President
956:National Medal of Science
301:
297:
293:
281:
268:
260:
256:
252:
248:
238:
228:
221:
196:National Medal of Science
164:
141:
131:
121:
113:
103:
84:
59:
43:
23:
10103:Jewish American atheists
10008:Italian women biologists
9958:FAO Goodwill ambassadors
9769:Geoffrey James Pert
9177:Norman Foster Ramsey Jr.
8623:S. R. Srinivasa Varadhan
6254:Burrhus Frederic Skinner
5329:Françoise Barré-Sinoussi
3081:Wasserman, Elga (2000).
2842:Journal of Pain Research
1571:, Milano, Fabbri, 2007.
1511:, Roma, Gallucci, 2005.
1392:, Milano, Masson, 1999.
1222:È necessaria la scienza?
1175:Elogio dell'imperfezione
1097:Elogio dell'imperfezione
516:Early life and education
10018:Jewish women scientists
9998:Italian neuroscientists
9993:Italian Nobel laureates
8488:Cathleen Synge Morawetz
6406:George Ledyard Stebbins
6327:James Augustine Shannon
3932:By Rita Levi-Montalcini
3837:Weltman, J. K. (1987).
3618:Brain Research Bulletin
3517:Mayo Clinic Proceedings
3459:"Rita Levi-Montalcini."
2657:. UNIPG. Archived from
2655:"Qualità Intellettuale"
2485:. Washington University
2243:"Paola Levi-Montalcini"
2106:. Basic Books. p.
1853:Encyclopædia Britannica
1639:L'altra parte del mondo
1091:Levi-Montalcini, Rita,
933:Nobel Prize in Medicine
775:and a professor at the
681:Guillain–Barré syndrome
677:peripheral neuropathies
489:jointly with colleague
9912:John Archibald Wheeler
9805:Robert Malcolm Simmons
9708:Jack Henri Kaplan
8945:Joseph O. Hirschfelder
8932:Kenneth Sanborn Pitzer
7888:Harry George Drickamer
7834:Hans Wolfgang Liepmann
7508:M. Frederick Hawthorne
7382:John D. Baldeschwieler
6622:Daniel E. Koshland Jr.
6304:Earl W. Sutherland Jr.
5752:Nobel Prize recipients
5704:Physiology or Medicine
4110:Santiago Ramón y Cajal
3476:Trends in Cell Biology
3349:GIROS Orch. Spont. Eur
3169:"Rita Levi-Montalcini"
2801:. 39 Spec No: C145–7.
2765:10.1073/pnas.91.9.3739
2483:"Rita Levi-Montalcini"
2247:Jewish Women's Archive
2022:"Rita Levi-Montalcini"
1849:"Rita Levi-Montalcini"
1778:. The Nobel Foundation
1347:Senz'olio contro vento
1243:, Roma, Mancosu, 1990.
997:, in her native city.
760:
697:endocannabinoid system
263:Senate of the Republic
50:Rita Levi-Montalcini,
10098:Italian Sephardi Jews
10083:Women Nobel laureates
10053:Scientists from Turin
9988:Italian life senators
9727:Frank Matthews Leslie
9536:Sylvester James Gates
8922:William Alfred Fowler
8904:Robert Rathbun Wilson
8717:Robert Burns Woodward
7529:Geraldine L. Richmond
7277:Howard E. Simmons Jr.
6560:Rosalyn Sussman Yalow
6489:Vernon B. Mountcastle
6345:Sterling B. Hendricks
6162:Marshall W. Nirenberg
6157:Theodosius Dobzhansky
6005:William Julius Wilson
5720:(United States/Italy)
4611:Dickinson W. Richards
4295:Julius Wagner-Jauregg
3327:. Città della Scienza
3286:. FAO. Archived from
3193:. ASU. Archived from
1811:(7432). London: 306.
1551:La vita intellettuale
963:University of Trieste
882:. She was elected an
818:Grand Orient of Italy
758:
692:palmitoylethanolamide
493:for the discovery of
149:Paola Levi-Montalcini
9978:Italian centenarians
9900:Rita Levi-Montalcini
9507:Warren M. Washington
9471:Fay Ajzenberg-Selove
9380:Jeremiah P. Ostriker
9325:Martin Schwarzschild
9106:Solomon J. Buchsbaum
9098:J. Robert Schrieffer
9068:E. Margaret Burbidge
8912:Nicolaas Bloembergen
8889:Arie Jan Haagen-Smit
8768:Vladimir K. Zworykin
8520:John Griggs Thompson
8443:Martin David Kruskal
8283:Kurt Otto Friedrichs
7756:Erwin Wilhelm Müller
7710:Ralph Brazelton Peck
7665:Jack St. Clair Kilby
7592:John Robinson Pierce
7559:Engineering sciences
7490:Jacqueline K. Barton
7345:George M. Whitesides
7264:Dudley R. Herschbach
7202:Richard B. Bernstein
7171:Walter H. Stockmayer
6719:Elizabeth F. Neufeld
6650:G. Evelyn Hutchinson
6540:Stanley Norman Cohen
6527:Rita Levi-Montalcini
6363:Keith Roberts Porter
6226:Alfred H. Sturtevant
6221:Michael Heidelberger
6193:Fritz Albert Lipmann
5718:Rita Levi-Montalcini
5607:Dudley R. Herschbach
5034:Rita Levi-Montalcini
4395:Albert Szent-Györgyi
3953:Rita Levi-Montalcini
3910:Rita Levi-Montalcini
3711:Raju, T. N. (2000).
3457:Navis, Adam (2007),
3414:Journal of Neurology
3115:Yount, Lisa (2007).
2681:"Fallimenti storici"
2261:Rita Levi Montalcini
2241:Di Genova, Giorgio.
1797:Bradshaw RA (2013).
1163:Il messaggio nervoso
1135:on 28 September 2011
1102:Yount, Lisa (1996).
988:Carlo Azeglio Ciampi
725:Carlo Azeglio Ciampi
308:Rita Levi-Montalcini
288:Carlo Azeglio Ciampi
210:in biotechnology at
155:Gino Levi-Montalcini
117:Italy, United States
30:Rita Levi-Montalcini
10118:Jewish centenarians
9841:Shirley M. Tilghman
9835:Richard Taylor
9823:Laszlo Solymar
9733:Robin Marshall
9557:Shirley Ann Jackson
9476:Charles P. Slichter
9320:Marshall Rosenbluth
9312:Wallace S. Broecker
9265:Eugene M. Shoemaker
9026:Victor F. Weisskopf
8973:Herbert S. Gutowsky
8955:Edgar Bright Wilson
8796:George Kistiakowsky
8414:Stephen Cole Kleene
7925:George H. Heilmeier
7912:Mildred Dresselhaus
7803:Edward H. Heinemann
7733:Frederick E. Terman
7697:Richard T. Whitcomb
7618:Clarence L. Johnson
7579:Theodore von Kármán
7466:Stephen J. Benkovic
7445:Mostafa A. El-Sayed
7432:Marvin H. Caruthers
7387:Ralph F. Hirschmann
7327:Darleane C. Hoffman
7217:Harden M. McConnell
7158:Frank H. Westheimer
6970:Stanley B. Prusiner
6934:Robert J. Lefkowitz
6693:Howard Martin Temin
6550:Maurice R. Hilleman
6545:Joseph L. Goldstein
6484:Donald A. Henderson
6401:Earl Reece Stadtman
6386:Elizabeth C. Crosby
6350:Orville Alvin Vogel
6180:Donald D. Van Slyke
6129:Biological sciences
5426:William C. Campbell
5337:Elizabeth Blackburn
5174:Robert F. Furchgott
5166:Stanley B. Prusiner
5158:Rolf M. Zinkernagel
5058:George H. Hitchings
5022:Joseph L. Goldstein
4982:Bengt I. Samuelsson
4811:Earl Sutherland Jr.
3877:Scientific American
3426:2013Natur.493..306B
3238:on 16 February 2013
3123:Infobase Publishing
2965:The Jackson Library
2756:1994PNAS...91.3739L
2547:2010Natur.463..270.
2361:Scientific American
2161:on 31 January 2013.
2116:1988piml.book.....L
1876:Abbott, A. (2009).
1817:2013Natur.493..306B
1708:on 15 October 2015.
1425:Cantico di una vita
1123:Süddeutsche Zeitung
1023:Città della Scienza
908:Columbia University
777:University of Turin
767:, who died after a
631:nerve growth factor
581:Career and research
553:University of Turin
495:nerve growth factor
136:Nerve growth factor
126:University of Turin
10088:Women centenarians
9787:Richard J. Roberts
9757:Richard Alan North
9672:Richard Ellis
9666:Graham Dixon-Lewis
9636:Iain Campbell
9429:G. Brent Dalrymple
9247:Arthur L. Schawlow
9154:James A. Van Allen
9045:Philip W. Anderson
9001:Richard P. Feynman
8927:Linus Carl Pauling
8562:Dennis P. Sullivan
8119:John B. Goodenough
8052:Edwin N. Lightfoot
8020:Yuan-Cheng B. Fung
8001:Kenneth N. Stevens
7769:Raymond D. Mindlin
7692:Harold E. Edgerton
7537:A. Paul Alivisatos
7416:Stephen J. Lippard
7395:Ernest R. Davidson
7332:Harold S. Johnston
7166:William S. Johnson
7130:George C. Pimentel
6965:Susan L. Lindquist
6947:Francis S. Collins
6841:Victor A. McKusick
6816:Francisco J. Ayala
6798:Nancy C. Andreasen
6748:Robert A. Weinberg
6522:Har Gobind Khorana
6507:Michael E. DeBakey
6494:George Emil Palade
6466:Wendell L. Roelofs
6456:Howard L. Bachrach
6286:Barbara McClintock
6188:Edward F. Knipling
5486:William Kaelin Jr.
5482:Peter J. Ratcliffe
5225:Leland H. Hartwell
5114:Richard J. Roberts
4994:Barbara McClintock
4938:Godfrey Hounsfield
4839:Nikolaas Tinbergen
4771:Marshall Nirenberg
4739:Charles B. Huggins
4528:Tadeusz Reichstein
4516:António Egas Moniz
4311:Christiaan Eijkman
3955:on Nobelprize.org
3530:10.4065/78.12.1448
3355:(2017:2): 427–431.
3290:on 15 January 2013
3089:Joseph Henry Press
2916:. 17 October 2007.
2855:10.2147/JPR.S48653
2807:10.1007/BF01972748
2799:Agents and Actions
2719:. 22 February 1994
2195:"A Lab of Her Own"
2154:The Jerusalem Post
2008:The New York Times
1537:Tempo di revisione
1453:Tempo di mutamenti
1029:Other attributions
968:She was elected a
824:Awards and honours
761:
721:President of Italy
10108:American atheists
10013:Jewish scientists
9920:
9919:
9888:Gertrude B. Elion
9775:Keith Peters
9630:Martin A. Bennett
9573:
9572:
9569:
9568:
9565:
9564:
9502:Esther M. Conwell
9442:Robert N. Clayton
9434:Riccardo Giacconi
9398:Raymond Davis Jr.
9286:Albert Overhauser
9229:Edwin M. McMillan
9190:Arnold O. Beckman
9167:Paul Ching-Wu Chu
9144:Paul C. Lauterbur
9121:Robert Hofstadter
9073:Maurice Goldhaber
9060:Charles H. Townes
9011:Edward M. Purcell
8978:Frederick Rossini
8832:Wolfgang Panofsky
8763:John H. Van Vleck
8679:Physical sciences
8669:
8668:
8665:
8664:
8631:Solomon W. Golomb
8591:Andrew J. Viterbi
8586:Leonard Kleinrock
8533:Calyampudi R. Rao
8501:Ronald R. Coifman
8409:George F. Carrier
8390:Donald C. Spencer
8385:Saunders Mac Lane
8320:Marshall H. Stone
8270:Shiing-Shen Chern
8177:Solomon Lefschetz
8139:
8138:
8135:
8134:
8076:David J. Wineland
8044:John M. Prausnitz
7985:C. Kumar N. Patel
7980:James L. Flanagan
7948:John Roy Whinnery
7935:H. Guyford Stever
7917:Nick Holonyak Jr.
7880:George W. Housner
7875:Willis M. Hawkins
7870:Daniel C. Drucker
7852:Robert Byron Bird
7844:Bernard M. Oliver
7751:Peter C. Goldmark
7738:Wernher von Braun
7684:George E. Mueller
7657:Nathan M. Newmark
7652:J. Presper Eckert
7631:Claude E. Shannon
7600:Charles S. Draper
7549:
7548:
7545:
7544:
7516:Judith P. Klinman
7400:Gábor A. Somorjai
7311:Isabella L. Karle
7298:George S. Hammond
7259:Gertrude B. Elion
7212:Rudolph A. Marcus
7063:
7062:
7059:
7058:
6989:Ralph L. Brinster
6908:Torsten N. Wiesel
6885:Norman E. Borlaug
6872:Solomon H. Snyder
6867:J. Michael Bishop
6826:Mario R. Capecchi
6706:Salome G. Waelsch
6637:E. Donnall Thomas
6512:Theodor O. Diener
6411:Paul Alfred Weiss
6239:Bernard B. Brodie
6175:George G. Simpson
6119:
6118:
6115:
6114:
6064:Michael I. Posner
5965:Eleanor J. Gibson
5917:George J. Stigler
5885:Neal Elgar Miller
5816:
5815:
5737:James M. Buchanan
5729:Economic Sciences
5555:
5554:
5520:Ardem Patapoutian
5369:Ralph M. Steinman
5365:Jules A. Hoffmann
5353:Robert G. Edwards
5321:Harald zur Hausen
5245:H. Robert Horvitz
5146:Eric F. Wieschaus
5082:E. Donnall Thomas
5066:J. Michael Bishop
5054:Gertrude B. Elion
4926:Hamilton O. Smith
4851:Christian de Duve
4587:Frederick Robbins
4464:Alexander Fleming
4403:Corneille Heymans
4249:Frederick Banting
4154:Allvar Gullstrand
3995:article on R L-M)
3974:Article in German
3905:Library resources
3752:Aloe, L. (1999).
3232:Lasker Foundation
2597:978-1-4684-1202-4
1888:(7238): 564–567.
1756:. Merriam-Webster
1748:"Levi-Montalcini"
1720:"Levi-Montalcini"
1647:978-88-17-01529-5
1633:978-88-6073-557-7
1605:978-88-6073-444-0
1591:978-88-6145-033-2
1577:978-88-451-4308-3
1563:978-88-95499-00-0
1375:La galassia mente
1248:Donne in medicina
1216:Presentazione di
1016:McGill University
949:Franco Modigliani
935:, as well as the
869:
868:
811:Federico Lombardi
741:Francesco Storace
567:Manifesto of Race
542:Casale Monferrato
305:
304:
223:Scientific career
10125:
9684:Jeffrey Harborne
9600:
9593:
9586:
9577:
9576:
9385:Gilbert F. White
9330:George Wetherill
9224:Allan M. Cormack
9182:Jack Steinberger
9162:D. Allan Bromley
9111:H. Richard Crane
9088:Frederick Reines
9078:Helmut Landsberg
8993:George Uhlenbeck
8894:Vladimir Haensel
8856:Allan R. Sandage
8827:Herbert C. Brown
8809:Herbert Friedman
8735:Leon M. Lederman
8707:Julian Schwinger
8686:
8685:
8675:
8674:
8644:Alexandre Chorin
8618:Richard A. Tapia
8599:David B. Mumford
8427:Alberto Calderón
8372:Joseph B. Keller
8359:Michael Freedman
8328:Herman Goldstine
8182:H. Marston Morse
8156:
8155:
8145:
8144:
8084:Rudolf E. Kálmán
8068:Robert S. Langer
8060:Jan D. Achenbach
7893:Herbert E. Grier
7644:Igor I. Sikorsky
7605:Othmar H. Ammann
7566:
7565:
7555:
7554:
7521:Jerrold Meinwald
7290:Norman Hackerman
7269:Glenn T. Seaborg
7184:William O. Baker
7112:F. Albert Cotton
7080:
7079:
7069:
7068:
7046:Mary-Claire King
6939:Bert W. O'Malley
6895:Thomas E. Starzl
6890:Phillip A. Sharp
6877:Charles Yanofsky
6859:Evelyn M. Witkin
6854:James E. Darnell
6680:Paul C. Zamecnik
6645:Mary Ellen Avery
6617:Herbert W. Boyer
6612:Baruj Benacerraf
6583:Joshua Lederberg
6573:Viktor Hamburger
6535:Michael S. Brown
6381:Robert H. Burris
6136:
6135:
6125:
6124:
6072:Mortimer Mishkin
5997:William K. Estes
5981:Roger N. Shepard
5973:Robert K. Merton
5957:George A. Miller
5904:Herbert A. Simon
5872:
5871:
5861:
5860:
5843:
5836:
5829:
5820:
5819:
5754:
5582:
5575:
5568:
5559:
5558:
5548:
5533:
5522:
5507:
5501:Michael Houghton
5488:
5478:Gregg L. Semenza
5472:
5466:James P. Allison
5460:
5458:Michael W. Young
5444:
5442:Yoshinori Ohsumi
5436:
5420:
5404:
5402:Thomas C. Südhof
5388:
5376:
5355:
5347:
5341:Carol W. Greider
5331:
5315:
5299:
5287:
5275:
5263:
5251:
5235:
5208:
5192:
5184:
5168:
5160:
5154:Peter C. Doherty
5148:
5132:
5126:Alfred G. Gilman
5120:
5108:
5096:
5084:
5072:
5070:Harold E. Varmus
5060:
5044:
5036:
5024:
5012:
4996:
4988:
4972:
4956:
4946:Baruj Benacerraf
4940:
4928:
4912:
4896:
4873:
4857:
4841:
4825:
4813:
4805:
4789:
4773:
4763:Robert W. Holley
4757:
4741:
4729:
4713:
4701:
4685:
4669:
4667:Georg von Békésy
4661:
4649:
4637:
4635:Joshua Lederberg
4621:
4613:
4607:Werner Forssmann
4597:
4589:
4573:
4561:
4553:
4534:
4518:
4506:
4498:
4496:Bernardo Houssay
4482:
4474:
4458:
4446:
4434:
4433:
4427:
4426:
4420:
4419:
4413:
4405:
4397:
4389:
4377:
4369:
4353:
4345:
4333:
4325:
4323:Karl Landsteiner
4317:
4305:
4297:
4289:
4287:Johannes Fibiger
4270:
4269:
4263:
4261:Willem Einthoven
4255:
4243:
4231:
4230:
4224:
4216:
4208:
4207:
4201:
4200:
4194:
4193:
4187:
4186:
4180:
4172:
4164:
4156:
4148:
4140:
4132:
4126:Élie Metchnikoff
4120:
4118:Alphonse Laveran
4112:
4100:
4092:
4084:
4076:
4068:
4039:
4032:
4025:
4016:
4015:
3960:
3893:
3866:
3833:
3812:
3791:
3773:
3748:
3707:
3686:
3649:
3612:
3610:
3608:
3592:
3563:
3542:
3532:
3507:
3470:
3469:on 17 March 2011
3465:, archived from
3453:
3399:
3398:
3395:"Endowed Chairs"
3391:
3385:
3384:
3377:
3371:
3370:
3363:
3357:
3356:
3343:
3337:
3336:
3334:
3332:
3321:
3315:
3314:
3306:
3300:
3299:
3297:
3295:
3280:
3274:
3273:
3271:
3269:
3260:. Archived from
3254:
3248:
3247:
3245:
3243:
3234:. Archived from
3224:
3218:
3213:
3207:
3206:
3204:
3202:
3197:on 17 March 2011
3187:
3181:
3180:
3178:
3176:
3165:
3159:
3158:
3143:
3137:
3136:
3112:
3103:
3102:
3078:
3072:
3071:
3069:
3067:
3061:
3053:
3047:
3046:
3028:
3022:
3021:
3019:
3017:
3001:
2995:
2994:
2992:
2990:
2975:
2969:
2968:
2959:Elliott, Ellen.
2956:
2950:
2949:
2938:
2932:
2931:
2924:
2918:
2917:
2906:
2900:
2899:
2892:
2886:
2885:
2875:
2857:
2833:
2827:
2826:
2794:
2788:
2787:
2777:
2767:
2735:
2729:
2728:
2726:
2724:
2713:
2707:
2706:
2699:
2693:
2692:
2690:
2688:
2677:
2671:
2670:
2668:
2666:
2661:on 16 April 2016
2651:
2645:
2644:
2616:
2610:
2609:
2575:
2569:
2568:
2558:
2527:
2521:
2520:
2518:
2516:
2501:
2495:
2494:
2492:
2490:
2479:
2473:
2472:
2456:
2446:
2440:
2439:
2407:
2401:
2400:
2352:
2346:
2345:
2313:
2307:
2306:
2299:
2290:
2289:
2287:
2285:
2280:on 23 April 2019
2276:. Archived from
2270:
2264:
2257:
2251:
2250:
2238:
2232:
2231:
2229:
2227:
2216:
2210:
2209:
2207:
2205:
2190:
2184:
2183:
2176:
2163:
2162:
2157:. Archived from
2144:
2138:
2137:
2129:
2123:
2122:
2105:
2095:
2089:
2088:
2076:
2070:
2069:
2064:
2062:
2051:
2045:
2044:
2042:
2040:
2018:
2012:
2011:
1999:
1988:
1987:
1985:
1983:
1973:
1964:
1963:
1961:
1959:
1950:. Archived from
1939:
1933:
1932:
1930:
1928:
1914:
1908:
1907:
1897:
1873:
1864:
1863:
1861:
1859:
1845:
1839:
1838:
1828:
1794:
1788:
1787:
1785:
1783:
1772:
1766:
1765:
1763:
1761:
1744:
1738:
1737:
1735:
1733:
1716:
1710:
1709:
1704:. Archived from
1693:
1684:
1683:
1667:
1509:Eva era africana
1144:
1142:
1140:
1040:Ophrys sphegodes
1036:Ophrys incubacea
1010:In 2011, at the
984:Senator-for-life
886:Member in 1974.
864:
861:
855:
836:
835:
828:
717:Senator for Life
711:Political career
623:Viktor Hamburger
588:documentary film
563:Benito Mussolini
506:Senator for Life
480:
475:
468:
464:
460:
456:
452:
448:
443:
442:
439:
438:
435:
432:
429:
426:
423:
420:
416:
415:
412:
409:
406:
403:
398:
397:
394:
391:
388:
383:
382:
379:
376:
373:
370:
367:
364:
361:
358:
355:
352:
349:
345:
344:
341:
338:
335:
332:
325:
317:
284:
275:
91:
88:30 December 2012
69:
67:
53:
48:
26:Senator for life
21:
20:
10133:
10132:
10128:
10127:
10126:
10124:
10123:
10122:
9923:
9922:
9921:
9916:
9869:
9853:Stephen C. West
9745:Paul Mason
9720:Anthony Ledwith
9678:Graham Farquhar
9660:E. Brian Davies
9617:
9604:
9574:
9561:
9549:Sean C. Solomon
9511:
9463:Daniel Kleppner
9455:Lonnie Thompson
9450:Ralph A. Alpher
9416:W. Jason Morgan
9403:Charles Keeling
9393:Marvin L. Cohen
9360:
9343:John N. Bahcall
9338:Don L. Anderson
9304:Peter Goldreich
9257:Steven Weinberg
9209:
9139:Walter Elsasser
9116:Herman Feshbach
9030:
8968:Samuel Goudsmit
8960:Chien-Shiung Wu
8899:Frederick Seitz
8866:John A. Wheeler
8851:Robert H. Dicke
8836:
8699:Luis W. Alvarez
8680:
8661:
8649:David Blackwell
8603:
8554:Carl R. de Boor
8525:Karen Uhlenbeck
8505:
8459:Louis Nirenberg
8394:
8367:Ralph E. Gomory
8305:
8301:Donald E. Knuth
8288:Hassler Whitney
8226:
8150:
8131:
8096:
8028:Andreas Acrivos
8005:
7993:Eli Ruckenstein
7972:Hermann A. Haus
7943:Calvin F. Quate
7930:Luna B. Leopold
7897:
7788:
7774:Robert N. Noyce
7764:Emmett N. Leith
7723:Manson Benedict
7705:Rudolf Kompfner
7669:
7623:Warren K. Lewis
7560:
7541:
7475:
7437:Peter B. Dervan
7408:John I. Brauman
7367:
7319:Norman Davidson
7246:John D. Roberts
7221:
7189:Konrad E. Bloch
7135:Richard N. Zare
7097:
7074:
7055:
7012:Sallie Chisholm
6994:Rudolf Jaenisch
6974:
6957:J. Craig Venter
6916:Rita R. Colwell
6783:
6769:David Baltimore
6660:Robert W. Kates
6632:David G. Nathan
6627:Edward B. Lewis
6597:
6593:Harland G. Wood
6588:Roger W. Sperry
6443:Glenn W. Burton
6415:
6391:Arthur Kornberg
6358:Roger Guillemin
6335:Hallowell Davis
6299:Daniel I. Arnon
6291:Albert B. Sabin
6271:
6244:Detlev W. Bronk
6216:Harry F. Harlow
6211:Kenneth S. Cole
6198:William C. Rose
6170:Francis P. Rous
6130:
6111:
6076:
6056:Gordon H. Bower
6017:
6013:Robert M. Solow
5929:
5925:Milton Friedman
5889:
5866:
5855:
5847:
5817:
5812:
5750:
5742:
5739:(United States)
5723:
5714:(United States)
5698:
5693:Heinrich Rohrer
5667:
5664:(United States)
5648:
5624:
5615:(United States)
5609:(United States)
5593:
5586:
5556:
5551:
5536:
5525:
5510:
5505:Charles M. Rice
5497:Harvey J. Alter
5491:
5475:
5463:
5454:Michael Rosbash
5450:Jeffrey C. Hall
5447:
5439:
5423:
5414:May-Britt Moser
5407:
5391:
5386:Shinya Yamanaka
5379:
5358:
5350:
5345:Jack W. Szostak
5334:
5318:
5313:Oliver Smithies
5302:
5290:
5278:
5266:
5261:Peter Mansfield
5254:
5249:John E. Sulston
5238:
5222:
5211:
5195:
5187:
5171:
5163:
5151:
5138:Edward B. Lewis
5135:
5123:
5111:
5099:
5087:
5075:
5063:
5047:
5042:Susumu Tonegawa
5039:
5027:
5015:
4999:
4991:
4975:
4959:
4943:
4931:
4915:
4902:Roger Guillemin
4899:
4894:Daniel Gajdusek
4890:Baruch Blumberg
4887:
4876:
4867:Renato Dulbecco
4863:David Baltimore
4860:
4844:
4831:Karl von Frisch
4828:
4816:
4808:
4792:
4776:
4760:
4751:Haldan Hartline
4744:
4732:
4716:
4704:
4688:
4683:Maurice Wilkins
4672:
4664:
4652:
4647:Arthur Kornberg
4640:
4624:
4616:
4600:
4592:
4576:
4564:
4556:
4548:
4537:
4521:
4509:
4501:
4485:
4477:
4461:
4452:Joseph Erlanger
4449:
4437:
4431:
4430:
4424:
4423:
4417:
4416:
4408:
4400:
4392:
4380:
4372:
4356:
4348:
4336:
4328:
4320:
4308:
4303:Charles Nicolle
4300:
4292:
4284:
4273:
4267:
4266:
4258:
4246:
4234:
4228:
4227:
4219:
4211:
4205:
4204:
4198:
4197:
4191:
4190:
4184:
4183:
4175:
4167:
4159:
4151:
4146:Albrecht Kossel
4143:
4135:
4123:
4115:
4103:
4095:
4087:
4079:
4071:
4063:
4052:
4043:
3949:
3948:
3947:
3929:
3928:
3913:
3912:
3908:
3901:
3896:
3824:(20): 1047–48.
3764:(4–5): 207–09.
3606:
3604:
3407:
3405:Further reading
3402:
3393:
3392:
3388:
3379:
3378:
3374:
3365:
3364:
3360:
3344:
3340:
3330:
3328:
3323:
3322:
3318:
3307:
3303:
3293:
3291:
3282:
3281:
3277:
3267:
3265:
3264:on 11 June 2012
3256:
3255:
3251:
3241:
3239:
3226:
3225:
3221:
3214:
3210:
3200:
3198:
3189:
3188:
3184:
3174:
3172:
3167:
3166:
3162:
3151:achievement.org
3145:
3144:
3140:
3133:
3125:. p. 174.
3113:
3106:
3099:
3079:
3075:
3065:
3063:
3059:
3055:
3054:
3050:
3029:
3025:
3015:
3013:
3002:
2998:
2988:
2986:
2976:
2972:
2957:
2953:
2946:The Nobel Prize
2940:
2939:
2935:
2926:
2925:
2921:
2908:
2907:
2903:
2894:
2893:
2889:
2834:
2830:
2795:
2791:
2736:
2732:
2722:
2720:
2715:
2714:
2710:
2701:
2700:
2696:
2686:
2684:
2679:
2678:
2674:
2664:
2662:
2653:
2652:
2648:
2617:
2613:
2598:
2576:
2572:
2556:10.1038/463270a
2529:
2528:
2524:
2514:
2512:
2511:on 24 July 2012
2503:
2502:
2498:
2488:
2486:
2481:
2480:
2476:
2469:
2447:
2443:
2408:
2404:
2353:
2349:
2322:Cancer Research
2314:
2310:
2301:
2300:
2293:
2283:
2281:
2272:
2271:
2267:
2263:", Treccani.it.
2258:
2254:
2239:
2235:
2225:
2223:
2218:
2217:
2213:
2203:
2201:
2191:
2187:
2178:
2177:
2166:
2145:
2141:
2130:
2126:
2096:
2092:
2085:Massive Science
2077:
2073:
2060:
2058:
2052:
2048:
2038:
2036:
2020:
2019:
2015:
2000:
1991:
1981:
1979:
1975:
1974:
1967:
1957:
1955:
1954:on 4 March 2016
1940:
1936:
1926:
1924:
1916:
1915:
1911:
1895:10.1038/458564a
1874:
1867:
1857:
1855:
1847:
1846:
1842:
1826:10.1038/493306a
1795:
1791:
1781:
1779:
1774:
1773:
1769:
1759:
1757:
1746:
1745:
1741:
1731:
1729:
1717:
1713:
1694:
1687:
1676:people.embo.org
1668:
1661:
1657:
1652:
1467:Tempo di azione
1152:
1147:
1138:
1136:
1127:
1087:
1070:
1052:Elite Dangerous
1031:
865:
859:
856:
849:
843:may need to be
837:
833:
826:
803:Margherita Hack
799:Gianni Alemanno
749:
713:
583:
518:
473:
466:
462:
458:
454:
450:
446:
417:
400:
385:
346:
329:
320:
319:
310:
282:
276:
269:
217:
208:Honorary degree
172:EMBO Membership
160:
122:Alma mater
99:
93:
92:(aged 103)
89:
80:
71:
65:
63:
55:
39:
31:
28:
17:
12:
11:
5:
10131:
10121:
10120:
10115:
10110:
10105:
10100:
10095:
10090:
10085:
10080:
10075:
10070:
10065:
10060:
10055:
10050:
10045:
10040:
10035:
10030:
10025:
10020:
10015:
10010:
10005:
10000:
9995:
9990:
9985:
9980:
9975:
9973:Italian exiles
9970:
9965:
9960:
9955:
9950:
9945:
9940:
9935:
9918:
9917:
9915:
9914:
9908:
9902:
9896:
9890:
9884:
9877:
9875:
9871:
9870:
9868:
9867:
9861:
9855:
9849:
9847:John E. Walker
9843:
9837:
9831:
9825:
9819:
9813:
9807:
9801:
9799:Jeremy Sanders
9795:
9793:Joseph Rotblat
9789:
9783:
9777:
9771:
9765:
9759:
9753:
9747:
9741:
9735:
9729:
9723:
9716:
9710:
9704:
9702:Antony Jameson
9698:
9692:
9686:
9680:
9674:
9668:
9662:
9656:
9650:
9644:
9638:
9632:
9625:
9623:
9619:
9618:
9603:
9602:
9595:
9588:
9580:
9571:
9570:
9567:
9566:
9563:
9562:
9560:
9559:
9554:
9551:
9546:
9544:Burton Richter
9541:
9538:
9533:
9528:
9523:
9519:
9517:
9513:
9512:
9510:
9509:
9504:
9499:
9497:Yakir Aharonov
9494:
9491:
9486:
9481:
9478:
9473:
9468:
9465:
9460:
9457:
9452:
9447:
9444:
9439:
9436:
9431:
9426:
9423:
9418:
9413:
9411:Richard Garwin
9408:
9405:
9400:
9395:
9390:
9387:
9382:
9377:
9375:Willis E. Lamb
9372:
9368:
9366:
9362:
9361:
9359:
9358:
9353:
9348:
9345:
9340:
9335:
9332:
9327:
9322:
9317:
9314:
9309:
9306:
9301:
9296:
9293:
9288:
9283:
9280:
9275:
9270:
9267:
9262:
9259:
9254:
9249:
9244:
9241:
9236:
9231:
9226:
9221:
9217:
9215:
9211:
9210:
9208:
9207:
9202:
9197:
9192:
9187:
9184:
9179:
9174:
9169:
9164:
9159:
9156:
9151:
9146:
9141:
9136:
9134:Philip Abelson
9131:
9128:
9126:Chen-Ning Yang
9123:
9118:
9113:
9108:
9103:
9100:
9095:
9093:Bruno B. Rossi
9090:
9085:
9080:
9075:
9070:
9065:
9062:
9057:
9052:
9050:Yoichiro Nambu
9047:
9042:
9038:
9036:
9032:
9031:
9029:
9028:
9023:
9018:
9013:
9008:
9003:
8998:
8995:
8990:
8985:
8980:
8975:
8970:
8965:
8962:
8957:
8952:
8947:
8942:
8937:
8934:
8929:
8924:
8919:
8914:
8909:
8906:
8901:
8896:
8891:
8886:
8881:
8876:
8873:
8868:
8863:
8861:John C. Slater
8858:
8853:
8848:
8844:
8842:
8838:
8837:
8835:
8834:
8829:
8824:
8821:
8816:
8811:
8806:
8801:
8798:
8793:
8788:
8783:
8778:
8773:
8770:
8765:
8760:
8755:
8750:
8748:Jacob Bjerknes
8745:
8742:
8737:
8732:
8727:
8722:
8719:
8714:
8709:
8704:
8701:
8696:
8692:
8690:
8682:
8681:
8671:
8670:
8667:
8666:
8663:
8662:
8660:
8659:
8654:
8651:
8646:
8641:
8638:
8633:
8628:
8625:
8620:
8615:
8611:
8609:
8605:
8604:
8602:
8601:
8596:
8593:
8588:
8583:
8580:
8575:
8572:
8567:
8564:
8559:
8556:
8551:
8548:
8546:James G. Glimm
8543:
8540:
8538:Elias M. Stein
8535:
8530:
8527:
8522:
8517:
8513:
8511:
8507:
8506:
8504:
8503:
8498:
8493:
8490:
8485:
8482:
8480:Shing-Tung Yau
8477:
8474:
8469:
8464:
8461:
8456:
8453:
8448:
8445:
8440:
8437:
8432:
8429:
8424:
8421:
8416:
8411:
8406:
8402:
8400:
8396:
8395:
8393:
8392:
8387:
8382:
8377:
8374:
8369:
8364:
8361:
8356:
8351:
8348:
8346:Antoni Zygmund
8343:
8338:
8335:
8333:Isadore Singer
8330:
8325:
8322:
8317:
8313:
8311:
8307:
8306:
8304:
8303:
8298:
8296:Joseph L. Doob
8293:
8290:
8285:
8280:
8277:
8275:George Dantzig
8272:
8267:
8265:John W. Backus
8262:
8259:
8254:
8251:
8246:
8243:
8241:Richard Brauer
8238:
8234:
8232:
8228:
8227:
8225:
8224:
8222:William Feller
8219:
8216:
8211:
8208:
8203:
8200:
8195:
8192:
8187:
8184:
8179:
8174:
8171:
8169:Norbert Wiener
8166:
8162:
8160:
8152:
8151:
8141:
8140:
8137:
8136:
8133:
8132:
8130:
8129:
8127:Thomas Kailath
8124:
8121:
8116:
8113:
8108:
8104:
8102:
8098:
8097:
8095:
8094:
8089:
8086:
8081:
8078:
8073:
8070:
8065:
8062:
8057:
8054:
8049:
8046:
8041:
8038:
8033:
8030:
8025:
8022:
8017:
8013:
8011:
8007:
8006:
8004:
8003:
7998:
7995:
7990:
7987:
7982:
7977:
7974:
7969:
7966:
7961:
7958:
7953:
7950:
7945:
7940:
7937:
7932:
7927:
7922:
7919:
7914:
7909:
7905:
7903:
7899:
7898:
7896:
7895:
7890:
7885:
7882:
7877:
7872:
7867:
7864:
7859:
7857:H. Bolton Seed
7854:
7849:
7846:
7841:
7836:
7831:
7828:
7823:
7818:
7813:
7810:
7808:Donald L. Katz
7805:
7800:
7796:
7794:
7790:
7789:
7787:
7786:
7781:
7779:Earl R. Parker
7776:
7771:
7766:
7761:
7758:
7753:
7748:
7743:
7740:
7735:
7730:
7725:
7720:
7717:
7712:
7707:
7702:
7699:
7694:
7689:
7686:
7681:
7677:
7675:
7671:
7670:
7668:
7667:
7662:
7659:
7654:
7649:
7646:
7641:
7636:
7633:
7628:
7625:
7620:
7615:
7613:Hugh L. Dryden
7610:
7607:
7602:
7597:
7594:
7589:
7584:
7581:
7576:
7572:
7570:
7562:
7561:
7551:
7550:
7547:
7546:
7543:
7542:
7540:
7539:
7534:
7531:
7526:
7523:
7518:
7513:
7510:
7505:
7500:
7497:
7495:Peter J. Stang
7492:
7487:
7483:
7481:
7477:
7476:
7474:
7473:
7471:Marye Anne Fox
7468:
7463:
7460:
7455:
7450:
7447:
7442:
7439:
7434:
7429:
7426:
7424:Tobin J. Marks
7421:
7418:
7413:
7410:
7405:
7402:
7397:
7392:
7389:
7384:
7379:
7375:
7373:
7369:
7368:
7366:
7365:
7360:
7355:
7353:Stuart A. Rice
7350:
7347:
7342:
7337:
7334:
7329:
7324:
7321:
7316:
7313:
7308:
7303:
7300:
7295:
7292:
7287:
7285:Donald J. Cram
7282:
7279:
7274:
7271:
7266:
7261:
7256:
7254:Ronald Breslow
7251:
7248:
7243:
7238:
7233:
7229:
7227:
7223:
7222:
7220:
7219:
7214:
7209:
7204:
7199:
7196:
7194:Elias J. Corey
7191:
7186:
7181:
7178:
7173:
7168:
7163:
7160:
7155:
7153:Carl S. Marvel
7150:
7145:
7140:
7137:
7132:
7127:
7125:Roald Hoffmann
7122:
7119:
7114:
7109:
7105:
7103:
7099:
7098:
7096:
7095:
7090:
7086:
7084:
7076:
7075:
7065:
7064:
7061:
7060:
7057:
7056:
7054:
7053:
7048:
7043:
7041:Stanley Falkow
7038:
7035:
7033:Rakesh K. Jain
7030:
7027:
7022:
7017:
7014:
7009:
7004:
6999:
6996:
6991:
6986:
6982:
6980:
6976:
6975:
6973:
6972:
6967:
6962:
6959:
6954:
6949:
6944:
6941:
6936:
6931:
6928:
6923:
6918:
6913:
6910:
6905:
6900:
6897:
6892:
6887:
6882:
6879:
6874:
6869:
6864:
6861:
6856:
6851:
6848:
6843:
6838:
6836:Gene E. Likens
6833:
6828:
6823:
6821:George F. Bass
6818:
6813:
6810:
6805:
6803:Peter H. Raven
6800:
6795:
6791:
6789:
6785:
6784:
6782:
6781:
6776:
6771:
6766:
6763:
6758:
6753:
6750:
6745:
6740:
6737:
6732:
6729:
6727:Alexander Rich
6724:
6721:
6716:
6711:
6708:
6703:
6701:Daniel Nathans
6698:
6695:
6690:
6685:
6682:
6677:
6675:Folke K. Skoog
6672:
6667:
6665:Salvador Luria
6662:
6657:
6655:Elvin A. Kabat
6652:
6647:
6642:
6639:
6634:
6629:
6624:
6619:
6614:
6609:
6605:
6603:
6599:
6598:
6596:
6595:
6590:
6585:
6580:
6575:
6570:
6568:Katherine Esau
6565:
6562:
6557:
6555:Eric R. Kandel
6552:
6547:
6542:
6537:
6532:
6529:
6524:
6519:
6514:
6509:
6504:
6501:
6499:Joan A. Steitz
6496:
6491:
6486:
6481:
6476:
6473:
6471:Berta Scharrer
6468:
6463:
6458:
6453:
6450:
6445:
6440:
6438:Seymour Benzer
6435:
6432:
6430:Philip Handler
6427:
6423:
6421:
6417:
6416:
6414:
6413:
6408:
6403:
6398:
6393:
6388:
6383:
6378:
6375:
6370:
6365:
6360:
6355:
6352:
6347:
6342:
6337:
6332:
6329:
6324:
6319:
6317:Erwin Chargaff
6314:
6312:Britton Chance
6309:
6306:
6301:
6296:
6293:
6288:
6283:
6279:
6277:
6273:
6272:
6270:
6269:
6264:
6262:Robert Huebner
6259:
6256:
6251:
6246:
6241:
6236:
6231:
6228:
6223:
6218:
6213:
6208:
6205:
6200:
6195:
6190:
6185:
6182:
6177:
6172:
6167:
6164:
6159:
6154:
6151:
6149:C. B. van Niel
6146:
6142:
6140:
6132:
6131:
6121:
6120:
6117:
6116:
6113:
6112:
6110:
6109:
6107:Albert Bandura
6104:
6101:
6099:Robert Axelrod
6096:
6093:
6088:
6084:
6082:
6078:
6077:
6075:
6074:
6069:
6066:
6061:
6058:
6053:
6050:
6045:
6042:
6040:R. Duncan Luce
6037:
6034:
6029:
6025:
6023:
6019:
6018:
6016:
6015:
6010:
6007:
6002:
5999:
5994:
5991:
5989:Paul Samuelson
5986:
5983:
5978:
5975:
5970:
5967:
5962:
5959:
5954:
5951:
5949:Patrick Suppes
5946:
5944:Leonid Hurwicz
5941:
5937:
5935:
5931:
5930:
5928:
5927:
5922:
5919:
5914:
5909:
5906:
5901:
5897:
5895:
5891:
5890:
5888:
5887:
5882:
5878:
5876:
5868:
5867:
5857:
5856:
5846:
5845:
5838:
5831:
5823:
5814:
5813:
5811:
5810:
5805:
5800:
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5770:
5765:
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5755:
5747:
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5740:
5733:
5731:
5725:
5724:
5722:
5721:
5715:
5708:
5706:
5700:
5699:
5697:
5696:
5690:
5684:
5677:
5675:
5669:
5668:
5666:
5665:
5658:
5656:
5650:
5649:
5647:
5646:
5639:
5637:
5626:
5625:
5623:
5622:
5616:
5610:
5603:
5601:
5595:
5594:
5585:
5584:
5577:
5570:
5562:
5553:
5552:
5550:
5549:
5542:Katalin Karikó
5534:
5523:
5508:
5489:
5473:
5461:
5445:
5437:
5421:
5405:
5398:Randy Schekman
5389:
5377:
5356:
5348:
5332:
5325:Luc Montagnier
5316:
5305:Mario Capecchi
5300:
5288:
5281:Barry Marshall
5276:
5264:
5257:Paul Lauterbur
5252:
5241:Sydney Brenner
5236:
5219:
5217:
5213:
5212:
5210:
5209:
5202:Paul Greengard
5198:Arvid Carlsson
5193:
5185:
5169:
5161:
5149:
5133:
5130:Martin Rodbell
5121:
5109:
5106:Edwin G. Krebs
5102:Edmond Fischer
5097:
5085:
5073:
5061:
5050:James W. Black
5045:
5037:
5025:
5013:
5010:César Milstein
5006:Georges Köhler
4997:
4989:
4978:Sune Bergström
4973:
4970:Torsten Wiesel
4966:David H. Hubel
4957:
4941:
4929:
4922:Daniel Nathans
4913:
4906:Andrew Schally
4897:
4884:
4882:
4878:
4877:
4875:
4874:
4858:
4842:
4826:
4819:Gerald Edelman
4814:
4806:
4803:Julius Axelrod
4790:
4787:Salvador Luria
4783:Alfred Hershey
4774:
4758:
4742:
4730:
4719:François Jacob
4714:
4702:
4686:
4670:
4662:
4650:
4638:
4622:
4614:
4603:André Cournand
4598:
4590:
4574:
4562:
4559:Selman Waksman
4554:
4545:
4543:
4539:
4538:
4536:
4535:
4524:Edward Kendall
4519:
4507:
4499:
4483:
4480:Hermann Muller
4475:
4459:
4456:Herbert Gasser
4447:
4435:
4428:
4421:
4414:
4411:Gerhard Domagk
4406:
4398:
4390:
4378:
4370:
4367:William Murphy
4359:George Whipple
4354:
4346:
4334:
4326:
4318:
4306:
4298:
4290:
4281:
4279:
4275:
4274:
4272:
4271:
4264:
4256:
4244:
4237:Archibald Hill
4232:
4225:
4217:
4209:
4202:
4195:
4188:
4181:
4173:
4170:Charles Richet
4165:
4157:
4149:
4141:
4133:
4121:
4113:
4101:
4093:
4085:
4077:
4069:
4060:
4058:
4054:
4053:
4042:
4041:
4034:
4027:
4019:
4013:
4012:
4007:
4001:
3996:
3986:
3981:
3976:
3971:
3966:
3961:
3946:
3945:
3940:
3934:
3930:
3927:
3926:
3921:
3915:
3914:
3903:
3902:
3900:
3899:External links
3897:
3895:
3894:
3867:
3834:
3818:Orvosi Hetilap
3813:
3803:(4A): 135–45.
3792:
3749:
3708:
3687:
3650:
3613:
3593:
3564:
3554:(2–3): 65–83.
3543:
3508:
3471:
3454:
3408:
3406:
3403:
3401:
3400:
3386:
3372:
3358:
3338:
3316:
3301:
3275:
3249:
3219:
3208:
3182:
3160:
3138:
3132:978-1438107950
3131:
3104:
3097:
3091:. p. 61.
3073:
3048:
3041:(in Italian).
3023:
3012:on 27 May 2020
2996:
2982:(in Italian).
2970:
2951:
2933:
2919:
2901:
2887:
2828:
2789:
2750:(9): 3739–43.
2730:
2708:
2694:
2672:
2646:
2611:
2596:
2570:
2522:
2496:
2474:
2467:
2441:
2422:(16): R71–83.
2402:
2347:
2308:
2291:
2265:
2252:
2233:
2211:
2185:
2164:
2139:
2124:
2090:
2071:
2046:
2013:
1989:
1965:
1934:
1909:
1865:
1840:
1789:
1767:
1739:
1711:
1685:
1678:. Heidelberg:
1658:
1656:
1653:
1651:
1650:
1636:
1622:
1608:
1594:
1580:
1566:
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1327:
1313:
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1281:
1266:
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1244:
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1200:
1186:
1172:
1166:
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1153:
1151:
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1118:
1115:
1100:
1088:
1086:
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1082:
1081:
1076:
1069:
1066:
1065:
1064:
1056:
1055:
1044:
1043:
1030:
1027:
945:Salvador Luria
867:
866:
840:
838:
831:
825:
822:
748:
745:
712:
709:
582:
579:
549:Selma Lagerlöf
526:Italian Jewish
517:
514:
512:'s City Hall.
502:Italian Senate
483:neurobiologist
461:-ee -,
303:
302:
299:
298:
295:
294:
291:
290:
285:
279:
278:
266:
265:
261:Member of the
258:
257:
254:
253:
250:
249:
246:
245:
240:
236:
235:
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187:
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175:
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152:
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143:
139:
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133:
132:Known for
129:
128:
123:
119:
118:
115:
111:
110:
105:
101:
100:
94:
86:
82:
81:
72:
61:
57:
56:
49:
41:
40:
32:
29:
24:
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
10130:
10119:
10116:
10114:
10111:
10109:
10106:
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10101:
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10096:
10094:
10091:
10089:
10086:
10084:
10081:
10079:
10076:
10074:
10071:
10069:
10068:Italian twins
10066:
10064:
10061:
10059:
10056:
10054:
10051:
10049:
10046:
10044:
10041:
10039:
10036:
10034:
10031:
10029:
10026:
10024:
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10019:
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10011:
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10006:
10004:
10001:
9999:
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9907:
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9901:
9897:
9895:
9891:
9889:
9885:
9883:
9879:
9878:
9876:
9872:
9866:
9865:Andrew Wyllie
9862:
9860:
9859:Colin Windsor
9856:
9854:
9850:
9848:
9844:
9842:
9838:
9836:
9832:
9830:
9826:
9824:
9820:
9818:
9814:
9812:
9808:
9806:
9802:
9800:
9796:
9794:
9790:
9788:
9784:
9782:
9778:
9776:
9772:
9770:
9766:
9764:
9760:
9758:
9754:
9752:
9748:
9746:
9742:
9740:
9736:
9734:
9730:
9728:
9724:
9721:
9717:
9715:
9711:
9709:
9705:
9703:
9699:
9697:
9693:
9691:
9690:Julia Higgins
9687:
9685:
9681:
9679:
9675:
9673:
9669:
9667:
9663:
9661:
9657:
9655:
9651:
9649:
9645:
9643:
9639:
9637:
9633:
9631:
9627:
9626:
9624:
9620:
9616:
9612:
9611:Royal Society
9608:
9601:
9596:
9594:
9589:
9587:
9582:
9581:
9578:
9558:
9555:
9552:
9550:
9547:
9545:
9542:
9539:
9537:
9534:
9532:
9529:
9527:
9524:
9521:
9520:
9518:
9514:
9508:
9505:
9503:
9500:
9498:
9495:
9492:
9490:
9489:James E. Gunn
9487:
9485:
9482:
9479:
9477:
9474:
9472:
9469:
9466:
9464:
9461:
9458:
9456:
9453:
9451:
9448:
9445:
9443:
9440:
9437:
9435:
9432:
9430:
9427:
9424:
9422:
9421:Edward Witten
9419:
9417:
9414:
9412:
9409:
9406:
9404:
9401:
9399:
9396:
9394:
9391:
9388:
9386:
9383:
9381:
9378:
9376:
9373:
9370:
9369:
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9363:
9357:
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9297:
9294:
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9284:
9281:
9279:
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9268:
9266:
9263:
9260:
9258:
9255:
9253:
9250:
9248:
9245:
9242:
9240:
9239:Roger Revelle
9237:
9235:
9232:
9230:
9227:
9225:
9222:
9219:
9218:
9216:
9212:
9206:
9205:Henry Stommel
9203:
9201:
9198:
9196:
9195:Eugene Parker
9193:
9191:
9188:
9185:
9183:
9180:
9178:
9175:
9173:
9170:
9168:
9165:
9163:
9160:
9157:
9155:
9152:
9150:
9147:
9145:
9142:
9140:
9137:
9135:
9132:
9129:
9127:
9124:
9122:
9119:
9117:
9114:
9112:
9109:
9107:
9104:
9101:
9099:
9096:
9094:
9091:
9089:
9086:
9084:
9081:
9079:
9076:
9074:
9071:
9069:
9066:
9063:
9061:
9058:
9056:
9055:Edward Teller
9053:
9051:
9048:
9046:
9043:
9040:
9039:
9037:
9033:
9027:
9024:
9022:
9021:Lyman Spitzer
9019:
9017:
9014:
9012:
9009:
9007:
9004:
9002:
8999:
8996:
8994:
8991:
8989:
8986:
8984:
8981:
8979:
8976:
8974:
8971:
8969:
8966:
8963:
8961:
8958:
8956:
8953:
8951:
8948:
8946:
8943:
8941:
8940:Hans A. Bethe
8938:
8935:
8933:
8930:
8928:
8925:
8923:
8920:
8918:
8915:
8913:
8910:
8907:
8905:
8902:
8900:
8897:
8895:
8892:
8890:
8887:
8885:
8884:Maurice Ewing
8882:
8880:
8879:Carl Djerassi
8877:
8874:
8872:
8871:Saul Winstein
8869:
8867:
8864:
8862:
8859:
8857:
8854:
8852:
8849:
8846:
8845:
8843:
8839:
8833:
8830:
8828:
8825:
8822:
8820:
8819:Eugene Wigner
8817:
8815:
8812:
8810:
8807:
8805:
8804:Paul Bartlett
8802:
8799:
8797:
8794:
8792:
8791:Louis Hammett
8789:
8787:
8786:Gregory Breit
8784:
8782:
8781:Francis Birch
8779:
8777:
8774:
8771:
8769:
8766:
8764:
8761:
8759:
8756:
8754:
8751:
8749:
8746:
8743:
8741:
8740:William Rubey
8738:
8736:
8733:
8731:
8728:
8726:
8723:
8720:
8718:
8715:
8713:
8710:
8708:
8705:
8702:
8700:
8697:
8694:
8693:
8691:
8687:
8683:
8676:
8672:
8658:
8657:Michael Artin
8655:
8652:
8650:
8647:
8645:
8642:
8639:
8637:
8634:
8632:
8629:
8626:
8624:
8621:
8619:
8616:
8613:
8612:
8610:
8606:
8600:
8597:
8594:
8592:
8589:
8587:
8584:
8581:
8579:
8576:
8573:
8571:
8570:Bradley Efron
8568:
8565:
8563:
8560:
8557:
8555:
8552:
8549:
8547:
8544:
8541:
8539:
8536:
8534:
8531:
8528:
8526:
8523:
8521:
8518:
8515:
8514:
8512:
8508:
8502:
8499:
8497:
8496:Felix Browder
8494:
8491:
8489:
8486:
8483:
8481:
8478:
8475:
8473:
8472:Stephen Smale
8470:
8468:
8465:
8462:
8460:
8457:
8454:
8452:
8449:
8446:
8444:
8441:
8438:
8436:
8433:
8430:
8428:
8425:
8422:
8420:
8419:John McCarthy
8417:
8415:
8412:
8410:
8407:
8404:
8403:
8401:
8397:
8391:
8388:
8386:
8383:
8381:
8380:Samuel Karlin
8378:
8375:
8373:
8370:
8368:
8365:
8362:
8360:
8357:
8355:
8352:
8349:
8347:
8344:
8342:
8339:
8336:
8334:
8331:
8329:
8326:
8323:
8321:
8318:
8315:
8314:
8312:
8308:
8302:
8299:
8297:
8294:
8291:
8289:
8286:
8284:
8281:
8278:
8276:
8273:
8271:
8268:
8266:
8263:
8260:
8258:
8255:
8252:
8250:
8247:
8244:
8242:
8239:
8236:
8235:
8233:
8229:
8223:
8220:
8217:
8215:
8212:
8209:
8207:
8204:
8201:
8199:
8196:
8193:
8191:
8190:Oscar Zariski
8188:
8185:
8183:
8180:
8178:
8175:
8172:
8170:
8167:
8164:
8163:
8161:
8157:
8153:
8146:
8142:
8128:
8125:
8122:
8120:
8117:
8114:
8112:
8109:
8106:
8105:
8103:
8099:
8093:
8090:
8087:
8085:
8082:
8079:
8077:
8074:
8071:
8069:
8066:
8063:
8061:
8058:
8055:
8053:
8050:
8047:
8045:
8042:
8039:
8037:
8034:
8031:
8029:
8026:
8023:
8021:
8018:
8015:
8014:
8012:
8008:
8002:
7999:
7996:
7994:
7991:
7988:
7986:
7983:
7981:
7978:
7975:
7973:
7970:
7967:
7965:
7964:Ray W. Clough
7962:
7959:
7957:
7956:Alfred Y. Cho
7954:
7951:
7949:
7946:
7944:
7941:
7938:
7936:
7933:
7931:
7928:
7926:
7923:
7920:
7918:
7915:
7913:
7910:
7907:
7906:
7904:
7900:
7894:
7891:
7889:
7886:
7883:
7881:
7878:
7876:
7873:
7871:
7868:
7865:
7863:
7860:
7858:
7855:
7853:
7850:
7847:
7845:
7842:
7840:
7837:
7835:
7832:
7829:
7827:
7826:John G. Trump
7824:
7822:
7819:
7817:
7814:
7811:
7809:
7806:
7804:
7801:
7798:
7797:
7795:
7791:
7785:
7782:
7780:
7777:
7775:
7772:
7770:
7767:
7765:
7762:
7759:
7757:
7754:
7752:
7749:
7747:
7744:
7741:
7739:
7736:
7734:
7731:
7729:
7726:
7724:
7721:
7718:
7716:
7713:
7711:
7708:
7706:
7703:
7700:
7698:
7695:
7693:
7690:
7687:
7685:
7682:
7679:
7678:
7676:
7672:
7666:
7663:
7660:
7658:
7655:
7653:
7650:
7647:
7645:
7642:
7640:
7639:Edwin H. Land
7637:
7634:
7632:
7629:
7626:
7624:
7621:
7619:
7616:
7614:
7611:
7608:
7606:
7603:
7601:
7598:
7595:
7593:
7590:
7588:
7587:Vannevar Bush
7585:
7582:
7580:
7577:
7574:
7573:
7571:
7567:
7563:
7556:
7552:
7538:
7535:
7532:
7530:
7527:
7524:
7522:
7519:
7517:
7514:
7511:
7509:
7506:
7504:
7503:Allen J. Bard
7501:
7498:
7496:
7493:
7491:
7488:
7485:
7484:
7482:
7478:
7472:
7469:
7467:
7464:
7461:
7459:
7458:JoAnne Stubbe
7456:
7454:
7453:Joanna Fowler
7451:
7448:
7446:
7443:
7440:
7438:
7435:
7433:
7430:
7427:
7425:
7422:
7419:
7417:
7414:
7411:
7409:
7406:
7403:
7401:
7398:
7396:
7393:
7390:
7388:
7385:
7383:
7380:
7377:
7376:
7374:
7370:
7364:
7363:Susan Solomon
7361:
7359:
7356:
7354:
7351:
7348:
7346:
7343:
7341:
7338:
7335:
7333:
7330:
7328:
7325:
7322:
7320:
7317:
7314:
7312:
7309:
7307:
7304:
7301:
7299:
7296:
7293:
7291:
7288:
7286:
7283:
7280:
7278:
7275:
7272:
7270:
7267:
7265:
7262:
7260:
7257:
7255:
7252:
7249:
7247:
7244:
7242:
7239:
7237:
7234:
7231:
7230:
7228:
7224:
7218:
7215:
7213:
7210:
7208:
7207:Melvin Calvin
7205:
7203:
7200:
7197:
7195:
7192:
7190:
7187:
7185:
7182:
7179:
7177:
7174:
7172:
7169:
7167:
7164:
7161:
7159:
7156:
7154:
7151:
7149:
7148:Yuan Tseh Lee
7146:
7144:
7143:Harry B. Gray
7141:
7138:
7136:
7133:
7131:
7128:
7126:
7123:
7120:
7118:
7117:Gilbert Stork
7115:
7113:
7110:
7107:
7106:
7104:
7100:
7094:
7091:
7088:
7087:
7085:
7081:
7077:
7070:
7066:
7052:
7049:
7047:
7044:
7042:
7039:
7036:
7034:
7031:
7028:
7026:
7025:Bruce Alberts
7023:
7021:
7020:May Berenbaum
7018:
7015:
7013:
7010:
7008:
7005:
7003:
7000:
6997:
6995:
6992:
6990:
6987:
6984:
6983:
6981:
6977:
6971:
6968:
6966:
6963:
6960:
6958:
6955:
6953:
6950:
6948:
6945:
6942:
6940:
6937:
6935:
6932:
6929:
6927:
6926:Lubert Stryer
6924:
6922:
6921:Nina Fedoroff
6919:
6917:
6914:
6911:
6909:
6906:
6904:
6903:Anthony Fauci
6901:
6898:
6896:
6893:
6891:
6888:
6886:
6883:
6880:
6878:
6875:
6873:
6870:
6868:
6865:
6862:
6860:
6857:
6855:
6852:
6849:
6847:
6846:Harold Varmus
6844:
6842:
6839:
6837:
6834:
6832:
6829:
6827:
6824:
6822:
6819:
6817:
6814:
6811:
6809:
6806:
6804:
6801:
6799:
6796:
6793:
6792:
6790:
6786:
6780:
6779:Lynn Margulis
6777:
6775:
6774:Jared Diamond
6772:
6770:
6767:
6764:
6762:
6759:
6757:
6754:
6751:
6749:
6746:
6744:
6741:
6738:
6736:
6733:
6730:
6728:
6725:
6722:
6720:
6717:
6715:
6714:Thomas Eisner
6712:
6709:
6707:
6704:
6702:
6699:
6696:
6694:
6691:
6689:
6688:Maxine Singer
6686:
6683:
6681:
6678:
6676:
6673:
6671:
6670:Paul A. Marks
6668:
6666:
6663:
6661:
6658:
6656:
6653:
6651:
6648:
6646:
6643:
6640:
6638:
6635:
6633:
6630:
6628:
6625:
6623:
6620:
6618:
6615:
6613:
6610:
6607:
6606:
6604:
6600:
6594:
6591:
6589:
6586:
6584:
6581:
6579:
6576:
6574:
6571:
6569:
6566:
6563:
6561:
6558:
6556:
6553:
6551:
6548:
6546:
6543:
6541:
6538:
6536:
6533:
6530:
6528:
6525:
6523:
6520:
6518:
6515:
6513:
6510:
6508:
6505:
6502:
6500:
6497:
6495:
6492:
6490:
6487:
6485:
6482:
6480:
6479:Stanley Cohen
6477:
6474:
6472:
6469:
6467:
6464:
6462:
6459:
6457:
6454:
6451:
6449:
6446:
6444:
6441:
6439:
6436:
6433:
6431:
6428:
6425:
6424:
6422:
6418:
6412:
6409:
6407:
6404:
6402:
6399:
6397:
6394:
6392:
6389:
6387:
6384:
6382:
6379:
6376:
6374:
6371:
6369:
6368:Efraim Racker
6366:
6364:
6361:
6359:
6356:
6353:
6351:
6348:
6346:
6343:
6341:
6338:
6336:
6333:
6330:
6328:
6325:
6323:
6322:James V. Neel
6320:
6318:
6315:
6313:
6310:
6307:
6305:
6302:
6300:
6297:
6294:
6292:
6289:
6287:
6284:
6281:
6280:
6278:
6274:
6268:
6265:
6263:
6260:
6257:
6255:
6252:
6250:
6247:
6245:
6242:
6240:
6237:
6235:
6234:Horace Barker
6232:
6229:
6227:
6224:
6222:
6219:
6217:
6214:
6212:
6209:
6206:
6204:
6203:Sewall Wright
6201:
6199:
6196:
6194:
6191:
6189:
6186:
6183:
6181:
6178:
6176:
6173:
6171:
6168:
6165:
6163:
6160:
6158:
6155:
6152:
6150:
6147:
6144:
6143:
6141:
6137:
6133:
6126:
6122:
6108:
6105:
6102:
6100:
6097:
6094:
6092:
6091:Anne Treisman
6089:
6086:
6085:
6083:
6079:
6073:
6070:
6067:
6065:
6062:
6059:
6057:
6054:
6051:
6049:
6048:Kenneth Arrow
6046:
6043:
6041:
6038:
6035:
6033:
6030:
6027:
6026:
6024:
6020:
6014:
6011:
6008:
6006:
6003:
6000:
5998:
5995:
5992:
5990:
5987:
5984:
5982:
5979:
5976:
5974:
5971:
5968:
5966:
5963:
5960:
5958:
5955:
5952:
5950:
5947:
5945:
5942:
5939:
5938:
5936:
5932:
5926:
5923:
5920:
5918:
5915:
5913:
5912:Anne Anastasi
5910:
5907:
5905:
5902:
5899:
5898:
5896:
5892:
5886:
5883:
5880:
5879:
5877:
5873:
5869:
5862:
5858:
5854:
5851:
5844:
5839:
5837:
5832:
5830:
5825:
5824:
5821:
5809:
5806:
5804:
5801:
5799:
5796:
5794:
5791:
5789:
5786:
5784:
5781:
5779:
5776:
5774:
5771:
5769:
5766:
5764:
5761:
5759:
5756:
5753:
5749:
5748:
5745:
5738:
5735:
5734:
5732:
5730:
5726:
5719:
5716:
5713:
5712:Stanley Cohen
5710:
5709:
5707:
5705:
5701:
5695:(Switzerland)
5694:
5691:
5688:
5685:
5682:
5679:
5678:
5676:
5674:
5670:
5663:
5660:
5659:
5657:
5655:
5651:
5644:
5641:
5640:
5638:
5635:
5631:
5627:
5620:
5617:
5614:
5611:
5608:
5605:
5604:
5602:
5600:
5596:
5591:
5583:
5578:
5576:
5571:
5569:
5564:
5563:
5560:
5547:
5546:Drew Weissman
5543:
5539:
5535:
5532:
5528:
5524:
5521:
5517:
5513:
5509:
5506:
5502:
5498:
5494:
5490:
5487:
5483:
5479:
5474:
5471:
5467:
5462:
5459:
5455:
5451:
5446:
5443:
5438:
5435:
5431:
5430:Satoshi Ōmura
5427:
5422:
5419:
5415:
5411:
5406:
5403:
5399:
5395:
5394:James Rothman
5390:
5387:
5383:
5378:
5374:
5370:
5366:
5362:
5361:Bruce Beutler
5357:
5354:
5349:
5346:
5342:
5338:
5333:
5330:
5326:
5322:
5317:
5314:
5310:
5306:
5301:
5298:
5294:
5289:
5286:
5282:
5277:
5274:
5273:Linda B. Buck
5270:
5265:
5262:
5258:
5253:
5250:
5246:
5242:
5237:
5234:
5230:
5226:
5221:
5220:
5218:
5214:
5207:
5203:
5199:
5194:
5191:
5190:Günter Blobel
5186:
5183:
5179:
5178:Louis Ignarro
5175:
5170:
5167:
5162:
5159:
5155:
5150:
5147:
5143:
5139:
5134:
5131:
5127:
5122:
5119:
5118:Phillip Sharp
5115:
5110:
5107:
5103:
5098:
5095:
5091:
5086:
5083:
5079:
5078:Joseph Murray
5074:
5071:
5067:
5062:
5059:
5055:
5051:
5046:
5043:
5038:
5035:
5031:
5030:Stanley Cohen
5026:
5023:
5019:
5018:Michael Brown
5014:
5011:
5007:
5003:
4998:
4995:
4990:
4987:
4983:
4979:
4974:
4971:
4967:
4963:
4958:
4955:
4951:
4947:
4942:
4939:
4935:
4934:Allan Cormack
4930:
4927:
4923:
4919:
4914:
4911:
4910:Rosalyn Yalow
4907:
4903:
4898:
4895:
4891:
4886:
4885:
4883:
4879:
4872:
4868:
4864:
4859:
4856:
4855:George Palade
4852:
4848:
4847:Albert Claude
4843:
4840:
4836:
4835:Konrad Lorenz
4832:
4827:
4824:
4823:Rodney Porter
4820:
4815:
4812:
4807:
4804:
4800:
4799:Ulf von Euler
4796:
4791:
4788:
4784:
4780:
4775:
4772:
4768:
4764:
4759:
4756:
4752:
4748:
4747:Ragnar Granit
4743:
4740:
4736:
4731:
4728:
4727:Jacques Monod
4724:
4720:
4715:
4712:
4708:
4703:
4700:
4699:Andrew Huxley
4696:
4692:
4687:
4684:
4680:
4676:
4675:Francis Crick
4671:
4668:
4663:
4660:
4659:Peter Medawar
4656:
4651:
4648:
4644:
4639:
4636:
4632:
4628:
4627:George Beadle
4623:
4620:
4615:
4612:
4608:
4604:
4599:
4596:
4595:Hugo Theorell
4591:
4588:
4584:
4583:Thomas Weller
4580:
4575:
4572:
4571:Fritz Lipmann
4568:
4563:
4560:
4555:
4552:
4547:
4546:
4544:
4540:
4533:
4529:
4525:
4520:
4517:
4513:
4508:
4505:
4500:
4497:
4493:
4489:
4484:
4481:
4476:
4473:
4472:Howard Florey
4469:
4465:
4460:
4457:
4453:
4448:
4445:
4441:
4436:
4429:
4422:
4415:
4412:
4407:
4404:
4399:
4396:
4391:
4388:
4384:
4379:
4376:
4371:
4368:
4364:
4360:
4355:
4352:
4351:Thomas Morgan
4347:
4344:
4340:
4335:
4332:
4327:
4324:
4319:
4316:
4312:
4307:
4304:
4299:
4296:
4291:
4288:
4283:
4282:
4280:
4276:
4265:
4262:
4257:
4254:
4250:
4245:
4242:
4241:Otto Meyerhof
4238:
4233:
4226:
4223:
4218:
4215:
4210:
4203:
4196:
4189:
4182:
4179:
4178:Róbert Bárány
4174:
4171:
4166:
4163:
4162:Alexis Carrel
4158:
4155:
4150:
4147:
4142:
4139:
4134:
4131:
4127:
4122:
4119:
4114:
4111:
4107:
4106:Camillo Golgi
4102:
4099:
4094:
4091:
4086:
4083:
4078:
4075:
4070:
4067:
4062:
4061:
4059:
4055:
4051:
4047:
4040:
4035:
4033:
4028:
4026:
4021:
4020:
4017:
4011:
4008:
4005:
4002:
4000:
3997:
3994:
3990:
3987:
3985:
3982:
3980:
3977:
3975:
3972:
3970:
3967:
3965:
3962:
3959:
3954:
3951:
3950:
3944:
3941:
3939:
3936:
3935:
3933:
3925:
3922:
3920:
3917:
3916:
3911:
3906:
3891:
3887:
3883:
3879:
3878:
3873:
3868:
3864:
3860:
3856:
3852:
3848:
3844:
3840:
3835:
3831:
3827:
3823:
3819:
3814:
3810:
3806:
3802:
3798:
3793:
3789:
3785:
3781:
3777:
3772:
3767:
3763:
3759:
3755:
3750:
3746:
3742:
3738:
3734:
3730:
3726:
3723:(9202): 506.
3722:
3718:
3714:
3709:
3705:
3701:
3698:(6): 563–66.
3697:
3693:
3688:
3684:
3680:
3676:
3672:
3668:
3664:
3661:(2): 143–49.
3660:
3656:
3651:
3647:
3643:
3639:
3635:
3631:
3627:
3623:
3619:
3614:
3603:
3599:
3594:
3590:
3586:
3582:
3578:
3574:
3570:
3565:
3561:
3557:
3553:
3549:
3544:
3540:
3536:
3531:
3526:
3522:
3518:
3514:
3509:
3505:
3501:
3497:
3493:
3489:
3485:
3482:(7): 395–99.
3481:
3477:
3472:
3468:
3464:
3460:
3455:
3451:
3447:
3443:
3439:
3435:
3431:
3427:
3423:
3420:(3): 940–41.
3419:
3415:
3410:
3409:
3396:
3390:
3382:
3376:
3368:
3362:
3354:
3350:
3342:
3326:
3320:
3312:
3305:
3289:
3285:
3279:
3263:
3259:
3253:
3237:
3233:
3229:
3223:
3217:
3212:
3196:
3192:
3186:
3170:
3164:
3156:
3152:
3148:
3142:
3134:
3128:
3124:
3120:
3119:
3111:
3109:
3100:
3094:
3090:
3086:
3085:
3077:
3058:
3052:
3044:
3040:
3039:
3038:La Repubblica
3034:
3027:
3011:
3007:
3000:
2985:
2981:
2974:
2966:
2962:
2955:
2947:
2943:
2937:
2929:
2923:
2915:
2914:la Repubblica
2911:
2905:
2897:
2891:
2883:
2879:
2874:
2869:
2865:
2861:
2856:
2851:
2847:
2843:
2839:
2832:
2824:
2820:
2816:
2812:
2808:
2804:
2800:
2793:
2785:
2781:
2776:
2771:
2766:
2761:
2757:
2753:
2749:
2745:
2741:
2734:
2718:
2712:
2704:
2698:
2682:
2676:
2660:
2656:
2650:
2642:
2638:
2634:
2630:
2627:(3): 169–76.
2626:
2622:
2615:
2607:
2603:
2599:
2593:
2589:
2585:
2581:
2574:
2566:
2562:
2557:
2552:
2548:
2544:
2540:
2536:
2532:
2526:
2510:
2506:
2500:
2484:
2478:
2470:
2468:0-309-06568-2
2464:
2460:
2455:
2454:
2445:
2437:
2433:
2429:
2425:
2421:
2417:
2413:
2406:
2398:
2394:
2390:
2386:
2382:
2378:
2374:
2370:
2366:
2362:
2358:
2351:
2343:
2339:
2335:
2331:
2327:
2323:
2319:
2312:
2304:
2298:
2296:
2279:
2275:
2269:
2262:
2256:
2248:
2244:
2237:
2221:
2215:
2200:
2196:
2189:
2181:
2175:
2173:
2171:
2169:
2160:
2156:
2155:
2150:
2143:
2135:
2128:
2121:
2117:
2113:
2109:
2104:
2103:
2094:
2086:
2082:
2075:
2068:
2057:
2050:
2035:
2031:
2027:
2026:The Economist
2023:
2017:
2009:
2005:
1998:
1996:
1994:
1978:
1972:
1970:
1953:
1949:
1945:
1938:
1923:
1919:
1913:
1905:
1901:
1896:
1891:
1887:
1883:
1879:
1872:
1870:
1854:
1850:
1844:
1836:
1832:
1827:
1822:
1818:
1814:
1810:
1806:
1805:
1800:
1793:
1777:
1771:
1755:
1754:
1749:
1743:
1727:
1726:
1721:
1715:
1707:
1703:
1702:Royal Society
1699:
1696:Anon (2015).
1692:
1690:
1681:
1677:
1673:
1670:Anon (2012).
1666:
1664:
1659:
1648:
1644:
1640:
1637:
1634:
1630:
1626:
1623:
1620:
1619:88-95839-05-6
1616:
1612:
1609:
1606:
1602:
1598:
1595:
1592:
1588:
1584:
1581:
1578:
1574:
1570:
1567:
1564:
1560:
1556:
1552:
1549:
1546:
1545:88-8490-983-X
1542:
1538:
1535:
1532:
1531:88-17-00823-0
1528:
1524:
1521:
1518:
1517:88-88716-35-1
1514:
1510:
1507:
1504:
1503:88-88507-56-6
1500:
1496:
1493:
1490:
1489:88-17-00199-6
1486:
1482:
1479:
1476:
1475:88-8490-429-3
1472:
1468:
1465:
1462:
1461:88-8490-140-5
1458:
1454:
1451:
1448:
1447:88-8490-111-1
1444:
1440:
1437:
1434:
1433:88-7078-666-8
1430:
1426:
1423:
1420:
1417:
1414:
1413:88-17-86072-7
1410:
1406:
1402:
1399:
1398:88-214-2467-7
1395:
1391:
1387:
1384:
1383:88-8089-636-9
1380:
1376:
1373:
1370:
1369:88-8089-429-3
1366:
1362:
1359:
1356:
1355:88-8089-198-7
1352:
1348:
1345:
1342:
1338:
1335:
1331:
1328:
1325:
1324:88-11-73837-7
1321:
1317:
1316:Il tuo futuro
1314:
1311:
1310:88-420-4147-5
1307:
1303:
1299:
1296:
1293:
1292:88-7828-101-8
1289:
1285:
1282:
1279:
1278:88-7937-095-2
1275:
1271:
1267:
1264:
1260:
1257:
1256:88-17-84077-7
1253:
1249:
1245:
1242:
1238:
1235:Prefazione a
1234:
1231:
1230:88-11-59415-4
1227:
1223:
1219:
1215:
1212:
1211:88-7148-001-5
1208:
1204:
1201:
1198:
1197:88-241-0162-3
1194:
1190:
1187:
1184:
1183:88-11-59390-5
1180:
1176:
1173:
1170:
1167:
1164:
1161:
1158:
1155:
1154:
1134:
1130:
1125:
1124:
1119:
1116:
1113:
1112:0-8160-3173-8
1109:
1105:
1101:
1098:
1094:
1090:
1089:
1080:
1077:
1075:
1072:
1071:
1062:
1058:
1057:
1053:
1050:
1046:
1045:
1041:
1037:
1033:
1032:
1026:
1024:
1019:
1017:
1013:
1008:
1005:
1003:
998:
996:
991:
989:
985:
980:
978:
973:
971:
966:
964:
959:
957:
952:
950:
946:
942:
938:
934:
931:received the
930:
929:Stanley Cohen
925:
923:
918:
916:
911:
909:
905:
900:
899:
894:
892:
887:
885:
881:
876:
874:
863:
853:
848:
846:
841:This section
839:
830:
829:
821:
819:
814:
812:
808:
804:
800:
795:
791:
789:
784:
782:
778:
774:
770:
766:
757:
753:
747:Personal life
744:
742:
738:
734:
733:Franco Marini
728:
726:
722:
718:
708:
704:
702:
698:
693:
689:
684:
682:
678:
674:
670:
665:
661:
659:
654:
651:
646:
642:
640:
636:
632:
628:
624:
619:
617:
613:
609:
604:
602:
598:
594:
593:
589:
578:
576:
572:
568:
564:
559:
558:Giuseppe Levi
554:
550:
545:
543:
539:
535:
531:
527:
523:
513:
511:
507:
503:
498:
496:
492:
491:Stanley Cohen
488:
484:
479:
471:
470:
441:
323:
316:
313:
309:
300:
296:
292:
289:
286:
280:
274:
273:
267:
264:
259:
255:
251:
247:
244:
241:
237:
234:
231:
227:
224:
220:
213:
209:
206:
203:
200:
197:
194:
191:
188:
185:
182:
179:
176:
173:
170:
169:
167:
163:
156:
153:
151:(twin sister)
150:
147:
146:
144:
140:
137:
134:
130:
127:
124:
120:
116:
112:
109:
106:
102:
97:
87:
83:
79:
75:
70:22 April 1909
62:
58:
47:
42:
38:
35:
27:
22:
19:
9906:Calvin Quate
9899:
9829:Roger Tayler
9817:Peter Sneath
9751:David Miller
9714:Gurdev Khush
9648:Keith Chater
9642:Johnson Cann
9531:Sandra Faber
9526:Sidney Drell
9356:Leo Kadanoff
9351:James Cronin
9299:Hans Dehmelt
9234:Robert Pound
9200:Robert Sharp
9016:John Sinfelt
8983:Verner Suomi
8950:Lewis Sarett
8814:Lars Onsager
8758:Henry Eyring
8725:John Bardeen
8467:Richard Karp
8435:Allen Newell
8214:Jerzy Neyman
7839:Tung-Yen Lin
7816:Bill Hewlett
7746:Morris Cohen
7340:John W. Cahn
7241:Karl Folkers
7002:Lucy Shapiro
6952:Elaine Fuchs
6831:Ann Graybiel
6761:Janet Rowley
6743:James Watson
6735:Ruth Patrick
6578:Philip Leder
6526:
6448:Mildred Cohn
6396:Severo Ochoa
6373:E. O. Wilson
5782:
5717:
5643:Wole Soyinka
5619:John Polanyi
5531:Svante Pääbo
5516:David Julius
5470:Tasuku Honjo
5418:Edvard Moser
5410:John O'Keefe
5373:posthumously
5372:
5309:Martin Evans
5285:Robin Warren
5269:Richard Axel
5216:2001–present
5094:Bert Sakmann
5033:
4962:Roger Sperry
4954:George Snell
4950:Jean Dausset
4918:Werner Arber
4871:Howard Temin
4795:Bernard Katz
4779:Max Delbrück
4735:Francis Rous
4711:Feodor Lynen
4707:Konrad Bloch
4695:Alan Hodgkin
4679:James Watson
4655:Frank Burnet
4643:Severo Ochoa
4631:Edward Tatum
4619:Daniel Bovet
4532:Philip Hench
4444:Edward Doisy
4375:Hans Spemann
4363:George Minot
4343:Edgar Adrian
4331:Otto Warburg
4253:John Macleod
4222:August Krogh
4214:Jules Bordet
4130:Paul Ehrlich
4082:Niels Finsen
4066:Emil Behring
3992:
3931:
3909:
3881:
3875:
3849:(1): 47–48.
3846:
3842:
3821:
3817:
3800:
3796:
3761:
3757:
3720:
3716:
3695:
3691:
3658:
3654:
3621:
3617:
3605:. Retrieved
3601:
3572:
3568:
3551:
3547:
3523:(12): 1448.
3520:
3516:
3479:
3475:
3467:the original
3462:
3417:
3413:
3389:
3375:
3361:
3352:
3348:
3341:
3329:. Retrieved
3319:
3313:. Bloomberg.
3304:
3292:. Retrieved
3288:the original
3278:
3266:. Retrieved
3262:the original
3252:
3240:. Retrieved
3236:the original
3222:
3211:
3199:. Retrieved
3195:the original
3185:
3173:. Retrieved
3163:
3150:
3141:
3117:
3083:
3076:
3064:. Retrieved
3051:
3036:
3026:
3014:. Retrieved
3010:the original
2999:
2987:. Retrieved
2973:
2964:
2954:
2945:
2936:
2922:
2913:
2904:
2890:
2845:
2841:
2831:
2798:
2792:
2747:
2743:
2733:
2721:. Retrieved
2711:
2697:
2685:. Retrieved
2675:
2663:. Retrieved
2659:the original
2649:
2624:
2620:
2614:
2579:
2573:
2538:
2534:
2525:
2513:. Retrieved
2509:the original
2499:
2487:. Retrieved
2477:
2452:
2444:
2419:
2415:
2405:
2367:(6): 68–77.
2364:
2360:
2350:
2328:(1): 49–57.
2325:
2321:
2311:
2282:. Retrieved
2278:the original
2268:
2255:
2246:
2236:
2224:. Retrieved
2214:
2202:. Retrieved
2198:
2188:
2159:the original
2152:
2142:
2136:. Bloomberg.
2127:
2119:
2101:
2093:
2084:
2074:
2066:
2059:. Retrieved
2049:
2037:. Retrieved
2025:
2016:
2007:
1980:. Retrieved
1956:. Retrieved
1952:the original
1947:
1937:
1925:. Retrieved
1921:
1912:
1885:
1881:
1856:. Retrieved
1852:
1843:
1808:
1802:
1792:
1780:. Retrieved
1770:
1758:. Retrieved
1751:
1742:
1730:. Retrieved
1723:
1714:
1706:the original
1675:
1638:
1624:
1611:Ritmi d'arte
1610:
1596:
1582:
1568:
1554:
1550:
1536:
1522:
1508:
1494:
1480:
1466:
1452:
1438:
1424:
1418:
1404:
1389:
1374:
1360:
1346:
1340:
1333:
1329:
1315:
1301:
1297:
1283:
1269:
1262:
1247:
1240:
1221:
1202:
1188:
1174:
1168:
1162:
1156:
1150:Publications
1137:. Retrieved
1133:the original
1121:
1103:
1096:
1092:
1085:Bibliography
1020:
1009:
1006:
999:
992:
981:
974:
967:
960:
953:
941:Emilio Segrè
926:
919:
912:
901:
895:
888:
877:
870:
857:
842:
815:
796:
792:
788:Beppe Grillo
785:
769:heart attack
762:
750:
737:Romano Prodi
729:
714:
705:
685:
669:gangliosides
666:
662:
655:
647:
643:
635:Hertha Meyer
620:
616:Action Party
605:
590:
584:
546:
530:Roman Empire
519:
499:
307:
306:
283:Appointed by
270:
239:Institutions
233:Neurobiology
222:
184:Lasker Award
90:(2012-12-30)
18:
9938:2012 deaths
9933:1909 births
9654:Ed Corrigan
9484:Berni Alder
9291:Frank Press
9172:Walter Kohn
9149:George Pake
9083:Walter Munk
9006:Herman Mark
8988:Henry Taube
8776:Jesse Beams
8730:Peter Debye
8712:Harold Urey
8636:Barry Mazur
8198:John Milnor
8092:Amnon Yariv
8036:Leo Beranek
7862:Ernst Weber
7715:Abel Wolman
7306:Thomas Cech
7236:Elkan Blout
7176:Max Tishler
7093:Roger Adams
7051:Simon Levin
6517:Harry Eagle
6340:Paul Gyorgy
6032:Gary Becker
5687:Gerd Binnig
5681:Ernst Ruska
5662:Elie Wiesel
5613:Yuan T. Lee
5590:Nobel Prize
5382:John Gurdon
5297:Craig Mello
5293:Andrew Fire
5206:Eric Kandel
5182:Ferid Murad
5090:Erwin Neher
5002:Niels Jerne
4767:Har Khorana
4755:George Wald
4723:André Lwoff
4691:John Eccles
4579:John Enders
4551:Max Theiler
4512:Walter Hess
4504:Paul Müller
4468:Ernst Chain
4138:Emil Kocher
4098:Robert Koch
4090:Ivan Pavlov
4074:Ronald Ross
3993:Independent
3607:19 December
3575:: 551–600.
3294:31 December
3242:31 December
3201:30 December
3175:31 December
3016:31 December
2989:29 December
2984:Il Giornale
2848:: 625–634.
2515:31 December
2489:31 December
2416:NeuroReport
2226:31 December
2204:19 December
1958:31 December
1927:31 December
807:Mario Monti
272:Life tenure
190:Nobel Prize
114:Citizenship
104:Nationality
9927:Categories
9763:Tim Pedley
9278:Vera Rubin
8917:Paul Flory
8578:Hyman Bass
8451:John Cocke
8354:Raoul Bott
8257:Kurt Gödel
8249:John Tukey
8206:Paul Cohen
7821:George Low
7784:Simon Ramo
7007:Leroy Hood
6808:Carl Woese
6756:Bruce Ames
6267:Ernst Mayr
5630:Literature
5233:Paul Nurse
4567:Hans Krebs
4492:Gerty Cori
4440:Henrik Dam
4387:Otto Loewi
4383:Henry Dale
3624:: 306–09.
3098:0309086191
1858:25 January
1700:. London:
1655:References
1237:Carlo Levi
1218:Max Perutz
1018:, Canada.
773:architects
66:1909-04-22
9273:Val Fitch
8341:Peter Lax
8111:Shu Chien
7358:John Ross
7073:Chemistry
6461:Paul Berg
5853:laureates
5689:(Germany)
5683:(Germany)
5645:(Nigeria)
5599:Chemistry
5592:laureates
5434:Tu Youyou
4986:John Vane
4881:1976–2000
4542:1951–1975
4488:Carl Cori
4278:1926–1950
4057:1901–1925
4046:Laureates
3884:: 32–36.
3331:1 January
3268:2 January
2864:1178-7090
2428:0959-4965
2381:0036-8733
2334:0008-5472
2284:9 October
2034:0013-0613
1982:1 January
1782:1 January
1760:10 August
1732:10 August
1061:Neurology
1049:videogame
1004:, Spain.
845:formatted
701:liposomal
688:mast cell
612:Holocaust
157:(brother)
142:Relatives
9882:Ugo Fano
9613:elected
9252:Ed Stone
6249:Jay Lush
5621:(Canada)
5229:Tim Hunt
3788:43021978
3780:10383112
3745:54340580
3737:10841166
3704:11061418
3675:11255028
3638:26930162
3602:Nautilus
3589:11283321
3560:12825318
3539:14661672
3504:18124816
3496:15246433
3442:23417239
3043:Archived
2882:23964161
2823:20577242
2687:16 March
2683:. Dica33
2665:16 March
2565:20090705
2389:24965219
2342:13126933
2199:Nautilus
1904:19340056
1835:23325208
1139:16 March
1068:See also
860:May 2022
699:and new
608:Florence
573:barring
565:'s 1938
474:Italian:
202:ForMemRS
9874:Foreign
9622:Fellows
9615:in 1995
9609:of the
9607:Fellows
5673:Physics
4048:of the
4006:(video)
3863:3302667
3830:3295669
3809:1560084
3683:7753397
3646:3904344
3450:1110057
3422:Bibcode
3066:24 July
2873:3744360
2815:7505999
2784:8170980
2752:Bibcode
2641:2272191
2606:6377852
2543:Bibcode
2436:9858356
2112:Bibcode
2061:20 July
2039:10 July
1948:Excelle
1813:Bibcode
719:by the
599:sister
497:(NGF).
108:Italian
98:, Italy
9910:
9904:
9898:
9892:
9886:
9880:
9863:
9857:
9851:
9845:
9839:
9833:
9827:
9821:
9815:
9809:
9803:
9797:
9791:
9785:
9779:
9773:
9767:
9761:
9755:
9749:
9743:
9737:
9731:
9725:
9722:
9718:
9712:
9706:
9700:
9694:
9688:
9682:
9676:
9670:
9664:
9658:
9652:
9646:
9640:
9634:
9628:
5476:2019:
5464:2018:
5448:2017:
5440:2016:
5424:2015:
5408:2014:
5392:2013:
5380:2012:
5359:2011:
5351:2010:
5335:2009:
5319:2008:
5303:2007:
5291:2006:
5279:2005:
5267:2004:
5255:2003:
5239:2002:
5223:2001:
5196:2000:
5188:1999:
5172:1998:
5164:1997:
5152:1996:
5136:1995:
5124:1994:
5112:1993:
5100:1992:
5088:1991:
5076:1990:
5064:1989:
5048:1988:
5040:1987:
5028:1986:
5016:1985:
5000:1984:
4992:1983:
4976:1982:
4960:1981:
4944:1980:
4932:1979:
4916:1978:
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