832:
727:
1663:, an explosive charge pushed against the hull of a warship by a small boat. For the first time, a large warship faced a serious threat from a smaller one—and given the relative inefficiency of shellfire against ironclads, the threat from the spar torpedo was taken seriously. The U.S. Navy converted four of its monitors to become turretless armored spar-torpedo vessels while under construction in 1864–1865, but these vessels never saw action. Another proposal, the towed or 'Harvey' torpedo, involved an explosive on a line or outrigger; either to deter a ship from ramming or to make a torpedo attack by a boat less suicidal.
1010:
1402:
advantage of rifling. American ordnance experts accordingly preferred smoothbore monsters whose round shot could at least 'skip' along the surface of the water. Actual effective combat ranges, they had learned during the Civil War, were comparable to those in the Age of Sail—though a vessel could now be smashed to pieces in only a few rounds. Smoke and the general chaos of battle only added to the problem. As a result, many naval engagements in the 'Age of the
Ironclad' were still fought at ranges within easy eyesight of their targets, and well below the maximum reach of their ships' guns.
2274:
1826:
1233:
388:
569:
1222:
940:
2188:, but never considered running the smoke-ridden, shallow-water gauntlet straight to St. Petersburg with ironclads. Likewise, monitors proved acutely unable to 'overwhelm' enemy fortifications single-handed during the American conflict, though their low-profile and heavy armor protection made them ideal for running artillery gauntlets. Mines and obstructions negated these advantages—a problem the British Admiralty frequently acknowledged but never countered throughout the period. The British never laid down enough
1538:
755:. The U.S. Navy at the time the war broke out had no ironclads, its most powerful ships being six unarmored steam-powered frigates. Since the bulk of the Navy remained loyal to the Union, the Confederacy sought to gain advantage in the naval conflict by acquiring modern armored ships. In May 1861, the Confederate Congress appropriated $ 2 million dollars for the purchase of ironclads from overseas, and in July and August 1861 the Confederacy started work on construction and converting wooden ships.
2511:
356:
2014:
retain sails, or was a rational response to the operational and strategic situation, is a matter of debate. A steam-only fleet would require a network of coaling stations worldwide, which would need to be fortified at great expense to stop them falling into enemy hands. Just as significantly, because of unsolved problems with the technology of the boilers which provided steam for the engines, the performance of double-expansion engines was rarely as good in practice as it was in theory.
2018:
47:
1461:
1116:
2300:-type coastal ironclads; by the 1870s most of these were laid up in reserve, leaving the United States virtually without an ironclad fleet. Another five large monitors were ordered in the 1870s. The limitations of the monitor type effectively prevented the US from projecting power overseas, and until the 1890s the United States would have come off badly in a conflict with even Spain or the Latin American powers. The 1890s saw the beginning of what became the
1207:
1748:. And, given the large quantities of wood required to build a steam warship and the falling cost of iron, iron hulls were increasingly cost-effective. The main reason for the French use of wooden hulls for the ironclad fleet built in the 1860s was that the French iron industry could not supply enough, and the main reason why Britain built its handful of wooden-hulled ironclads was to make best use of hulls already started and wood already bought.
279:
190:
2414:
1702:
2312:
454:
of iron backed by the same thickness of wood would generally cause shells to split open and fail to detonate. One factor in the performance of wrought iron during these tests that was not understood by metallurgists of the day was that wrought iron begins to become brittle at temperatures below 20 °C (68 °F). Many of the tests were conducted at temperatures below this while the battles were fought in tropical climates.
2129:
engagements of the latter half of the 19th century which involved ironclads normally involved colonial actions or clashes between second-rate naval powers. But these encounters were often enough to convince
British policy-makers of the increasing hazards of strictly naval foreign intervention, from Hampton Roads in the American Civil War to the hardening combined defences of naval arsenals such as Kronstadt and Cherbourg.
1971:
2181:' were markedly different from the other high-seas ironclads of the period and were an important precursor of the modern battleship. As long-range monitors they could reach Bermuda unescorted, for example. However, they were still armed with only four heavy guns and were as vulnerable to mines and obstructions (and enemy monitors) as the original monitors of the Union Navy proved to be during the Civil War.
628:
1643:, for instance from shore emplacements. The barbette was lighter than the turret, needing less machinery and no roof armor. Some barbettes were stripped of their armor plate to reduce the top-weight of their ships. The barbette became widely adopted in the 1880s, and with the addition of an armored 'gun-house', transformed into the turrets of the pre-dreadnought battleships.
181:: "The (ironclad) had three chief characteristics: a metal-skinned hull, steam propulsion and a main armament of guns capable of firing explosive shells. It is only when all three characteristics are present that a fighting ship can properly be called an ironclad." Each of these developments was introduced separately in the decade before the first ironclads.
1334:, which weighed 6.5 long tons (6.6 t), the Admiralty introduced 7-inch (178 mm) rifled guns, weighing 7 long tons (7 t). These were followed by a series of increasingly mammoth weapons—guns weighing 12 long tons (12 t), 18 long tons (18 t), 25 long tons (25 t), 38 long tons (39 t) and finally 81 long tons (82 t), with
1949:
2266:, mainly out of necessity because of the superior numbers and quality of ironclads used by the Turkish navy. Russia expanded her navy in the 1880s and 1890s with modern armored cruisers and battleships, but the ships were manned by inexperienced crews and politically appointed leadership, which enhanced their defeat in the
341:, spelled the end of the wooden-hulled warship. The more practical threat to wooden ships was from conventional cannon firing red-hot shot, which could lodge in the hull and cause a fire or ammunition explosion. Some navies even experimented with hollow shot filled with molten metal for extra incendiary power.
2001:, started in 1869, was the first large, ocean-going ironclad to dispense with masts. Her principal role was for combat in the English Channel and other European waters; while her coal supplies gave her enough range to cross the Atlantic, she would have had little endurance on the other side of the ocean. The
2195:'battleships' to instantly overwhelm Cherbourg, Kronstadt or even New York City with gunfire. Although throughout the 1860s and 1870s the Royal Navy was still in many respects superior to its potential rivals, by the early 1880s widespread concern about the threat from France and Germany culminated in the
1521:
2005:
and the similar ships commissioned by the
British and Russian navies in the 1870s were the exception rather than the rule. Most ironclads of the 1870s retained masts, and only the Italian navy, which during that decade was focused on short-range operations in the Adriatic, built consistently mastless
1413:
had relatively short barrels, to prevent the barrel itself slowing the shell. The sharpness of the black powder explosion also meant that guns were subjected to extreme stress. One important step was to press the powder into pellets, allowing a slower, more controlled explosion and a longer barrel. A
1600:
in 1861 for testing and evaluation purposes. Ericsson's turret turned on a central spindle, and Coles's turned on a ring of bearings. Turrets offered the maximum arc of fire from the guns, but there were significant problems with their use in the 1860s. The fire arc of a turret would be considerably
1349:
invented a method of reliably sealing a breech, adopted by the French in 1873. Just as compellingly, the growing size of naval guns and consequently, their ammunition, made muzzle-loading much more complicated. With guns of such size there was no prospect of hauling in the gun for reloading, or even
559:
The batteries have a claim to the title of the first ironclad warships but they were capable of only 4 knots (7.4 km/h; 4.6 mph) under their own power: they operated under their own power at the Battle of
Kinburn, but had to be towed for long-range transit. They were also arguably marginal
2034:
During the 1870s the distinction grew between 'first-class ironclads' or 'battleships' on the one hand, and 'cruising ironclads' designed for long-range work on the other. The demands on first-class ironclads for very heavy armor and armament meant increasing displacement, which reduced speed under
2013:
steam engines, which used 30–40% less coal than earlier models. The Royal Navy decided to switch to the double-expansion engine in 1871, and by 1875 they were widespread. However, this development alone was not enough to herald the end of the mast. Whether this was due to a conservative desire to
1923:
The equivalent strengths of the different armor plates was as follows: 15 in (381 mm) of wrought iron was equivalent to 12 in (305 mm) of either plain steel or compound iron and steel armor, and to 7.75 in (197 mm) of Harvey armor or 5.75 in (146 mm) of Krupp
1887:
class. Though the ships were laid down in 1873 their armor was not purchased from France until 1877. The French navy decided in 1880 to adopt compound armor for its fleet, but found it limited in supply, so from 1884 the French navy was using steel armor. Britain stuck to compound armor until 1889.
1401:
class ships. One consideration which became more acute was that even from the original
Armstrong models, following the Crimean War, range and hitting power far exceeded simple accuracy, especially at sea where the slightest roll or pitch of the vessel as 'floating weapons-platform' could negate the
1311:
into gas. This explosion propels the shot or shell out of the front of the gun, but also imposes great stresses on the gun-barrel. If the breech—which experiences some of the greatest forces in the gun—is not entirely secure, then there is a risk that either gas will discharge through the breech or
996:
The Union ironclads played an important role in the
Mississippi and tributaries by providing tremendous fire upon Confederate forts, installations and vessels with relative impunity to enemy fire. They were not as heavily armored as the ocean-going monitors of the Union, but they were adequate for
705:
By 1862, navies across Europe had adopted ironclads. Britain and France each had sixteen either completed or under construction, though the
British vessels were larger. Austria, Italy, Russia, and Spain were also building ironclads. However, the first battles using the new ironclad ships took place
453:
believed that the splinters from the hull were even more dangerous than those from wooden hulls and the tests partially confirmed this belief. What was ignored was that 14 inches (356 mm) of wood backing the iron would stop most of the splinters from penetrating and that relatively thin plates
1961:
The first ocean-going ironclads carried masts and sails like their wooden predecessors, and these features were only gradually abandoned. Early steam engines were inefficient; the wooden steam fleet of the Royal Navy could only carry "5 to 9 days coal", and the situation was similar with the early
1731:
Iron ships had first been proposed for military use in the 1820s. In the 1830s and 1840s, France, Britain and the United States had all experimented with iron-hulled but unarmored gunboats and frigates. However, the iron-hulled frigate was abandoned by the end of the 1840s, because iron hulls were
1511:
Broadside armament also had disadvantages, which became more serious as ironclad technology developed. Heavier guns to penetrate ever-thicker armor meant that fewer guns could be carried. Furthermore, the adoption of ramming as an important tactic meant the need for ahead and all-round fire. These
504:
ordered the development of light-draft floating batteries, equipped with heavy guns and protected by heavy armor. Experiments made during the first half of 1854 proved highly satisfactory, and on 17 July 1854, the French communicated to the
British Government that a solution had been found to make
2218:
to retreat; return fire from
Egyptian guns was heavy at first, but inflicted little damage, killing only five British sailors. Few Egyptian guns were actually dismounted, on the other hand, and the fortifications themselves were typically left intact. Had the Egyptians actually utilised the heavy
2128:
struggled to maintain a deterrent parity with at least France, while providing suitable protection to
Britain's commerce and colonial outposts worldwide. Ironclads remained, for the British Royal Navy, a matter of defending the British Isles first and projecting power abroad second. Those naval
1550:
There were two main design alternatives to the broadside. In one design, the guns were placed in an armored casemate amidships: this arrangement was called the 'box-battery' or 'center-battery'. In the other, the guns could be placed on a rotating platform to give them a broad field of fire; when
1061:
The Austrians believed their ships to have less effective guns than their enemy, so decided to engage the Italians at close range and ram them. The Austrian fleet formed into an arrowhead formation with the ironclads in the first line, charging at the Italian ironclad squadron. In the melée which
1385:
The caliber and weight of guns could only increase so far. The larger the gun, the slower it would be to load, the greater the stresses on the ship's hull, and the less the stability of the ship. The size of the gun peaked in the 1880s, with some of the heaviest calibers of gun ever used at sea.
1190:
guns. This tactic was totally unsuited to ramming, and the ram threw fleet tactics into disarray. The question of how an ironclad fleet should deploy in battle to make best use of the ram was never tested in battle, and if it had been, combat might have shown that rams could only be used against
641:
The Royal Navy had not been keen to sacrifice its advantage in steam ships of the line, but was determined that the first British ironclad would outmatch the French ships in every respect, particularly speed. A fast ship would have the advantage of being able to choose a range of engagement that
141:
ships. Rapid development of warship design in the late 19th century transformed the ironclad from a wooden-hulled vessel that carried sails to supplement its steam engines into the steel-built, turreted battleships, and cruisers familiar in the 20th century. This change was pushed forward by the
1939:
s armor protection was largely limited to the central citadel amidships, protecting boilers and engines, turrets and magazines, and little else. An ingenious arrangement of cork-filled compartments and watertight bulkheads was intended to keep her stable and afloat in the event of damage to her
1507:
A significant number of broadside ironclads were built in the 1860s, principally in Britain and France, but in smaller numbers by other powers including Italy, Austria, Russia and the United States. The advantages of mounting guns on both broadsides was that the ship could engage more than one
1341:
The decision to retain muzzle-loaders until the 1880s has been criticized by historians. However, at least until the late 1870s, the British muzzle-loaders had superior performance in terms of both range and rate of fire than the French and Prussian breech-loaders, which suffered from the same
2172:
was the second to adopt ironclad warships, and it applied them worldwide in their whole range of roles. In the age of sail, the British strategy for war depended on the Royal Navy mounting a blockade of the ports of the enemy. Because of the limited endurance of steamships, this was no longer
1735:
The unsuitability of unarmored iron for warship hulls meant that iron was only adopted as a building material for battleships when protected by armor. However, iron gave the naval architect many advantages. Iron allowed larger ships and more flexible design, for instance the use of watertight
1605:. The weight thus saved from having a high broadside above the waterline was diverted to actual guns and armor. Low freeboard, however, also meant a smaller hull and therefore a smaller capacity for coal storage—and therefore range of the vessel. In many respects, the turreted, low-freeboard
978:
to build the City-class ironclads. These excellent ships were built with twin engines and a central paddle wheel, all protected by an armored casemate. They had a shallow draft, allowing them to journey up smaller tributaries, and were very well suited for river operations. Eads also produced
1051:
The Italian fleet consisted of 12 ironclads and a similar number of wooden warships, escorting transports which carried troops intending to land on the Adriatic island of Lissa. Among the Italian ironclads were seven broadside ironclad frigates, four smaller ironclads, and the newly built
1178:
gave strength to the ramming craze. From the early 1870s to early 1880s most British naval officers thought that guns were about to be replaced as the main naval armament by the ram. Those who noted the tiny number of ships that had actually been sunk by ramming struggled to be heard.
1601:
limited by masts and rigging, so they were unsuited to use on the earlier ocean-going ironclads. The second problem was that turrets were extremely heavy. Ericsson was able to offer the heaviest possible turret (guns and armor protection) by deliberately designing a ship with very low
2090:
was the last British ship with a retractable propeller, later armored cruisers of the 1870s retained sailing rig, sacrificing speed under steam in consequence. It took until 1881 for the Royal Navy to lay down a long-range armored warship capable of catching enemy commerce raiders,
1092:
The battles of the American Civil War and at Lissa were very influential on the designs and tactics of the ironclad fleets that followed. In particular, it taught a generation of naval officers the (ultimately erroneous) lesson that ramming was the best way to sink enemy ironclads.
263:
were built in France over a period of ten years, but the United Kingdom soon managed to take the lead in production. Altogether, France built ten new wooden steam battleships and converted 28 from older ships of the line, while the United Kingdom built 18 and converted 41.
1759:, but a difficulty for long-range ships. The only solution was to sheath the iron hull first in wood and then in copper, a laborious and expensive process which made wooden construction remain attractive. Iron and wood were to some extent interchangeable: the Japanese
1966:
also illustrates two design features which aided hybrid propulsion; she had retractable screws to reduce drag while under sail (though in practice the steam engine was run at a low throttle), and a telescopic funnel which could be folded down to the deck level.
1145:
was again a vital weapon in naval warfare. With steam power freeing ships from the wind, iron construction increasing their structural strength, and armor making them invulnerable to shellfire, the ram seemed to offer the opportunity to strike a decisive blow.
1106:
was the only way to sink an ironclad became widespread. The increasing size and weight of guns also meant a movement away from the ships mounting many guns broadside, in the manner of a ship-of-the-line, towards a handful of guns in turrets for all-round fire.
1727:
construction for warships offered advantages for the engineering of the hull. However, unarmored iron had many military disadvantages, and offered technical problems which kept wooden hulls in use for many years, particularly for long-range cruising warships.
1101:
The adoption of iron armor meant that the traditional naval armament of dozens of light cannon became useless, since their shot would bounce off an armored hull. To penetrate armor, increasingly heavy guns were mounted on ships; nevertheless, the view that
3598:
875:, many of which saw action, but their attempts to buy ironclads overseas were frustrated as European nations confiscated ships being built for the Confederacy – especially in Russia, the only country to openly support the Union through the war. Only
1062:
followed both sides were frustrated by the lack of damage inflicted by guns, and by the difficulty of ramming—nonetheless, the effective ramming attack being made by the Austrian flagship against the Italian attracted great attention in following years.
2219:
mortars that were at their disposal, they might have quickly turned the tide, for the attacking British ironclads found it easy (for accuracy's sake) to simply anchor whilst firing—perfect targets for high-angle fire upon their thinly armored topdecks.
1084:
remarkably survived close actions with four Italian ironclads. The battle ensured the popularity of the ram as a weapon in European ironclads for many years, and the victory won by Austria established it as the predominant naval power in the
1132:
around her collar and addressing the sea god Neptune. Note the ram sticking out of Britannia's breast plate. The caption reads: OVER-WEIGHTED. Britannia. "Look here, Father Nep! I can't stand it much longer! Who's to 'rule the waves' in
1433:
of the 1890s tended to be smaller in caliber compared to the ships of the 1880s, most often 12 in (305 mm), but progressively grew in length of barrel, making use of improved propellants to gain greater muzzle velocity.
161:(as in the case with smaller ships and later torpedo boats), which several naval designers considered the important weapons of naval combat. There is no clear end to the ironclad period, but toward the end of the 1890s, the term
1931:
was only semi-armored, and could have been disabled by hits on the bow and stern. As the thickness of armor grew to protect ships from the increasingly heavy guns, the area of the ship which could be fully protected diminished.
2173:
possible, so the British at times considered the risk-laden plan of engaging an enemy fleet in harbor as soon as war broke out. To this end, the Royal Navy developed a series of 'coast-defense battleships', starting with the
582:
By the end of the 1850s it was clear that France was unable to match British building of steam warships, and to regain the strategic initiative a dramatic change was required. The result was the first ocean-going ironclad,
1638:
A lighter alternative to the turret, particularly popular with the French navy, was the barbette. These were fixed armored towers which held a gun on a turntable. The crew was sheltered from direct fire, but vulnerable to
1574:
of 1865; the French laid down centre-battery ironclads in 1865 which were not completed until 1870. Centre-battery ships often, but not always, had a recessed freeboard enabling some of their guns to fire directly ahead.
866:
The Civil War saw more ironclads built by both sides, and they played an increasing role in the naval war alongside the unarmored warships, commerce raiders and blockade runners. The Union built a large fleet of fifty
2042:, launched in 1876 but not commissioned until 1881, was the last British battleship to carry masts, and these were widely seen as a mistake. The start of the 1880s saw the end of sailing rig on ironclad battleships.
1566:
was the simpler and, during the 1860s and 1870s, the more popular method. Concentrating guns amidships meant the ship could be shorter and handier than a broadside type. The first full-scale center-battery ship was
2464:. Thanks to superior short-range firepower, the Japanese fleet came off better, sinking or severely damaging eight ships and receiving serious damage to only four. The naval war was concluded the next year at the
1303:
also had the virtue of being lighter than an equivalent smoothbore and, because of their rifling, more accurate. Nonetheless, the design was rejected because of problems which plagued breech-loaders for decades.
1327:, while sometimes the screw which closed the breech flew backwards out of the gun on firing. Similar problems were experienced with the breech-loading guns which became standard in the French and German navies.
2373:
698:) were obliged to concentrate their armor in a central "citadel" or "armoured box", leaving many main deck guns and the fore and aft sections of the vessel unprotected. The use of iron in the construction of
1613:
represented two opposite extremes in what an 'Ironclad' was all about. The most dramatic attempt to compromise these two extremes, or 'squaring this circle', was designed by Captain Cowper Phipps Coles:
2482:
There is no clearly defined end to the ironclad, besides the transition from wood hulls to all-metal. Ironclads continued to be used in World War I. Towards the end of the 19th century, the descriptions
2222:
The French navy built the first ironclad to try to gain a strategic advantage over the British, but were consistently out-built by the British. Despite taking the lead with a number of innovations like
2199:, which promulgated the idea of a 'two-power standard', that Britain should possess as many ships as the next two navies combined. This standard provoked aggressive shipbuilding in the 1880s and 1890s.
1330:
These problems influenced the British to equip ships with muzzle-loading weapons of increasing power until the 1880s. After a brief introduction of the 100-pounder or 9.2-inch (230 mm) smoothbore
596:
s wooden hull was modelled on that of a steam ship of the line, reduced to one deck, and sheathed in iron plates 4.5 inches (114 mm) thick. She was propelled by a steam engine, driving a single
445:
ordered a series of experiments to evaluate what happened when thin iron hulls were struck by projectiles, both solid shot and hollow shells, beginning in 1845 and lasting through 1851. Critics like
4623:
1899:
and found it superior to compound armor. For several years 'Harvey steel' was the state of the art, produced in the U.S., France, Germany, Britain, Austria and Italy. In 1894, the German firm
1715:
The first ironclads were built on wooden or iron hulls, and protected by wrought iron armor backed by thick wooden planking. Ironclads were still being built with wooden hulls into the 1870s.
149:
The quick pace of change meant that many ships were obsolete almost as soon as they were finished and that naval tactics were in a state of flux. Many ironclads were built to make use of the
2214:, a British fleet opened fire on the fortifications around the port of Alexandria. A mixture of centre-battery and turret ships bombarded Egyptian positions for most of a day, forcing the
667:. The ships had a successful design, though there were necessarily compromises between 'sea-keeping', strategic range and armor protection. Their weapons were more effective than those of
1350:
reloading by hand, and complicated hydraulic systems were required for reloading the gun outside the turret without exposing the crew to enemy fire. In 1882, the 81-ton, 16-inch guns of
1292:
Breech-loading guns seemed to offer important advantages. A breech-loader could be reloaded without moving the gun, a lengthy process particularly if the gun then needed to be re-aimed.
863:
while shells bounced off their armor. The battle attracted attention worldwide, making it clear that the wooden warship was now out of date, with the ironclads destroying them easily.
2202:
British ships did not participate in any major wars in the ironclad period. The Royal Navy's ironclads only saw action as part of colonial battles or one-sided engagements like the
2098:, which was completed in 1888. While sailing rigs were obsolescent for all purposes by the end of the 1880s, rigged ships were in service until the early years of the 20th century.
1375:
In the Royal Navy, the switch to breech-loaders was finally made in 1879; as well as the significant advantages in terms of performance, opinion was swayed by an explosion on board
294:
The era of the wooden steam ship-of-the-line was brief, because of new, more powerful naval guns. In the 1820s and 1830s, warships began to mount increasingly heavy guns, replacing
1689:
school of naval thought; it appeared that any ship armored enough to prevent destruction by gunfire would be slow enough to be easily caught by torpedo. In practice, however, the
505:
gun-proof vessels and that plans would be communicated. After tests in September 1854, the British Admiralty agreed to build five armored floating batteries on the French plans.
1978:
177:
The ironclad became technically feasible and tactically necessary because of developments in shipbuilding in the first half of the 19th century. According to naval historian
2394:
made a great impact against Chilean shipping, delaying Chilean ground invasion by six months. She was eventually caught by two more modern Chilean centre-battery ironclads,
1621:. It was a dangerously low freeboard turret ship, which nevertheless carried a full rig of sail and subsequently capsized not long after her launch in 1870. Her half-sister
1880:
of 1882). The French and German navies adopted the innovation almost immediately, with licenses being given for the use of the 'Wilson System' of producing fused armor.
1504:
were examples of this type. Because their armor was so heavy, they could only carry a single row of guns along the main deck on each side rather than a row on each deck.
556:
arrived too late to participate to the action at Kinburn. The British planned to use theirs in the Baltic Sea against the well-fortified Russian naval base at Kronstadt.
4616:
2494:
The proliferation of ironclad battleship designs came to an end in the 1890s as navies reached a consensus on the design of battleships, producing the type known as the
2346:
but was unable to inflict significant damage upon the Callao defences. Besides, Peru was able to deploy two locally built ironclads based on American Civil War designs,
2246:
Russia built a number of ironclads, generally copies of British or French designs. Nonetheless, there were real innovations from Russia; the first true type of ironclad
2124:
While ironclads spread rapidly in navies worldwide, there were few pitched naval battles involving ironclads. Most European nations settled differences on land, and the
2227:
and steel construction, the French navy could never match the size of the Royal Navy. In the 1870s, the construction of ironclads ceased for a while in France as the
1418:
which combusted more slowly again. It also put less stress on the insides of the barrel, allowing guns to last longer and to be manufactured to tighter tolerances.
702:
also came with some drawbacks; iron hulls required more regular and intensive repairs than wooden hulls, and iron was more susceptible to fouling by marine life.
604:(24 km/h; 15 mph). She was armed with thirty-six 6.4-inch (160 mm) rifled guns. France proceeded to construct 16 ironclad warships, including two
1437:
The nature of the projectiles also changed during the ironclad period. Initially, the best armor-piercing projectile was a solid cast-iron shot. Later, shot of
4609:
1920:, laid down in 1896. By 1901 almost all new battleships used Krupp armor, though the U.S. continued to use Harvey armor alongside until the end of the decade.
1512:
problems led to broadside designs being superseded by designs that gave greater all-round fire, which included central-battery, turret, and barbette designs.
242:'s ambition to gain greater influence in Europe required a sustained challenge to the British at sea. The first purpose-built steam battleship was the 90-gun
1751:
Wooden hulls continued to be used for long-range and smaller ironclads, because iron nevertheless had a significant disadvantage. Iron hulls suffered quick
516:. The role of the battery was to assist unarmored mortar and gunboats bombarding shore fortifications. The French used three of their ironclad batteries (
560:
to the work of the navy. The brief success of the floating ironclad batteries convinced France to begin work on armored warships for their battlefleet.
706:
during the American Civil War, between Union and Confederate ships in 1862. These were markedly different from the broadside-firing, masted designs of
1854:
and also preventing the shock of a hit damaging the structure of the ship. Later, wood and iron were combined in 'sandwich' armor, for instance in HMS
966:
On the western front, the Union built a formidable force of river ironclads, beginning with several converted riverboats and then contracting engineer
1865:
and disintegrated when struck by shells. Steel became practical to use when a way was found to fuse steel onto wrought iron plates, giving a form of
4507:
1244:
The armament of ironclads tended to become concentrated in a small number of powerful guns capable of penetrating the armor of enemy ships at range;
646:
than a ship-of-the-line. The requirement for speed meant a very long vessel, which had to be built from iron. The result was the construction of two
2071:, laid down in 1870 and completed in 1875, was a model of a fast, long-range ironclad which was likely to be able to outrun and outfight ships like
4045:
2101:
The final evolution of ironclad propulsion was the adoption of the triple-expansion steam engine, a further refinement which was first adopted in
1913:, laid down in 1895, was the first ship to benefit from the new 'Krupp armor' and the new armor was quickly adopted; the Royal Navy using it from
2452:. The IJN continued to develop its strength and commissioned a number of warships from British and European shipyards, first ironclads and later
1248:
and weight of guns increased markedly to achieve greater penetration. Throughout the ironclad era navies also grappled with the complexities of
2239:
would be the future of warships. Like the British, the French navy saw little action with its ironclads; the French blockade of Germany in the
1397:, each weighing 110 long tons (112 t). A few years afterwards, the Italians used 450 mm (17.72 inch) muzzle-loading guns on the
1182:
The revival of ramming had a significant effect on naval tactics. Since the 17th century the predominant tactic of naval warfare had been the
1782:
allows for greater structural strength for a lower weight. The French Navy led the way with the use of steel in its fleet, starting with the
1307:
The weakness of the breech-loader was the obvious problem of sealing the breech. All guns are powered by the explosive conversion of a solid
1286:
413:
for the East India Company in 1839. There followed, also from Laird, the first full-sized warship with a metal hull, the 1842 steam frigate
4490:
1628:
was restricted to firing from her turrets only on the port and starboard beams. The third Royal Navy ship to combine turrets and masts was
4234:
3674:
4485:
86:
constructed from 1859 to the early 1890s. The ironclad was developed as a result of the vulnerability of wooden warships to explosive or
2718:, built 1867, has been partially sunk as a breakwater in Victoria, Australia, but is not preserved and is deteriorating in the elements.
4658:
979:
monitors for use on the rivers, the first two of which differed from the ocean-going monitors in that they contained a paddle wheel (
885:
Through the remainder of the war, ironclads saw action in the Union's attacks on Confederate ports. Seven Union monitors, including
3788:
Brook, Peter; Beasecker, Robert; Lee, Anthony J. & Millar, Steve (2001). "Question 39/00: British Bombardment of Alexandria".
1483:
The first British, French and Russian ironclads, in a logical development of warship design from the long preceding era of wooden
403:
instead of wood as the primary material of ships' hulls began in the 1830s; the first "warship" with an iron hull was the gunboat
223:
warships had been used from the 1830s onward, steam propulsion only became suitable for major warships after the adoption of the
4480:
1927:
Ironclad construction also prefigured the later debate in battleship design between tapering and 'all-or-nothing' armor design.
671:, and with the largest set of steam engines yet fitted to a ship, they could steam at 14.3 knots (26.5 km/h). Yet the
3599:"Juan Bautista Antequera y Boadila. El héroe de la Numancia que fundó la Revista General de Marina y previó el desastre del 98"
831:
259:
The introduction of the steam ship-of-the-line led to a building competition between France and Britain. Eight sister ships to
1405:
Another method of increasing firepower was to vary the projectile fired or the nature of the propellant. Early ironclads used
1001:
than by enemy fire, and the most damaging fire for the Union ironclads was from shore installations, not Confederate vessels.
769:. She had been converted from a commercial vessel in New Orleans for river and coastal fighting. In February 1862, the larger
4648:
4456:
4320:
4272:
4203:
3965:
3904:
3821:
2384:
in 1879, both Peru and Chile had ironclad warships, including some of those used a few years previously against Spain. While
1869:. This compound armor was used by the British in ships built from the late 1870s, first for turret armor (starting with HMS
1594:
551:
545:
366:
5219:
1732:
more vulnerable to solid shot; iron was more brittle than wood, and iron frames more likely to fall out of shape than wood.
333:
It is often held that the power of explosive shells to smash wooden hulls, as demonstrated by the Russian destruction of an
4653:
4534:
2401:
2304:, and it was the modern pre-Dreadnoughts and armored cruisers built in the 1890s which defeated the Spanish fleet in the
1289:, were intended to be the next generation of heavy armament for the Royal Navy, but were shortly withdrawn from service.
446:
2498:. These ships are sometimes covered in treatments of the ironclad warship. The next evolution of battleship design, the
2315:
256:(22 km/h; 14 mph), regardless of the wind conditions: a potentially decisive advantage in a naval engagement.
1162:
537:
2052:
1323:
s Armstrong guns suffered from both problems; the shells were unable to penetrate the 4.5-inch (114 mm) armor of
5558:
4437:
4418:
4399:
4381:
4357:
4339:
4301:
4253:
4184:
4165:
4149:
4106:
4088:
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4029:
4003:
3984:
3941:
3923:
3885:
3866:
3840:
3773:
3755:
3733:
3710:
3486:
1693:
was only briefly influential and the torpedo formed part of the confusing mixture of weapons possessed by ironclads.
1655:
as naval weapons, which helped complicate the design and tactics of ironclad fleets. The first torpedoes were static
1635:
of 1876, which carried two turrets on either side of the center-line, allowing both to fire fore, aft and broadside.
904:
2395:
465:
165:
dropped out of use. New ships were increasingly constructed to a standard pattern and designated as battleships or
4101:. Roger Chesneau, Eugène M. Koleśnik, N. J. M. Campbell (1st American ed.). New York: Mayflower Books. 1979.
1799:
for steel manufacture produced too many imperfections for large-scale use on ships. French manufacturers used the
5424:
2692:
2357:
2263:
2066:
1169:
1066:
458:
1670:. Invented in 1868 and deployed in the 1870s, it formed part of the armament of ironclads of the 1880s like HMS
4730:
1744:. Iron could be produced to order and used immediately, in contrast to the need to give wood a long period of
17:
243:
193:
1681:. The ironclad's vulnerability to the torpedo was a key part of the critique of armored warships made by the
1442:
2045:
Sails persisted on 'cruising ironclads' for much longer. During the 1860s, the French navy had produced the
1861:
Steel was also an obvious material for armor. It was tested in the 1860s, but the steel of the time was too
1795:
Even though Britain led the world in steel production, the Royal Navy was slow to adopt steel warships. The
5116:
2441:
1803:
to produce adequate steel, but British technology lagged behind. The first all-steel warships built by the
1394:
1053:
766:
114:, when ironclads operated against wooden ships and, in a historic confrontation, against each other at the
2435:
2418:
2112:
to get additional power from their engines, and this system was widely used until the introduction of the
1426:
876:
619:
5399:
5245:
4590:
2461:
4498:
765:
became the first ironclad to enter combat, when she fought Union warships on the Mississippi during the
5586:
5446:
4828:
4565:
4130:
2872:
2351:
2262:, who conceived the design). The Russian Navy pioneered the wide-scale use of torpedo boats during the
2259:
2189:
1783:
1706:
1529:
1430:
1429:
in 1884 was a further step allowing smaller charges of propellant with longer barrels. The guns of the
442:
4601:
1760:
1285:
highlighted the challenges of picking the right armament; the breech-loaders she carried, designed by
726:
536:, where they were effective against Russian shore defences. They would later be used again during the
457:
The early experimental results seemed to support the critics and party politics came into play as the
5341:
5010:
4886:
4785:
4775:
2703:
2638:
2538:
2380:
on 20 September 1867, and earning the motto: "Enloricata navis que primo terram circuivit" ). In the
2337:
2203:
2168:
The United Kingdom possessed the largest navy in the world for the whole of the ironclad period. The
1072:
31:
1792:
nonetheless had wrought iron armor plate, and part of her exterior hull was iron rather than steel.
5419:
5409:
5336:
4979:
4837:
3743:
3717:
2758:
2305:
2255:
1908:
1274:
529:
424:
410:
380:
2058:
as small, long-range ironclads as overseas cruisers and the British had responded with ships like
1382:
caused by a gun being double-loaded, a problem which could only happen with a muzzle-loading gun.
5209:
5015:
4725:
4527:
2670:
1158:
856:
730:
661:
613:
252:
was armed as a conventional ship-of-the-line, but her steam engines could give her a speed of 12
115:
65:
3958:
Turret Versus Broadside: An Anatomy of British Naval Prestige, Revolution and Disaster 1860–1870
2958:
642:
could make her invulnerable to enemy fire. The British specification was more a large, powerful
5204:
5091:
5055:
5050:
4876:
4780:
3678:
2603:
2564:
2440:(Japanese: 甲鉄, literally "Ironclad", later renamed Azuma 東, "East") had a decisive role in the
2431:
2196:
2102:
1995:
1952:
1800:
1766:
1568:
1542:
1492:
1175:
1021:
1014:
791:
originally was a conventional warship made of wood, but she was converted into an iron-covered
777:
715:
647:
584:
573:
461:
310:
guns firing explosive shells were introduced following their development by the French Général
94:
2035:
sail; and the fashion for turrets and barbettes made a sailing rig increasingly inconvenient.
5581:
5291:
5240:
5136:
5040:
5035:
4755:
3658:
2224:
2184:
The British prepared for an overwhelming mortar bombardment of Kronstadt by the close of the
2036:
2021:
1778:
After 1872, steel started to be introduced as a material for construction. Compared to iron,
1675:
1629:
1366:
1351:
1058: – a double-turreted ram. Opposing them, the Austrian navy had seven ironclad frigates.
1009:
693:
471:
in 1846. The new administration sided with the critics and ordered that the four iron-hulled
323:
311:
4833:
2583:
2389:
2363:
2282:
2010:
1659:, used extensively in the American Civil War. That conflict also saw the development of the
1194:
The ram finally fell out of favor in the 1880s, as the same effect could be achieved with a
5517:
5121:
5070:
4813:
4695:
4406:
3634:
2773:
This term was still in use in the 1860s and 1870s for what we would now call 'battleships'.
2273:
2082:, often described as the first British armored cruiser, would have been too slow to outrun
2059:
1563:
1376:
926:
922:
781:
675:
and her sisters had full iron-armor protection along the waterline and the battery itself.
468:
230:
Steam-powered screw frigates were built in the mid-1840s, and at the end of the decade the
203:
In the 18th and early 19th centuries, fleets had relied on two types of major warship, the
2356:(a small monitor armed with a single 68-pdr gun), as well as two British-built ironclads:
1346:
8:
5553:
5371:
5060:
4923:
4765:
2592:
2560:
2465:
2325:
2240:
2092:
2046:
1874:
944:
800:
489:
Following the demonstration of the power of explosive shells against wooden ships at the
299:
295:
138:
123:
118:
in Virginia. Their performance demonstrated that the ironclad had replaced the unarmored
2185:
1020:
The first fleet battle, and the first ocean battle, involving ironclad warships was the
871:
modeled on their namesake. The Confederacy built ships designed as smaller versions of
5487:
5351:
5306:
5199:
5101:
5065:
5045:
4944:
4770:
4665:
4520:
4124:
4039:
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2533:
2520:
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2076:
1914:
1830:
1808:
1622:
1615:
1498:
1473:
1267:
1232:
1045:
1041:
1040:
and ironclad warships on both sides in the largest naval battle between the battles of
959:
908:
886:
752:
687:
654:
631:
428:
327:
307:
287:
143:
111:
90:
1755:
by marine life, slowing the ships down—manageable for a European battlefleet close to
314:. By the 1840s they were part of the standard armament for naval powers including the
5522:
5472:
5414:
5404:
5171:
5025:
4903:
4843:
4690:
4585:
4462:
4452:
4433:
4414:
4395:
4377:
4361:
4353:
4335:
4316:
4297:
4281:
4268:
4249:
4223:
4220:
The Gun, Ram and Torpedo, Manoeuvres and Tactics of a Naval Battle of the Present Day
4199:
4180:
4161:
4145:
4112:
4102:
4084:
4077:
4058:
4025:
3999:
3980:
3961:
3945:
3937:
3919:
3918:. Vol. 2: The Ironclads, 1842–1885. Annapolis, Maryland: Naval Institute Press.
3900:
3881:
3862:
3836:
3817:
3797:
3777:
3769:
3751:
3729:
3722:
3706:
3482:
2728:
2696:
2449:
2407:
2301:
2297:
2278:
2178:
2147:
1825:
1667:
1488:
1465:
1387:
1240:
invented by de Bange allowed the effective sealing of breeches in breech-loading guns
1187:
1078:
980:
897:
868:
822:
815:
792:
498:
216:
142:
development of heavier naval guns, more sophisticated steam engines, and advances in
87:
882:
was completed, and she arrived in Cuban waters just in time for the end of the war.
568:
5507:
5441:
5394:
5376:
5326:
5156:
5020:
4964:
4959:
4954:
4861:
4717:
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4670:
4555:
2751:
2649:
2613:
2343:
2288:
2157:
2153:
2143:
1975:
1796:
1745:
1484:
1422:
1345:
From 1875 onwards, the balance between breech- and muzzle-loading changed. Captain
1120:
987:
796:
744:
509:
441:
Encouraged by the positive reports of the iron hulls of those ships in combat, the
363:
350:
204:
119:
4175:
Lambert, Andrew (1992). "The Screw Propeller Warship". In Gardiner, Robert (ed.).
4156:
Lambert, Andrew (1992). "Iron Hulls and Armour Plate". In Gardiner, Robert (ed.).
1987:
Ships designed for coastal warfare, like the floating batteries of the Crimea, or
1221:
387:
5431:
5361:
5286:
5184:
4918:
4898:
4866:
4823:
4790:
4735:
4680:
4580:
4212:
4018:
4013:
3998:. Conway's History of the Ship. London: Conway Maritime Press. pp. 170–178.
3880:. Conway's History of the Ship. London: Conway Maritime Press. pp. 158–169.
2623:. The replica was laid down in February 2005 and completed just two months later.
2495:
2488:
2453:
2247:
2207:
1438:
1331:
1313:
1237:
1025:
951:
597:
490:
338:
224:
178:
166:
4296:. Conway's History of the Ship. London: Conway Maritime Press. pp. 95–111.
4292:
Roberts, John (1992). "Warships of Steel 1879–1889". In Gardiner, Robert (ed.).
3876:
Campbell, John (1992). "Naval Armaments and Armour". In Gardiner, Robert (ed.).
2757:
though she was completed as an aircraft carrier and her guns were fitted to the
2468:, where the strongest remaining Chinese ships were surrendered to the Japanese.
2136:
Seagoing ships intended to "stand in the line of battle"; the precursors of the
939:
5301:
5296:
5281:
5151:
4913:
4750:
4413:. Conway's History of the Ship. London: Conway Maritime Press. pp. 61–74.
4179:. Conway's History of the Ship. London: Conway Maritime Press. pp. 30–46.
4160:. Conway's History of the Ship. London: Conway Maritime Press. pp. 47–60.
4137:
3835:. Conway's History of the Ship. London: Conway Maritime Press. pp. 75–94.
3809:
2510:
2109:
1896:
1892:
1866:
1487:, carried their weapons in a single line along their sides and so were called "
1261:
1257:
1183:
998:
718:(1866), also had an important influence on the development of ironclad design.
450:
404:
355:
334:
235:
220:
3977:
Ironclads at War: The Origin and Development of the Armored Warship, 1854–1891
2324:
Ironclads were widely used in South America. Both sides used ironclads in the
512:
were deployed in 1855 as a supplement to the wooden steam battle fleet in the
5575:
5537:
5532:
5497:
5482:
5436:
5346:
5331:
5189:
5131:
5126:
5030:
4908:
4893:
4881:
4871:
4760:
4740:
4575:
3934:
Clad in Iron: The American Civil War and the Challenge of British Naval Power
3831:
Brown, David K. (1992). "The Era of Uncertainty". In Gardiner, Robert (ed.).
3801:
2748:
2712:
2542:
2457:
2113:
2028:
1640:
1586:
1300:
1211:
811:
494:
415:
4512:
4466:
3750:. Classics of Naval Literature. Annapolis, Maryland: Naval Institute Press.
2548:
A number of ironclads have been preserved or reconstructed as museum ships.
1537:
1441:, a harder iron alloy, gave better armor-piercing qualities. Eventually the
847:
The first battle between ironclads happened on 9 March 1862, as the armored
5492:
5477:
5316:
5311:
5250:
5194:
5161:
4994:
4989:
4795:
4241:
4116:
4072:
2631:
2232:
2211:
1904:
1843:
1724:
1660:
1590:
1415:
1365:. The 102-long-ton (104 t), 450 mm (17.72 inch) guns of the
1362:
1029:
925:, the Union assembled four monitors as well as 11 wooden ships, facing the
770:
759:
501:
420:
400:
283:
273:
239:
76:
51:
46:
38:
4142:
Battleships in Transition: The Creation of the Steam Battlefleet 1815–1860
3949:
2372:, was the first ironclad to circumnavigate the world under the command of
855:
and other Confederate warships. In this engagement, the second day of the
5527:
5366:
5265:
5141:
5096:
4818:
4570:
4227:
3994:
Griffiths, Denis (1992). "Warship Machinery". In Gardiner, Robert (ed.).
3781:
3675:"Northrop Grumman Employees Reconstruct History with USS Monitor Replica"
2685:
2674:
2617:
2607:
2553:
2528:
2499:
2228:
1988:
1850:, the strongest shipbuilding wood. The wood played two roles, preventing
1772:
1684:
1579:
1460:
915:
840:
804:
737:
605:
601:
513:
483:
359:
315:
253:
231:
212:
158:
100:
83:
58:
4984:
4365:
2017:
1895:
nickel-steel. In 1890, the U.S. Navy tested steel armor hardened by the
1115:
5512:
5321:
5255:
4805:
4705:
4632:
4631:
4544:
4449:
The Sail and Steam Navy List: All the Ships of the Royal Navy 1815–1889
4235:
Northrop Grumman Employees Reconstruct History with USS Monitor Replica
3640:
was the first British capital ship to be routinely called a battleship.
2656:
2577:
2515:
2484:
2477:
2445:
2169:
2137:
2125:
1804:
1711:(1876), the first battleship to use steel as the main building material
1656:
1552:
1508:
adversary at a time, and the rigging did not impede the field of fire.
1469:
1358:
1308:
1278:
1253:
1206:
997:
their intended use. More Western Flotilla Union ironclads were sunk by
967:
851:
was deployed to protect the Union's wooden fleet from the ironclad ram
799:. By this time, the Union had completed seven ironclad gunboats of the
319:
303:
130:
104:
30:"Ironclad" and "Broadside ironclad" redirect here. For other uses, see
1994:
and her sisters, dispensed with masts from the beginning. The British
1883:
The first ironclads to have all-steel armor were the two ships of the
1520:
721:
5386:
5260:
5075:
4969:
4949:
2663:
2596:
2588:
is berthed at the port of Talcahuano, Chile, on display for visitors.
2417:
The Confederacy's French-built last ironclad was also Japan's first:
2215:
2108:, laid down in 1885 and commissioned in 1891. Many ships also used a
1775:, but one was built of iron and the other of composite construction.
1602:
1406:
1186:, where a fleet formed a long line to give it the best fire from its
1142:
1125:
1103:
971:
533:
479:
278:
150:
2413:
1838:
Iron-built ships used wood as part of their protection scheme. HMS
1701:
1425:, based on nitroglycerine or nitrocellulose, by the French inventor
431:
reporting that he thought that there were fewer iron splinters from
107:. However, Britain built the first completely iron-hulled warships.
5502:
5235:
5106:
4745:
4700:
2311:
2236:
1851:
1756:
1556:
1525:
1338:
increasing from 8 inches (203 mm) to 16 inches (406 mm).
1141:
From the 1860s to the 1880s many naval designers believed that the
1086:
1037:
975:
955:
947:
921:
participated in the defense of the harbor. For the later attack at
541:
2747:
The Royal Navy did build 18-inch (457 mm) guns for the light
2524:, showing huge armored land vessels, equipped with Pedrail wheels.
2377:
1666:
A more practical and influential weapon was the self-propelled or
1414:
further step forward was the introduction of chemically different
5456:
5356:
5214:
5111:
4974:
4853:
4636:
3072:
Warrior to Dreadnought: Warship Design and Development, 1860–1905
2559:
have been recovered and are being conserved and displayed at the
1970:
1862:
1752:
1652:
1589:. A competing turret design was proposed by the British inventor
1335:
1249:
1245:
1195:
1033:
933:
643:
475:
208:
189:
154:
134:
129:
Ironclads were designed for several uses, including as high-seas
79:
4053:
Jentschura, Hansgeorg; Jung, Dieter & Mickel, Peter (1977).
2537:
in a short story published in 1903, to describe fictional large
1585:
in 1862, with a type of turret designed by the Swedish engineer
211:. The first major change to these types was the introduction of
5451:
5179:
5146:
1410:
1161:
and the spectacular but lucky success of the Austrian flagship
482:. No iron warships would be ordered until the beginning of the
3766:
Birth of the Battleship: British Capital Ship Design 1870–1881
2009:
During the 1860s, steam engines improved with the adoption of
1740:, built of iron, was longer and faster than the wooden-hulled
302:
with 32-pounders on sailing ships-of-the-line and introducing
4939:
4409:(1992). "The American Civil War". In Gardiner, Robert (ed.).
3814:
Before the Ironclad: Warship Design and Development 1815–1860
2333:
2320:
being fitted after its conversion in the Callao harbour, 1864
2254:
of the 1870s, and a set of unusual but moderately-successful
1900:
1779:
627:
472:
2116:
in the middle of the first decade of the Twentieth Century.
493:, and fearing that his own ships would be vulnerable to the
4432:. Vol. 1. Annapolis, Maryland: Naval Institute Press.
3218:
pp. 7–11, 118–119, 173, 267–268, 286–287, 301, 337–339, 389
2329:
1847:
2243:
was ineffective, as the war was settled entirely on land.
612:, and the only two-decked broadside ironclads ever built,
4286:
Our Ironclad Ships, their Qualities, Performance and Cost
3936:. Westport, Connecticut: Praeger Security International.
3672:
2231:
school of naval thought took prominence, suggesting that
1948:
4486:
Ironclads and Blockade Runners of the American Civil War
810:, an innovative design proposed by the Swedish inventor
4411:
Steam, Steel and Shellfire: The Steam Warship 1815–1905
4294:
Steam, Steel and Shellfire: The Steam Warship 1815–1905
4177:
Steam, Steel and Shellfire: The Steam Warship 1815–1905
4158:
Steam, Steel and Shellfire: The Steam Warship 1815–1905
3996:
Steam, Steel and Shellfire: The Steam Warship 1815–1905
3960:. Wolverhampton Military Studies. Warwick, UK: Helion.
3878:
Steam, Steel and Shellfire: The Steam Warship 1815–1905
3833:
Steam, Steel and Shellfire: The Steam Warship 1815–1905
3787:
3587:
Historia naval del Perú. Tomo IV, Valdizán Gamio, José.
3203:
Reed, pp. 4, 45–50, 68, 139, 217–221, 224–226, 228, 233
2350:(a wooden ship converted into a casemate ironclad) and
1357:
fired only once every 11 minutes while bombarding
814:. The Union was also building a large armored frigate,
4057:. Annapolis, Maryland: United States Naval Institute.
1409:, which expanded rapidly after combustion; this meant
1275:
110-pounder 7-inch (178 mm) breech-loading rifles
932:, the Confederacy's most powerful ironclad, and three
892:, as well as two other ironclads, the armored frigate
714:. The clash of the Italian and Austrian fleets at the
1312:
that the breech will break. This in turn reduces the
4503:, first ironclad warship to circumnavigate the world
4193:
4052:
2616:
in Newport News constructed a full-scale replica of
1515:
1191:
ships which were already stopped dead in the water.
1032:
navies, the battle pitted combined fleets of wooden
776:
joined the Confederate Navy, having been rebuilt at
4352:. Newark, Delaware: Associated University Presses.
4332:
Battleships: An Illustrated History of Their Impact
4265:
A History of Ironclads: The Power of Iron Over Wood
3979:. Conshohocken, Pennsylvania: Combined Publishing.
3211:
3209:
2860:
Battleships: An Illustrated History of Their Impact
2709:
was rebuilt in 2003 as a floating museum at Weihai.
2430:Ironclads were also used from the inception of the
1065:The superior Italian fleet lost its two ironclads,
722:
First battles between ironclads: the U.S. Civil War
563:
110:They were first used in warfare in 1862 during the
4194:Langensiepen, Bernd & GĂĽleryĂĽz, Ahmet (1995).
4076:
4017:
3975:Greene, Jack & Massignani, Alessandro (1998).
3721:
3216:Conways's All the World's Fighting Ships 1860–1905
2308:of 1898. This started a new era of naval warfare.
2027:, after the replacement of her sailing masts with
1651:The ironclad age saw the development of explosive
1316:of the weapon and can also endanger the gun crew.
1128:dressed in the armor of an ironclad with the word
126:became very successful in the American Civil War.
103:in November 1859, narrowly preempting the British
4099:Conway's All the World's Fighting Ships 1860–1905
4055:Warships of the Imperial Japanese Navy, 1869–1945
3596:
3362:
3360:
2937:Lambert, "Iron Hulls and Armour Plate", pp. 47–55
2809:Lambert, "The Screw Propellor Warship", pp. 30–44
2296:The US Navy ended the Civil War with about fifty
1907:, which further hardened steel armor. The German
751:The first use of ironclads in combat came in the
637:(1860), Britain's first seagoing ironclad warship
371:, 1854. This ironclad, together with the similar
27:Steam-propelled warship protected by armor plates
5573:
4508:Circular Iron-Clads in the Imperial Russian Navy
3974:
3206:
2142:Coastal service and riverine vessels, including
1198:, with less vulnerability to quick-firing guns.
1077:, while the Austrian unarmored screw two-decker
1820:
1718:
4248:. Annapolis, Maryland: Naval Institute Press.
3816:. Annapolis, Maryland: Naval Institute Press.
3728:. Annapolis, Maryland: Naval Institute Press.
3357:
2471:
1842:was protected by 4.5 in (114 mm) of
843:in 1864–1865 after her capture by Union forces
497:of Russian fortifications in the Crimean War,
4617:
4542:
4528:
4313:French Warships in the Age of Steam 1859–1914
4267:. Charleston, South Carolina: History Press.
3899:. Atglen, Pennsylvania: Schiffer Publishing.
3703:The Fighting Ship in the Royal Navy 1897–1984
3327:Roberts, "Warships of Steel 1879–1889", p. 96
3167:Roberts, "Warships of Steel 1879–1889", p. 98
2374:Juan Bautista Antequera y Bobadilla de Eslava
2362:, a centre-battery ship, and the turret ship
2206:in 1882. Defending British interests against
1943:
1578:The turret was first used in naval combat on
1551:fully armored, this arrangement was called a
4446:
4044:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (
3401:
3399:
3226:
3224:
3118:
3116:
2460:which was superior on paper at least at the
2388:ran aground early on, the Peruvian ironclad
1682:
1395:16.25-inch (413 mm) breech-loading guns
1201:
1004:
423:. The latter ship performed well during the
4371:
3190:
3188:
3186:
3184:
3182:
3057:
3055:
3053:
3051:
2873:"Mexican paddle steamer 'Guadalupe' (1842)"
2852:
1555:and when partially armored or unarmored, a
379:, vanquished Russian land batteries at the
4624:
4610:
4535:
4521:
4079:The Rise and Fall of British Naval Mastery
2991:Still, "The American Civil War", pp. 70–71
1788:, laid down in 1873 and launched in 1876.
1448:
1372:could each fire a round every 15 minutes.
1149:The scant damage inflicted by the guns of
4481:The first ironclads 1859–1872, engravings
4262:
3993:
3462:
3396:
3221:
3113:
3064:
2865:
2669:, a casemate ram ironclad, is on view in
2576:is today a fully restored museum ship in
2502:, is never referred to as an 'ironclad'.
2444:in May 1869, which marked the end of the
2336:in the early 1860s. The powerful Spanish
2328:between Spain and the combined forces of
1696:
4447:Winfield, Rif & Lyon, David (2004).
3875:
3748:The Introduction of the Ironclad Warship
3597:Antequera Becerra, Luis (October 2023).
3479:All the World's Fighting Ships 1860–1905
3179:
3048:
2940:
2917:
2764:monitors, seeing service in World War I.
2509:
2448:, and the complete establishment of the
2412:
2310:
2272:
2016:
1969:
1947:
1873:) and then for all armor (starting with
1824:
1700:
1536:
1519:
1459:
1231:
1220:
1205:
1114:
1008:
938:
830:
725:
626:
567:
544:in 1859. The British floating batteries
478:ordered by the Tories be converted into
386:
354:
277:
188:
45:
4329:
4310:
4291:
4174:
4155:
4071:
3716:
3514:
3161:
2933:
2931:
2929:
2805:
2803:
2801:
2662:The complete, recovered wooden hull of
2491:' came to replace the term 'ironclad'.
1096:
146:that made steel shipbuilding possible.
14:
5574:
4427:
4374:Directory of the World's Capital Ships
4240:
3955:
3913:
3894:
3742:
3158:Brown, "The Era of Uncertainty", p. 85
3086:
2839:
2821:
2791:
2789:
2673:, and, in another part of town on the
1846:backed by 15 in (381 mm) of
1593:with a prototype of this installed on
1453:
1342:problems as the first Armstrong guns.
589:, begun in 1857 and launched in 1859.
578:(1858), the first ocean-going ironclad
528:) in 1855 against the defenses at the
4605:
4516:
4405:
3849:
3830:
3808:
2681:, is nearly built and can be visited.
907:; one was sunk. Two small ironclads,
122:as the most powerful warship afloat.
4350:Emergence of the Modern Capital Ship
4012:
3897:The Confederate Steam Navy 1861–1865
2926:
2798:
2132:There were many types of ironclads:
1225:The reloading mechanism onboard HMS
50:The first battle between ironclads:
3318:Jenschura, Jung & Mickel, p. 13
2985:
2786:
861:repeatedly tried to ram one another
267:
184:
24:
4222:. 2nd edition, pub. Griffin 1885.
2684:The hull of the casemate ironclad
2637:is currently under display in the
2456:. These ships engaged the Chinese
2156:or protection of commerce, called
37:For pre-modern armored ships, see
25:
5598:
4474:
4198:. London: Conway Maritime Press.
4144:. London: Conway Maritime Press.
2287:sunk the Chilean wooden corvette
1516:Turrets, batteries, and barbettes
93:. The first ironclad battleship,
4196:The Ottoman Steam Navy 1828–1923
3859:: Warship Development, 1860–1905
3481:, Conway Maritime Press, 1979.
2677:, the recreated ship, named CSS
1891:The ultimate ironclad armor was
564:Early ironclad ships and battles
438:s hull than from a wooden hull.
4233:Northrop Grumman Newport News,
3695:
3673:Northrop Grumman Newport News.
3666:
3652:
3643:
3627:
3618:
3609:
3590:
3581:
3572:
3563:
3554:
3545:
3532:
3523:
3505:
3492:
3471:
3453:
3444:
3435:
3426:
3417:
3408:
3387:
3378:
3369:
3348:
3339:
3330:
3321:
3312:
3303:
3294:
3281:
3272:
3263:
3254:
3245:
3233:
3197:
3170:
3152:
3143:
3134:
3125:
3104:
3095:
3077:
3039:
3030:
3021:
3012:
3003:
2994:
2976:
2967:
2949:
2908:
2899:
2767:
2741:
2693:National Civil War Naval Museum
2258:referred to as "popovkas" (for
4731:Anti-submarine warfare carrier
4451:. London: Chatham Publishing.
4376:. New York: Hippocrene Books.
4020:War at Sea in the Ironclad age
4014:Hill, J. Richard, Rear Admiral
3861:. London: Chatham Publishing.
3578:Sondhaus, pp. 126–128, 173–179
2890:
2830:
2812:
2264:Russo-Turkish War of 1877–1878
1817:, laid down in 1875 and 1876.
1736:bulkheads on the lower decks.
1124:cartoon from May 1876 showing
795:gunship, when she entered the
234:introduced steam power to its
172:
13:
1:
4649:Naval ship classes in service
4372:Silverstone, Paul H. (1984).
4083:. Houndmills, UK: Macmillan.
1609:and the broadside sailor HMS
903:, participated in the failed
780:. Constructed on the hull of
344:
306:on steamers. Then, the first
5117:Harbour defence motor launch
3633:Beeler, p. 154, states that
3615:Sondhaus, pp. 97–99, 127–132
2780:
2442:Naval Battle of Hakodate Bay
1821:Armor and protection schemes
1719:Hulls: iron, wood, and steel
1646:
1110:
1013:The fleets engaging for the
803:, and was about to complete
767:Battle of the Head of Passes
411:Jonathan Laird of Birkenhead
199:, the first steam battleship
7:
5400:Ballistic missile submarine
5246:Mine countermeasures vessel
4591:Battleships in World War II
4491:Images and text on the USS
4390:Sondhaus, Lawrence (2001).
4263:Quarstein, John V. (2006).
2722:
2602:is currently on display in
2472:End of the ironclad warship
1829:The iron-and-wood armor of
1431:pre-Dreadnought battleships
1210:Breech-loading 110-pounder
1024:in 1866. Waged between the
10:
5603:
5447:Submarine aircraft carrier
4829:Pre-dreadnought battleship
4639:in 19th and 20th centuries
4566:Pre-dreadnought battleship
4315:. Barnsley, UK: Seaforth.
3956:Fuller, Howard J. (2020).
3932:Fuller, Howard J. (2008).
3914:Canney, Donald L. (1993).
3895:Canney, Donald L. (2015).
3701:Archibald, E.H.H. (1984).
2475:
2281:, where Peruvian ironclad
2065:of 1870. The Russian ship
1944:Propulsion: steam and sail
1807:were the dispatch vessels
348:
271:
36:
29:
5546:
5465:
5385:
5342:General stores issue ship
5274:
5228:
5170:
5084:
5011:Amphibious transport dock
5003:
4932:
4852:
4804:
4786:Merchant aircraft carrier
4776:Interdiction Assault Ship
4716:
4644:
4551:
4348:Sandler, Stanley (1979).
4330:Sandler, Stanley (2004).
4311:Roberts, Stephen (2021).
3744:Baxter, James Phinney III
3603:Revista General de Marina
3289:Battleships in Transition
2847:Battleships in Transition
2639:Maritime Museum Rotterdam
2539:armored fighting vehicles
2505:
2204:bombardment of Alexandria
2163:
2119:
1202:Development of naval guns
1005:Lissa: first fleet battle
835:The Confederate ironclad
32:Ironclad (disambiguation)
5420:Deep-submergence vehicle
5410:Cruise missile submarine
5337:Fast combat support ship
4980:Guided-missile destroyer
4838:Standard-type battleship
3850:Brown, David K. (1997).
2734:
2462:Battle of the Yalu River
425:Naval Battle of Campeche
381:Battle of Kinburn (1855)
5016:Amphibious warfare ship
4726:Amphibious assault ship
4428:Wilson, H. W. (1995) .
4392:Naval Warfare 1815–1914
4237:. Retrieved 2007-05-21.
2671:Kinston, North Carolina
1449:Positioning of armament
1165:Erzherzog Ferdinand Max
857:Battle of Hampton Roads
116:Battle of Hampton Roads
66:Battle of Hampton Roads
5092:Armed boarding steamer
5056:Landing Ship Logistics
5051:Landing ship, infantry
4877:Guided missile cruiser
4781:Light aircraft carrier
4129:: CS1 maint: others (
3538:Wilson, p. 78; Brook,
3468:Griffiths, pp. 176–178
2905:Brown 1990, pp. 92–101
2704:Chinese ironclad
2565:Newport News, Virginia
2525:
2432:Imperial Japanese Navy
2427:
2321:
2293:
2225:breech-loading weapons
2031:
1984:
1958:
1835:
1801:Siemens-Martin process
1712:
1697:Armor and construction
1683:
1547:
1534:
1480:
1241:
1229:
1218:
1138:
1017:
963:
844:
748:
686:(but also the smaller
638:
579:
462:First Russell ministry
396:
384:
291:
200:
99:, was launched by the
68:
5292:Auxiliary repair dock
5241:Destroyer minesweeper
5137:Ocean boarding vessel
5041:Landing Craft Support
5036:Landing craft carrier
4756:Fighter catapult ship
4430:Battleships in Action
4394:. London: Routledge.
3790:Warship International
3764:Beeler, John (2003).
3724:The Black Battlefleet
3569:Sondhaus, pp. 187–191
3560:Sondhaus, pp. 122–126
3423:Sondhaus, pp. 111–112
3366:Sondhaus, pp. 164–165
3194:Campbell, pp. 158–169
2514:1904 illustration of
2513:
2416:
2314:
2276:
2152:Vessels intended for
2020:
1973:
1951:
1940:un-armored sections.
1828:
1771:ordered in 1875 were
1704:
1540:
1523:
1463:
1287:Sir William Armstrong
1277:and more traditional
1273:carried a mixture of
1235:
1224:
1209:
1118:
1012:
942:
834:
729:
630:
571:
390:
358:
324:Imperial Russian Navy
312:Henri-Joseph Paixhans
281:
272:Further information:
192:
49:
5518:Littoral combat ship
5071:Landing Ship Vehicle
4814:Coastal defence ship
3681:on February 19, 2007
3662:by H.G. Wells, p. 93
3520:Kennedy, pp. 178–179
2655:is a museum ship at
2342:participated in the
2306:Spanish–American War
2256:circular battleships
2144:'floating batteries'
1910:Kaiser Friedrich III
1443:armor-piercing shell
1168:sinking the Italian
1097:Armament and tactics
905:attack on Charleston
859:, the two ironclads
758:On 12 October 1861,
572:Model of the French
469:Second Peel Ministry
64:, in the March 1862
5372:Replenishment oiler
5275:Command and support
5061:Landing Ship Medium
4924:Unprotected cruiser
4766:Flight deck cruiser
4246:British Battleships
4024:. London: Cassell.
3393:Beeler, pp. 133–134
3092:Beeler, pp. 106–107
3061:Sondhaus, pp. 94–96
3018:Sondhaus, pp. 78–81
2964:Sondhaus, pp. 73–74
2818:Sondhaus, pp. 37–41
2691:can be seen in the
2466:Battle of Weihaiwei
2326:Chincha Islands War
2241:Franco-Prussian War
2179:breastwork monitors
1454:Broadside ironclads
1421:The development of
290:gun. 1860 engraving
84:steel or iron armor
5488:Breastwork monitor
5352:Joint support ship
5307:Combat stores ship
5102:Coastal motor boat
5066:Landing Ship, Tank
5046:Landing Ship Heavy
4945:Convoy rescue ship
4771:Helicopter carrier
3916:The Old Steam Navy
3768:. London: Caxton.
3660:War and the Future
3009:Preston, pp. 12–14
2914:Baxter, pp. 70, 72
2534:The Land Ironclads
2526:
2521:The Land Ironclads
2428:
2422:was later renamed
2403:Almirante Cochrane
2382:War of the Pacific
2322:
2294:
2268:Battle of Tsushima
2158:"armored cruisers"
2032:
1985:
1959:
1836:
1713:
1548:
1535:
1481:
1242:
1230:
1219:
1139:
1018:
964:
960:American Civil War
896:and a light-draft
845:
821:, and the smaller
749:
639:
600:for a speed of 13
580:
510:floating batteries
447:Lieutenant-general
397:
385:
328:United States Navy
292:
201:
144:ferrous metallurgy
112:American Civil War
69:
5587:Ironclad warships
5569:
5568:
5473:Armed merchantman
5415:Cruiser submarine
5405:Coastal submarine
5172:Fast attack craft
5026:Dock landing ship
4904:Protected cruiser
4887:Pocket battleship
4844:Treaty battleship
4834:Super-dreadnought
4718:Aircraft carriers
4666:Operational zones
4599:
4598:
4586:Treaty battleship
4499:The Spanish Navy
4458:978-1-86176-032-6
4407:Still, William N.
4322:978-1-5267-4533-0
4274:978-1-59629-118-8
4205:978-0-85177-610-1
3967:978-1-913336-22-6
3906:978-0-7643-4824-2
3823:978-1-59114-605-6
3441:Beeler, pp. 57–62
3432:Beeler, pp. 63–64
3336:Beeler, pp. 37–41
3309:Beeler, pp. 32–33
3300:Beeler, pp. 30–36
3230:Beeler, pp. 91–93
3149:Beeler, pp. 77–78
3140:Beeler, pp. 73–75
3131:Beeler, pp. 72–73
2896:Brown 1990, p. 87
2729:List of ironclads
2702:A replica of the
2697:Columbus, Georgia
2450:Meiji Restoration
2408:Battle of Angamos
2302:Great White Fleet
2279:Battle of Iquique
2197:Naval Defence Act
2075:. Even the later
1668:Whitehead torpedo
1491:ironclads". Both
1485:ships of the line
1464:The conventional
1281:smoothbore guns.
999:torpedoes (mines)
793:casemate ironclad
530:Battle of Kinburn
124:Ironclad gunboats
16:(Redirected from
5594:
5508:Floating battery
5442:Midget submarine
5395:Attack submarine
5377:Submarine tender
5327:Destroyer tender
5157:Submarine chaser
5021:Attack transport
4965:Escort destroyer
4960:Destroyer leader
4955:Destroyer escort
4862:Aircraft cruiser
4676:Green-water navy
4671:Brown-water navy
4626:
4619:
4612:
4603:
4602:
4561:Ironclad warship
4556:Ship of the line
4537:
4530:
4523:
4514:
4513:
4470:
4443:
4424:
4387:
4345:
4326:
4307:
4278:
4259:
4209:
4190:
4171:
4134:
4128:
4120:
4094:
4082:
4073:Kennedy, Paul M.
4068:
4049:
4043:
4035:
4023:
4009:
3990:
3971:
3929:
3910:
3891:
3872:
3846:
3827:
3805:
3761:
3739:
3727:
3690:
3689:
3687:
3686:
3677:. Archived from
3670:
3664:
3656:
3650:
3647:
3641:
3631:
3625:
3622:
3616:
3613:
3607:
3606:
3594:
3588:
3585:
3579:
3576:
3570:
3567:
3561:
3558:
3552:
3551:Sondhaus, p. 101
3549:
3543:
3536:
3530:
3527:
3521:
3518:
3512:
3509:
3503:
3496:
3490:
3475:
3469:
3466:
3460:
3457:
3451:
3448:
3442:
3439:
3433:
3430:
3424:
3421:
3415:
3412:
3406:
3403:
3394:
3391:
3385:
3382:
3376:
3375:Sondhaus, p. 166
3373:
3367:
3364:
3355:
3352:
3346:
3343:
3337:
3334:
3328:
3325:
3319:
3316:
3310:
3307:
3301:
3298:
3292:
3285:
3279:
3278:Sondhaus, p. 156
3276:
3270:
3267:
3261:
3258:
3252:
3249:
3243:
3237:
3231:
3228:
3219:
3213:
3204:
3201:
3195:
3192:
3177:
3174:
3168:
3165:
3159:
3156:
3150:
3147:
3141:
3138:
3132:
3129:
3123:
3120:
3111:
3108:
3102:
3099:
3093:
3090:
3084:
3081:
3075:
3068:
3062:
3059:
3046:
3043:
3037:
3034:
3028:
3025:
3019:
3016:
3010:
3007:
3001:
2998:
2992:
2989:
2983:
2980:
2974:
2971:
2965:
2962:
2956:
2953:
2947:
2944:
2938:
2935:
2924:
2921:
2915:
2912:
2906:
2903:
2897:
2894:
2888:
2887:
2885:
2883:
2869:
2863:
2856:
2850:
2843:
2837:
2834:
2828:
2825:
2819:
2816:
2810:
2807:
2796:
2793:
2774:
2771:
2765:
2745:
2614:Northrop Grumman
2561:Mariners' Museum
2531:coined the term
2518:' December 1903
2454:armored cruisers
2344:Battle of Callao
2270:on 27 May 1905.
2154:commerce raiding
2054:La Galissonnière
2011:double-expansion
1976:floating battery
1938:
1797:Bessemer process
1688:
1674:and the Italian
1541:Barbette of the
1423:smokeless powder
1322:
1298:
862:
797:Confederate Navy
745:Appomattox River
595:
437:
391:Mexican frigate
364:floating battery
351:Floating battery
337:squadron at the
268:Explosive shells
205:ship of the line
185:Steam propulsion
167:armored cruisers
120:ship of the line
21:
5602:
5601:
5597:
5596:
5595:
5593:
5592:
5591:
5572:
5571:
5570:
5565:
5559:Sailing vessels
5542:
5461:
5432:Fleet submarine
5381:
5362:Net laying ship
5287:Ammunition ship
5270:
5224:
5166:
5080:
4999:
4928:
4919:Torpedo cruiser
4899:Merchant raider
4867:Armored cruiser
4848:
4824:Fast battleship
4800:
4791:Seaplane tender
4736:Balloon carrier
4712:
4696:Central battery
4681:Blue-water navy
4640:
4630:
4600:
4595:
4581:Fast battleship
4547:
4543:History of the
4541:
4477:
4459:
4440:
4421:
4384:
4342:
4323:
4304:
4282:Reed, Edward J.
4275:
4256:
4206:
4187:
4168:
4138:Lambert, Andrew
4122:
4121:
4109:
4097:
4091:
4065:
4037:
4036:
4032:
4006:
3987:
3968:
3926:
3907:
3888:
3869:
3843:
3824:
3810:Brown, David K.
3758:
3736:
3698:
3693:
3684:
3682:
3671:
3667:
3657:
3653:
3648:
3644:
3632:
3628:
3623:
3619:
3614:
3610:
3595:
3591:
3586:
3582:
3577:
3573:
3568:
3564:
3559:
3555:
3550:
3546:
3537:
3533:
3528:
3524:
3519:
3515:
3510:
3506:
3497:
3493:
3476:
3472:
3467:
3463:
3458:
3454:
3450:Sondhaus, p. 88
3449:
3445:
3440:
3436:
3431:
3427:
3422:
3418:
3413:
3409:
3404:
3397:
3392:
3388:
3384:Reed, pp. 45–47
3383:
3379:
3374:
3370:
3365:
3358:
3353:
3349:
3344:
3340:
3335:
3331:
3326:
3322:
3317:
3313:
3308:
3304:
3299:
3295:
3286:
3282:
3277:
3273:
3269:Sondhaus, p. 83
3268:
3264:
3259:
3255:
3251:Sondhaus, p. 87
3250:
3246:
3238:
3234:
3229:
3222:
3214:
3207:
3202:
3198:
3193:
3180:
3175:
3171:
3166:
3162:
3157:
3153:
3148:
3144:
3139:
3135:
3130:
3126:
3121:
3114:
3109:
3105:
3100:
3096:
3091:
3087:
3082:
3078:
3069:
3065:
3060:
3049:
3045:Sondhaus, p. 81
3044:
3040:
3036:Sondhaus, p. 85
3035:
3031:
3027:Sondhaus, p. 82
3026:
3022:
3017:
3013:
3008:
3004:
3000:Sondhaus, p. 78
2999:
2995:
2990:
2986:
2982:Sondhaus, p. 77
2981:
2977:
2973:Sondhaus, p. 76
2972:
2968:
2963:
2959:
2955:Sondhaus, p. 61
2954:
2950:
2945:
2941:
2936:
2927:
2922:
2918:
2913:
2909:
2904:
2900:
2895:
2891:
2881:
2879:
2871:
2870:
2866:
2857:
2853:
2844:
2840:
2836:Sondhaus, p. 58
2835:
2831:
2826:
2822:
2817:
2813:
2808:
2799:
2794:
2787:
2783:
2778:
2777:
2772:
2768:
2746:
2742:
2737:
2725:
2508:
2496:pre-dreadnought
2489:armored cruiser
2480:
2474:
2397:Blanco Encalada
2252:General-Admiral
2248:armored cruiser
2212:Egyptian revolt
2166:
2122:
2084:General-Admiral
2068:General-Admiral
1974:French armored
1946:
1936:
1823:
1721:
1699:
1649:
1518:
1456:
1451:
1445:was developed.
1320:
1314:muzzle velocity
1296:
1204:
1137:sort of thing?"
1113:
1099:
1022:Battle of Lissa
1015:Battle of Lissa
1007:
962:
860:
724:
716:Battle of Lissa
598:screw propeller
593:
566:
491:Battle of Sinop
435:
353:
347:
339:Battle of Sinop
300:24-pounder guns
276:
270:
225:screw propeller
187:
179:J. Richard Hill
175:
157:, or sometimes
139:coastal defense
77:steam-propelled
42:
35:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
5600:
5590:
5589:
5584:
5567:
5566:
5564:
5563:
5562:
5561:
5550:
5548:
5544:
5543:
5541:
5540:
5535:
5530:
5525:
5520:
5515:
5510:
5505:
5500:
5495:
5490:
5485:
5480:
5475:
5469:
5467:
5463:
5462:
5460:
5459:
5454:
5449:
5444:
5439:
5434:
5429:
5428:
5427:
5417:
5412:
5407:
5402:
5397:
5391:
5389:
5383:
5382:
5380:
5379:
5374:
5369:
5364:
5359:
5354:
5349:
5344:
5339:
5334:
5329:
5324:
5319:
5314:
5309:
5304:
5299:
5297:Auxiliary ship
5294:
5289:
5284:
5282:Amenities ship
5278:
5276:
5272:
5271:
5269:
5268:
5263:
5258:
5253:
5248:
5243:
5238:
5232:
5230:
5226:
5225:
5223:
5222:
5217:
5212:
5207:
5202:
5197:
5192:
5187:
5182:
5176:
5174:
5168:
5167:
5165:
5164:
5159:
5154:
5152:Steam gun boat
5149:
5144:
5139:
5134:
5129:
5124:
5119:
5114:
5109:
5104:
5099:
5094:
5088:
5086:
5082:
5081:
5079:
5078:
5073:
5068:
5063:
5058:
5053:
5048:
5043:
5038:
5033:
5028:
5023:
5018:
5013:
5007:
5005:
5001:
5000:
4998:
4997:
4992:
4987:
4982:
4977:
4972:
4967:
4962:
4957:
4952:
4947:
4942:
4936:
4934:
4930:
4929:
4927:
4926:
4921:
4916:
4914:Strike cruiser
4911:
4906:
4901:
4896:
4891:
4890:
4889:
4879:
4874:
4869:
4864:
4858:
4856:
4850:
4849:
4847:
4846:
4841:
4831:
4826:
4821:
4816:
4810:
4808:
4802:
4801:
4799:
4798:
4793:
4788:
4783:
4778:
4773:
4768:
4763:
4758:
4753:
4751:Escort carrier
4748:
4743:
4738:
4733:
4728:
4722:
4720:
4714:
4713:
4711:
4710:
4709:
4708:
4703:
4698:
4693:
4687:Gun placement
4685:
4684:
4683:
4678:
4673:
4663:
4662:
4661:
4656:
4645:
4642:
4641:
4629:
4628:
4621:
4614:
4606:
4597:
4596:
4594:
4593:
4588:
4583:
4578:
4573:
4568:
4563:
4558:
4552:
4549:
4548:
4540:
4539:
4532:
4525:
4517:
4511:
4510:
4505:
4496:
4488:
4483:
4476:
4475:External links
4473:
4472:
4471:
4457:
4444:
4438:
4425:
4419:
4403:
4388:
4382:
4369:
4346:
4340:
4327:
4321:
4308:
4302:
4289:
4288:. John Murray.
4279:
4273:
4260:
4254:
4238:
4231:
4210:
4204:
4191:
4185:
4172:
4166:
4153:
4135:
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3991:
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3911:
3905:
3892:
3886:
3873:
3867:
3847:
3841:
3828:
3822:
3806:
3796:(4): 331–332.
3785:
3762:
3756:
3740:
3734:
3718:Ballard, G. A.
3714:
3697:
3694:
3692:
3691:
3665:
3651:
3642:
3626:
3617:
3608:
3589:
3580:
3571:
3562:
3553:
3544:
3531:
3522:
3513:
3511:Beeler, p. 204
3504:
3491:
3470:
3461:
3459:Beeler, p. 194
3452:
3443:
3434:
3425:
3416:
3407:
3395:
3386:
3377:
3368:
3356:
3347:
3338:
3329:
3320:
3311:
3302:
3293:
3280:
3271:
3262:
3260:Beeler, p. 122
3253:
3244:
3232:
3220:
3205:
3196:
3178:
3176:Parkes, p. 633
3169:
3160:
3151:
3142:
3133:
3124:
3112:
3110:Beeler, p. 146
3103:
3101:Beeler, p. 107
3094:
3085:
3076:
3063:
3047:
3038:
3029:
3020:
3011:
3002:
2993:
2984:
2975:
2966:
2957:
2948:
2939:
2925:
2916:
2907:
2898:
2889:
2877:threedecks.org
2864:
2851:
2838:
2829:
2820:
2811:
2797:
2784:
2782:
2779:
2776:
2775:
2766:
2739:
2738:
2736:
2733:
2732:
2731:
2724:
2721:
2720:
2719:
2710:
2700:
2682:
2660:
2648:(coastal ram)
2642:
2630:(coastal ram)
2624:
2611:
2589:
2581:
2568:
2543:pedrail wheels
2507:
2504:
2476:Main article:
2473:
2470:
2376:, arriving in
2235:and unarmored
2177:class. These '
2165:
2162:
2161:
2160:
2150:
2140:
2121:
2118:
2110:forced draught
2029:military masts
1945:
1942:
1897:Harvey process
1867:compound armor
1822:
1819:
1720:
1717:
1698:
1695:
1648:
1645:
1564:centre-battery
1517:
1514:
1455:
1452:
1450:
1447:
1301:Armstrong guns
1262:muzzle-loading
1258:breech-loading
1203:
1200:
1184:line of battle
1112:
1109:
1098:
1095:
1006:
1003:
943:
911:Palmetto State
753:U.S. Civil War
723:
720:
565:
562:
451:Howard Douglas
349:Main article:
346:
343:
269:
266:
236:line of battle
227:in the 1840s.
221:paddle steamer
186:
183:
174:
171:
26:
18:River ironclad
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
5599:
5588:
5585:
5583:
5580:
5579:
5577:
5560:
5557:
5556:
5555:
5552:
5551:
5549:
5545:
5539:
5538:Training ship
5536:
5534:
5533:River monitor
5531:
5529:
5526:
5524:
5521:
5519:
5516:
5514:
5511:
5509:
5506:
5504:
5501:
5499:
5498:Drone carrier
5496:
5494:
5491:
5489:
5486:
5484:
5483:Barracks ship
5481:
5479:
5476:
5474:
5471:
5470:
5468:
5466:Miscellaneous
5464:
5458:
5455:
5453:
5450:
5448:
5445:
5443:
5440:
5438:
5437:Human torpedo
5435:
5433:
5430:
5426:
5423:
5422:
5421:
5418:
5416:
5413:
5411:
5408:
5406:
5403:
5401:
5398:
5396:
5393:
5392:
5390:
5388:
5384:
5378:
5375:
5373:
5370:
5368:
5365:
5363:
5360:
5358:
5357:Naval tugboat
5355:
5353:
5350:
5348:
5347:Hospital ship
5345:
5343:
5340:
5338:
5335:
5333:
5332:Dispatch boat
5330:
5328:
5325:
5323:
5320:
5318:
5315:
5313:
5310:
5308:
5305:
5303:
5300:
5298:
5295:
5293:
5290:
5288:
5285:
5283:
5280:
5279:
5277:
5273:
5267:
5264:
5262:
5259:
5257:
5254:
5252:
5249:
5247:
5244:
5242:
5239:
5237:
5234:
5233:
5231:
5227:
5221:
5218:
5216:
5213:
5211:
5208:
5206:
5203:
5201:
5198:
5196:
5193:
5191:
5188:
5186:
5183:
5181:
5178:
5177:
5175:
5173:
5169:
5163:
5160:
5158:
5155:
5153:
5150:
5148:
5145:
5143:
5140:
5138:
5135:
5133:
5132:Naval trawler
5130:
5128:
5127:Naval drifter
5125:
5123:
5120:
5118:
5115:
5113:
5110:
5108:
5105:
5103:
5100:
5098:
5095:
5093:
5090:
5089:
5087:
5083:
5077:
5074:
5072:
5069:
5067:
5064:
5062:
5059:
5057:
5054:
5052:
5049:
5047:
5044:
5042:
5039:
5037:
5034:
5032:
5031:Landing craft
5029:
5027:
5024:
5022:
5019:
5017:
5014:
5012:
5009:
5008:
5006:
5002:
4996:
4993:
4991:
4988:
4986:
4983:
4981:
4978:
4976:
4973:
4971:
4968:
4966:
4963:
4961:
4958:
4956:
4953:
4951:
4948:
4946:
4943:
4941:
4938:
4937:
4935:
4931:
4925:
4922:
4920:
4917:
4915:
4912:
4910:
4909:Scout cruiser
4907:
4905:
4902:
4900:
4897:
4895:
4894:Light cruiser
4892:
4888:
4885:
4884:
4883:
4882:Heavy cruiser
4880:
4878:
4875:
4873:
4872:Battlecruiser
4870:
4868:
4865:
4863:
4860:
4859:
4857:
4855:
4851:
4845:
4842:
4839:
4835:
4832:
4830:
4827:
4825:
4822:
4820:
4817:
4815:
4812:
4811:
4809:
4807:
4803:
4797:
4794:
4792:
4789:
4787:
4784:
4782:
4779:
4777:
4774:
4772:
4769:
4767:
4764:
4762:
4761:Fleet carrier
4759:
4757:
4754:
4752:
4749:
4747:
4744:
4742:
4741:Battlecarrier
4739:
4737:
4734:
4732:
4729:
4727:
4724:
4723:
4721:
4719:
4715:
4707:
4704:
4702:
4699:
4697:
4694:
4692:
4689:
4688:
4686:
4682:
4679:
4677:
4674:
4672:
4669:
4668:
4667:
4664:
4660:
4657:
4655:
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4651:
4650:
4647:
4646:
4643:
4638:
4634:
4627:
4622:
4620:
4615:
4613:
4608:
4607:
4604:
4592:
4589:
4587:
4584:
4582:
4579:
4577:
4576:Battlecruiser
4574:
4572:
4569:
4567:
4564:
4562:
4559:
4557:
4554:
4553:
4550:
4546:
4538:
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4487:
4484:
4482:
4479:
4478:
4468:
4464:
4460:
4454:
4450:
4445:
4441:
4439:1-55750-061-4
4435:
4431:
4426:
4422:
4420:1-55750-774-0
4416:
4412:
4408:
4404:
4401:
4400:0-415-21478-5
4397:
4393:
4389:
4385:
4383:0-88254-979-0
4379:
4375:
4370:
4367:
4363:
4359:
4358:0-87413-119-7
4355:
4351:
4347:
4343:
4341:1-8510-9410-5
4337:
4333:
4328:
4324:
4318:
4314:
4309:
4305:
4303:1-55750-774-0
4299:
4295:
4290:
4287:
4283:
4280:
4276:
4270:
4266:
4261:
4257:
4255:1-55750-075-4
4251:
4247:
4243:
4242:Parkes, Oscar
4239:
4236:
4232:
4229:
4225:
4221:
4217:
4214:
4211:
4207:
4201:
4197:
4192:
4188:
4186:1-55750-774-0
4182:
4178:
4173:
4169:
4167:1-55750-774-0
4163:
4159:
4154:
4151:
4150:0-85177-315-X
4147:
4143:
4139:
4136:
4132:
4126:
4118:
4114:
4110:
4108:0-8317-0302-4
4104:
4100:
4096:
4092:
4090:0-333-35094-4
4086:
4081:
4080:
4074:
4070:
4066:
4064:0-87021-893-X
4060:
4056:
4051:
4047:
4041:
4033:
4031:0-304-35273-X
4027:
4022:
4021:
4015:
4011:
4007:
4005:1-55750-774-0
4001:
3997:
3992:
3988:
3986:0-938289-58-6
3982:
3978:
3973:
3969:
3963:
3959:
3954:
3951:
3947:
3943:
3942:0-313-34590-2
3939:
3935:
3931:
3927:
3925:0-87021-586-8
3921:
3917:
3912:
3908:
3902:
3898:
3893:
3889:
3887:1-55750-774-0
3883:
3879:
3874:
3870:
3868:1-86176-022-1
3864:
3860:
3856:
3852:
3848:
3844:
3842:1-55750-774-0
3838:
3834:
3829:
3825:
3819:
3815:
3811:
3807:
3803:
3799:
3795:
3791:
3786:
3783:
3779:
3775:
3774:1-84067-534-9
3771:
3767:
3763:
3759:
3757:1-55750-218-8
3753:
3749:
3745:
3741:
3737:
3735:0-87021-924-3
3731:
3726:
3725:
3719:
3715:
3712:
3711:0-7137-1348-8
3708:
3705:. Blandford.
3704:
3700:
3699:
3680:
3676:
3669:
3663:
3661:
3655:
3646:
3639:
3638:
3630:
3621:
3612:
3604:
3600:
3593:
3584:
3575:
3566:
3557:
3548:
3541:
3535:
3526:
3517:
3508:
3501:
3495:
3488:
3487:0-8317-0302-4
3484:
3480:
3474:
3465:
3456:
3447:
3438:
3429:
3420:
3411:
3405:Beeler, p. 54
3402:
3400:
3390:
3381:
3372:
3363:
3361:
3354:Beeler, p. 45
3351:
3342:
3333:
3324:
3315:
3306:
3297:
3290:
3284:
3275:
3266:
3257:
3248:
3242:
3236:
3227:
3225:
3217:
3212:
3210:
3200:
3191:
3189:
3187:
3185:
3183:
3173:
3164:
3155:
3146:
3137:
3128:
3122:Beeler, p. 71
3119:
3117:
3107:
3098:
3089:
3080:
3073:
3067:
3058:
3056:
3054:
3052:
3042:
3033:
3024:
3015:
3006:
2997:
2988:
2979:
2970:
2961:
2952:
2946:Baxter, p. 84
2943:
2934:
2932:
2930:
2923:Baxter, p. 82
2920:
2911:
2902:
2893:
2878:
2874:
2868:
2861:
2855:
2848:
2842:
2833:
2824:
2815:
2806:
2804:
2802:
2792:
2790:
2785:
2770:
2763:
2761:
2756:
2755:
2750:
2749:battlecruiser
2744:
2740:
2730:
2727:
2726:
2717:
2716:
2711:
2708:
2707:
2701:
2698:
2694:
2690:
2689:
2683:
2680:
2676:
2672:
2668:
2667:
2661:
2658:
2654:
2653:
2647:
2646:Ramtorenschip
2643:
2640:
2636:
2635:
2629:
2628:Ramtorenschip
2625:
2622:
2621:
2615:
2612:
2609:
2605:
2601:
2600:
2594:
2590:
2587:
2586:
2582:
2579:
2575:
2574:
2569:
2566:
2562:
2558:
2557:
2551:
2550:
2549:
2546:
2544:
2540:
2536:
2535:
2530:
2523:
2522:
2517:
2512:
2503:
2501:
2497:
2492:
2490:
2486:
2479:
2469:
2467:
2463:
2459:
2458:Beiyang fleet
2455:
2451:
2447:
2443:
2439:
2438:
2433:
2426:
2425:
2421:
2415:
2411:
2409:
2405:
2404:
2399:
2398:
2393:
2392:
2387:
2386:Independencia
2383:
2379:
2375:
2371:
2367:
2366:
2361:
2360:
2359:Independencia
2355:
2354:
2349:
2345:
2341:
2340:
2335:
2331:
2327:
2319:
2318:
2313:
2309:
2307:
2303:
2299:
2292:
2291:
2286:
2285:
2280:
2275:
2271:
2269:
2265:
2261:
2260:Admiral Popov
2257:
2253:
2249:
2244:
2242:
2238:
2234:
2233:torpedo boats
2230:
2226:
2220:
2217:
2213:
2209:
2205:
2200:
2198:
2194:
2192:
2187:
2182:
2180:
2176:
2171:
2159:
2155:
2151:
2149:
2145:
2141:
2139:
2135:
2134:
2133:
2130:
2127:
2117:
2115:
2114:steam turbine
2111:
2107:
2106:
2099:
2097:
2096:
2089:
2085:
2081:
2080:
2074:
2070:
2069:
2064:
2063:
2057:
2055:
2050:
2049:
2043:
2041:
2040:
2030:
2026:
2025:
2019:
2015:
2012:
2007:
2004:
2000:
1999:
1993:
1992:
1983:
1981:
1977:
1972:
1968:
1965:
1956:
1955:
1950:
1941:
1935:
1930:
1925:
1921:
1919:
1918:
1912:
1911:
1906:
1905:gas cementing
1902:
1898:
1894:
1893:case hardened
1889:
1886:
1881:
1879:
1878:
1872:
1868:
1864:
1859:
1857:
1853:
1849:
1845:
1841:
1834:
1833:
1827:
1818:
1816:
1815:
1811:
1806:
1802:
1798:
1793:
1791:
1787:
1786:
1781:
1776:
1774:
1770:
1769:
1764:
1763:
1758:
1754:
1749:
1747:
1743:
1739:
1733:
1729:
1726:
1716:
1710:
1709:
1703:
1694:
1692:
1687:
1686:
1680:
1678:
1673:
1669:
1664:
1662:
1658:
1654:
1644:
1642:
1641:plunging fire
1636:
1634:
1633:
1627:
1626:
1620:
1619:
1612:
1608:
1604:
1599:
1598:
1592:
1588:
1587:John Ericsson
1584:
1583:
1576:
1573:
1572:
1565:
1560:
1558:
1554:
1546:
1545:
1539:
1533:
1532:
1527:
1522:
1513:
1509:
1505:
1503:
1502:
1496:
1495:
1490:
1486:
1478:
1477:
1471:
1467:
1462:
1458:
1446:
1444:
1440:
1435:
1432:
1428:
1424:
1419:
1417:
1412:
1408:
1403:
1400:
1396:
1392:
1391:
1383:
1381:
1380:
1373:
1371:
1369:
1364:
1360:
1356:
1355:
1348:
1343:
1339:
1337:
1333:
1328:
1326:
1319:
1315:
1310:
1305:
1302:
1295:
1290:
1288:
1284:
1280:
1276:
1272:
1271:
1265:
1263:
1259:
1255:
1251:
1247:
1239:
1234:
1228:
1223:
1217:
1213:
1212:Armstrong gun
1208:
1199:
1197:
1192:
1189:
1185:
1180:
1177:
1173:
1172:
1167:
1166:
1160:
1159:Hampton Roads
1156:
1152:
1147:
1144:
1136:
1131:
1127:
1123:
1122:
1117:
1108:
1105:
1094:
1090:
1088:
1083:
1082:
1076:
1075:
1070:
1069:
1063:
1059:
1057:
1056:
1049:
1047:
1043:
1039:
1035:
1031:
1027:
1023:
1016:
1011:
1002:
1000:
994:
992:
991:
985:
984:
977:
973:
969:
961:
958:, during the
957:
953:
949:
946:
941:
937:
935:
931:
930:
924:
920:
919:
913:
912:
906:
902:
901:
895:
894:New Ironsides
891:
890:
883:
881:
880:
874:
870:
864:
858:
854:
850:
842:
838:
833:
829:
827:
826:
820:
819:
818:New Ironsides
813:
812:John Ericsson
809:
808:
802:
798:
794:
790:
786:
785:
779:
775:
774:
768:
764:
763:
756:
754:
746:
742:
741:
735:
733:
728:
719:
717:
713:
709:
703:
701:
697:
696:
691:
690:
685:
681:
676:
674:
670:
666:
665:
659:
658:
652:
650:
645:
636:
635:
629:
625:
623:
622:
617:
616:
611:
607:
603:
599:
592:
588:
587:
577:
576:
570:
561:
557:
555:
554:
549:
548:
543:
539:
535:
531:
527:
523:
519:
515:
511:
506:
503:
500:
496:
495:Paixhans guns
492:
487:
485:
481:
477:
474:
470:
467:
464:replaced the
463:
460:
455:
452:
448:
444:
439:
434:
430:
426:
422:
418:
417:
412:
408:
407:
402:
394:
389:
382:
378:
374:
370:
369:
365:
361:
357:
352:
342:
340:
336:
331:
329:
325:
321:
317:
313:
309:
305:
301:
297:
289:
285:
280:
275:
265:
262:
257:
255:
251:
247:
246:
241:
237:
233:
228:
226:
222:
218:
214:
210:
206:
198:
196:
191:
182:
180:
170:
168:
164:
160:
156:
152:
147:
145:
140:
136:
133:, long-range
132:
127:
125:
121:
117:
113:
108:
106:
102:
98:
97:
92:
89:
85:
82:protected by
81:
78:
74:
67:
63:
62:
56:
55:
48:
44:
40:
33:
19:
5582:Naval armour
5493:Capital ship
5478:Arsenal ship
5317:Crane vessel
5312:Command ship
5251:Mine planter
5229:Mine warfare
5195:Missile boat
5162:Torpedo boat
5122:Motor launch
5085:Patrol craft
4990:Radar picket
4796:Supercarrier
4560:
4500:
4492:
4448:
4429:
4410:
4391:
4373:
4349:
4334:. ABC-CLIO.
4331:
4312:
4293:
4285:
4264:
4245:
4219:
4215:
4213:Noel, Gerard
4195:
4176:
4157:
4141:
4098:
4078:
4054:
4019:
3995:
3976:
3957:
3933:
3915:
3896:
3877:
3858:
3854:
3851:
3832:
3813:
3793:
3789:
3765:
3747:
3723:
3702:
3696:Bibliography
3683:. Retrieved
3679:the original
3668:
3659:
3654:
3645:
3636:
3629:
3624:Hill, p. 191
3620:
3611:
3602:
3592:
3583:
3574:
3565:
3556:
3547:
3539:
3534:
3529:Hill, p. 185
3525:
3516:
3507:
3499:
3494:
3478:
3473:
3464:
3455:
3446:
3437:
3428:
3419:
3410:
3389:
3380:
3371:
3350:
3341:
3332:
3323:
3314:
3305:
3296:
3288:
3283:
3274:
3265:
3256:
3247:
3240:
3235:
3215:
3199:
3172:
3163:
3154:
3145:
3136:
3127:
3106:
3097:
3088:
3079:
3071:
3066:
3041:
3032:
3023:
3014:
3005:
2996:
2987:
2978:
2969:
2960:
2951:
2942:
2919:
2910:
2901:
2892:
2880:. Retrieved
2876:
2867:
2859:
2854:
2846:
2841:
2832:
2823:
2814:
2769:
2759:
2753:
2743:
2714:
2705:
2687:
2678:
2665:
2651:
2645:
2633:
2627:
2619:
2598:
2584:
2572:
2555:
2547:
2532:
2527:
2519:
2493:
2481:
2436:
2429:
2423:
2419:
2402:
2396:
2390:
2385:
2369:
2364:
2358:
2352:
2347:
2338:
2323:
2316:
2295:
2289:
2283:
2251:
2245:
2221:
2208:Ahmed 'Urabi
2201:
2190:
2183:
2174:
2167:
2131:
2123:
2104:
2100:
2094:
2087:
2083:
2078:
2072:
2067:
2061:
2053:
2047:
2044:
2038:
2033:
2023:
2008:
2002:
1997:
1990:
1986:
1982: (1864)
1979:
1963:
1960:
1953:
1933:
1928:
1926:
1922:
1916:
1909:
1890:
1884:
1882:
1876:
1870:
1860:
1855:
1844:wrought iron
1839:
1837:
1831:
1813:
1809:
1794:
1789:
1784:
1777:
1773:sister-ships
1767:
1761:
1750:
1741:
1737:
1734:
1730:
1725:wrought iron
1722:
1714:
1707:
1690:
1676:
1671:
1665:
1661:spar torpedo
1650:
1637:
1631:
1624:
1617:
1610:
1606:
1596:
1591:Cowper Coles
1581:
1577:
1570:
1561:
1549:
1543:
1530:
1510:
1506:
1500:
1493:
1482:
1475:
1457:
1439:chilled iron
1436:
1420:
1416:brown powder
1407:black powder
1404:
1398:
1393:carried two
1389:
1384:
1378:
1374:
1367:
1363:Urabi Revolt
1353:
1344:
1340:
1332:Somerset Gun
1329:
1324:
1317:
1306:
1293:
1291:
1282:
1269:
1266:
1243:
1226:
1215:
1193:
1181:
1170:
1164:
1154:
1150:
1148:
1140:
1134:
1129:
1119:
1100:
1091:
1080:
1073:
1067:
1064:
1060:
1054:
1050:
1019:
995:
989:
982:
965:
928:
917:
910:
899:
893:
888:
884:
878:
872:
865:
852:
848:
846:
836:
824:
817:
806:
788:
783:
772:
761:
757:
750:
739:
731:
711:
707:
704:
699:
694:
688:
684:Black Prince
683:
679:
678:The British
677:
672:
668:
664:Black Prince
663:
656:
648:
640:
633:
620:
614:
609:
606:sister ships
590:
585:
581:
574:
558:
552:
546:
525:
521:
517:
507:
502:Napoleon III
488:
456:
440:
432:
421:Mexican Navy
414:
405:
401:wrought iron
398:
392:
376:
372:
367:
332:
293:
274:Paixhans gun
260:
258:
249:
244:
240:Napoleon III
229:
202:
197: (1850)
194:
176:
162:
148:
128:
109:
95:
72:
70:
60:
53:
43:
39:naval armour
5528:Mother ship
5367:Repair ship
5266:Minesweeper
5142:Patrol boat
5097:Armed yacht
4819:Dreadnought
4806:Battleships
4633:Naval ships
4571:Dreadnought
3857:Dreadnought
3649:Hill, p. 18
3414:Hill, p. 44
3345:Hill, p. 39
3083:Hill, p. 35
2849:, pp. 94–95
2827:Hill, p. 25
2795:Hill, p. 17
2675:Neuse River
2650:HNLMS
2632:HNLMS
2608:Mississippi
2529:H. G. Wells
2500:dreadnought
2229:Jeune Ecole
2191:Devastation
2186:Crimean War
2175:Devastation
2105:Sans Pareil
2006:ironclads.
2003:Devastation
1998:Devastation
1962:ironclads.
1705:The French
1691:Jeune Ecole
1685:Jeune Ecole
1571:Bellerophon
1470:68-pounders
1427:Paul Vielle
1361:during the
1171:Re d'Italia
1068:Re d'Italia
1055:Affondatore
841:James River
653:ironclads;
538:Italian war
526:DĂ©vastation
514:Crimean War
508:The French
484:Crimean War
427:, with her
409:, built by
399:The use of
377:DĂ©vastation
360:French Navy
316:French Navy
304:68-pounders
232:French Navy
213:steam power
173:Development
131:battleships
101:French Navy
57:(left) vs.
5576:Categories
5554:Ship types
5513:Guard ship
5387:Submarines
5322:Depot ship
5256:Minehunter
4545:battleship
3685:2007-05-21
3605:: 321–336.
3498:See Noel,
2760:Lord Clive
2657:Den Helder
2652:Schorpioen
2644:The Dutch
2626:The Dutch
2593:City-class
2578:Portsmouth
2541:moving on
2516:H.G. Wells
2485:battleship
2478:Battleship
2446:Boshin War
2170:Royal Navy
2148:'monitors'
2138:battleship
2126:Royal Navy
2039:Inflexible
2024:Inflexible
1957:under sail
1934:Inflexible
1903:developed
1871:Inflexible
1856:Inflexible
1805:Royal Navy
1790:Redoutable
1785:Redoutable
1708:Redoutable
1672:Inflexible
1632:Inflexible
1531:Redoutable
1359:Alexandria
1354:Inflexible
1309:propellant
1279:68-pounder
1254:smoothbore
1227:Inflexible
1130:Inflexible
968:James Eads
945:City-class
923:Mobile Bay
801:City class
695:Resistance
480:troopships
345:Iron armor
320:Royal Navy
217:propulsion
105:Royal Navy
88:incendiary
5261:Minelayer
5076:Troopship
5004:Transport
4970:Escorteur
4950:Destroyer
4691:Broadside
4659:auxiliary
4654:submarine
4244:(1990) .
4125:cite book
4040:cite book
3950:171549041
3802:0043-0374
3746:(2001) .
3637:Edinburgh
3635:HMS
3287:Lambert,
2858:Sandler,
2845:Lambert,
2781:Citations
2752:HMS
2686:CSS
2664:CSS
2618:USS
2604:Vicksburg
2597:USS
2595:ironclad
2580:, England
2571:HMS
2554:USS
2552:Parts of
2420:Stonewall
2290:Esmeralda
2216:Egyptians
2103:HMS
2093:HMS
2077:HMS
2073:Swiftsure
2062:Swiftsure
2060:HMS
2037:HMS
2022:HMS
1996:HMS
1989:USS
1980:Arrogante
1915:HMS
1875:HMS
1757:dry docks
1746:seasoning
1653:torpedoes
1647:Torpedoes
1630:HMS
1623:HMS
1616:HMS
1603:freeboard
1595:HMS
1580:USS
1569:HMS
1499:HMS
1489:broadside
1474:HMS
1466:broadside
1388:HMS
1379:Thunderer
1377:HMS
1352:HMS
1268:HMS
1256:guns and
1238:obturator
1188:broadside
1126:Britannia
1111:Ram craze
1079:SMS
1038:corvettes
988:USS
981:USS
972:St. Louis
948:ironclads
929:Tennessee
927:CSS
916:CSS
909:CSS
898:USS
887:USS
879:Stonewall
823:USS
816:USS
805:USS
784:Merrimack
782:USS
771:CSS
760:CSS
738:USS
732:Canonicus
662:HMS
655:HMS
632:HMS
621:Solférino
534:Black Sea
486:in 1854.
473:propeller
443:Admiralty
433:Guadalupe
416:Guadalupe
393:Guadalupe
362:ironclad
248:in 1850.
151:naval ram
59:USS
52:CSS
5503:Flagship
5236:Danlayer
5107:Corvette
4985:KaibĹŤkan
4854:Cruisers
4746:CAM ship
4701:Casemate
4637:warships
4501:Numancia
4467:52620555
4284:(1869).
4228:57209664
4140:(1984).
4075:(1985).
4016:(2000).
3812:(2015).
3782:52358324
3720:(1980).
3542:, p. 332
3477:Conway,
2882:6 August
2723:See also
2715:Cerberus
2706:Dingyuan
2679:Neuse II
2370:Numancia
2353:Victoria
2339:Numancia
2237:cruisers
2095:Warspite
2086:. While
1877:Colossus
1852:spalling
1557:barbette
1526:barbette
1347:de Bange
1155:Virginia
1087:Adriatic
1074:Palestro
1046:Tsushima
1042:Navarino
1034:frigates
1026:Austrian
976:Missouri
956:Illinois
934:gunboats
873:Virginia
869:monitors
853:Virginia
789:Virginia
773:Virginia
762:Manassas
736:monitor
700:Warrior
542:Adriatic
522:Tonnante
476:frigates
419:for the
373:Tonnante
284:Paixhans
261:Napoléon
250:Napoléon
245:Napoléon
219:. While
207:and the
195:Napoléon
163:ironclad
135:cruisers
73:ironclad
54:Virginia
5547:Related
5523:Monitor
5457:Wet sub
5302:Collier
5220:Shin'yĹŤ
5215:PT boat
5112:Gunboat
4975:Frigate
4706:Turrets
4493:Monitor
4366:4498820
4117:4775646
3853:Warrior
3794:XXXVIII
3291:, p. 19
3074:, p. 22
3070:Brown,
2862:, p. 20
2754:Furious
2688:Jackson
2620:Monitor
2585:Huáscar
2573:Warrior
2556:Monitor
2487:' and '
2437:KĹŤtetsu
2434:(IJN).
2424:KĹŤtetsu
2410:Point.
2406:at the
2391:Huáscar
2365:Huáscar
2298:monitor
2284:Huáscar
2088:Shannon
2079:Shannon
2056:classes
1991:Monitor
1964:Warrior
1929:Warrior
1924:armor.
1917:Canopus
1863:brittle
1840:Warrior
1832:Warrior
1814:Mercury
1753:fouling
1738:Warrior
1625:Monarch
1618:Captain
1611:Warrior
1607:Monitor
1582:Monitor
1501:Warrior
1479:of 1860
1476:Warrior
1411:cannons
1336:caliber
1318:Warrior
1294:Warrior
1283:Warrior
1270:Warrior
1260:versus
1252:versus
1246:calibre
1216:Warrior
1214:on HMS
1196:torpedo
1151:Monitor
1104:ramming
1030:Italian
918:Chicora
889:Montauk
849:Monitor
839:on the
837:Atlanta
807:Monitor
778:Norfolk
743:on the
740:Mahopac
712:Warrior
689:Defence
680:Warrior
657:Warrior
649:Warrior
644:frigate
634:Warrior
615:Magenta
547:Glatton
540:in the
532:on the
499:Emperor
429:captain
406:Nemesis
335:Ottoman
209:frigate
155:torpedo
80:warship
61:Monitor
5452:U-boat
5180:E-boat
5147:Q-ship
4933:Escort
4465:
4455:
4436:
4417:
4398:
4380:
4364:
4356:
4338:
4319:
4300:
4271:
4252:
4226:
4202:
4183:
4164:
4148:
4115:
4105:
4087:
4061:
4028:
4002:
3983:
3964:
3948:
3940:
3922:
3903:
3884:
3865:
3839:
3820:
3800:
3780:
3772:
3754:
3732:
3709:
3485:
3241:et al.
3239:Noel,
2762:-class
2634:Buffel
2506:Legacy
2193:-class
2164:Navies
2120:Fleets
1954:Gloire
1885:Duilio
1742:Gloire
1723:Using
1677:Duilio
1597:Trusty
1553:turret
1544:Vauban
1494:Gloire
1399:Duilio
1390:Benbow
1368:Duilio
1325:Gloire
1250:rifled
1081:Kaiser
983:Neosho
900:Keokuk
825:Galena
747:, 1864
734:-class
708:Gloire
673:Gloire
669:Gloire
651:-class
610:Gloire
591:Gloire
586:Gloire
575:Gloire
553:Meteor
286:naval
153:, the
137:, and
96:Gloire
91:shells
75:was a
4995:Sloop
4940:Aviso
4216:et al
3540:et al
3500:et al
2735:Notes
2713:HMVS
2666:Neuse
2599:Cairo
2378:Cádiz
2334:Chile
1937:'
1901:Krupp
1780:steel
1762:KongĹŤ
1679:class
1657:mines
1370:class
1321:'
1297:'
1176:Lissa
1121:Punch
990:Osage
952:Cairo
602:knots
594:'
436:'
308:shell
288:shell
254:knots
5425:DSRV
5210:MTSM
4635:and
4463:OCLC
4453:ISBN
4434:ISBN
4415:ISBN
4396:ISBN
4378:ISBN
4362:OCLC
4354:ISBN
4336:ISBN
4317:ISBN
4298:ISBN
4269:ISBN
4250:ISBN
4224:OCLC
4200:ISBN
4181:ISBN
4162:ISBN
4146:ISBN
4131:link
4113:OCLC
4103:ISBN
4085:ISBN
4059:ISBN
4046:link
4026:ISBN
4000:ISBN
3981:ISBN
3962:ISBN
3946:OCLC
3938:ISBN
3920:ISBN
3901:ISBN
3882:ISBN
3863:ISBN
3837:ISBN
3818:ISBN
3798:ISSN
3778:OCLC
3770:ISBN
3752:ISBN
3730:ISBN
3707:ISBN
3483:ISBN
2884:2018
2591:The
2400:and
2332:and
2330:Peru
2277:The
2146:and
2051:and
2048:Alma
1848:teak
1812:and
1810:Iris
1768:Hiei
1765:and
1562:The
1497:and
1236:The
1163:SMS
1153:and
1135:this
1071:and
1044:and
1036:and
1028:and
986:and
950:off
914:and
877:CSS
710:and
692:and
682:and
660:and
618:and
550:and
524:and
518:Lave
466:Tory
459:Whig
449:Sir
395:1842
375:and
368:Lave
326:and
298:and
215:for
159:both
5205:MTM
5200:MTB
5190:MGB
5185:MAS
3855:to
2695:in
2563:in
2348:Loa
2317:Loa
2210:'s
1528:of
1472:on
1468:of
1174:at
1157:at
1143:ram
993:).
970:of
608:to
296:18-
71:An
5578::
4461:.
4360:.
4218:.
4127:}}
4123:{{
4111:.
4042:}}
4038:{{
3944:.
3792:.
3776:.
3601:.
3398:^
3359:^
3223:^
3208:^
3181:^
3115:^
3050:^
2928:^
2875:.
2800:^
2788:^
2606:,
2545:.
2368:.
2250:,
1858:.
1559:.
1524:A
1299:s
1264:.
1089:.
1048:.
974:,
954:,
936:.
828:.
787:,
624:.
520:,
330:.
322:,
318:,
282:A
238:.
169:.
4840:)
4836:(
4625:e
4618:t
4611:v
4536:e
4529:t
4522:v
4469:.
4442:.
4423:.
4402:.
4386:.
4368:.
4344:.
4325:.
4306:.
4277:.
4258:.
4230:.
4208:.
4189:.
4170:.
4152:.
4133:)
4119:.
4093:.
4067:.
4048:)
4034:.
4008:.
3989:.
3970:.
3952:.
3928:.
3909:.
3890:.
3871:.
3845:.
3826:.
3804:.
3784:.
3760:.
3738:.
3713:.
3688:.
3502:.
3489:.
2886:.
2699:.
2659:.
2641:.
2610:.
2567:.
2483:'
383:.
41:.
34:.
20:)
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