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178:, to help determine steamship navigability of that river. All the while he was stationed at those various postings, he retained the Taiwanese consulship, and indeed did not relinquish it until his retirement from the service of his government, in 1873. He spent his spare time in China collecting natural history specimens, and as the area had not previously been open to Westerners, many of the items he collected were new to science. As he was primarily an
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109:, a hybrid vessel utilizing a European hull and Chinese rigging. Whether this was an official or a personal visit is unknown, but he made mention of it on several occasions through the rest of his published career. While at Amoy he courted and married Christina Stronach (nÊe Lockie), the daughter of a Scottish missionary, in 1857.
29:
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In 1860, Swinhoe was named as the first
European consular representative to the island of Taiwan. Delays prevented him from physically obtaining that post until 1861. On 2 July of that year, Swinhoe and his assistant, George C. P. Braune (1838-1864), arrived at the prefectural capital, the southern
307:
wrote "due to Mr. Swinhoe's own exertions...there is probably no part of the world (if we except Europe, North
America, and British India) of whose warm-blooded vertebrates we possess fuller or more accurate knowledge than we do of the coast districts of China and its islands."
283:. Around 1871, he started suffering from partial paralysis and he moved to the Yantai which he called the "Scarborough of China". He was forced by his ill health to leave China in October 1875. From his home in Chelsea, he continued to publish notes and his last publication in
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At a young age, he had been interested in birds and had made a small collection of
British birds, nests and eggs. He corresponded with Henry Stevenson and one of his first publications was in 1858, the year in which
143:, where the bulk of foreign trade occurred. He published several articles on his first harried days as British representative in Taiwan, and as well numerous others on the rich wildlife of this isolated island.
101:), but also initiated a detailed and authoritative understanding of the ornithology of eastern China. In March 1856, Swinhoe made an "adventurous" visit to the camphor districts of northwestern
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During his travels, he studied the birds and mammals apart from studying the local culture. He collected both live animals and specimens on his travels and regularly sent them to the
158:, all on the mainland of China. He, at various times during his career, served as 'roving consul' for the British plenipotentiary in China for Great Britain,
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123:. He served as translator as well in two subsequent British actions against the Chinese in North China in 1858 and 1860, the latter resulting in his book
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published their papers on natural selection. Swinhoe took to the ideas of Darwin and in 1872, he named a species (now a subspecies) after Darwin (
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Coates, P. D, The China consuls: British consular officers, 1843-1943 (Hong Kong, Oxford, New York: Oxford
University Press, 1988), pp. 498, 500.
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A revised catalogue of the birds of China and its islands, with descriptions of new species, references to former notes, and occasional remarks
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39:
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624:), with the Description of a new Species sent to the British Museum by Mr. Swinhoe, and Observations on the Male Organ of this Family
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573:
Hall, Philip B. (1987) Robert
Swinhoe (1836-1877): A Victorian Naturalist in Treatyport China. The Geographical Journal 153:37-47
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described him as "one of the most industrious and successful exploring naturalists that have ever lived" and after his death,
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139:(now Tainan). Shoaling of the harbor at Taiwan-fu prompted him to re-establish the British consulate at the northern port of
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family, was a lawyer. There is no clear record of the date of his arrival in
England, but it is known he attended the
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54:(then known to Westerners as Formosa). He catalogued many Southeast Asian birds, and several, such as
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322:, which he first described himself in 1867. Also, four species of reptiles are named in his honor:
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198:. He returned to England in 1862 with his collection. Many of the birds were first described in
19:"Swinhoe" redirects here. For Robert's brother, also a naturalist, who lived 1838 to 1923, see
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His primary interest was however in birds and on these he corresponded extensively with
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In June and July 1858, Swinhoe participated in the circumnavigation of Taiwan on board
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Four species of mammals and 15 species of birds were named after
Swinhoe, including
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42:(1 September 1836 â 28 October 1877) was an English diplomat and
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Fisher, Clemency Thorne (2004). "Swinhoe, Robert (1836â1877)".
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and this was subsequently bequeathed to the
Liverpool Museum.
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598:. Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press. xiii + 296 pp.
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70:(then known as Calcutta) where his father, who came from a
162:. His duties in this capacity required a visit to explore
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Beolens, Bo; Watkins, Michael; Grayson, Michael (2011).
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was the description of a new genus and species of bird
632:, series 4, vol. XII, 1873. pp. 156â161 and Plate V.
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311:His collection of 3,700 specimens was bought by
262:Proceedings of the Zoological Society of London
538:(online ed.). Oxford University Press.
127:(London, 1861), his personal account of the
744:Fellows of the Zoological Society of London
16:English diplomat and naturalist (1836â1877)
502:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (
293:. He died at the age of 41, presumably of
739:Fellows of the Royal Geographical Society
663:Stephenson, Samuel. Fix, Douglas (ed.).
658:The Published Writings of Robert Swinhoe
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669:Reed Digital Collections : Formosa
535:Oxford Dictionary of National Biography
530:Oxford Dictionary of National Biography
359:in India and an expert on Lepidoptera.
85:He was stationed to the remote port of
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253:). He was a regular contributor to
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754:Alumni of the University of London
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351:One of Robert's brothers, Colonel
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119:in search of British and American
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596:The Eponym Dictionary of Reptiles
66:Swinhoe was born in colonial-era
749:Fellows of King's College London
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620:Notes on Chinese Mud-Tortoises (
402:"Notes on the Island of Formosa"
125:The North China Campaign of 1860
759:19th-century British zoologists
348:received from Swinhoe in 1873.
665:"Biography of Swinhoe, Robert"
609:
576:
374:Notes on the Island of Formosa
357:Bombay Natural History Society
338:Yangtze giant softshell turtle
220:Yangtze giant softshell turtle
166:, as well as a journey up the
1:
689:Darwin Swinhoe correspondence
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438:"Additional Notes on Formosa"
355:was a founding member of the
734:Fellows of the Royal Society
714:British expatriates in China
552:UK public library membership
259:after 1860 and later to the
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606:. ("Swinhoe", pp. 258â259).
250:Pucrasia macrolopha darwini
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226:sent by Robert Swinhoe to
78:, and in 1854, joined the
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276:in Europe came from him.
186:, but he also found new
729:Scientists from Kolkata
482:10.5962/bhl.title.17734
58:, are named after him.
709:English lepidopterists
704:English ornithologists
684:Biography - Takao Club
544:10.1093/ref:odnb/38460
344:, a specimen of which
320:Swinhoe's storm-petrel
235:
33:
653:at Wikimedia Commons
245:Alfred Russel Wallace
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333:Rhabdophis swinhonis
329:Diploderma swinhonis
218:Illustration of the
76:University of London
376:. London: F. Bell.
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56:Swinhoe's pheasant
34:
649:Media related to
604:978-1-4214-0135-5
550:(Subscription or
342:Rafetus swinhoei)
290:Liocichla steerii
274:Pere David's deer
224:Rafetus swinhoei)
160:Rutherford Alcock
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724:1877 deaths
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675:27 November
616:Gray, J. E.
470:Swinhoe, R.
434:Swinhoe, R.
412:(2): 6â18.
398:Swinhoe, R.
370:Swinhoe, R.
105:on board a
698:Categories
554:required.)
512:References
476:. London.
336:, and the
270:London Zoo
200:John Gould
116:Inflexible
44:naturalist
618:(1873) "
498:cite book
390:21819253M
172:Chongqing
137:Taiwan-fu
121:castaways
91:Hong Kong
62:Biography
490:16241663
472:(1871).
436:(1865).
400:(1864).
382:31834495
372:(1863).
295:syphilis
285:The Ibis
256:The Ibis
206:(1863).
135:city of
95:Mandarin
462:1799660
426:1798463
230:at the
196:insects
192:mammals
68:Kolkata
602:
548:
488:
460:
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388:
380:
164:Hainan
156:Yantai
154:, and
152:Ningbo
141:Tamsui
107:lorcha
103:Taiwan
52:Taiwan
48:Consul
458:JSTOR
422:JSTOR
184:birds
174:, in
80:China
677:2014
600:ISBN
504:link
486:OCLC
378:OCLC
243:and
194:and
188:fish
148:Amoy
114:HMS
87:Amoy
626:",
540:doi
478:doi
450:doi
414:doi
202:'s
170:to
50:in
40:FRS
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Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
