618:
1819:
697:
1853:
1657:(nar) Safety Code, model rockets are constructed of paper, wood, plastic and other lightweight materials. The code also provides guidelines for motor use, launch site selection, launch methods, launcher placement, recovery system design and deployment and more. Since the early 1960s, a copy of the Model Rocket Safety Code has been provided with most model rocket kits and motors. Despite its inherent association with extremely flammable substances and objects with a pointed tip traveling at high speeds, model rocketry historically has proven to be a very safe hobby and has been credited as a significant source of inspiration for children who eventually become
3894:
4754:"If you have ever seen a big fire hose spraying water, you may have noticed that it takes a lot of strength to hold the hose (sometimes you will see two or three firefighters holding the hose). The hose is acting like a rocket engine. The hose is throwing water in one direction, and the firefighters are using their strength and weight to counteract the reaction. If they were to let go of the hose, it would thrash around with tremendous force. If the firefighters were all standing on skateboards, the hose would propel them backward at great speed!"
2795:
271:
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1943:) acting on that part of the combustion chamber. In a properly designed engine, the flow will reach Mach 1 at the throat of the nozzle. At which point the speed of the flow increases. Beyond the throat of the nozzle, a bell shaped expansion part of the engine allows the gases that are expanding to push against that part of the rocket engine. Thus, the bell part of the nozzle gives additional thrust. Simply expressed, for every action there is an equal and opposite reaction, according to
2161:
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1399:
1550:
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42:
3141:, which improves the performance of flights. The higher the ratio, the less engine mass is needed to be carried. This permits the carrying of even more propellant, enormously improving the delta-v. Alternatively, some rockets such as for rescue scenarios or racing carry relatively little propellant and payload and thus need only a lightweight structure and instead achieve high accelerations. For example, the Soyuz escape system can produce 20
1225:
8638:
555:
4477:
1951:
1985:. Because a rocket, propellant and exhaust in flight, without any external perturbations, may be considered as a closed system, the total momentum is always constant. Therefore, the faster the net speed of the exhaust in one direction, the greater the speed of the rocket can achieve in the opposite direction. This is especially true since the rocket body's mass is typically far lower than the final total exhaust mass.
423:
4449:
3409:
735:, where a V-2 is exhibited in the main exhibition hall, states: "The V-2 was a quantum leap of technological change. We got to the Moon using V-2 technology but this was technology that was developed with massive resources, including some particularly grim ones. The V-2 programme was hugely expensive in terms of lives, with the Nazis using slave labour to manufacture these rockets". In parallel with the German
1473:
1719:
871:
1927:
produces thrust against the ambient environment to which these gases are released. The ideal direction of motion of the exhaust is in the direction so as to cause thrust. At the top end of the combustion chamber the hot, energetic gas fluid cannot move forward, and so, it pushes upward against the top of the rocket engine's
3889:
However, as speeds rise, the resultant exhaust speed goes down, and the overall vehicle energetic efficiency rises, reaching a peak of around 100% of the engine efficiency when the vehicle is travelling exactly at the same speed that the exhaust is emitted. In this case the exhaust would ideally stop
3839:
that can be used with rockets come surprisingly close: when the nozzle expands the gas, the gas is cooled and accelerated, and an energy efficiency of up to 70% can be achieved. Most of the rest is heat energy in the exhaust that is not recovered. The high efficiency is a consequence of the fact that
1882:
generated 180 dB of noise around its base. To combat this, NASA developed a sound suppression system which can flow water at rates up to 900,000 gallons per minute (57 m/s) onto the launch pad. The water reduces the noise level from 180 dB down to 142 dB (the design requirement is
4361:
Most of the takeoff mass of a rocket is normally propellant. However propellant is seldom more than a few times more expensive than gasoline per kilogram (as of 2009 gasoline was about $ 1/kg or less), and although substantial amounts are needed, for all but the very cheapest rockets, it turns
4242:
This fact is used in interplanetary travel. It means that the amount of delta-v to reach other planets, over and above that to reach escape velocity can be much less if the delta-v is applied when the rocket is travelling at high speeds, close to the Earth or other planetary surface; whereas waiting
1967:
by it. Using a convergent/divergent nozzle gives more force since the exhaust also presses on it as it expands outwards, roughly doubling the total force. If propellant gas is continuously added to the chamber then these pressures can be maintained for as long as propellant remains. Note that in the
1814:
of such a vehicle would make its useful payload tiny or nonexistent. Most current and historical launch vehicles "expend" their jettisoned hardware, typically by allowing it to crash into the ocean, but some have recovered and reused jettisoned hardware, either by parachute or by propulsive landing.
3642:
The energy density of a typical rocket propellant is often around one-third that of conventional hydrocarbon fuels; the bulk of the mass is (often relatively inexpensive) oxidizer. Nevertheless, at take-off the rocket has a great deal of energy in the fuel and oxidizer stored within the vehicle. It
1958:
In a closed chamber, the pressures are equal in each direction and no acceleration occurs. If an opening is provided in the bottom of the chamber then the pressure is no longer acting on the missing section. This opening permits the exhaust to escape. The remaining pressures give a resultant thrust
1886:
Noise is generally most intense when a rocket is close to the ground, since the noise from the engines radiates up away from the jet, as well as reflecting off the ground. This noise can be reduced somewhat by flame trenches with roofs, by water injection around the jet and by deflecting the jet at
1524:
that provides stable support until a few seconds after ignition. Due to their high exhaust velocity—2,500 to 4,500 m/s (9,000 to 16,200 km/h; 5,600 to 10,100 mph)—rockets are particularly useful when very high speeds are required, such as orbital speed at approximately 7,800 m/s
1320:
Illustration of the pendulum rocket fallacy. Whether the motor is mounted at the bottom (left) or top (right) of the vehicle, the thrust vector (T) points along an axis that is fixed to the vehicle (top), rather than pointing vertically (bottom) independent of vehicle attitude, which would lead the
3129:
Almost all of a launch vehicle's mass consists of propellant. Mass ratio is, for any 'burn', the ratio between the rocket's initial mass and its final mass. Everything else being equal, a high mass ratio is desirable for good performance, since it indicates that the rocket is lightweight and hence
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allowable for weight reasons. Components produced in small numbers if not individually machined can prevent amortization of R&D and facility costs over mass production to the degree seen in more pedestrian manufacturing. Amongst liquid-fueled rockets, complexity can be influenced by how much
1926:
of the combustion of propellant in the rocket engine is to increase the internal energy of the resulting gases, utilizing the stored chemical energy in the fuel. As the internal energy increases, pressure increases, and a nozzle is used to convert this energy into a directed kinetic energy. This
7662:
The aerospace giants shared almost $ 500 million in equity profits from the rocket-making venture last year, when it still had a monopoly on the business of blasting the
Pentagon's most important satellites into orbit. But since then, 'They've had us on a very short leash,' Tory Bruno, United
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As the remaining propellant decreases, rocket vehicles become lighter and their acceleration tends to increase until the propellant is exhausted. This means that much of the speed change occurs towards the end of the burn when the vehicle is much lighter. However, the thrust can be throttled to
2356:
is more or less the speed the exhaust leaves the vehicle, and in the vacuum of space, the effective exhaust velocity is often equal to the actual average exhaust speed along the thrust axis. However, the effective exhaust velocity allows for various losses, and notably, is reduced when operated
4146:
of 0.7, a rocket flying at Mach 0.85 (which most aircraft cruise at) with an exhaust velocity of Mach 10, would have a predicted overall energy efficiency of 5.9%, whereas a conventional, modern, air-breathing jet engine achieves closer to 35% efficiency. Thus a rocket would need about 6x more
3573:
Peak accelerations can be increased by designing the vehicle with a reduced mass, usually achieved by a reduction in the fuel load and tankage and associated structures, but obviously this reduces range, delta-v and burn time. Still, for some applications that rockets are used for, a high peak
1798:
Once above the majority of the atmosphere, the vehicle then angles the rocket jet, pointing it largely horizontally but somewhat downwards, which permits the vehicle to gain and then maintain altitude while increasing horizontal speed. As the speed grows, the vehicle will become more and more
692:
by
Hermann Oberth, who became the film's scientific adviser and later an important figure in the team that developed the V-2 rocket. The film was thought to be so realistic that it was banned by the Nazis when they came to power for fear it would reveal secrets about the V-2 rockets.
1210:). This actually happens because the force (pressure times area) on the combustion chamber wall is unbalanced by the nozzle opening; this is not the case in any other direction. The shape of the nozzle also generates force by directing the exhaust gas along the axis of the rocket.
1668:
Hobbyists build and fly a wide variety of model rockets. Many companies produce model rocket kits and parts but due to their inherent simplicity some hobbyists have been known to make rockets out of almost anything. Rockets are also used in some types of consumer and professional
3890:
dead in space behind the moving vehicle, taking away zero energy, and from conservation of energy, all the energy would end up in the vehicle. The efficiency then drops off again at even higher speeds as the exhaust ends up traveling forwards – trailing behind the vehicle.
1677:
is a type of model rocket using water as its reaction mass. The pressure vessel (the engine of the rocket) is usually a used plastic soft drink bottle. The water is forced out by a pressurized gas, typically compressed air. It is an example of Newton's third law of motion.
1006:, but to make an efficient, accurate rocket or missile involves overcoming a number of difficult problems. The main difficulties include cooling the combustion chamber, pumping the fuel (in the case of a liquid fuel), and controlling and correcting the direction of motion.
551:." The patent "Improvements in Rockets" was raised in July 1918 but not published until February 1923 for security reasons. Firing and guidance controls could be either wire or wireless. The propulsion and guidance rocket eflux emerged from the deflecting cowl at the nose.
2386:(integral of mass and velocity) of the object. As such, it is the best performance class (payload mass and terminal velocity capability) indicator of a rocket, rather than takeoff thrust, mass, or "power". The total impulse of a rocket (stage) burning its propellant is:
1592:. This is a small, usually solid rocket that is capable of pulling the crewed capsule away from the main vehicle towards safety at a moments notice. These types of systems have been operated several times, both in testing and in flight, and operated correctly each time.
4147:
energy; and allowing for the specific energy of rocket propellant being around one third that of conventional air fuel, roughly 18x more mass of propellant would need to be carried for the same journey. This is why rockets are rarely if ever used for general aviation.
4174:
of 30,000 km/h. At this altitude and velocity, the vehicle had a kinetic energy of about 3 TJ and a potential energy of roughly 200 GJ. Given the initial energy of 20 TJ, the Space
Shuttle was about 16% energy efficient at launching the orbiter.
1994:
4385:
are common, primarily from engineering, fabrication, and testing; raw materials amount to typically around 2% of total expense. For most rockets except reusable ones (shuttle engines) the engines need not function more than a few minutes, which simplifies design.
4345:
In May 2003 the astronaut office made clear its position on the need and feasibility of improving crew safety for future NASA crewed missions indicating their "consensus that an order of magnitude reduction in the risk of human life during ascent, compared to the
3456:
The maximum speeds that can be achieved with staging is theoretically limited only by the speed of light. However the payload that can be carried goes down geometrically with each extra stage needed, while the additional delta-v for each stage is simply additive.
2360:
The rate of propellant flow through a rocket engine is often deliberately varied over a flight, to provide a way to control the thrust and thus the airspeed of the vehicle. This, for example, allows minimization of aerodynamic losses and can limit the increase of
4394:
hardware must be lightweight, like pressure-fed engines can have two orders of magnitude lesser part count than pump-fed engines but lead to more weight by needing greater tank pressure, most often used in just small maneuvering thrusters as a consequence.
3851:, but particularly in rockets due to their high and typically fixed exhaust speeds, rocket vehicles are extremely inefficient at low speeds irrespective of the engine efficiency. The problem is that at low speeds, the exhaust carries away a huge amount of
1721:
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872:
1726:
874:
2114:
Drag is a force opposite to the direction of the rocket's motion relative to any air it is moving through. This slows the speed of the vehicle and produces structural loads. The deceleration forces for fast-moving rockets are calculated using the
1890:
For crewed rockets various methods are used to reduce the sound intensity for the passengers, and typically the placement of the astronauts far away from the rocket engines helps significantly. For the passengers and crew, when a vehicle goes
3792:
1883:
145 dB). Without the sound suppression system, acoustic waves would reflect off of the launch pad towards the rocket, vibrating the sensitive payload and crew. These acoustic waves can be so severe as to damage or destroy the rocket.
1962:
The shape of the nozzle is important. Consider a balloon propelled by air coming out of a tapering nozzle. In such a case the combination of air pressure and viscous friction is such that the nozzle does not push the balloon but is
1836:" is a guided, powered turn during ascent phase that causes a rocket's flight path to deviate from a "straight" path. A dogleg is necessary if the desired launch azimuth, to reach a desired orbital inclination, would take the
5196:
Le macchine cifrate di
Giovanni Fontana: con la riproduzione del Cod. icon. 242 della Bayerische Staatsbibliothek di Monaco di Baviera e la decrittazione di esso e del Cod. lat. nouv. acq. 635 della Bibliothèque nationale di
519:
first proposed the concept of using rockets to enable human spaceflight in 1861. Leitch's rocket spaceflight description was first provided in his 1861 essay "A Journey
Through Space", which was later published in his book
1723:
875:
4342:, estimated that the chance of an unsafe condition for a launch of the Shuttle was very roughly 1%; more recently the historical per person-flight risk in orbital spaceflight has been calculated to be around 2% or 4%.
4048:
5479:" (1929) is considered one of the first serious science fiction films and invented the countdown before the launch of a rocket. Many of the basics of space travel were presented to a mass audience for the first time."
2779:
is determined by measurement while testing the engine. In practice the effective exhaust velocities of rockets varies but can be extremely high, ~4500 m/s, about 15 times the sea level speed of sound in air.
4362:
out that the propellant costs are usually comparatively small, although not completely negligible. With liquid oxygen costing $ 0.15 per kilogram ($ 0.068/lb) and liquid hydrogen $ 2.20/kg ($ 1.00/lb), the
1935:
part of the rocket engine nozzle on the high pressure fluid of combustion gases, is to cause the gases to accelerate to high speed. The higher the speed of the gases, the lower the pressure of the gas (
4358:
The costs of rockets can be roughly divided into propellant costs, the costs of obtaining and/or producing the 'dry mass' of the rocket, and the costs of any required support equipment and facilities.
2917:
4366:
in 2009 had a liquid propellant expense of approximately $ 1.4 million for each launch that cost $ 450 million from other expenses (with 40% of the mass of propellants used by it being liquids in the
4739:, first attested in 1566 (OED), adopted from the Italian term, given due to the similarity in shape to the bobbin or spool used to hold the thread from a spinning wheel. The modern Italian term is
4408:
The costs of support equipment, range costs and launch pads generally scale up with the size of the rocket, but vary less with launch rate, and so may be considered to be approximately a fixed cost.
3438:
of about 10, and achieved a specific impulse of 263 seconds. This gives a delta-v of around 5.9 km/s whereas around 9.4 km/s delta-v is needed to achieve orbit with all losses allowed for.
4166:
fired its engines for around 8.5 minutes, consuming 1,000 tonnes of solid propellant (containing 16% aluminium) and an additional 2,000,000 litres of liquid propellant (106,261 kg of
1968:
case of liquid propellant engines, the pumps moving the propellant into the combustion chamber must maintain a pressure larger than the combustion chamber—typically on the order of 100 atmospheres.
1681:
The scale of amateur rocketry can range from a small rocket launched in one's own backyard to a rocket that reached space. Amateur rocketry is split into three categories according to total engine
7676:
3427:, valves and engines and so on, take a particular minimum percentage of take-off mass that is too great for the propellant it carries to achieve that delta-v carrying reasonable payloads. Since
2187:
A typical rocket engine can handle a significant fraction of its own mass in propellant each second, with the propellant leaving the nozzle at several kilometres per second. This means that the
4796:
The energy density is 31MJ per kg for aluminum and 143 MJ/kg for liquid hydrogen, this means that the vehicle consumed around 5 TJ of solid propellant and 15 TJ of hydrogen fuel.
2191:
of a rocket engine, and often the entire vehicle can be very high, in extreme cases over 100. This compares with other jet propulsion engines that can exceed 5 for some of the better engines.
2080:, and this trajectory is often used at least during the initial part of a launch. (This is true even if the rocket engine is mounted at the nose.) Vehicles can thus maintain low or even zero
1840:
over land (or over a populated area, e.g. Russia usually does launch over land, but over unpopulated areas), or if the rocket is trying to reach an orbital plane that does not reach the
1607:. In all three cases the capsule, albeit uncrewed, was saved from destruction. Only the three aforementioned N1 rockets had functional Safety Assurance Systems. The outstanding vehicle,
1875:
from these shock waves depends on the size of the rocket as well as the exhaust velocity. The sound intensity of large, high performance rockets could potentially kill at close range.
4115:
2250:
2681:
3101:
3047:
is about 9.7 km/s, which leaves the vehicle with a sideways speed of about 7.8 km/s at an altitude of around 200 km. In this manoeuvre about 1.9 km/s is lost in
1722:
6513:
3531:
3148:
Achievable mass ratios are highly dependent on many factors such as propellant type, the design of engine the vehicle uses, structural safety margins and construction techniques.
873:
250:). Chemical rockets store a large amount of energy in an easily released form, and can be very dangerous. However, careful design, testing, construction and use minimizes risks.
3581:
of the rocket engine limits the maximum acceleration that can be designed. It turns out that rocket engines generally have truly excellent thrust to weight ratios (137 for the
3040:
When launched from the Earth practical delta-vs for a single rockets carrying payloads can be a few km/s. Some theoretical designs have rockets with delta-vs over 9 km/s.
4397:
To change the preceding factors for orbital launch vehicles, proposed methods have included mass-producing simple rockets in large quantities or on large scale, or developing
4377:
Even though a rocket's non-propellant, dry mass is often only between 5–20% of total mass, nevertheless this cost dominates. For hardware with the performance used in orbital
3833:
898:
Rocket vehicles are often constructed in the archetypal tall thin "rocket" shape that takes off vertically, but there are actually many different types of rockets including:
645:, which resulted in the first launch in 1928, which flew for approximately 1,300 metres. These rockets were used in 1931 for the world's first successful use of rockets for
2813:
capacity of a rocket is the theoretical total change in velocity that a rocket can achieve without any external interference (without air drag or gravity or other forces).
2287:
2055:
can be significant due to the path of the rocket around the center of a celestial body; when high enough speeds in the right direction and altitude are achieved a stable
7558:
3661:
In a chemical propulsion device, the engine efficiency is simply the ratio of the kinetic power of the exhaust gases and the power available from the chemical reaction:
3035:
2421:
4207:
4144:
3926:
3884:
2588:
As can be seen from the thrust equation, the effective speed of the exhaust controls the amount of thrust produced from a particular quantity of fuel burnt per second.
3666:
2320:
5475:
A gallery of behind-the-scenes shots of movies featuring space travel or aliens. Page 68, photo caption: "Directed by Fritz Lang (third from right), the silent film "
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Extreme performance requirements for rockets reaching orbit correlate with high cost, including intensive quality control to ensure reliability despite the limited
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was at the top and the fuel tank at the bottom of the rocket, based on
Goddard's belief that the rocket would achieve stability by "hanging" from the engine like a
6383:
3570:
offset or vary this if needed. Discontinuities in acceleration also occur when stages burn out, often starting at a lower acceleration with each new stage firing.
2625:, and this is one of the most important figures that describes a rocket's performance. It is defined such that it is related to the effective exhaust velocity by:
1761:
3966:
3946:
3489:
1971:
As a side effect, these pressures on the rocket also act on the exhaust in the opposite direction and accelerate this exhaust to very high speeds (according to
1487:
are commonly used to carry instruments that take readings from 50 kilometers (31 mi) to 1,500 kilometers (930 mi) above the surface of the Earth. The
6763:
Understanding force: an account of some aspects of teaching the idea of force in school, college and university courses in engineering, mathematics and science
6705:
Understanding force: an account of some aspects of teaching the idea of force in school, college and university courses in engineering, mathematics and science
1267:
to produce large volumes of very hot gas. The oxidiser is either kept separate and mixed in the combustion chamber, or comes premixed, as with solid rockets.
528:
later (in 1903) also conceived this idea, and extensively developed a body of theory that has provided the foundation for subsequent spaceflight development.
8343:
6627:
6791:
6676:
4209:)—dominate for subsonic and supersonic atmospheric use, while rockets work best at hypersonic speeds. On the other hand, rockets serve in many short-range
3897:
Plot of instantaneous propulsive efficiency (blue) and overall efficiency for a rocket accelerating from rest (red) as percentages of the engine efficiency
3835:) would mean that all the heat energy of the combustion products is converted into kinetic energy of the jet. This is not possible, but the near-adiabatic
5805:
7884:
4424:
4252:
5448:
490:
in 1814. Together, the
Mysorean and British innovations increased the effective range of military rockets from 100 to 2,000 yards (91 to 1,829 m).
7615:
395:, meaning "bobbin" or "little spindle", given due to the similarity in shape to the bobbin or spool used to hold the thread from a spinning wheel.
7500:
7210:
1979:
the speed of the exhaust of a rocket determines how much momentum increase is created for a given amount of propellant. This is called the rocket's
1308:
where high performance is less necessary, a pressurised fluid is used as propellant that simply escapes the spacecraft through a propelling nozzle.
168:. Significant scientific, interplanetary and industrial use did not occur until the 20th century, when rocketry was the enabling technology for the
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6644:
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meant to fly very frequently to amortize their up-front expense over many payloads, or reducing rocket performance requirements by constructing a
4150:
Since the energy ultimately comes from fuel, these considerations mean that rockets are mainly useful when a very high speed is required, such as
1646:
A model rocket is a small rocket designed to reach low altitudes (e.g., 100–500 m (330–1,640 ft) for 30 g (1.1 oz) model) and
5033:
3973:
2382:
Impulse is defined as a force acting on an object over time, which in the absence of opposing forces (gravity and aerodynamic drag), changes the
756:
544:
1760:
Rocket launch technologies include the entire set of systems needed to successfully launch a vehicle, not just the vehicle itself, but also the
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4213:
low speed military applications where their low-speed inefficiency is outweighed by their extremely high thrust and hence high accelerations.
1844:
of the launch site. Doglegs are undesirable due to extra onboard fuel required, causing heavier load, and a reduction of vehicle performance.
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6341:
5228:
6333:
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3840:
rocket combustion can be performed at very high temperatures and the gas is finally released at much lower temperatures, and so giving good
6543:
5421:
3155:, a situation which calls for a high delta-v. Liquid propellants generally have densities similar to water (with the notable exceptions of
3043:
The required delta-v can also be calculated for a particular manoeuvre; for example the delta-v to launch from the surface of the Earth to
7063:
6200:
5514:
1130:. The rocket engines powering rockets come in a great variety of different types; a comprehensive list can be found in the main article,
7797:
6521:
4231:. This delta-v means that the speed increases (or decreases) by a particular amount, independent of the initial speed. However, because
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5620:
7440:
5830:
5489:
4983:
Rockets appear in Arab literature in 1258 A.D., describing Mongol invaders' use of them on
February 15 to capture the city of Baghdad
4556:
4501:
2535:
1918:
A balloon with a tapering nozzle. The balloon is pushed by the higher pressure at the top than found around the inside of the nozzle.
1206:
of these gases through the engine exerts force ("thrust") on the combustion chamber and nozzle, propelling the vehicle (according to
617:
304:
dated to 1245. Internal-combustion rocket propulsion is mentioned in a reference to 1264, recording that the "ground-rat", a type of
265:
4963:
3125:
The
Tsiolkovsky rocket equation gives a relationship between the mass ratio and the final velocity in multiples of the exhaust speed
6992:
5944:
5772:
Space handbook: Astronautics and its applications : Staff report of the Select
Committee on Astronautics and Space Exploration
2545:
1611:, had dummy upper stages and therefore no escape system giving the N1 booster a 100% success rate for egress from a failed launch.
1599:(Soviet nomenclature) successfully pulled away the L3 capsule during three of the four failed launches of the Soviet Moon rocket,
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6894:
6254:
6000:
4227:
One subtle feature of rockets relates to energy. A rocket stage, while carrying a given load, is capable of giving a particular
2853:
7423:
2137:
During a launch, as the vehicle speed increases, and the atmosphere thins, there is a point of maximum aerodynamic drag called
1818:
572:
111:
of space. Rockets work more efficiently in a vacuum and incur a loss of thrust due to the opposing pressure of the atmosphere.
4778:
is a dimensionless parameter that is identical to the acceleration of the rocket propulsion system (expressed in multiples of
4170:
fuel) to lift the 100,000 kg vehicle (including the 25,000 kg payload) to an altitude of 111 km and an orbital
7901:
7836:
7471:
6970:
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6717:
6612:
Acoustic Prediction Methods for Rocket Engines, Including the Effects of Clustered Engines and Deflected Exhaust Flow, CR-566
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6135:
5709:
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The reliability of rockets, as for all physical systems, is dependent on the quality of engineering design and construction.
678:(a rocket standing upright against a tall building before launch having been slowly rolled into place) and the rocket-launch
494:
7017:
6831:
5575:
5466:
4934:
7521:
6025:
5654:
4911:
1810:
which would be able to reach orbit without staging, none have ever been constructed, and, if powered only by rockets, the
7289:
6572:
1947:
with the result that the exiting gases produce the reaction of a force on the rocket causing it to accelerate the rocket.
7645:
7239:
7133:
7091:
6223:
6078:
6054:
4350:, is both achievable with current technology and consistent with NASA's focus on steadily improving rocket reliability".
1439:
814:
606:, highly directed jet of gas, more than doubling the thrust and raising the engine efficiency from 2% to 64%. His use of
497:(1813). In 1814, Congreve published a book in which he discussed the use of multiple rocket launching apparatus. In 1815
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7112:
6387:
582:
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4371:
2528:
486:
was referring, when he wrote of the "rockets' red glare" while held captive on a British ship that was laying siege to
300:
to the Middle East and to Europe in the mid-13th century. According to Joseph Needham, the Song navy used rockets in a
3577:
The minimal mass of vehicle consists of a rocket engine with minimal fuel and structure to carry it. In that case the
1710:
Corpulent Stump is the most powerful non-commercial rocket ever launched on an Aerotech engine in the United Kingdom.
1270:
Sometimes the propellant is not burned but still undergoes a chemical reaction, and can be a 'monopropellant' such as
716:
7941:
7554:
7390:
5908:
5569:
4327:
2153:
For a more detailed model of the net thrust of a rocket engine that includes the effect of atmospheric pressure, see
1458:, which was launched to surveil enemy targets, however, recon rockets have never come into wide use in the military.
475:
456:
403:
adopted the Italian term into German in the mid-16th century; "rocket" appears in English by the early 17th century.
7792:
5764:
8677:
7151:
6610:
6283:
6104:
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3170:
Some notable mass fractions are found in the following table (some aircraft are included for comparison purposes):
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into orbit and beyond. They are also used to rapidly accelerate spacecraft when they change orbits or de-orbit for
1488:
723:
serving as the technical director. The V-2 became the first artificial object to travel into space by crossing the
5405:
5034:"Gunpowder Composition for Rockets and Cannon in Arabic Military Treatises In Thirteenth and Fourteenth Centuries"
547:
designed an electrically steered rocket… Rocket experiments were conducted under my own patents with the help of
8096:
6795:
6680:
1931:. As the combustion gases approach the exit of the combustion chamber, they increase in speed. The effect of the
506:
3658:
and is used for the rocket to gain altitude and speed. However, much of the lost energy ends up in the exhaust.
3445:—the rocket sheds excess weight (usually empty tankage and associated engines) during launch. Staging is either
3419:
Thus far, the required velocity (delta-v) to achieve orbit has been unattained by any single rocket because the
8687:
8471:
8333:
7916:
5809:
2052:
1373:
may usefully employ for propulsion, such as in space. In these circumstances, it is necessary to carry all the
498:
478:
in 1804. This rocket was based directly on the Mysorean rockets, used compressed powder and was fielded in the
4415:), commonly not needing comparable performance and sometimes mass-produced, are often relatively inexpensive.
4077:
2199:
696:
8662:
7776:
6279:
4243:
until the rocket has slowed at altitude multiplies up the effort required to achieve the desired trajectory.
3434:
For example, the first stage of the Saturn V, carrying the weight of the upper stages, was able to achieve a
2630:
1632:
are used in many military aircraft to propel crew away to safety from a vehicle when flight control is lost.
17:
6308:
3065:
2072:) present will, unless deliberate control efforts are made, naturally cause the vehicle to follow a roughly
1852:
1357:
carrying their own propellant must be used when there is no other substance (land, water, or air) or force (
759:). The Allies' rocket programs were less technological, relying mostly on unguided missiles like the Soviet
688:
film critic Stephen Armstrong states Lang "created the rocket industry". Lang was inspired by the 1923 book
8037:
5702:
The Naval Institute guide to combat fleets of the world 2000–2001 : their ships, aircraft, and systems
4606:
4326:), consequences of accidents can be severe. Most space missions have some problems. In 1986, following the
1086:
367:
gave instructions for constructing devices that are similar to firecrackers based on second hand accounts.
3496:
8667:
8449:
8285:
8032:
7879:
7496:
7218:
6366:
5967:
5598:
4405:
system for part of the velocity to orbit (or all of it but with most methods involving some rocket use).
3600:. For these operations to be done it is necessary for a vehicle's engines to provide more than the local
3296:
3151:
The highest mass ratios are generally achieved with liquid rockets, and these types are usually used for
2844:
2789:
1811:
1647:
1135:
1031:
460:
378:
7623:
6923:
6651:
1757:, are usually from a fixed location on the ground, but would also be possible from an aircraft or ship.
8521:
8290:
7963:
7314:
5725:
5075:
4235:
is a square law on speed, this means that the faster the rocket is travelling before the burn the more
3601:
3160:
2323:
1098:
516:
5068:"Transfer Of Islamic Technology To The West, Part III: Technology Transfer in the Chemical Industries"
5041:
3592:
The high accelerations that rockets naturally possess means that rocket vehicles are often capable of
3566:
is the net force acting on the rocket (mostly thrust, but air drag and other forces can play a part).
3163:), and these types are able to use lightweight, low pressure tanks and typically run high-performance
8444:
8326:
8064:
7829:
7772:
3802:
2504:
1780:
needed for a successful launch or recovery or both. These are often collectively referred to as the "
1558:
1305:
622:
7268:
8559:
8059:
8047:
8019:
6484:
4640:
4634:
4302:
3190:
2259:
1976:
1936:
1151:
760:
650:
293:
239:
7736:
6435:
5784:
5276:
5220:
2749:
Thus, the greater the specific impulse, the greater the net thrust and performance of the engine.
1537:. Also, a rocket may be used to soften a hard parachute landing immediately before touchdown (see
1058:) to hold these components together. Rockets intended for high speed atmospheric use also have an
238:), two liquids that must be ignited to react (like kerosene (RP1) and liquid oxygen, used in most
8563:
8499:
8278:
8180:
8091:
7995:
7968:
7869:
7650:
6345:
5860:
5770:
3787:{\displaystyle \eta _{c}={\frac {{\frac {1}{2}}{\dot {m}}v_{e}^{2}}{\eta _{combustion}P_{chem}}}}
2045:
1737:
950:
817:(ICBMs). The 1960s saw rapid development of rocket technology, particularly in the Soviet Union (
642:
638:
296:
during this time. The Mongols adopted Chinese rocket technology and the invention spread via the
138:
122:
33:
6873:
6551:
5352:
4824:
3014:
2391:
1341:
in flight. However, the rocket veered off course and crashed 184 feet (56 m) away from the
8611:
8573:
8007:
7926:
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7576:
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6703:
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performs better, for essentially the same reasons that low weight is desirable in sports cars.
2459:
The total impulse of a multi-stage rocket is the sum of the impulses of the individual stages.
2188:
1940:
1765:
1447:
1435:
1298:
1171:
1119:
732:
525:
6166:
2294:
214:
are the most common type of high power rocket, typically creating a high speed exhaust by the
8461:
8268:
7906:
6410:"Demonstration of the flying rocket belt, Fort Eustis, Virginia and the Pentagon, 06/07/1961"
5900:
5893:
5765:
United States Congress. House Select Committee on Astronautics and Space Exploration (1959),
5165:
4693:
4519:
4513:
4273:
3856:
3618:
3428:
2127:
1972:
1944:
1807:
1791:
commonly take off vertically, and then begin to progressively lean over, usually following a
1529:, which are used for many commercial purposes. Indeed, rockets remain the only way to launch
1526:
1345:, indicating that the rocket was no more stable than one with the rocket engine at the base.
1207:
1069:
As well as these components, rockets can have any number of other components, such as wings (
822:
235:
231:
5153:
2752:
2690:
2598:
2430:
2141:. This determines the minimum aerodynamic strength of the vehicle, as the rocket must avoid
8630:
8531:
8514:
8151:
8086:
8079:
7936:
7822:
7185:
5624:
4573:
4543:
4308:
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3893:
3836:
3542:
2985:
2956:
2927:
2819:
2722:
2332:
1932:
1754:
1596:
1589:
1525:(28,000 km/h; 17,000 mph). Spacecraft delivered into orbital trajectories become
1294:
1195:
1167:
1094:
1023:
986:
795:
646:
626:
510:
412:
396:
197:
7447:
5928:. Reston, Virginia: American Institute of Aeronautics and Astronautics. pp. 267, 269.
5839:
5561:
8:
8526:
8504:
8439:
8158:
8002:
5490:"Woman in the Moon – Philip French on Fritz Lang's handsomely restored moon-mission yarn"
4971:
4591:
4576: – Rocket that burns 3 propellants at once or 2 fuels with an oxidizer, sequentially
4562:
4430:
4155:
2591:
An equivalent measure, the net impulse per weight unit of propellant expelled, is called
2577:
2556:
1750:
1686:
1615:
1289:
Alternatively, an inert propellant can be used that can be externally heated, such as in
778:. After World War II scientists used rockets to study high-altitude conditions, by radio
775:
774:, including Wernher von Braun, in 1945, and brought them to the United States as part of
92:
74:
54:
7590:
6988:
5940:
2154:
1608:
1604:
441:
were the first successful iron-cased rockets, developed in the late 18th century in the
8672:
8641:
8424:
8350:
8205:
8101:
7953:
7396:
5422:"Katyusha rocket launcher. Weapon of Victory: multiple launch rocket system 'Katyusha'"
5109:
4817:
4482:
4434:
4367:
3951:
3931:
3474:
3442:
3404:
Spacecraft staging involves dropping off unnecessary parts of the rocket to reduce mass
2552:
1928:
1923:
1455:
1326:
671:
599:
548:
532:
259:
154:
100:
50:
7042:
6898:
6258:
6079:"Soyuz T-10-1 'Launch vehicle blew up on pad at Tyuratam; crew saved by abort system'"
2843:
is constant, the delta-v that a rocket vehicle can provide can be calculated from the
1959:
on the side opposite the opening, and these pressures are what push the rocket along.
1895:
the sound cuts off as the sound waves are no longer able to keep up with the vehicle.
1438:
use rocket engines to engage targets at high speed at a range of several miles, while
731:
on 20 June 1944. Doug Millard, space historian and curator of space technology at the
452:
8682:
8637:
8596:
8236:
8131:
8106:
8052:
8042:
7859:
7550:
7386:
6823:
6771:
6713:
6619:
6580:
6172:
6004:
5904:
5776:
5775:, House document / 86th Congress, 1st session, no. 86, Washington (DC): U.S. G.P.O.,
5705:
5680:
5565:
5476:
5361:
5200:
5169:
5132:
5000:
4901:
4828:
4531:
4339:
4319:
3841:
3395:
2377:
1954:
Rocket thrust is caused by pressures acting on both the combustion chamber and nozzle
1692:
1682:
1403:
1330:
1279:
1219:
1179:
1159:
1147:
1015:
834:
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607:
563:
483:
442:
338:
327:
301:
243:
219:
205:
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114:
104:
7420:
7400:
5677:
Cold War submarines : the design and construction of U.S. and Soviet submarines
5299:
3797:
2164:
270:
8509:
8338:
8295:
8261:
8226:
8163:
8116:
7958:
7378:
7343:
5194:
Battisti, Eugenio; Saccaro Del Buffa Battisti, Giuseppa; Fontana, Giovanni (1984).
5161:
4496:
4178:
Thus jet engines, with a better match between speed and jet exhaust speed (such as
3648:
3593:
3056:
2592:
2474:
2468:
2109:
2085:
2030:
1981:
1914:
1777:
1443:
1414:
to their targets. A rocket and its payload together are generally referred to as a
1389:
1047:
846:
771:
724:
567:
438:
430:
426:
408:
389:
297:
150:
142:
65:
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1236:
tank or casing, prior to being used as the propulsive mass that is ejected from a
1158:. Some rockets use heat or pressure that is supplied from a source other than the
8554:
8454:
8407:
8305:
8246:
8231:
8185:
8168:
8074:
8069:
7809:
7740:
7681:
7427:
7371:"Reliability and crew safety assessment for a solid rocket booster/J-2S launcher"
7013:
6817:
5646:
5554:
5316:
4942:
4895:
4708:
4674:
4468:
4454:
4411:
Rockets in applications other than launch to orbit (such as military rockets and
4335:
4167:
3431:
has so far not been achievable, orbital rockets always have more than one stage.
3424:
3156:
3044:
2515:
2131:
2081:
2060:
1872:
1484:
1477:
1430:
1421:
1354:
1252:
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838:
595:
479:
471:
464:
211:
118:
7547:
Great Mambo Chicken And The Transhuman Condition: Science Slightly Over The Edge
7525:
6029:
5556:
The Rocket and the Reich: Peenemünde and the Coming of the Ballistic Missile Era
5098:"'The Soul of Artillery': Congreve's Rockets and Their Effectiveness in Warfare"
3623:
493:
The first mathematical treatment of the dynamics of rocket propulsion is due to
322:, also known as the Fire Drake Manual, written by the Chinese artillery officer
8601:
8588:
8481:
8412:
8402:
8387:
8365:
8355:
8251:
8241:
8190:
8111:
7370:
5348:
5063:
5029:
4378:
4236:
4232:
3852:
3644:
2101:
2089:
2035:
1857:
1788:
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1773:
1585:
1554:
1451:
1139:
1039:
937:
929:
903:
842:
803:
736:
704:
577:
331:
313:
193:
146:
121:
from Earth and therefore can achieve unlimited maximum altitude. Compared with
84:
7382:
7243:
6735:
6409:
6050:
5870:
4690: – Vehicle or machine that is able to fly by gaining support from the air
4425:
Space launch market competition § 2010s: Competition and pricing pressure
3643:
is of course desirable that as much of the energy of the propellant end up as
3121:
164:
Rockets for military and recreational uses date back to at least 13th-century
8656:
8549:
8466:
8397:
8360:
8200:
8121:
7985:
7980:
7802:
7347:
6584:
5332:
4652:
4525:
4390:
4363:
4347:
4297:
4222:
4163:
3628:
3596:, and in some cases, with suitable guidance and control of the engines, also
3256:
2573:
2511:
2116:
2010:
1909:
1879:
1732:
1629:
1622:
1566:
1506:
along a rail at extremely high speed. The world record for this is Mach 8.5.
1334:
1275:
1260:
1237:
1155:
1131:
1110:
1027:
982:
970:
826:
818:
813:
rockets became extremely important militarily with the development of modern
791:
748:
540:
501:
constructed rocket-launching platforms, which allowed rockets to be fired in
368:
353:), which included 107 gunpowder recipes, 22 of them for rockets. In Europe,
247:
189:
96:
7677:"The inside story of how billionaires are racing to take you to outer space"
6623:
6456:
5780:
4696: – The hypothesis that inertial and gravitational masses are equivalent
4570: – Thermal rocket that uses superheated water held in a pressure vessel
3847:
However, engine efficiency is not the whole story. In common with the other
3400:
602:. These nozzles turn the hot gas from the combustion chamber into a cooler,
8606:
8541:
8210:
8195:
7896:
7891:
5856:
5365:
4567:
4043:{\displaystyle \eta _{p}={\frac {2{\frac {u}{c}}}{1+({\frac {u}{c}})^{2}}}}
3655:
3052:
2105:
2077:
2041:
1837:
1792:
1674:
1641:
1549:
1398:
1290:
1203:
1182:. With combustive propellants a chemical reaction is initiated between the
1175:
1163:
1003:
915:
907:
850:
684:
654:
487:
364:
289:
126:
88:
7137:
7095:
6952:
6827:
5379:
2160:
1316:
433:
used to defeat an East India Company battalion during the Battle of Guntur
8434:
8300:
7990:
7973:
7845:
7781:
7116:
5193:
4714:
4668:
4534: – Structure built on a rocket launch pad to service launch vehicles
3453:, where rockets are burning together and then detach when they burn out.
1863:
Rocket exhaust generates a significant amount of acoustic energy. As the
1704:
1600:
1538:
1515:
1503:
1467:
1264:
1244:
1143:
1115:
1082:
1070:
1059:
991:
960:
919:
783:
536:
400:
373:
354:
318:
276:
227:
7155:
6112:
5113:
5097:
4261:
2130:(the "classic" rocket shape—long and thin), and by keeping the rocket's
280:: "fire arrow", "dragon-shaped arrow frame", and a "complete fire arrow"
8568:
8476:
8419:
8379:
8173:
7874:
7524:. Andrews Space and Technology (original figure source). Archived from
7369:
Fragola, J.; Baum, J.D.; Sauvageau, D.; Horowitz, S.J. (January 2006).
5968:"High Altitude Research at the Applied Physics Laboratory in the 1940s"
4625:
4382:
4292:
3848:
3435:
3420:
3370:
3315:
3185:
3164:
3138:
3116:
2006:
1892:
1868:
1864:
1769:
1700:
1530:
1521:
1496:
1425:
1374:
1342:
1233:
1191:
1127:
1078:
942:
799:
712:
700:
675:
661:
614:
greatly lowered the weight and increased the effectiveness of rockets.
603:
591:
359:
215:
125:, rockets are lightweight and powerful and capable of generating large
7315:"Going Private: The Promise and Danger of Space Travel By Tariq Malik"
4741:
3265:
104,000 kg + 28,800 kg (~230,000 lb + ~63,500 lb)
3245:
13,300 kg + 118,000 kg (~29,320 lb + ~260,150 lb)
1822:
Doglegged flight path of a PSLV launch to polar inclinations avoiding
1224:
8578:
8429:
8146:
8027:
7948:
7931:
6854:
4646:
4612:
4537:
4179:
3901:
From these principles it can be shown that the propulsive efficiency
3449:
where the rockets light after the previous stage has fallen away, or
3276:
3217:
2123:
2068:
1856:
Workers and media witness the Sound Suppression Water System test at
1696:
1670:
1658:
1424:(not all missiles use rocket engines, some use other engines such as
1362:
1271:
1074:
1063:
1055:
1051:
911:
880:
779:
679:
611:
554:
446:
416:
334:(Huo long chu shui), thought to have been used by the Chinese navy.
309:
285:
177:
173:
169:
103:
to exhaust expelled at high speed. Rocket engines work entirely from
41:
226:. The stored propellant can be a simple pressurized gas or a single
7755:
6489:
6461:
5473:. Los Angeles, California: Directors Guild of America, Inc.: 64–71.
5452:
4687:
4323:
4171:
3412:
3352:
3237:
3197:
3048:
2383:
2142:
2073:
1841:
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1187:
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883:
854:
810:
787:
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728:
305:
223:
134:
130:
46:
6193:"N1 (vehicle 5L) moon rocket Test – launch abort system activated"
3206:
2,700 kg + 16,000 kg (~6,000 lb + ~35,300 lb)
1232:
Rocket propellant is mass that is stored, usually in some form of
6312:
5866:
5515:"Watch the Silent Film that Brought Rocket Science to the Masses"
4433:
for obtaining spaceflight services emerged, bringing substantial
4228:
3586:
3585:
engine; some solid rockets are over 1000), and nearly all really
2810:
2799:
2362:
2026:
1743:
1534:
1416:
1411:
1393:
1370:
1358:
1002:
A rocket design can be as simple as a cardboard tube filled with
924:
764:
422:
357:
mentioned firecrackers made in various parts of the world in the
323:
181:
158:
80:
7750:
7577:
U.S. Air Force Research Report No. AU-ARI-93-8: LEO On The Cheap
7375:
RAMS '06. Annual Reliability and Maintainability Symposium, 2006
6859:(Master's thesis). Air Force Institute of Technology. p. 2.
3574:
acceleration applied for just a short time is highly desirable.
3408:
1950:
1565:
Rockets were used to propel a line to a stricken ship so that a
1251:. For chemical rockets often the propellants are a fuel such as
8256:
4819:
Porcupine, Picayune, & Post: How Newspapers Get Their Names
2020:
1570:
1248:
1199:
1134:. Most current rockets are chemically powered rockets (usually
1043:
752:
634:
185:
108:
7814:
6287:
4677: – Rocket designed to take measurements during its flight
2951:
is the initial total mass, including propellant, in kg (or lb)
953:(including rocket-assisted takeoff of conventional aircraft –
316:. Subsequently, rockets are included in the military treatise
107:
carried within the vehicle; therefore a rocket can fly in the
7787:
3582:
2138:
2056:
2002:
1574:
1366:
1241:
590:). Modern rockets originated in 1926 when Goddard attached a
502:
382:
342:
165:
7798:
Relativity Calculator – Learn Tsiolkovsky's rocket equations
7368:
3137:
of any type of engine; and this helps vehicles achieve high
1799:
horizontal until at orbital speed, the engine will cut off.
782:
of temperature and pressure of the atmosphere, detection of
509:
in 1844 greatly increased the accuracy of rocket artillery.
326:
in the mid-14th century. This text mentions the first known
7733:
7728:
5729:
4999:. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. pp. 100–103.
4412:
4159:
4151:
3597:
3333:
2803:
2566:
1806:, that is, jettison hardware on the way to orbit. Although
1183:
1035:
954:
830:
744:
385:
engineer in 1420, created rocket-propelled animal figures.
351:
The Book of Military Horsemanship and Ingenious War Devices
7760:
7745:
5129:
Rockets and missiles : the life story of a technology
5013:
4322:(greater energy by weight than explosives, but lower than
3460:
2912:{\displaystyle \Delta v\ =v_{e}\ln {\frac {m_{0}}{m_{1}}}}
2167:
varies based on external air pressure. From top to bottom:
2092:, permitting a weaker, and hence lighter, launch vehicle.
558:
Robert Goddard with a liquid oxygen-gasoline rocket (1926)
337:
Medieval and early modern rockets were used militarily as
292:
by the 13th century. They also developed an early form of
8273:
6856:
Coplanar Air Launch with Gravity-Turn Launch Trajectories
5407:
Developments of Rocketry and Space Technology in the USSR
1993:
1492:
1472:
1194:
chamber, and the resultant hot gases accelerate out of a
5803:
4546: – Collection of matter whose mass varies with time
2016:
Flying rockets are primarily affected by the following:
1703:
and a rocket car holds the all time (albeit unofficial)
570:
published proposed improvements to rocket technology in
7718:
6386:. Colorado Space News. 4 September 2014. Archived from
5647:"Rocket bicycle sets 207mph speed record By Leo Kelion"
4630:
Pages displaying short descriptions of redirect targets
7723:
7713:
6384:"CSXT Go Fast! Rocket Confirms Multiple World Records"
5754:, Washington (DC): John Wiley & Sons, loc 58-13458
4540: – Location used to launch and receive spacecraft
1614:
A successful escape of a crewed capsule occurred when
7734:
Asoc. Coheteria Experimental y Modelista de Argentina
5704:. Annapolis, MD: Naval Institute Press. p. 581.
4935:"Rockets in Ancient Times (100 B.C. to 17th Century)"
4671: – Test platform pushed by rockets along a track
4418:
4188:
4125:
4080:
4058:
3976:
3954:
3934:
3907:
3865:
3805:
3669:
3545:
3499:
3477:
3167:
to force the propellant into the combustion chamber.
3068:
3017:
2988:
2959:
2930:
2856:
2822:
2755:
2725:
2693:
2633:
2601:
2433:
2394:
2335:
2297:
2262:
2202:
288:-powered rockets evolved in medieval China under the
7719:
National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA)
7267:. Jane's Civil Aerospace. 2003-02-03. Archived from
4997:
Throwing Fire: Projectile Technology Through History
4704:
Pages displaying wikidata descriptions as a fallback
4657:
Pages displaying wikidata descriptions as a fallback
4637: – Soviet/Russian multiple launch rocket system
4444:
4307:
torn apart T+73 seconds after hot gases escaped the
4246:
2009:. Spacecraft are further studied in the subfield of
1450:
try to stop them. Rockets have also been tested for
234:), two liquids that spontaneously react on contact (
7646:"U.S. Rocket Supplier Looks to Break 'Short Leash'"
5102:
Journal of the Society for Army Historical Research
4253:
List of spaceflight-related accidents and incidents
1380:However, they are also useful in other situations:
767:projectile. These used solid chemical propellants.
6311:. National Association of Rocketry. Archived from
5892:
5553:
4816:
4596:Pages displaying short descriptions with no spaces
4201:
4138:
4109:
4064:
4052:And the overall (instantaneous) energy efficiency
4042:
3960:
3940:
3920:
3878:
3827:
3786:
3558:
3525:
3483:
3095:
3029:
3009:is the effective exhaust velocity in m/s (or ft/s)
3001:
2972:
2943:
2911:
2835:
2771:
2738:
2709:
2675:
2617:
2449:
2415:
2348:
2314:
2281:
2244:
1635:
1333:, differed significantly from modern rockets. The
763:in the artillery role, and the American anti tank
246:), or solid fuel with liquid or gaseous oxidizer (
230:that disassociates in the presence of a catalyst (
7693:the government's monopoly on space travel is over
5599:"V2: The Nazi rocket that launched the space age"
4711: – Traditional festival of Laos and Thailand
8654:
7751:IMR – German/Austrian/Swiss Rocketry Association
7572:
7570:
7568:
7566:
6809:
6645:"Launch Pad Vibroacoustics Research at NASA/KSC"
5590:
5538:Ordway, Frederick I., III.; Sharpe, Mitchell R.
1573:those on board. Rockets are also used to launch
1202:) at the rearward-facing end of the rocket. The
770:The Americans captured a large number of German
7497:"Space Shuttle and International Space Station"
6946:
6944:
6942:
6940:
5444:
5442:
5160:, University of Chicago Press, pp. 46–62,
4932:
4381:, expenses of $ 2000–$ 10,000+ per kilogram of
2746:is the acceleration at the surface of the Earth
1988:
757:list of World War II guided missiles of Germany
505:(6 rockets at a time), and gun-laying devices.
474:was a British weapon designed and developed by
345:. Between 1270 and 1280, Hasan al-Rammah wrote
6272:
5749:
1174:engines or simple pressurized rockets such as
649:of aircraft and became the prototypes for the
513:further improved the Congreve rocket in 1865.
445:(part of present-day India) under the rule of
242:), a solid combination of fuel with oxidizer (
7830:
7714:FAA Office of Commercial Space Transportation
7668:
7563:
7441:"Space Shuttle Use of Propellants and Fluids"
7242:. Astronautix.com. 2006-11-08. Archived from
6608:
6342:National Aeronautics and Space Administration
6026:"Spaceflight Now – worldwide launch schedule"
5251:"The Rockets That Inspired Francis Scott Key"
4893:
4522: – Non-functional rocket or rocket stage
3654:Energy from the fuel is lost in air drag and
3539:is the instantaneous mass of the vehicle and
2802:'s around the Solar System between Earth and
2044:; usually relatively small effect except for
1304:For smaller, low performance rockets such as
674:, and also pioneered the concept of a rocket
7637:
7591:"Europe to press ahead with Ariane 6 rocket"
7582:
6937:
5439:
5414:
5221:"rocket and missile system | weapons system"
4717: – Mail delivery by rockets or missiles
3471:From Newton's second law, the acceleration,
3320:13,000 kg (~28,660 lb) (12.8 ton)
2783:
2425:When there is fixed thrust, this is simply:
1520:Larger rockets are normally launched from a
1410:Some military weapons use rockets to propel
849:) culminated in 1969 with the first crewed
743:, either for assisting horizontal take-off (
312:at a feast held in her honor by her son the
7607:
7332:
7202:
6514:"Rocket men's quest for command of the Ayr"
6257:. Science.howstuffworks.com. Archived from
6230:. Encyclopedia Astronautica. Archived from
6142:. Encyclopedia Astronautica. Archived from
6111:. Encyclopedia Astronautica. Archived from
5926:History of Liquid Propellant Rocket Engines
5890:
5674:
4318:Because of the enormous chemical energy in
2066:These forces, with a stabilizing tail (the
1146:. A rocket engine can use gas propellants,
371:described rockets in his military treatise
129:. To control their flight, rockets rely on
7837:
7823:
7421:"A Rocket a Day Keeps the High Costs Away"
7107:
7105:
7066:. Exploration.grc.nasa.gov. Archived from
6604:
6602:
6600:
5679:. Washington, DC: Brassey's. p. 304.
5675:Polmar, Norman; Moore, Kenneth J. (2004).
5596:
5343:
5341:
5072:History of Science and Technology in Islam
5038:History of Science and Technology in Islam
4894:Sutton, George P.; Biblarz, Oscar (2001).
4810:
4808:
4643: – Shoulder-launched anti-tank weapon
4311:, causing the breakup of the Shuttle stack
3589:vehicles employ or have employed rockets.
2446:
2228:
1812:exponentially increasing fuel requirements
1311:
27:Vehicle propelled by a reaction gas engine
7674:
7340:"Weighing the risks of human spaceflight"
7128:
7126:
7086:
7084:
6815:
6073:
6071:
5131:. Westport: Greenwood Press. p. 10.
4557:Ammonium perchlorate composite propellant
4502:Timeline of rocket and missile technology
2368:due to the reduction in propellant load.
2311:
2278:
1830:When launching a spacecraft to orbit, a "
715:began in Germany. It was designed by the
266:Timeline of rocket and missile technology
7803:Robert Goddard – America's Space Pioneer
7613:
7416:
7414:
7412:
7410:
6950:
6852:
5597:Hollingham, Richard (8 September 2014).
5297:
5022:
4926:
4823:. University of Missouri Press. p.
4814:
4291:
4119:For example, from the equation, with an
4110:{\displaystyle \eta =\eta _{p}\eta _{c}}
3892:
3622:
3407:
3399:
3120:
2793:
2245:{\displaystyle F_{n}={\dot {m}}\;v_{e},}
2159:
2122:Drag can be minimised by an aerodynamic
1992:
1949:
1913:
1851:
1817:
1717:
1548:
1471:
1397:
1315:
1223:
1114:
869:
790:, the first crewed vehicle to break the
695:
670:was released. It showcased the use of a
616:
553:
451:
421:
269:
40:
8322:Effect of spaceflight on the human body
7643:
7102:
6868:
6866:
6597:
5899:. Twenty-First Century Books. pp.
5895:Rocket man: the story of Robert Goddard
5551:
5403:
5397:
5371:
5347:
5338:
5151:
4889:
4887:
4885:
4883:
4881:
4879:
4877:
4875:
4873:
4871:
4805:
4609: – U.S. model rocketry association
3651:of the body of the rocket as possible.
3461:Acceleration and thrust-to-weight ratio
3262:2,040,000 kg (~4,500,000 lb)
3242:3,038,500 kg (~6,700,000 lb)
2676:{\displaystyle v_{e}=I_{sp}\cdot g_{0}}
1867:exhaust collides with the ambient air,
1502:Rocket engines are also used to propel
1461:
1156:hybrid mixture of both solid and liquid
1126:Rocket engines employ the principle of
1018:, a place to put propellant (such as a
786:, and further techniques; note too the
347:al-furusiyyah wa al-manasib al-harbiyya
14:
8655:
8344:Psychological and sociological effects
7173:
7171:
7169:
7167:
7165:
7123:
7081:
6897:. Geae.com. 2012-09-07. Archived from
6846:
6759:
6701:
6511:
6505:
6412:. U.S. National Archives. June 7, 1961
6252:
6164:
6068:
5965:
5923:
5917:
5644:
5542:. Apogee Books Space Series 36. p. 38.
5410:. Novosti Press Pub. House. p. 7.
5354:A Method of Reaching Extreme Altitudes
5335:, "'The First Guided Missile' p. 436
5314:
5248:
5166:10.7208/chicago/9780226720838.003.0003
5095:
4994:
4869:
4867:
4865:
4863:
4861:
4859:
4857:
4855:
4853:
4851:
4655: – Soviet supercavitating torpedo
4353:
3203:746,000 kg (~1,645,000 lb)
3096:{\displaystyle {\frac {m_{0}}{m_{1}}}}
573:A Method of Reaching Extreme Altitudes
7818:
7777:Rocket and Missile Alphabetical Index
7724:National Association of Rocketry (US)
7472:"NASA Launch Vehicles and Facilities"
7407:
7257:
6834:from the original on 19 November 2017
6733:
6367:"Organizational statement of the NAR"
5560:. New York: The Free Press. pp.
5464:
5126:
3441:This problem is frequently solved by
2980:is the final total mass in kg (or lb)
829:) and in the United States (e.g. the
739:programme, rockets were also used on
7588:
7265:"A brief history of space accidents"
7208:
7041:. Istp.gsfc.nasa.gov. Archived from
6863:
6168:Soviet and Russian lunar exploration
6028:. Spaceflightnow.com. Archived from
5808:. Concise Britannica. Archived from
5700:III, compiled by A.D. Baker (2000).
5578:from the original on 28 October 2019
4914:from the original on 12 January 2014
4628: – Chinese gunpowder projectile
4256:
3855:rearward. This phenomenon is termed
3612:
3526:{\displaystyle a={\frac {F_{n}}{m}}}
3357:~181,000 kg (400,000 lb )
3133:Rockets as a group have the highest
2053:inertia and centrifugal pseudo-force
2005:on a rocket is part of the field of
690:The Rocket into Interplanetary Space
637:research and development laboratory
407:, an important early modern work on
363:of 1267. Between 1280 and 1300, the
332:'fire-dragon issuing from the water'
308:, had frightened the Empress-Mother
7746:United Kingdom Rocketry Association
7675:Davenport, Christian (2016-08-19).
7430:by John Walker. September 27, 1993.
7162:
6822:. D. Van Nostrand Co. p. 209.
6512:Taylor, Marianne (27 August 2007).
6372:. National Association of Rocketry.
6001:"Test sets world land speed record"
5959:
5938:
5699:
4848:
4603: – U.S. nonprofit organization
3796:100% efficiency within the engine (
3375:~363,000 kg (800,000 lb)
3301:10,024.39 kg (22,100 lb)
2462:
1440:intercontinental ballistic missiles
1066:, which usually holds the payload.
1032:directional stabilization device(s)
815:intercontinental ballistic missiles
482:. It was Congreve rockets to which
405:Artis Magnae Artilleriae pars prima
24:
8053:Weather and environment monitoring
7761:Indian Space Research Organisation
7589:Amos, Jonathan (3 December 2014).
6794:. NASA. 2000-09-19. Archived from
6609:Potter, R.C; Crocker, M.J (1966),
6434:. Eurodragster.com. Archived from
5975:Johns Hopkins APL Technical Digest
5274:
5062:
5028:
4528: – Outdoor museum of rocketry
4419:2010s emerging private competition
3822:
3415:while dropping the interstage ring
3282:448,648 kg (989,100 lb)
3223:117,020 kg (258,000 lb)
3018:
2857:
853:– using equipment launched by the
625:fires at German forces during the
25:
8699:
7788:Complete Rocket and Missile Lists
7702:
6971:"table of cislunar/mars delta-vs"
6853:Callaway, David W. (March 2004).
6485:"Rocket blasts into record books"
6457:"'Amateur' rocket launch delayed"
6171:. Berlin: Springer. p. 226.
6081:. Astronautix.com. Archived from
5752:Fundamentals of Advanced Missiles
4247:Safety, reliability and accidents
2126:and by using a shape with a high
1580:Some crewed rockets, notably the
1434:if it is unguided. Anti-tank and
1026:. They may also have one or more
388:The name "rocket" comes from the
8636:
8626:
8625:
7756:Canadian Association of Rocketry
7614:Belfiore, Michael (2013-12-09).
7539:
7514:
7489:
7464:
7433:
6819:Sourcebook on the Space Sciences
6732:The confusion is illustrated in
6284:National Association of Rocketry
6221:
6203:from the original on 17 May 2015
6133:
6105:"N1 Manned Lunar Launch Vehicle"
6102:
6051:"Apollo launch escape subsystem"
5947:from the original on 2 June 2016
5301:The Details of the Rocket System
5249:Winter, Frank (September 2014).
4649: – Korean fire arrow rocket
4601:National Association of Rocketry
4475:
4461:
4447:
4260:
4216:
3338:15,420 kg (34,000 lb)
3304:1,678.3 kg (3,700 lb)
3285:41,594 kg (91,700 lb)
2371:
1655:National Association of Rocketry
1489:first images of Earth from space
1442:can be used to deliver multiple
1259:burned with an oxidizer such as
1138:, but some employ a decomposing
751:"Natter") or for powering them (
583:Die Rakete zu den Planetenräumen
535:designed a guided rocket during
151:deflection of the exhaust stream
8097:Space launch market competition
7844:
7663:Launch's chief executive, said.
7503:from the original on 2011-05-07
7362:
7321:from the original on 2011-01-07
7307:
7296:from the original on 2012-09-11
7282:
7232:
7144:
7056:
7031:
7020:from the original on 2010-05-29
7006:
6995:from the original on 2000-03-12
6981:
6963:
6912:
6887:
6792:"Four forces on a model rocket"
6784:
6753:
6726:
6695:
6669:
6637:
6633:from the original on 2013-12-06
6565:
6536:
6477:
6449:
6424:
6402:
6376:
6359:
6326:
6301:
6255:"Howstuff works ejection seats"
6246:
6215:
6185:
6158:
6127:
6096:
6057:from the original on 2012-07-16
6043:
6018:
5993:
5932:
5884:
5849:
5823:
5797:
5758:
5743:
5728:. The Rocketman. Archived from
5718:
5693:
5668:
5657:from the original on 2014-11-11
5638:
5621:"NASA History: Rocket vehicles"
5613:
5545:
5532:
5507:
5482:
5458:
5377:
5325:
5308:
5291:
5268:
5242:
5231:from the original on 2017-10-31
5213:
5187:
5145:
5120:
5089:
5019:Needham, Volume 5, Part 7, 510.
4790:
4787:) ... in a gravity-free vacuum"
4757:
4748:
4559: – Solid-rocket propellant
3828:{\displaystyle \eta _{c}=100\%}
3341:6,620 kg (14,600 lb)
3226:4,760 kg (10,500 lb)
3037:is the delta-v in m/s (or ft/s)
2329:The effective exhaust velocity
2155:Rocket engine § Net thrust
1653:According to the United States
1636:Hobby, sport, and entertainment
1085:). Vehicles frequently possess
1081:), even, in a sense, a person (
794:(1947). Independently, in the
717:Peenemünde Army Research Center
664:'s German science fiction film
588:The Rocket into Planetary Space
8334:Health threat from cosmic rays
7346:. 21 July 2003. Archived from
7290:"Rogers commission Appendix F"
7016:. Projectrho.com. 2012-06-01.
6734:Brain, Marshall (April 2000).
5804:Charles Lafayette Proctor II.
5127:Riper, A. Bowdoin Van (2004).
5056:
4988:
4956:
4729:
4028:
4014:
3110:
2289:propellant flow (kg/s or lb/s)
2194:The net thrust of a rocket is
1699:, and have been used to power
1509:
499:Alexander Dmitrievich Zasyadko
274:Rocket arrows depicted in the
91:without using any surrounding
13:
1:
7793:Rocketdyne Technical Articles
6957:Rocket & Space Technology
5806:"internal combustion engines"
5623:. Hq.nasa.gov. Archived from
5465:Weide, Robert (Summer 2012).
4964:"A brief history of rocketry"
4516: – Branch of engineering
3928:for a rocket moving at speed
2482:in vacuum of various rockets
2282:{\displaystyle {\dot {m}}=\,}
2148:
2084:, which minimizes transverse
1446:from thousands of miles, and
1213:
1054:) and a structure (typically
1009:
981:rapid escape systems such as
833:). Rockets came into use for
798:research continued under the
79:'bobbin/spool') is a
7729:Tripoli Rocketry Association
7644:Pasztor, Andy (2015-09-17).
6951:Braeunig, Robert A. (2008).
6922:. Thrust SSC. Archived from
6253:Bonsor, Kevin (2001-06-27).
6003:. www.af.mil. Archived from
5941:"What is a Sounding Rocket?"
5891:Streissguth, Thomas (1995).
5552:Neufeld, Michael J. (1995).
5449:"The Directors (Fritz Lang)"
5199:. Milano: Arcadia Edizioni.
4939:A Timeline of Rocket History
4607:Tripoli Rocketry Association
3837:high expansion ratio nozzles
1997:Forces on a rocket in flight
1989:Forces on a rocket in flight
1903:
1685:: low-power, mid-power, and
837:. American crewed programs (
796:Soviet Union's space program
727:with the vertical launch of
598:) nozzle to a high pressure
7:
8450:Self-replicating spacecraft
8286:International Space Station
7782:Rocket and Space Technology
7579:. Retrieved April 29, 2011.
7215:Beginner's Guide to Rockets
6708:. London: Murray. pp.
6573:"Another task for the PSLV"
6136:"N1 5L launch – 1969.07.03"
5862:The Pendulum Rocket Fallacy
5455:. Season 1, episode 6. 2018
5298:Congreve, William (2018) .
5277:"MLRS and Maneuver Warfare"
4440:
4429:Since the early 2010s, new
3297:Virgin Atlantic GlobalFlyer
2845:Tsiolkovsky rocket equation
2790:Tsiolkovsky rocket equation
1808:vehicles have been proposed
1595:This was the case when the
1383:
1136:internal combustion engines
1099:inertial navigation systems
918:that can be purchased at a
176:. Rockets are now used for
10:
8704:
7964:Space Liability Convention
7039:"The Evolution of Rockets"
6876:. Aerospaceweb. 2001-05-06
6816:Glasstone, Samuel (1965).
6766:. London: Murray. p.
6677:"Sound Suppression System"
6618:, Washington, D.C.: NASA,
6280:"Model Rocket Safety Code"
5924:Sutton, George P. (2006).
5645:Kelion, Leo (2013-11-11).
5404:Glushko, Valentin (1973).
5331:'Flight 3 October 1952,
5318:God's Glory in the Heavens
5279:. Marine Corps Association
4995:Crosby, Alfred W. (2002).
4897:Rocket Propulsion Elements
4702: – strategy card game
4437:into the existing market.
4422:
4250:
4220:
3616:
3602:gravitational acceleration
3491:, of a vehicle is simply:
3464:
3393:
3389:
3114:
3030:{\displaystyle \Delta v\ }
2787:
2466:
2416:{\displaystyle I=\int Fdt}
2375:
2324:effective exhaust velocity
2152:
2099:
1907:
1898:
1695:rockets are used to power
1639:
1513:
1465:
1387:
1306:attitude control thrusters
1217:
1162:of propellant(s), such as
1108:
1104:
711:In 1943 production of the
522:God's Glory in the Heavens
263:
257:
253:
139:auxiliary reaction engines
31:
8620:
8587:
8540:
8492:
8378:
8327:Space adaptation syndrome
8314:
8219:
8139:
8130:
8018:
7852:
7773:Encyclopedia Astronautica
7383:10.1109/RAMS.2006.1677430
7317:. Space.com. 2004-09-30.
7240:"Astronautix NK-33 entry"
7134:"Astronautix – Saturn IB"
7092:"Astronautix – Ariane 5g"
6736:"How Rocket Engines Work"
5380:"Gas Dynamics Laboratory"
5152:Grafton, Anthony (2007),
4900:. John Wiley & Sons.
4202:{\displaystyle \eta _{c}}
4182:—in spite of their worse
4139:{\displaystyle \eta _{c}}
3948:with an exhaust velocity
3921:{\displaystyle \eta _{p}}
3879:{\displaystyle \eta _{p}}
3607:
2784:Delta-v (rocket equation)
2001:The general study of the
1975:). From the principle of
1713:
1544:
1353:Rockets or other similar
997:
653:, which were used during
623:Katyusha rocket launchers
461:bombardment of Copenhagen
240:liquid-propellant rockets
117:are capable of attaining
8060:Communications satellite
7113:"Astronautix – Saturn V"
6338:exploration.grc.nasa.gov
5966:Fraser, Lorence (1985).
5315:Leitch, William (1862).
5255:Air & Space Magazine
5154:"The Devil as Automaton"
4763:"thrust-to-weight ratio
4722:
4641:Rocket-propelled grenade
4635:Katyusha rocket launcher
4615: – Type of firework
4413:rocket-assisted take off
3103:is sometimes called the
2315:{\displaystyle v_{e}=\,}
1977:conservation of momentum
1847:
860:
651:Katyusha rocket launcher
643:solid-propellant rockets
415:, was first printed in
294:multiple rocket launcher
248:hybrid propellant system
174:setting foot on the Moon
8678:Rocket-powered aircraft
8564:reusable launch systems
8181:Extravehicular activity
8092:Commercial use of space
7996:Militarisation of space
7969:Registration Convention
7885:Accidents and incidents
7651:The Wall Street Journal
5750:Richard B. Dow (1958),
5225:Encyclopædia Britannica
4338:, having served on the
3153:orbital launch vehicles
2095:
2046:rocket-powered aircraft
2038:if moving in atmosphere
1730:Video of the launch of
1650:by a variety of means.
1628:Solid rocket propelled
1625:, exploded on the pad.
1597:Safety Assurance System
1448:anti-ballistic missiles
1348:
1312:Pendulum rocket fallacy
1299:nuclear thermal rockets
1286:decomposed to hot gas.
951:rocket-powered aircraft
639:Gas Dynamics Laboratory
543:stated "...in 1917 the
34:Rocket (disambiguation)
8612:Mission control center
8574:Non-rocket spacelaunch
8008:Billionaire space race
7786:Gunter's Space Page –
7474:. NASA. Archived from
7446:. NASA. Archived from
7217:. NASA. Archived from
6895:"General Electric J85"
6760:Warren, J. W. (1979).
6702:Warren, J. W. (1979).
6165:Harvey, Brian (2007).
5838:. NASA. Archived from
5096:McCaig, A. D. (2000).
4941:. NASA. Archived from
4815:Bernhard, Jim (2007).
4700:Launch Pad (card game)
4580:Nuclear thermal rocket
4403:non-rocket spacelaunch
4312:
4203:
4140:
4111:
4066:
4044:
3962:
3942:
3922:
3898:
3880:
3829:
3788:
3639:
3579:thrust-to-weight ratio
3560:
3527:
3485:
3467:thrust-to-weight ratio
3423:, tankage, structure,
3416:
3405:
3135:thrust-to-weight ratio
3126:
3097:
3031:
3003:
2974:
2945:
2913:
2837:
2806:
2773:
2772:{\displaystyle I_{sp}}
2740:
2711:
2710:{\displaystyle I_{sp}}
2677:
2619:
2618:{\displaystyle I_{sp}}
2451:
2450:{\displaystyle I=Ft\;}
2417:
2357:within an atmosphere.
2350:
2316:
2283:
2246:
2189:thrust-to-weight ratio
2184:
1998:
1955:
1941:conservation of energy
1919:
1860:
1827:
1766:mission control center
1762:firing control systems
1746:
1618:, on a mission to the
1562:
1481:
1436:anti-aircraft missiles
1420:when the weapon has a
1407:
1322:
1229:
1172:nuclear thermal rocket
1123:
895:
866:Vehicle configurations
802:of the chief designer
747:), vertical take-off (
733:Science Museum, London
708:
630:
580:(1894–1989) published
559:
526:Konstantin Tsiolkovsky
467:
434:
281:
236:hypergolic propellants
69:
57:
49:rocket launches from "
8688:Space launch vehicles
8462:Spacecraft propulsion
7912:European Space Agency
7119:on February 28, 2002.
7098:on December 25, 2003.
6874:"Space Shuttle Max-Q"
6199:. 2015 YouTube, LLC.
5832:Discover NASA and You
4933:MSFC History Office.
4694:Equivalence principle
4586:Recreational rocketry
4520:Battleship (rocketry)
4514:Aerospace engineering
4423:Further information:
4334:, American physicist
4295:
4204:
4141:
4112:
4067:
4065:{\displaystyle \eta }
4045:
3963:
3943:
3923:
3896:
3881:
3857:propulsive efficiency
3830:
3789:
3626:
3619:propulsive efficiency
3561:
3559:{\displaystyle F_{n}}
3528:
3486:
3429:Single-stage-to-orbit
3411:
3403:
3124:
3098:
3032:
3004:
3002:{\displaystyle v_{e}}
2975:
2973:{\displaystyle m_{1}}
2946:
2944:{\displaystyle m_{0}}
2914:
2838:
2836:{\displaystyle v_{e}}
2798:A map of approximate
2797:
2774:
2741:
2739:{\displaystyle g_{0}}
2712:
2678:
2620:
2452:
2418:
2351:
2349:{\displaystyle v_{e}}
2317:
2284:
2247:
2163:
2128:ballistic coefficient
1996:
1953:
1937:Bernoulli's principle
1917:
1855:
1821:
1802:All current vehicles
1729:
1590:launch escape systems
1552:
1527:artificial satellites
1491:were obtained from a
1475:
1401:
1319:
1227:
1168:solar thermal rockets
1118:
1014:Rockets consist of a
987:launch escape systems
932:such as the enormous
878:
699:
620:
557:
455:
425:
273:
264:Further information:
198:artificial satellites
44:
8663:Rockets and missiles
8087:Satellite navigation
7377:. pp. 545–550.
7179:"AIAA2001-4619 RLVs"
7064:"Rocket Mass Ratios"
7014:"Choose Your Engine"
6953:"Rocket Propellants"
6524:on 30 September 2007
5767:"4. Rocket Vehicles"
5304:. Project Gutenberg.
5044:on February 26, 2008
4663:Rockets for research
4574:Tripropellant rocket
4544:Variable-mass system
4370:, 60% solids in the
4186:
4123:
4078:
4056:
3974:
3952:
3932:
3905:
3863:
3803:
3667:
3543:
3497:
3475:
3259:(vehicle + payload)
3200:(vehicle + payload)
3066:
3015:
2986:
2957:
2928:
2854:
2820:
2753:
2723:
2717:has units of seconds
2691:
2631:
2599:
2431:
2392:
2333:
2295:
2260:
2200:
2180:Grossly overexpanded
2145:under these forces.
2134:as low as possible.
2076:trajectory termed a
1755:interplanetary space
1751:orbital spaceflights
1462:Science and research
1295:solar thermal rocket
1196:rocket engine nozzle
1095:satellite navigation
902:tiny models such as
647:jet-assisted takeoff
627:Battle of Stalingrad
621:A battery of Soviet
511:Edward Mounier Boxer
476:Sir William Congreve
413:Casimir Siemienowicz
397:Leonhard Fronsperger
123:airbreathing engines
32:For other uses, see
8472:Electric propulsion
8159:Life-support system
8043:Imagery and mapping
8003:Private spaceflight
7453:on October 17, 2011
7350:on 23 November 2010
6989:"cislunar delta-vs"
6115:on 21 February 2012
5275:Morris, Charles W.
5227:(Online ed.).
4592:High-power rocketry
4563:Pulsed rocket motor
4354:Costs and economics
4239:it gains or loses.
3722:
3638:during launch phase
2483:
1228:Gas Core light bulb
1093:that typically use
916:small solid rockets
851:landing on the Moon
776:Operation Paperclip
562:In 1920, Professor
153:, propellant flow,
99:produces thrust by
55:Baikonur Cosmodrome
8668:Chinese inventions
8425:Robotic spacecraft
8351:Space and survival
8206:Space colonization
8102:Space architecture
7954:Outer Space Treaty
7808:2009-02-05 at the
7739:2020-10-27 at the
7708:Governing agencies
7545:Regis, Ed (1990),
7426:2008-11-03 at the
5467:"The Outer Limits"
4483:Spaceflight portal
4368:external fuel tank
4320:rocket propellants
4313:
4272:. You can help by
4199:
4136:
4107:
4062:
4040:
3958:
3938:
3918:
3899:
3876:
3825:
3784:
3708:
3640:
3556:
3523:
3481:
3417:
3406:
3127:
3093:
3027:
2999:
2970:
2941:
2909:
2833:
2807:
2769:
2736:
2707:
2673:
2615:
2473:
2447:
2413:
2346:
2312:
2279:
2242:
2185:
2165:A rocket jet shape
2023:from the engine(s)
1999:
1973:Newton's Third Law
1956:
1945:Newton's third law
1929:combustion chamber
1920:
1861:
1828:
1747:
1563:
1482:
1408:
1404:Trident II missile
1327:liquid-fuel rocket
1323:
1321:vehicle to rotate.
1230:
1208:Newton's Third Law
1180:cold gas thrusters
1142:) that emit a hot
1124:
1087:navigation systems
1062:fairing such as a
896:
709:
672:multi-stage rocket
631:
608:liquid propellants
600:combustion chamber
560:
545:Experimental Works
533:Royal Flying Corps
468:
463:(1807) during the
435:
339:incendiary weapons
282:
260:History of rockets
115:Multistage rockets
58:
8650:
8649:
8597:Flight controller
8374:
8373:
8132:Human spaceflight
8107:Space exploration
8033:Earth observation
7767:Information sites
7158:on March 2, 2002.
7152:"Astronautix-V-2"
7140:on March 5, 2002.
6777:978-0-7195-3564-2
6740:Howstuffworks.com
6719:978-0-7195-3564-2
6544:"Moonport, CH1-2"
6178:978-0-387-73976-2
5939:Marconi, Elaine.
5869:). Archived from
5711:978-1-55750-197-4
5686:978-1-57488-594-1
5477:Woman in the Moon
5384:Russian Space Web
5206:978-88-85684-06-5
5175:978-0-226-72081-4
5138:978-0-313-32795-7
5006:978-0-521-79158-8
4907:978-0-471-32642-7
4834:978-0-8262-6601-9
4551:Rocket propulsion
4532:Service structure
4340:Rogers Commission
4290:
4289:
4038:
4025:
4004:
3961:{\displaystyle c}
3941:{\displaystyle u}
3849:jet-based engines
3842:Carnot efficiency
3798:engine efficiency
3782:
3705:
3694:
3613:Energy efficiency
3521:
3484:{\displaystyle a}
3396:Multistage rocket
3387:
3386:
3091:
3026:
2907:
2865:
2586:
2585:
2378:Impulse (physics)
2272:
2225:
2051:In addition, the
1778:tracking stations
1727:
1693:Hydrogen peroxide
1406:launched from sea
1331:Robert H. Goddard
1329:, constructed by
1280:hydrogen peroxide
1240:in the form of a
1220:Rocket propellant
1160:chemical reaction
1152:liquid propellant
876:
835:space exploration
772:rocket scientists
721:Wernher von Braun
667:Woman in the Moon
641:began developing
484:Francis Scott Key
443:Kingdom of Mysore
328:multistage rocket
302:military exercise
206:space exploration
202:human spaceflight
78:
16:(Redirected from
8695:
8640:
8629:
8628:
8339:Space psychology
8164:Animals in space
8137:
8136:
8117:Space technology
7959:Rescue Agreement
7839:
7832:
7825:
7816:
7815:
7696:
7695:
7690:
7689:
7672:
7666:
7665:
7659:
7658:
7641:
7635:
7634:
7632:
7631:
7622:. Archived from
7611:
7605:
7604:
7602:
7601:
7586:
7580:
7574:
7561:
7543:
7537:
7536:
7534:
7533:
7518:
7512:
7511:
7509:
7508:
7493:
7487:
7486:
7484:
7483:
7468:
7462:
7461:
7459:
7458:
7452:
7445:
7437:
7431:
7418:
7405:
7404:
7366:
7360:
7359:
7357:
7355:
7344:The Space Review
7336:
7330:
7329:
7327:
7326:
7311:
7305:
7304:
7302:
7301:
7286:
7280:
7279:
7277:
7276:
7261:
7255:
7254:
7252:
7251:
7236:
7230:
7229:
7227:
7226:
7211:"Rocket staging"
7206:
7200:
7199:
7197:
7196:
7190:
7184:. Archived from
7183:
7175:
7160:
7159:
7154:. Archived from
7148:
7142:
7141:
7136:. Archived from
7130:
7121:
7120:
7115:. Archived from
7109:
7100:
7099:
7094:. Archived from
7088:
7079:
7078:
7076:
7075:
7060:
7054:
7053:
7051:
7050:
7035:
7029:
7028:
7026:
7025:
7010:
7004:
7003:
7001:
7000:
6985:
6979:
6978:
6973:. Archived from
6967:
6961:
6960:
6948:
6935:
6934:
6932:
6931:
6916:
6910:
6909:
6907:
6906:
6891:
6885:
6884:
6882:
6881:
6870:
6861:
6860:
6850:
6844:
6843:
6841:
6839:
6813:
6807:
6806:
6804:
6803:
6788:
6782:
6781:
6757:
6751:
6750:
6748:
6746:
6730:
6724:
6723:
6699:
6693:
6692:
6690:
6688:
6679:. Archived from
6673:
6667:
6666:
6664:
6662:
6656:
6650:. Archived from
6649:
6641:
6635:
6634:
6632:
6617:
6606:
6595:
6594:
6592:
6591:
6569:
6563:
6562:
6560:
6559:
6550:. Archived from
6540:
6534:
6533:
6531:
6529:
6520:. Archived from
6509:
6503:
6502:
6500:
6498:
6493:. 27 August 2007
6481:
6475:
6474:
6472:
6470:
6465:. 25 August 2007
6453:
6447:
6446:
6444:
6443:
6428:
6422:
6421:
6419:
6417:
6406:
6400:
6399:
6397:
6395:
6380:
6374:
6373:
6371:
6363:
6357:
6356:
6354:
6353:
6344:. Archived from
6330:
6324:
6323:
6321:
6320:
6305:
6299:
6298:
6296:
6295:
6286:. Archived from
6276:
6270:
6269:
6267:
6266:
6250:
6244:
6243:
6241:
6239:
6234:on 5 August 2014
6219:
6213:
6212:
6210:
6208:
6189:
6183:
6182:
6162:
6156:
6155:
6153:
6151:
6131:
6125:
6124:
6122:
6120:
6100:
6094:
6093:
6091:
6090:
6075:
6066:
6065:
6063:
6062:
6053:. ApolloSaturn.
6047:
6041:
6040:
6038:
6037:
6022:
6016:
6015:
6013:
6012:
5997:
5991:
5990:
5988:
5986:
5972:
5963:
5957:
5956:
5954:
5952:
5936:
5930:
5929:
5921:
5915:
5914:
5898:
5888:
5882:
5881:
5879:
5878:
5853:
5847:
5846:
5844:
5837:
5827:
5821:
5820:
5818:
5817:
5801:
5795:
5794:
5793:
5792:
5783:, archived from
5762:
5756:
5755:
5747:
5741:
5740:
5738:
5737:
5722:
5716:
5715:
5697:
5691:
5690:
5672:
5666:
5665:
5663:
5662:
5642:
5636:
5635:
5633:
5632:
5617:
5611:
5610:
5608:
5606:
5594:
5588:
5587:
5585:
5583:
5564:, 160–162, 190.
5559:
5549:
5543:
5536:
5530:
5529:
5527:
5525:
5511:
5505:
5504:
5502:
5500:
5486:
5480:
5474:
5462:
5456:
5446:
5437:
5436:
5434:
5432:
5418:
5412:
5411:
5401:
5395:
5394:
5392:
5390:
5375:
5369:
5368:
5359:
5345:
5336:
5329:
5323:
5322:
5312:
5306:
5305:
5295:
5289:
5288:
5286:
5284:
5272:
5266:
5265:
5263:
5261:
5246:
5240:
5239:
5237:
5236:
5217:
5211:
5210:
5191:
5185:
5184:
5183:
5182:
5149:
5143:
5142:
5124:
5118:
5117:
5108:(316): 252–263.
5093:
5087:
5086:
5084:
5083:
5078:on March 9, 2008
5074:. Archived from
5060:
5054:
5053:
5051:
5049:
5040:. Archived from
5026:
5020:
5017:
5011:
5010:
4992:
4986:
4985:
4980:
4979:
4970:. Archived from
4960:
4954:
4953:
4951:
4950:
4930:
4924:
4923:
4921:
4919:
4891:
4846:
4845:
4843:
4841:
4822:
4812:
4797:
4794:
4788:
4786:
4777:
4761:
4755:
4752:
4746:
4733:
4705:
4658:
4631:
4597:
4508:General rocketry
4497:Lists of rockets
4485:
4480:
4479:
4478:
4471:
4466:
4465:
4464:
4457:
4452:
4451:
4450:
4399:reusable rockets
4300:
4285:
4282:
4264:
4257:
4208:
4206:
4205:
4200:
4198:
4197:
4145:
4143:
4142:
4137:
4135:
4134:
4116:
4114:
4113:
4108:
4106:
4105:
4096:
4095:
4071:
4069:
4068:
4063:
4049:
4047:
4046:
4041:
4039:
4037:
4036:
4035:
4026:
4018:
4006:
4005:
3997:
3991:
3986:
3985:
3967:
3965:
3964:
3959:
3947:
3945:
3944:
3939:
3927:
3925:
3924:
3919:
3917:
3916:
3885:
3883:
3882:
3877:
3875:
3874:
3834:
3832:
3831:
3826:
3815:
3814:
3793:
3791:
3790:
3785:
3783:
3781:
3780:
3779:
3761:
3760:
3723:
3721:
3716:
3707:
3706:
3698:
3695:
3687:
3684:
3679:
3678:
3649:potential energy
3631:
3598:vertical landing
3594:vertical takeoff
3565:
3563:
3562:
3557:
3555:
3554:
3538:
3532:
3530:
3529:
3524:
3522:
3517:
3516:
3507:
3490:
3488:
3487:
3482:
3173:
3172:
3102:
3100:
3099:
3094:
3092:
3090:
3089:
3080:
3079:
3070:
3057:gaining altitude
3036:
3034:
3033:
3028:
3024:
3008:
3006:
3005:
3000:
2998:
2997:
2979:
2977:
2976:
2971:
2969:
2968:
2950:
2948:
2947:
2942:
2940:
2939:
2918:
2916:
2915:
2910:
2908:
2906:
2905:
2896:
2895:
2886:
2878:
2877:
2863:
2842:
2840:
2839:
2834:
2832:
2831:
2778:
2776:
2775:
2770:
2768:
2767:
2745:
2743:
2742:
2737:
2735:
2734:
2716:
2714:
2713:
2708:
2706:
2705:
2682:
2680:
2679:
2674:
2672:
2671:
2659:
2658:
2643:
2642:
2624:
2622:
2621:
2616:
2614:
2613:
2593:specific Impulse
2484:
2472:
2469:specific impulse
2463:Specific impulse
2456:
2454:
2453:
2448:
2422:
2420:
2419:
2414:
2355:
2353:
2352:
2347:
2345:
2344:
2321:
2319:
2318:
2313:
2307:
2306:
2288:
2286:
2285:
2280:
2274:
2273:
2265:
2251:
2249:
2248:
2243:
2238:
2237:
2227:
2226:
2218:
2212:
2211:
2174:Ideally expanded
2110:Aerodynamic drag
2031:celestial bodies
1982:specific impulse
1871:are formed. The
1835:
1834:
1825:
1735:
1728:
1575:emergency flares
1495:rocket in 1946 (
1485:Sounding rockets
1456:Ping-Pong rocket
1444:nuclear warheads
1390:Rocket artillery
1355:reaction devices
1148:solid propellant
1091:guidance systems
1048:thrust vectoring
971:rocket torpedoes
877:
847:Apollo programme
707:, summer of 1943
629:, 6 October 1942
568:Clark University
457:William Congreve
439:Mysorean rockets
431:rocket artillery
427:Mysorean rockets
409:rocket artillery
379:Giovanni Fontana
298:Mongol invasions
212:Chemical rockets
143:gimballed thrust
73:
21:
8703:
8702:
8698:
8697:
8696:
8694:
8693:
8692:
8653:
8652:
8651:
8646:
8616:
8583:
8555:Escape velocity
8536:
8488:
8455:Space telescope
8408:Reentry capsule
8370:
8310:
8215:
8186:Overview effect
8169:Bioastronautics
8126:
8014:
7848:
7843:
7810:Wayback Machine
7741:Wayback Machine
7705:
7700:
7699:
7687:
7685:
7682:Washington Post
7673:
7669:
7656:
7654:
7642:
7638:
7629:
7627:
7616:"The Rocketeer"
7612:
7608:
7599:
7597:
7587:
7583:
7575:
7564:
7549:, Basic Books,
7544:
7540:
7531:
7529:
7522:"Mass Fraction"
7520:
7519:
7515:
7506:
7504:
7495:
7494:
7490:
7481:
7479:
7470:
7469:
7465:
7456:
7454:
7450:
7443:
7439:
7438:
7434:
7428:Wayback Machine
7419:
7408:
7393:
7367:
7363:
7353:
7351:
7338:
7337:
7333:
7324:
7322:
7313:
7312:
7308:
7299:
7297:
7288:
7287:
7283:
7274:
7272:
7263:
7262:
7258:
7249:
7247:
7238:
7237:
7233:
7224:
7222:
7207:
7203:
7194:
7192:
7188:
7181:
7177:
7176:
7163:
7150:
7149:
7145:
7132:
7131:
7124:
7111:
7110:
7103:
7090:
7089:
7082:
7073:
7071:
7062:
7061:
7057:
7048:
7046:
7037:
7036:
7032:
7023:
7021:
7012:
7011:
7007:
6998:
6996:
6987:
6986:
6982:
6969:
6968:
6964:
6949:
6938:
6929:
6927:
6918:
6917:
6913:
6904:
6902:
6893:
6892:
6888:
6879:
6877:
6872:
6871:
6864:
6851:
6847:
6837:
6835:
6814:
6810:
6801:
6799:
6790:
6789:
6785:
6778:
6758:
6754:
6744:
6742:
6731:
6727:
6720:
6700:
6696:
6686:
6684:
6675:
6674:
6670:
6660:
6658:
6654:
6647:
6643:
6642:
6638:
6630:
6615:
6607:
6598:
6589:
6587:
6571:
6570:
6566:
6557:
6555:
6548:www.hq.nasa.gov
6542:
6541:
6537:
6527:
6525:
6510:
6506:
6496:
6494:
6483:
6482:
6478:
6468:
6466:
6455:
6454:
6450:
6441:
6439:
6430:
6429:
6425:
6415:
6413:
6408:
6407:
6403:
6393:
6391:
6390:on 4 March 2016
6382:
6381:
6377:
6369:
6365:
6364:
6360:
6351:
6349:
6334:"Model Rockets"
6332:
6331:
6327:
6318:
6316:
6307:
6306:
6302:
6293:
6291:
6278:
6277:
6273:
6264:
6262:
6251:
6247:
6237:
6235:
6228:astronautix.com
6220:
6216:
6206:
6204:
6191:
6190:
6186:
6179:
6163:
6159:
6149:
6147:
6146:on 27 July 2015
6140:astronautix.com
6132:
6128:
6118:
6116:
6109:astronautix.com
6101:
6097:
6088:
6086:
6077:
6076:
6069:
6060:
6058:
6049:
6048:
6044:
6035:
6033:
6024:
6023:
6019:
6010:
6008:
6007:on June 1, 2013
5999:
5998:
5994:
5984:
5982:
5970:
5964:
5960:
5950:
5948:
5937:
5933:
5922:
5918:
5911:
5889:
5885:
5876:
5874:
5855:
5854:
5850:
5842:
5835:
5829:
5828:
5824:
5815:
5813:
5802:
5798:
5790:
5788:
5763:
5759:
5748:
5744:
5735:
5733:
5726:"The Rocketman"
5724:
5723:
5719:
5712:
5698:
5694:
5687:
5673:
5669:
5660:
5658:
5643:
5639:
5630:
5628:
5619:
5618:
5614:
5604:
5602:
5595:
5591:
5581:
5579:
5572:
5550:
5546:
5540:The Rocket Team
5537:
5533:
5523:
5521:
5513:
5512:
5508:
5498:
5496:
5488:
5487:
5483:
5463:
5459:
5447:
5440:
5430:
5428:
5420:
5419:
5415:
5402:
5398:
5388:
5386:
5376:
5372:
5357:
5349:Goddard, Robert
5346:
5339:
5330:
5326:
5313:
5309:
5296:
5292:
5282:
5280:
5273:
5269:
5259:
5257:
5247:
5243:
5234:
5232:
5219:
5218:
5214:
5207:
5192:
5188:
5180:
5178:
5176:
5150:
5146:
5139:
5125:
5121:
5094:
5090:
5081:
5079:
5064:Hassan, Ahmad Y
5061:
5057:
5047:
5045:
5030:Hassan, Ahmad Y
5027:
5023:
5018:
5014:
5007:
4993:
4989:
4977:
4975:
4962:
4961:
4957:
4948:
4946:
4931:
4927:
4917:
4915:
4908:
4892:
4849:
4839:
4837:
4835:
4813:
4806:
4801:
4800:
4795:
4791:
4785:
4782:
4779:
4776:
4775:
4771:
4767:
4764:
4762:
4758:
4753:
4749:
4734:
4730:
4725:
4720:
4709:Rocket Festival
4703:
4675:Sounding rocket
4656:
4629:
4595:
4481:
4476:
4474:
4469:Rocketry portal
4467:
4462:
4460:
4455:Aviation portal
4453:
4448:
4446:
4443:
4431:private options
4427:
4421:
4379:launch vehicles
4356:
4336:Richard Feynman
4296:
4286:
4280:
4277:
4270:needs expansion
4255:
4249:
4225:
4219:
4193:
4189:
4187:
4184:
4183:
4168:liquid hydrogen
4158:. For example,
4130:
4126:
4124:
4121:
4120:
4117:
4101:
4097:
4091:
4087:
4079:
4076:
4075:
4057:
4054:
4053:
4050:
4031:
4027:
4017:
4007:
3996:
3992:
3990:
3981:
3977:
3975:
3972:
3971:
3953:
3950:
3949:
3933:
3930:
3929:
3912:
3908:
3906:
3903:
3902:
3870:
3866:
3864:
3861:
3860:
3810:
3806:
3804:
3801:
3800:
3794:
3766:
3762:
3729:
3725:
3724:
3717:
3712:
3697:
3696:
3686:
3685:
3683:
3674:
3670:
3668:
3665:
3664:
3627:
3621:
3615:
3610:
3550:
3546:
3544:
3541:
3540:
3536:
3533:
3512:
3508:
3506:
3498:
3495:
3494:
3476:
3473:
3472:
3469:
3463:
3398:
3392:
3157:liquid hydrogen
3119:
3113:
3085:
3081:
3075:
3071:
3069:
3067:
3064:
3063:
3045:low Earth orbit
3038:
3016:
3013:
3012:
3010:
2993:
2989:
2987:
2984:
2983:
2981:
2964:
2960:
2958:
2955:
2954:
2952:
2935:
2931:
2929:
2926:
2925:
2901:
2897:
2891:
2887:
2885:
2873:
2869:
2855:
2852:
2851:
2827:
2823:
2821:
2818:
2817:
2792:
2786:
2760:
2756:
2754:
2751:
2750:
2747:
2730:
2726:
2724:
2721:
2720:
2718:
2698:
2694:
2692:
2689:
2688:
2683:
2667:
2663:
2651:
2647:
2638:
2634:
2632:
2629:
2628:
2606:
2602:
2600:
2597:
2596:
2568:
2547:
2530:
2519:
2506:
2498:
2480:
2471:
2465:
2457:
2432:
2429:
2428:
2423:
2393:
2390:
2389:
2380:
2374:
2340:
2336:
2334:
2331:
2330:
2327:
2302:
2298:
2296:
2293:
2292:
2290:
2264:
2263:
2261:
2258:
2257:
2252:
2233:
2229:
2217:
2216:
2207:
2203:
2201:
2198:
2197:
2183:
2158:
2151:
2132:angle of attack
2112:
2100:Main articles:
2098:
2082:angle of attack
2061:escape velocity
1991:
1912:
1906:
1901:
1873:sound intensity
1850:
1832:
1831:
1823:
1789:launch vehicles
1774:ground stations
1731:
1718:
1716:
1644:
1638:
1569:can be used to
1547:
1518:
1512:
1480:sounding rocket
1470:
1464:
1422:guidance system
1396:
1388:Main articles:
1386:
1351:
1314:
1253:liquid hydrogen
1222:
1216:
1113:
1107:
1040:vernier engines
1020:propellant tank
1012:
1000:
975:rocket-powered
904:balloon rockets
890:− 30 s through
870:
863:
839:Project Mercury
761:Katyusha rocket
480:Napoleonic Wars
472:Congreve rocket
465:Napoleonic Wars
268:
262:
256:
194:launch vehicles
147:momentum wheels
119:escape velocity
51:Gagarin's Start
37:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
8701:
8691:
8690:
8685:
8680:
8675:
8670:
8665:
8648:
8647:
8645:
8644:
8633:
8621:
8618:
8617:
8615:
8614:
8609:
8604:
8602:Ground station
8599:
8593:
8591:
8589:Ground segment
8585:
8584:
8582:
8581:
8576:
8571:
8566:
8557:
8552:
8546:
8544:
8538:
8537:
8535:
8534:
8529:
8524:
8522:Interplanetary
8519:
8518:
8517:
8515:Geosynchronous
8512:
8502:
8496:
8494:
8490:
8489:
8487:
8486:
8485:
8484:
8482:Gravity assist
8479:
8474:
8469:
8459:
8458:
8457:
8452:
8447:
8442:
8437:
8432:
8422:
8417:
8416:
8415:
8413:Service module
8410:
8405:
8403:Orbital module
8395:
8390:
8388:Launch vehicle
8384:
8382:
8376:
8375:
8372:
8371:
8369:
8368:
8366:Space sexology
8363:
8358:
8356:Space medicine
8353:
8348:
8347:
8346:
8336:
8331:
8330:
8329:
8318:
8316:
8312:
8311:
8309:
8308:
8303:
8298:
8293:
8288:
8283:
8282:
8281:
8271:
8266:
8265:
8264:
8259:
8249:
8244:
8239:
8234:
8229:
8223:
8221:
8217:
8216:
8214:
8213:
8208:
8203:
8198:
8193:
8191:Weightlessness
8188:
8183:
8178:
8177:
8176:
8171:
8166:
8156:
8155:
8154:
8143:
8141:
8134:
8128:
8127:
8125:
8124:
8119:
8114:
8112:Space research
8109:
8104:
8099:
8094:
8089:
8084:
8083:
8082:
8077:
8072:
8067:
8057:
8056:
8055:
8050:
8048:Reconnaissance
8045:
8040:
8030:
8024:
8022:
8016:
8015:
8013:
8012:
8011:
8010:
8000:
7999:
7998:
7993:
7988:
7978:
7977:
7976:
7971:
7966:
7961:
7956:
7946:
7945:
7944:
7939:
7934:
7929:
7924:
7919:
7917:European Union
7914:
7909:
7904:
7894:
7889:
7888:
7887:
7882:
7877:
7872:
7862:
7856:
7854:
7850:
7849:
7842:
7841:
7834:
7827:
7819:
7813:
7812:
7800:
7795:
7790:
7784:
7779:
7764:
7763:
7758:
7753:
7748:
7743:
7731:
7726:
7721:
7716:
7704:
7703:External links
7701:
7698:
7697:
7667:
7636:
7620:Foreign Policy
7606:
7581:
7562:
7559:Excerpt online
7538:
7513:
7488:
7463:
7432:
7406:
7391:
7361:
7331:
7306:
7281:
7256:
7231:
7201:
7161:
7143:
7122:
7101:
7080:
7055:
7030:
7005:
6991:. Strout.net.
6980:
6977:on 2007-07-01.
6962:
6936:
6911:
6886:
6862:
6845:
6808:
6783:
6776:
6752:
6725:
6718:
6694:
6668:
6636:
6596:
6579:. 2011-06-22.
6564:
6535:
6504:
6476:
6448:
6432:"Sammy Miller"
6423:
6401:
6375:
6358:
6325:
6300:
6271:
6245:
6224:"Soyuz T-10-1"
6214:
6184:
6177:
6157:
6126:
6095:
6067:
6042:
6017:
5992:
5958:
5931:
5916:
5909:
5883:
5848:
5845:on 2010-05-27.
5822:
5796:
5757:
5742:
5717:
5710:
5692:
5685:
5667:
5637:
5612:
5589:
5570:
5544:
5531:
5506:
5481:
5457:
5438:
5413:
5396:
5378:Zak, Anatoly.
5370:
5337:
5324:
5307:
5290:
5267:
5241:
5212:
5205:
5186:
5174:
5144:
5137:
5119:
5088:
5055:
5021:
5012:
5005:
4987:
4968:NASA Spacelink
4955:
4925:
4906:
4847:
4833:
4803:
4802:
4799:
4798:
4789:
4783:
4780:
4773:
4772:
4769:
4765:
4756:
4747:
4727:
4726:
4724:
4721:
4719:
4718:
4712:
4706:
4697:
4691:
4679:
4678:
4672:
4660:
4659:
4650:
4644:
4638:
4632:
4617:
4616:
4610:
4604:
4598:
4583:
4582:
4577:
4571:
4565:
4560:
4548:
4547:
4541:
4535:
4529:
4523:
4517:
4505:
4504:
4499:
4488:
4487:
4486:
4472:
4458:
4442:
4439:
4435:price pressure
4420:
4417:
4391:safety factors
4355:
4352:
4328:Space Shuttle
4288:
4287:
4267:
4265:
4248:
4245:
4237:orbital energy
4233:kinetic energy
4221:Main article:
4218:
4215:
4196:
4192:
4156:orbital launch
4133:
4129:
4104:
4100:
4094:
4090:
4086:
4083:
4074:
4061:
4034:
4030:
4024:
4021:
4016:
4013:
4010:
4003:
4000:
3995:
3989:
3984:
3980:
3970:
3957:
3937:
3915:
3911:
3873:
3869:
3853:kinetic energy
3824:
3821:
3818:
3813:
3809:
3778:
3775:
3772:
3769:
3765:
3759:
3756:
3753:
3750:
3747:
3744:
3741:
3738:
3735:
3732:
3728:
3720:
3715:
3711:
3704:
3701:
3693:
3690:
3682:
3677:
3673:
3663:
3617:Main article:
3614:
3611:
3609:
3606:
3553:
3549:
3520:
3515:
3511:
3505:
3502:
3493:
3480:
3465:Main article:
3462:
3459:
3394:Main article:
3391:
3388:
3385:
3384:
3381:
3378:
3376:
3373:
3367:
3366:
3363:
3360:
3358:
3355:
3349:
3348:
3345:
3342:
3339:
3336:
3330:
3329:
3326:
3323:
3321:
3318:
3312:
3311:
3308:
3305:
3302:
3299:
3293:
3292:
3289:
3286:
3283:
3280:
3273:
3272:
3269:
3266:
3263:
3260:
3253:
3252:
3249:
3246:
3243:
3240:
3234:
3233:
3230:
3227:
3224:
3221:
3214:
3213:
3210:
3207:
3204:
3201:
3194:
3193:
3188:
3183:
3180:
3177:
3161:liquid methane
3115:Main article:
3112:
3109:
3088:
3084:
3078:
3074:
3023:
3020:
3011:
2996:
2992:
2982:
2967:
2963:
2953:
2938:
2934:
2924:
2920:
2919:
2904:
2900:
2894:
2890:
2884:
2881:
2876:
2872:
2868:
2862:
2859:
2830:
2826:
2788:Main article:
2785:
2782:
2766:
2763:
2759:
2733:
2729:
2719:
2704:
2701:
2697:
2687:
2670:
2666:
2662:
2657:
2654:
2650:
2646:
2641:
2637:
2627:
2612:
2609:
2605:
2584:
2583:
2580:
2571:
2563:
2562:
2559:
2550:
2542:
2541:
2538:
2533:
2525:
2524:
2521:
2517:
2509:
2507:liquid engines
2501:
2500:
2496:
2491:
2488:
2478:
2467:Main article:
2464:
2461:
2445:
2442:
2439:
2436:
2427:
2412:
2409:
2406:
2403:
2400:
2397:
2388:
2376:Main article:
2373:
2370:
2343:
2339:
2326:(m/s or ft/s).
2310:
2305:
2301:
2291:
2277:
2271:
2268:
2256:
2241:
2236:
2232:
2224:
2221:
2215:
2210:
2206:
2196:
2182:
2181:
2178:
2175:
2172:
2168:
2150:
2147:
2102:Drag (physics)
2097:
2094:
2090:launch vehicle
2049:
2048:
2039:
2033:
2024:
1990:
1987:
1908:Main article:
1905:
1902:
1900:
1897:
1858:Launch Pad 39A
1849:
1846:
1782:ground segment
1715:
1712:
1640:Main article:
1637:
1634:
1630:ejection seats
1555:pad abort test
1546:
1543:
1514:Main article:
1511:
1508:
1463:
1460:
1454:, such as the
1452:reconnaissance
1385:
1382:
1350:
1347:
1313:
1310:
1218:Main article:
1215:
1212:
1140:monopropellant
1128:jet propulsion
1109:Main article:
1106:
1103:
1028:rocket engines
1011:
1008:
999:
996:
995:
994:
989:
983:ejection seats
979:
973:
968:
963:
958:
948:
945:
940:
938:Apollo program
927:
922:
868:
867:
862:
859:
845:and later the
843:Project Gemini
804:Sergei Korolev
737:guided-missile
705:Test Stand VII
703:launched from
578:Hermann Oberth
564:Robert Goddard
517:William Leitch
314:Emperor Lizong
258:Main article:
255:
252:
232:monopropellant
190:ejection seats
85:jet propulsion
53:" (Site 1/5),
26:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
8700:
8689:
8686:
8684:
8681:
8679:
8676:
8674:
8671:
8669:
8666:
8664:
8661:
8660:
8658:
8643:
8639:
8634:
8632:
8623:
8622:
8619:
8613:
8610:
8608:
8605:
8603:
8600:
8598:
8595:
8594:
8592:
8590:
8586:
8580:
8577:
8575:
8572:
8570:
8567:
8565:
8561:
8558:
8556:
8553:
8551:
8550:Direct ascent
8548:
8547:
8545:
8543:
8539:
8533:
8532:Intergalactic
8530:
8528:
8525:
8523:
8520:
8516:
8513:
8511:
8508:
8507:
8506:
8503:
8501:
8498:
8497:
8495:
8491:
8483:
8480:
8478:
8475:
8473:
8470:
8468:
8467:Rocket engine
8465:
8464:
8463:
8460:
8456:
8453:
8451:
8448:
8446:
8443:
8441:
8438:
8436:
8433:
8431:
8428:
8427:
8426:
8423:
8421:
8418:
8414:
8411:
8409:
8406:
8404:
8401:
8400:
8399:
8398:Space capsule
8396:
8394:
8391:
8389:
8386:
8385:
8383:
8381:
8377:
8367:
8364:
8362:
8361:Space nursing
8359:
8357:
8354:
8352:
8349:
8345:
8342:
8341:
8340:
8337:
8335:
8332:
8328:
8325:
8324:
8323:
8320:
8319:
8317:
8315:Health issues
8313:
8307:
8304:
8302:
8299:
8297:
8294:
8292:
8289:
8287:
8284:
8280:
8277:
8276:
8275:
8272:
8270:
8269:Space Shuttle
8267:
8263:
8260:
8258:
8255:
8254:
8253:
8250:
8248:
8245:
8243:
8240:
8238:
8235:
8233:
8230:
8228:
8225:
8224:
8222:
8218:
8212:
8209:
8207:
8204:
8202:
8201:Space tourism
8199:
8197:
8194:
8192:
8189:
8187:
8184:
8182:
8179:
8175:
8172:
8170:
8167:
8165:
8162:
8161:
8160:
8157:
8153:
8150:
8149:
8148:
8145:
8144:
8142:
8138:
8135:
8133:
8129:
8123:
8122:Space weather
8120:
8118:
8115:
8113:
8110:
8108:
8105:
8103:
8100:
8098:
8095:
8093:
8090:
8088:
8085:
8081:
8078:
8076:
8073:
8071:
8068:
8066:
8063:
8062:
8061:
8058:
8054:
8051:
8049:
8046:
8044:
8041:
8039:
8036:
8035:
8034:
8031:
8029:
8026:
8025:
8023:
8021:
8017:
8009:
8006:
8005:
8004:
8001:
7997:
7994:
7992:
7989:
7987:
7986:Space command
7984:
7983:
7982:
7981:Space warfare
7979:
7975:
7972:
7970:
7967:
7965:
7962:
7960:
7957:
7955:
7952:
7951:
7950:
7947:
7943:
7942:United States
7940:
7938:
7935:
7933:
7930:
7928:
7925:
7923:
7920:
7918:
7915:
7913:
7910:
7908:
7905:
7903:
7900:
7899:
7898:
7895:
7893:
7890:
7886:
7883:
7881:
7878:
7876:
7873:
7871:
7868:
7867:
7866:
7863:
7861:
7860:Astrodynamics
7858:
7857:
7855:
7851:
7847:
7840:
7835:
7833:
7828:
7826:
7821:
7820:
7817:
7811:
7807:
7804:
7801:
7799:
7796:
7794:
7791:
7789:
7785:
7783:
7780:
7778:
7774:
7771:
7770:
7769:
7768:
7762:
7759:
7757:
7754:
7752:
7749:
7747:
7744:
7742:
7738:
7735:
7732:
7730:
7727:
7725:
7722:
7720:
7717:
7715:
7712:
7711:
7710:
7709:
7694:
7684:
7683:
7678:
7671:
7664:
7653:
7652:
7647:
7640:
7626:on 2013-12-10
7625:
7621:
7617:
7610:
7596:
7592:
7585:
7578:
7573:
7571:
7569:
7567:
7560:
7556:
7555:0-201-56751-2
7552:
7548:
7542:
7528:on 2012-04-25
7527:
7523:
7517:
7502:
7498:
7492:
7478:on 2011-04-27
7477:
7473:
7467:
7449:
7442:
7436:
7429:
7425:
7422:
7417:
7415:
7413:
7411:
7402:
7398:
7394:
7392:1-4244-0007-4
7388:
7384:
7380:
7376:
7372:
7365:
7349:
7345:
7341:
7335:
7320:
7316:
7310:
7295:
7291:
7285:
7271:on 2003-02-04
7270:
7266:
7260:
7246:on 2002-06-25
7245:
7241:
7235:
7221:on 2016-06-02
7220:
7216:
7212:
7209:NASA (2006).
7205:
7191:on 2013-12-06
7187:
7180:
7174:
7172:
7170:
7168:
7166:
7157:
7153:
7147:
7139:
7135:
7129:
7127:
7118:
7114:
7108:
7106:
7097:
7093:
7087:
7085:
7070:on 2013-02-16
7069:
7065:
7059:
7045:on 2013-01-08
7044:
7040:
7034:
7019:
7015:
7009:
6994:
6990:
6984:
6976:
6972:
6966:
6958:
6954:
6947:
6945:
6943:
6941:
6926:on 2016-06-17
6925:
6921:
6920:"Mach 1 Club"
6915:
6901:on 2011-07-22
6900:
6896:
6890:
6875:
6869:
6867:
6858:
6857:
6849:
6833:
6829:
6825:
6821:
6820:
6812:
6798:on 2012-11-29
6797:
6793:
6787:
6779:
6773:
6769:
6765:
6764:
6756:
6741:
6737:
6729:
6721:
6715:
6711:
6707:
6706:
6698:
6683:on 2011-06-29
6682:
6678:
6672:
6657:on 2017-03-02
6653:
6646:
6640:
6629:
6625:
6621:
6614:
6613:
6605:
6603:
6601:
6586:
6582:
6578:
6574:
6568:
6554:on 2020-09-25
6553:
6549:
6545:
6539:
6523:
6519:
6518:Evening Times
6515:
6508:
6492:
6491:
6486:
6480:
6464:
6463:
6458:
6452:
6438:on 2013-06-02
6437:
6433:
6427:
6411:
6405:
6389:
6385:
6379:
6368:
6362:
6348:on 2012-04-10
6347:
6343:
6339:
6335:
6329:
6315:on 2014-02-07
6314:
6310:
6304:
6290:on 2014-02-05
6289:
6285:
6281:
6275:
6261:on 2010-04-06
6260:
6256:
6249:
6233:
6229:
6225:
6218:
6202:
6198:
6194:
6188:
6180:
6174:
6170:
6169:
6161:
6145:
6141:
6137:
6130:
6114:
6110:
6106:
6099:
6085:on 2014-08-05
6084:
6080:
6074:
6072:
6056:
6052:
6046:
6032:on 2013-09-11
6031:
6027:
6021:
6006:
6002:
5996:
5980:
5976:
5969:
5962:
5946:
5942:
5935:
5927:
5920:
5912:
5910:0-87614-863-1
5906:
5902:
5897:
5896:
5887:
5873:on 2021-10-30
5872:
5868:
5864:
5863:
5858:
5852:
5841:
5834:
5833:
5826:
5812:on 2008-01-14
5811:
5807:
5800:
5787:on 2009-06-18
5786:
5782:
5778:
5774:
5773:
5768:
5761:
5753:
5746:
5732:on 2010-02-13
5731:
5727:
5721:
5713:
5707:
5703:
5696:
5688:
5682:
5678:
5671:
5656:
5652:
5648:
5641:
5627:on 2013-01-25
5626:
5622:
5616:
5600:
5593:
5577:
5573:
5571:9780029228951
5567:
5563:
5558:
5557:
5548:
5541:
5535:
5520:
5516:
5510:
5495:
5491:
5485:
5478:
5472:
5471:DGA Quarterly
5468:
5461:
5454:
5450:
5445:
5443:
5427:
5423:
5417:
5409:
5408:
5400:
5385:
5381:
5374:
5367:
5363:
5356:
5355:
5350:
5344:
5342:
5334:
5328:
5320:
5319:
5311:
5303:
5302:
5294:
5278:
5271:
5256:
5252:
5245:
5230:
5226:
5222:
5216:
5208:
5202:
5198:
5190:
5177:
5171:
5167:
5163:
5159:
5158:Genesis Redux
5155:
5148:
5140:
5134:
5130:
5123:
5115:
5111:
5107:
5103:
5099:
5092:
5077:
5073:
5069:
5065:
5059:
5043:
5039:
5035:
5031:
5025:
5016:
5008:
5002:
4998:
4991:
4984:
4974:on 2006-08-05
4973:
4969:
4965:
4959:
4945:on 2009-07-09
4944:
4940:
4936:
4929:
4913:
4909:
4903:
4899:
4898:
4890:
4888:
4886:
4884:
4882:
4880:
4878:
4876:
4874:
4872:
4870:
4868:
4866:
4864:
4862:
4860:
4858:
4856:
4854:
4852:
4836:
4830:
4826:
4821:
4820:
4811:
4809:
4804:
4793:
4760:
4751:
4744:
4743:
4738:
4732:
4728:
4716:
4713:
4710:
4707:
4701:
4698:
4695:
4692:
4689:
4686:
4685:
4684:
4683:
4682:Miscellaneous
4676:
4673:
4670:
4667:
4666:
4665:
4664:
4654:
4653:VA-111 Shkval
4651:
4648:
4645:
4642:
4639:
4636:
4633:
4627:
4624:
4623:
4622:
4621:
4614:
4611:
4608:
4605:
4602:
4599:
4594: – Hobby
4593:
4590:
4589:
4588:
4587:
4581:
4578:
4575:
4572:
4569:
4566:
4564:
4561:
4558:
4555:
4554:
4553:
4552:
4545:
4542:
4539:
4536:
4533:
4530:
4527:
4526:Rocket garden
4524:
4521:
4518:
4515:
4512:
4511:
4510:
4509:
4503:
4500:
4498:
4495:
4494:
4493:
4492:
4484:
4473:
4470:
4459:
4456:
4445:
4438:
4436:
4432:
4426:
4416:
4414:
4409:
4406:
4404:
4400:
4395:
4392:
4387:
4384:
4380:
4375:
4373:
4369:
4365:
4364:Space Shuttle
4359:
4351:
4349:
4348:Space Shuttle
4343:
4341:
4337:
4333:
4331:
4325:
4321:
4316:
4310:
4306:
4305:
4299:
4298:Space Shuttle
4294:
4284:
4275:
4271:
4268:This section
4266:
4263:
4259:
4258:
4254:
4244:
4240:
4238:
4234:
4230:
4224:
4223:Oberth effect
4217:Oberth effect
4214:
4212:
4194:
4190:
4181:
4176:
4173:
4169:
4165:
4164:Space Shuttle
4161:
4157:
4153:
4148:
4131:
4127:
4102:
4098:
4092:
4088:
4084:
4081:
4073:
4059:
4032:
4022:
4019:
4011:
4008:
4001:
3998:
3993:
3987:
3982:
3978:
3969:
3955:
3935:
3913:
3909:
3895:
3891:
3887:
3871:
3867:
3858:
3854:
3850:
3845:
3843:
3838:
3819:
3816:
3811:
3807:
3799:
3776:
3773:
3770:
3767:
3763:
3757:
3754:
3751:
3748:
3745:
3742:
3739:
3736:
3733:
3730:
3726:
3718:
3713:
3709:
3702:
3699:
3691:
3688:
3680:
3675:
3671:
3662:
3659:
3657:
3652:
3650:
3646:
3637:
3636:
3630:
3629:Space Shuttle
3625:
3620:
3605:
3603:
3599:
3595:
3590:
3588:
3584:
3580:
3575:
3571:
3567:
3551:
3547:
3518:
3513:
3509:
3503:
3500:
3492:
3478:
3468:
3458:
3454:
3452:
3448:
3444:
3439:
3437:
3432:
3430:
3426:
3422:
3414:
3410:
3402:
3397:
3382:
3379:
3377:
3374:
3372:
3369:
3368:
3364:
3361:
3359:
3356:
3354:
3351:
3350:
3346:
3343:
3340:
3337:
3335:
3332:
3331:
3327:
3324:
3322:
3319:
3317:
3314:
3313:
3309:
3306:
3303:
3300:
3298:
3295:
3294:
3290:
3287:
3284:
3281:
3279:(stage only)
3278:
3275:
3274:
3270:
3267:
3264:
3261:
3258:
3257:Space Shuttle
3255:
3254:
3250:
3247:
3244:
3241:
3239:
3236:
3235:
3231:
3228:
3225:
3222:
3219:
3216:
3215:
3211:
3208:
3205:
3202:
3199:
3196:
3195:
3192:
3191:Mass fraction
3189:
3187:
3184:
3181:
3179:Takeoff mass
3178:
3175:
3174:
3171:
3168:
3166:
3162:
3158:
3154:
3149:
3146:
3144:
3140:
3136:
3131:
3123:
3118:
3108:
3106:
3086:
3082:
3076:
3072:
3060:
3058:
3054:
3050:
3046:
3041:
3021:
2994:
2990:
2965:
2961:
2936:
2932:
2923:
2902:
2898:
2892:
2888:
2882:
2879:
2874:
2870:
2866:
2860:
2850:
2849:
2848:
2846:
2828:
2824:
2814:
2812:
2805:
2801:
2796:
2791:
2781:
2764:
2761:
2757:
2731:
2727:
2702:
2699:
2695:
2686:
2668:
2664:
2660:
2655:
2652:
2648:
2644:
2639:
2635:
2626:
2610:
2607:
2603:
2594:
2589:
2581:
2579:
2575:
2572:
2570:
2565:
2564:
2560:
2558:
2554:
2551:
2549:
2546:Space Shuttle
2544:
2543:
2539:
2537:
2534:
2532:
2529:Space Shuttle
2527:
2526:
2522:
2520:
2513:
2510:
2508:
2505:Space Shuttle
2503:
2502:
2499:, vacuum (s)
2495:
2492:
2489:
2486:
2485:
2481:
2477:
2470:
2460:
2443:
2440:
2437:
2434:
2426:
2410:
2407:
2404:
2401:
2398:
2395:
2387:
2385:
2379:
2372:Total impulse
2369:
2367:
2365:
2358:
2341:
2337:
2325:
2308:
2303:
2299:
2275:
2269:
2266:
2255:
2239:
2234:
2230:
2222:
2219:
2213:
2208:
2204:
2195:
2192:
2190:
2179:
2176:
2173:
2171:Underexpanded
2170:
2169:
2166:
2162:
2156:
2146:
2144:
2140:
2135:
2133:
2129:
2125:
2120:
2118:
2117:drag equation
2111:
2107:
2103:
2093:
2091:
2087:
2083:
2079:
2075:
2071:
2070:
2064:
2063:is obtained.
2062:
2058:
2054:
2047:
2043:
2040:
2037:
2034:
2032:
2028:
2025:
2022:
2019:
2018:
2017:
2014:
2012:
2011:astrodynamics
2008:
2004:
1995:
1986:
1984:
1983:
1978:
1974:
1969:
1966:
1960:
1952:
1948:
1946:
1942:
1938:
1934:
1930:
1925:
1916:
1911:
1910:Rocket engine
1896:
1894:
1888:
1884:
1881:
1880:Space Shuttle
1876:
1874:
1870:
1866:
1859:
1854:
1845:
1843:
1839:
1820:
1816:
1813:
1809:
1805:
1800:
1796:
1794:
1790:
1785:
1783:
1779:
1775:
1771:
1767:
1763:
1758:
1756:
1752:
1749:Launches for
1745:
1741:
1740:
1734:
1733:Space Shuttle
1711:
1708:
1706:
1702:
1698:
1694:
1690:
1688:
1684:
1679:
1676:
1672:
1666:
1664:
1660:
1656:
1651:
1649:
1643:
1633:
1631:
1626:
1624:
1623:space station
1621:
1617:
1612:
1610:
1606:
1605:3L, 5L and 7L
1602:
1598:
1593:
1591:
1587:
1583:
1578:
1576:
1572:
1568:
1567:Breeches buoy
1560:
1556:
1551:
1542:
1540:
1536:
1532:
1528:
1523:
1517:
1507:
1505:
1500:
1498:
1494:
1490:
1486:
1479:
1474:
1469:
1459:
1457:
1453:
1449:
1445:
1441:
1437:
1433:
1432:
1427:
1423:
1419:
1418:
1413:
1405:
1400:
1395:
1391:
1381:
1378:
1376:
1372:
1368:
1364:
1360:
1356:
1346:
1344:
1340:
1336:
1335:rocket engine
1332:
1328:
1318:
1309:
1307:
1302:
1300:
1296:
1292:
1287:
1285:
1284:catalytically
1281:
1277:
1276:nitrous oxide
1273:
1268:
1266:
1262:
1261:liquid oxygen
1258:
1254:
1250:
1246:
1243:
1239:
1238:rocket engine
1235:
1226:
1221:
1211:
1209:
1205:
1201:
1197:
1193:
1189:
1185:
1181:
1177:
1173:
1169:
1165:
1164:steam rockets
1161:
1157:
1153:
1149:
1145:
1141:
1137:
1133:
1132:Rocket engine
1129:
1122:rocket engine
1121:
1117:
1112:
1111:Rocket engine
1102:
1100:
1096:
1092:
1088:
1084:
1080:
1076:
1072:
1067:
1065:
1061:
1057:
1053:
1049:
1045:
1041:
1037:
1033:
1029:
1025:
1021:
1017:
1007:
1005:
993:
990:
988:
984:
980:
978:
974:
972:
969:
967:
966:rocket trains
964:
962:
959:
956:
952:
949:
946:
944:
941:
939:
936:used for the
935:
931:
930:space rockets
928:
926:
923:
921:
917:
913:
909:
908:water rockets
905:
901:
900:
899:
893:
889:
885:
882:
865:
864:
858:
856:
852:
848:
844:
840:
836:
832:
828:
824:
820:
816:
812:
807:
806:(1907–1966).
805:
801:
797:
793:
792:sound barrier
789:
785:
781:
777:
773:
768:
766:
762:
758:
754:
750:
749:Bachem Ba 349
746:
742:
738:
734:
730:
726:
722:
718:
714:
706:
702:
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694:
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687:
686:
681:
677:
673:
669:
668:
663:
658:
656:
652:
648:
644:
640:
636:
633:In 1921, the
628:
624:
619:
615:
613:
609:
605:
601:
597:
593:
589:
585:
584:
579:
575:
574:
569:
565:
556:
552:
550:
546:
542:
541:Archibald Low
538:
534:
529:
527:
523:
518:
514:
512:
508:
504:
500:
496:
495:William Moore
491:
489:
485:
481:
477:
473:
466:
462:
458:
454:
450:
448:
444:
440:
432:
428:
424:
420:
418:
414:
410:
406:
402:
398:
394:
391:
386:
384:
380:
377:around 1405.
376:
375:
370:
369:Konrad Kyeser
366:
362:
361:
356:
352:
348:
344:
340:
335:
333:
329:
325:
321:
320:
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279:
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251:
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245:
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199:
195:
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187:
183:
179:
175:
171:
167:
162:
160:
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144:
140:
136:
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128:
127:accelerations
124:
120:
116:
112:
110:
106:
102:
98:
97:rocket engine
94:
90:
86:
82:
76:
71:
67:
63:
56:
52:
48:
43:
39:
35:
30:
19:
18:Rocket launch
8542:Space launch
8527:Interstellar
8493:Destinations
8392:
8262:Apollo–Soyuz
8211:Space diving
8196:Space toilet
8020:Applications
7937:Soviet Union
7897:Space policy
7892:Space launch
7766:
7765:
7707:
7706:
7692:
7686:. Retrieved
7680:
7670:
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7655:. Retrieved
7649:
7639:
7628:. Retrieved
7624:the original
7619:
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7598:. Retrieved
7594:
7584:
7546:
7541:
7530:. Retrieved
7526:the original
7516:
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7491:
7480:. Retrieved
7476:the original
7466:
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7448:the original
7435:
7374:
7364:
7352:. Retrieved
7348:the original
7334:
7323:. Retrieved
7309:
7298:. Retrieved
7284:
7273:. Retrieved
7269:the original
7259:
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7244:the original
7234:
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7219:the original
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7096:the original
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7068:the original
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7043:the original
7033:
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7008:
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6983:
6975:the original
6965:
6956:
6928:. Retrieved
6924:the original
6914:
6903:. Retrieved
6899:the original
6889:
6878:. Retrieved
6855:
6848:
6836:. Retrieved
6818:
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6800:. Retrieved
6796:the original
6786:
6762:
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6743:. Retrieved
6739:
6728:
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6685:. Retrieved
6681:the original
6671:
6659:. Retrieved
6652:the original
6639:
6611:
6588:. Retrieved
6576:
6567:
6556:. Retrieved
6552:the original
6547:
6538:
6526:. Retrieved
6522:the original
6517:
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6488:
6479:
6467:. Retrieved
6460:
6451:
6440:. Retrieved
6436:the original
6426:
6414:. Retrieved
6404:
6392:. Retrieved
6388:the original
6378:
6361:
6350:. Retrieved
6346:the original
6337:
6328:
6317:. Retrieved
6313:the original
6303:
6292:. Retrieved
6288:the original
6274:
6263:. Retrieved
6259:the original
6248:
6236:. Retrieved
6232:the original
6227:
6222:Wade, Mark.
6217:
6205:. Retrieved
6196:
6187:
6167:
6160:
6148:. Retrieved
6144:the original
6139:
6134:Wade, Mark.
6129:
6117:. Retrieved
6113:the original
6108:
6103:Wade, Mark.
6098:
6087:. Retrieved
6083:the original
6059:. Retrieved
6045:
6034:. Retrieved
6030:the original
6020:
6009:. Retrieved
6005:the original
5995:
5983:. Retrieved
5978:
5974:
5961:
5949:. Retrieved
5934:
5925:
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5875:. Retrieved
5871:the original
5861:
5857:Scott Manley
5851:
5840:the original
5831:
5825:
5814:. Retrieved
5810:the original
5799:
5789:, retrieved
5785:the original
5771:
5760:
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5745:
5734:. Retrieved
5730:the original
5720:
5701:
5695:
5676:
5670:
5659:. Retrieved
5650:
5640:
5629:. Retrieved
5625:the original
5615:
5603:. Retrieved
5592:
5580:. Retrieved
5555:
5547:
5539:
5534:
5522:. Retrieved
5518:
5509:
5497:. Retrieved
5494:The Guardian
5493:
5484:
5470:
5460:
5429:. Retrieved
5425:
5416:
5406:
5399:
5387:. Retrieved
5383:
5373:
5353:
5327:
5317:
5310:
5300:
5293:
5281:. Retrieved
5270:
5258:. Retrieved
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5233:. Retrieved
5224:
5215:
5195:
5189:
5179:, retrieved
5157:
5147:
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5122:
5105:
5101:
5091:
5080:. Retrieved
5076:the original
5071:
5058:
5046:. Retrieved
5042:the original
5037:
5024:
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4990:
4982:
4976:. Retrieved
4972:the original
4967:
4958:
4947:. Retrieved
4943:the original
4938:
4928:
4916:. Retrieved
4896:
4838:. Retrieved
4818:
4792:
4759:
4750:
4740:
4736:
4731:
4681:
4680:
4662:
4661:
4619:
4618:
4585:
4584:
4568:Steam rocket
4550:
4549:
4507:
4506:
4490:
4489:
4428:
4410:
4407:
4396:
4388:
4376:
4360:
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4344:
4329:
4317:
4314:
4303:
4278:
4274:adding to it
4269:
4241:
4226:
4210:
4177:
4149:
4118:
4051:
3900:
3888:
3846:
3795:
3660:
3656:gravity drag
3653:
3641:
3634:
3591:
3576:
3572:
3568:
3534:
3470:
3455:
3450:
3446:
3440:
3433:
3418:
3220:first stage
3169:
3150:
3147:
3142:
3132:
3128:
3104:
3061:
3053:gravity drag
3042:
3039:
2921:
2815:
2808:
2748:
2684:
2590:
2587:
2531:solid motors
2493:
2490:Propellants
2475:
2458:
2424:
2381:
2363:
2359:
2328:
2253:
2193:
2186:
2177:Overexpanded
2136:
2121:
2113:
2106:Gravity drag
2078:gravity turn
2067:
2065:
2050:
2015:
2000:
1980:
1970:
1964:
1961:
1957:
1921:
1889:
1885:
1877:
1862:
1838:ground track
1829:
1803:
1801:
1797:
1795:trajectory.
1793:gravity turn
1786:
1759:
1748:
1738:
1709:
1691:
1680:
1675:water rocket
1667:
1652:
1648:be recovered
1645:
1642:model rocket
1627:
1613:
1594:
1579:
1564:
1519:
1504:rocket sleds
1501:
1483:
1429:
1415:
1409:
1379:
1377:to be used.
1352:
1324:
1303:
1291:steam rocket
1288:
1282:that can be
1269:
1231:
1204:acceleration
1176:water rocket
1125:
1071:rocketplanes
1068:
1013:
1004:black powder
1001:
992:space probes
961:rocket sleds
897:
891:
887:
808:
769:
710:
689:
685:The Guardian
683:
665:
659:
655:World War II
632:
587:
581:
576:. In 1923,
571:
561:
531:The British
530:
521:
515:
507:William Hale
492:
488:Fort McHenry
469:
436:
404:
392:
387:
372:
365:Liber Ignium
358:
350:
346:
336:
317:
290:Song dynasty
283:
275:
210:
172:, including
163:
113:
61:
59:
38:
29:
8500:Sub-orbital
8435:Space probe
8301:New Shepard
8279:Shuttle–Mir
8038:Archaeology
7991:Space force
7974:Moon Treaty
7846:Spaceflight
5605:26 February
5582:15 November
4715:Rocket mail
4669:Rocket sled
3182:Final mass
3139:mass ratios
3111:Mass ratios
1869:shock waves
1705:drag racing
1561:crew module
1559:boilerplate
1553:Apollo LES
1539:retrorocket
1516:Spaceflight
1510:Spaceflight
1468:Space probe
1343:launch site
1265:nitric acid
1247:to produce
1144:exhaust gas
1083:rocket belt
1079:rocket cars
1060:aerodynamic
947:rocket bike
943:rocket cars
920:hobby store
809:During the
784:cosmic rays
725:Kármán line
610:instead of
537:World War I
401:Conrad Haas
374:Bellifortis
355:Roger Bacon
319:Huolongjing
277:Huolongjing
228:liquid fuel
8657:Categories
8569:Launch pad
8560:Expendable
8510:Geocentric
8477:Solar sail
8420:Spaceplane
8380:Spacecraft
8174:Space suit
8152:commercial
8080:Television
7875:Space Race
7688:2016-08-20
7657:2015-10-14
7630:2013-12-11
7600:2015-06-25
7532:2011-04-30
7507:2011-04-30
7482:2011-04-30
7457:2011-04-30
7354:1 December
7325:2012-12-10
7300:2012-12-10
7275:2010-04-24
7250:2012-12-10
7225:2016-05-28
7195:2019-02-19
7074:2012-12-10
7049:2012-12-10
7024:2012-12-10
6999:2012-12-10
6930:2016-05-28
6905:2012-12-10
6880:2012-12-10
6802:2012-12-10
6590:2020-07-31
6558:2020-07-31
6528:10 October
6497:10 October
6469:10 October
6442:2012-12-10
6352:2012-07-06
6319:2012-07-06
6294:2019-10-30
6265:2012-12-10
6207:12 January
6089:2012-12-10
6061:2012-12-10
6036:2012-12-10
6011:2008-03-18
5985:18 October
5981:(1): 92–99
5877:2020-10-02
5816:2012-12-10
5791:2009-07-20
5736:2012-12-10
5661:2014-11-11
5631:2012-12-10
5426:ezoteriker
5235:2017-10-29
5181:2024-02-18
5082:2008-03-29
4978:2006-08-19
4949:2009-06-28
4626:Fire Arrow
4383:dry weight
4330:Challenger
4304:Challenger
4251:See also:
4211:relatively
3436:mass ratio
3421:propellant
3371:Boeing 747
3186:Mass ratio
3165:turbopumps
3117:Mass ratio
3105:mass ratio
3062:The ratio
2149:Net thrust
2007:ballistics
1933:convergent
1893:supersonic
1887:an angle.
1865:supersonic
1824:Sri Lankan
1770:launch pad
1753:, or into
1687:high-power
1659:scientists
1616:Soyuz T-10
1531:spacecraft
1522:launch pad
1497:flight #13
1466:See also:
1428:) or as a
1375:propellant
1325:The first
1234:propellant
1214:Propellant
1192:combustion
1077:, wheels (
1075:parachutes
1052:gyroscopes
1042:or engine
1016:propellant
1010:Components
912:skyrockets
879:Launch of
800:leadership
713:V-2 rocket
701:V-2 rocket
676:launch pad
662:Fritz Lang
604:hypersonic
592:supersonic
549:Cdr. Brock
360:Opus Majus
284:In China,
244:solid fuel
216:combustion
184:and other
105:propellant
89:accelerate
83:that uses
8673:Gunpowder
8579:Spaceport
8430:Satellite
8147:Astronaut
8075:Telephone
8028:Astronomy
7949:Space law
7902:Australia
6745:22 August
6585:0971-751X
6577:The Hindu
6416:April 30,
5333:A. M. Low
5283:22 August
5260:22 August
5048:March 29,
4647:Singijeon
4613:Skyrocket
4538:Spaceport
4191:η
4180:turbofans
4128:η
4099:η
4089:η
4082:η
4060:η
3979:η
3910:η
3868:η
3823:%
3808:η
3727:η
3703:˙
3672:η
3277:Saturn 1B
3218:Titan 23G
3019:Δ
2883:
2858:Δ
2661:⋅
2402:∫
2270:˙
2223:˙
2124:nose cone
2074:parabolic
2069:empennage
1904:Operation
1739:Endeavour
1697:jet packs
1671:fireworks
1663:engineers
1603:vehicles
1369:) that a
1363:magnetism
1272:hydrazine
1120:Viking 5C
1064:nose cone
1056:monocoque
1034:(such as
1022:), and a
977:jet packs
881:Apollo 15
780:telemetry
680:countdown
660:In 1929,
612:gunpowder
447:Hyder Ali
419:in 1650.
417:Amsterdam
393:rocchetta
310:Gongsheng
286:gunpowder
178:fireworks
170:Space Age
70:rocchetto
8683:Rocketry
8631:Category
8296:Tiangong
8291:Shenzhou
8220:Programs
8065:Internet
7870:Timeline
7806:Archived
7737:Archived
7595:BBC News
7501:Archived
7499:. NASA.
7424:Archived
7401:22788307
7319:Archived
7294:Archived
7018:Archived
6993:Archived
6832:Archived
6687:30 April
6661:30 April
6628:archived
6624:37049198
6490:BBC News
6462:BBC News
6309:"Safety"
6201:Archived
6055:Archived
5945:Archived
5943:. NASA.
5781:52368435
5655:Archived
5651:BBC News
5576:Archived
5453:Sky Arts
5351:(1919),
5229:Archived
5114:44230626
4912:Archived
4735:English
4688:Aircraft
4620:Weaponry
4441:See also
4332:disaster
4324:gasoline
4281:May 2016
4172:velocity
3635:Atlantis
3451:parallel
3425:guidance
3413:Apollo 6
3353:Concorde
3238:Saturn V
3198:Ariane 5
3176:Vehicle
3049:air drag
2567:Saturn V
2384:momentum
2143:buckling
1842:latitude
1826:landmass
1787:Orbital
1707:record.
1620:Salyut 7
1582:Saturn V
1412:warheads
1384:Military
1339:pendulum
1257:kerosene
1188:oxidizer
1186:and the
934:Saturn V
925:missiles
886:rocket:
884:Saturn V
857:rocket.
855:Saturn V
811:Cold War
788:Bell X-1
741:aircraft
729:MW 18014
596:de Laval
524:(1862).
306:firework
224:oxidizer
222:with an
186:weaponry
182:missiles
135:airfoils
131:momentum
101:reaction
47:Soyuz-FG
8505:Orbital
8306:Artemis
8237:Voskhod
8232:Mercury
8140:General
7880:Records
7865:History
7853:General
6238:24 June
6197:YouTube
6150:24 June
6119:24 June
5867:YouTube
5524:24 July
5499:24 July
5366:3430998
4229:delta-v
3645:kinetic
3443:staging
3390:Staging
2922:where:
2811:delta-v
2800:Delta-v
2685:where:
2569:stage 1
2487:Rocket
2366:-forces
2088:on the
2027:Gravity
1899:Physics
1744:STS-134
1683:impulse
1588:, have
1535:landing
1417:missile
1394:Missile
1371:vehicle
1359:gravity
1200:nozzles
1190:in the
1154:, or a
1105:Engines
1044:gimbals
765:bazooka
682:clock.
459:at the
390:Italian
324:Jiao Yu
254:History
159:gravity
81:vehicle
77:
66:Italian
8642:Portal
8635:
8624:
8440:Lander
8393:Rocket
8257:Skylab
8252:Apollo
8242:Gemini
8227:Vostok
7932:Russia
7553:
7399:
7389:
6838:28 May
6828:232378
6826:
6774:
6716:
6622:
6583:
6394:28 May
6175:
5951:28 May
5907:
5779:
5708:
5683:
5568:
5431:5 June
5389:29 May
5364:
5203:
5197:Parigi
5172:
5135:
5112:
5003:
4918:28 May
4904:
4840:28 May
4831:
4737:rocket
3608:Energy
3587:high-g
3535:where
3447:serial
3328:0.74
3291:0.907
3271:0.935
3251:0.957
3232:0.959
3212:0.975
3025:
2864:
2254:where
2108:, and
2086:stress
2021:Thrust
2003:forces
1965:pulled
1924:effect
1833:dogleg
1776:, and
1714:Flight
1571:rescue
1545:Rescue
1478:Bumper
1431:rocket
1249:thrust
1024:nozzle
998:Design
894:+ 40 s
827:Proton
819:Vostok
755:, see
753:Me 163
635:Soviet
503:salvos
383:Paduan
343:sieges
330:, the
204:, and
109:vacuum
64:(from
62:rocket
8445:Rover
8247:Soyuz
8070:Radio
7927:Japan
7922:India
7907:China
7451:(PDF)
7444:(PDF)
7397:S2CID
7189:(PDF)
7182:(PDF)
6710:37–38
6655:(PDF)
6648:(PDF)
6631:(PDF)
6616:(PDF)
6370:(PDF)
5971:(PDF)
5843:(PDF)
5836:(PDF)
5601:. BBC
5358:(PDF)
5110:JSTOR
4742:razzo
4723:Notes
4491:Lists
4301:
4152:ICBMs
3632:
3583:NK-33
3347:0.57
3325:3.85
3310:0.83
3288:10.7
3268:15.4
3248:23.1
3229:24.6
3209:39.9
2816:When
2139:max Q
2057:orbit
2029:from
1848:Noise
1804:stage
1736:
1586:Soyuz
1557:with
1367:light
1242:fluid
861:Types
823:Soyuz
719:with
411:, by
166:China
157:, or
8607:Pass
8562:and
7551:ISBN
7387:ISBN
7356:2010
6840:2016
6824:OCLC
6772:ISBN
6747:2022
6714:ISBN
6689:2016
6663:2016
6620:OCLC
6581:ISSN
6530:2023
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