864:
1295:, reported that they had located the F-1 rocket engines from an Apollo mission using sonar equipment. Bezos stated he planned to raise at least one of the engines, which rest at a depth of 14,000 feet (4,300 m), about 400 miles (640 km) east of Cape Canaveral, Florida. However, the condition of the engines, which had been submerged for more than 40 years, was unknown. NASA Administrator Charles Bolden released a statement congratulating Bezos and his team for their find and wished them success. He also affirmed NASA's position that any recovered artifacts would remain property of the agency, but that they would likely be offered to the
1105:
1086:
684:(TCE) was used to clean the engine's fuel system immediately before and after each test firing. The cleaning procedure involved pumping TCE through the engine's fuel system and letting the solvent overflow for a period ranging from several seconds to 30–35 minutes, depending upon the engine and the severity of the deposits. Sometimes the engine's gas generator and LOX dome were also flushed with TCE prior to test firing. The F-1 rocket engine had its LOX dome, gas generator, and thrust chamber fuel jacket flushed with TCE during launch preparations.
1268:
664:(2,542 L) per second; 413.5 US gal (1,565 L) of LOX and 257.9 US gal (976 L) of RP-1. During their two and a half minutes of operation, the five F-1s propelled the Saturn V vehicle to a height of 42 miles (222,000 ft; 68 km) and a speed of 6,164 mph (9,920 km/h). The combined flow rate of the five F-1s in the Saturn V was 3,357 US gal (12,710 L) or 28,415 lb (12,890 kg) per second. Each F-1 engine had more thrust than three
1252:
693:
463:
3895:
131:
636:
628:, producing 55,000 brake horsepower (41 MW). The fuel pump delivered 15,471 US gallons (58,560 litres) of RP-1 per minute while the oxidizer pump delivered 24,811 US gal (93,920 L) of liquid oxygen per minute. Environmentally, the turbopump was required to withstand temperatures ranging from input gas at 1,500 °F (820 °C) to liquid oxygen at −300 °F (−184 °C). Structurally, fuel was used to lubricate and cool the turbine
526:
2816:
25:
994:
500:. Initially, progress on this problem was slow, as it was intermittent and unpredictable. Oscillations of 4 kHz with harmonics to 24 kHz were observed. Eventually, engineers developed a diagnostic technique of detonating small explosive charges (which they called "bombs") outside the combustion chamber, through a tangential tube (
1044:, in NASA's Advanced Booster Program, which aims to find a more powerful successor to the five-segment Space Shuttle Solid Rocket Boosters intended for early versions of the Space Launch System. Pyrios uses two increased-thrust and heavily modified F-1B engines per booster. Due to the engine's potential advantage in
485:(NASA) appreciated the usefulness of an engine with so much power and contracted Rocketdyne to complete its development. Test firings of F-1 components had been performed as early as 1957. The first static firing of a full-stage developmental F-1 was performed in March 1959. The first F-1 was delivered to NASA
945:
During the 1960s, Rocketdyne undertook uprating development of the F-1 resulting in the new engine specification F-1A. While outwardly very similar to the F-1, the F-1A produced about 20% greater thrust, 1,800,000 lbf (8 MN) in tests, and would have been used on future Saturn V vehicles in
480:
to meet a 1955 U.S. Air Force requirement for a very large rocket engine. The E-1, although successfully tested in static firing, was quickly seen as a technological dead-end, and was abandoned for the larger, more powerful F-1. The Air Force eventually halted development of the F-1 because of a lack
512:
were used) while the engine was firing. This allowed them to determine exactly how the running chamber responded to variations in pressure, and to determine how to nullify these oscillations. The designers could then quickly experiment with different co-axial fuel-injector designs to obtain the one
1302:
On March 20, 2013, Bezos announced he had succeeded in bringing parts of an F-1 engine to the surface, and released photographs. Bezos noted, "Many of the original serial numbers are missing or partially missing, which is going to make mission identification difficult. We might see more during
663:
Each second, a single F-1 burned 5,683 pounds (2,578 kg) of oxidizer and fuel: 3,945 lb (1,789 kg) of liquid oxygen and 1,738 lb (788 kg) of RP-1, generating 1,500,000 lbf (6.7 MN; 680 tf) of thrust. This equated to a flow rate of 671.4 US gal
608:
bearing which transmitted the thrust to the body of the rocket. Below this dome were the injectors, which directed fuel and oxidizer into the thrust chamber in a way designed to promote mixing and combustion. Fuel was supplied to the injectors from a separate manifold; some of the fuel first
1059:
The F-1B engine has a design goal to be at least as powerful as the unflown F-1A, while also being more cost effective. The design incorporates a greatly simplified combustion chamber, a reduced number of engine parts, and the removal of the F-1 exhaust recycling system, including the
1340:
In August 2014, it was revealed that parts of two different F-1 engines were recovered, one from Apollo 11 and one from another Apollo flight, while a photograph of a cleaned-up engine was released. Bezos plans to put the engines on display at various places, including the
1232:
An F-1 engine is installed vertically as a memorial to the
Rocketdyne builders on De Soto Avenue, across the street from the former Rocketdyne plant in Canoga Park, California. It was installed in 1979, and moved from the parking lot across the street some time after 1980.
588:
characteristics of the F-1, he and his team were able to fix an issue known as ‘starvation’. This is when an imbalance of static pressure leads to 'hot spots' in the manifolds. The material used for the F-1 thrust chamber tube bundle, reinforcing bands and manifold was
659:
of the engine from 10:1 to 16:1. The exhaust from the turbine was fed into the nozzle extension by a large, tapered manifold; this relatively cool gas formed a film which protected the nozzle extension from the hot (5,800 °F (3,200 °C)) exhaust gas.
1072:
in the production of some metallic parts. The resulting F-1B engine is intended to produce 1,800,000 lbf (8.0 MN) of thrust at sea level, a 15% increase over the approximate 1,550,000 lbf (6.9 MN) of thrust that the mature
984:
can develop more thrust than the F-1, at 1,630,000 lbf (7.25 MN) per engine at sea level, however, each engine uses four combustion chambers instead of one, to solve the combustion instability problem.
2151:
1773:
1684:
1021:. The tests are designed to refamiliarize NASA with the design and propellants of the F-1 in anticipation of using an evolved version of the engine in future deep-space flight applications.
1013:(SLS) program, NASA had been running the Advanced Booster Competition, which was scheduled to end with the selection of a winning booster configuration in 2015. In 2013, engineers at the
1741:
1901:
1309:, and had on board a team of specialists organized by Bezos for the recovery effort. On July 19, 2013, Bezos revealed that the serial number of one of the recovered engines is
1826:
2124:
1852:
1623:
680:
deposits and vapors in the engine post test firing. These had to be removed from the engine to avoid problems during engine handling and future firing, and the solvent
1563:
1115:
Sixty-five F-1 engines were launched aboard thirteen Saturn Vs, and each first stage landed in the
Atlantic Ocean. Ten of these followed approximately the same flight
1017:
began tests with an original F-1, serial number F-6049, which was removed from Apollo 11 due to a glitch. The engine was never used, and for many years it was at the
596:
The heart of the engine was the thrust chamber, which mixed and burned the fuel and oxidizer to produce thrust. A domed chamber at the top of the engine served as a
4032:
1421:
2260:
2250:
925:
was 7,823,000 lbf (34.80 MN), which equates to an average F-1 thrust of 1,565,000 lbf (6.96 MN) – slightly more than the specified value.
4233:
1584:
2107:
1068:, with the turbine exhaust having a separate outlet passage beside the shortened main nozzle on the F-1B. The reduction in parts costs is aided by using
1048:, if this F-1B configuration (using four F-1Bs in total) were integrated with the SLS Block 2, the vehicle could deliver 150 tonnes (330,000 lb) to
921:
Measuring and making comparisons of rocket engine thrust is more complicated than it may first appear. Based on actual measurement the liftoff thrust of
2159:
4218:
4027:
2376:
1875:
1769:
1676:
961:. Numerous proposals have been made from the 1970s and on to develop new expendable boosters based around the F-1 engine design. These include the
580:
design produced by Al
Bokstellar would run cool. In essence, Brevik's job was to "make sure it doesn’t melt." Through Brevik's calculations of the
2330:
1975:
1524:
1305:
2255:
1929:
2302:
2654:
891:
missions. There were small performance variations between engines on a given mission, and variations in average thrust between missions. For
482:
2053:
1737:
4238:
513:
most resistant to instability. These problems were addressed from 1959 through 1961. Eventually, engine combustion was so stable, it would
1897:
2325:
2240:
2320:
2235:
1946:
2265:
4022:
4017:
4012:
3636:
2850:
2659:
2634:
2026:
1822:
1052:, while 130 tonnes (290,000 lb) is what is regarded as achievable with the planned solid boosters combined with a four-engine
2230:
1799:
1706:
1359:
and displays engine artifacts recovered including the thrust chamber and thrust chamber injector of the number 3 engine from the
2121:
1131:
launch vehicle flew at a more northerly azimuth to reach a higher inclination orbit (50 degrees versus the usual 32.5 degrees).
2245:
2084:
1848:
1619:
2722:
2208:
2369:
1491:
1408:
1134:
Ten F-1 engines were installed on two production Saturn Vs that never flew. The first stage from SA-514 is on display at the
89:
1645:
1557:
1497:
2881:
2706:
2649:
2644:
2270:
1376:
61:
2186:
1454:
2622:
1330:
2292:
1428:
950:
era. However, the Saturn V production line was closed prior to the end of
Project Apollo and no F-1A engines ever flew.
4147:
2676:
2287:
2282:
977:
624:
which drove separate fuel and oxygen pumps, each feeding the thrust chamber assembly. The turbine was driven at 5,500
68:
2629:
863:
108:
4228:
2819:
2362:
489:
in
October 1963. In December 1964, the F-1 completed flight rating tests. Testing continued at least through 1965.
1591:
965:, and the Pyrios booster (see below) in 2013. As of 2013, none have proceeded beyond the initial study phase. The
3546:
2447:
572:
of the thrust chamber. Chemical engineer Dennis "Dan" Brevik was faced with the task of ensuring the preliminary
42:
1157:"All Systems Test Stage," a ground-test replica, is on display as the first stage of a complete Saturn V at the
75:
2737:
2617:
2587:
1135:
609:
traveled in 178 tubes down the length of the thrust chamber — which formed approximately the upper half of the
597:
46:
2828:
2308:
2099:
2727:
2696:
2671:
1342:
1193:
1090:
868:
601:
569:
4177:
2843:
2796:
2516:
1166:
1147:
1109:
1014:
486:
470:
269:
57:
1005:
rocket uses a similar cycle design to F-1 engine, with the turbine exhaust gases piped directly overboard.
4223:
2775:
2607:
1322:
1236:
An F-1 Engine is on display outside of The New Mexico Museum of Space
History in Alamogordo, New Mexico.
4167:
3501:
3220:
3182:
2742:
2686:
2348:
1127:
followed significantly more southerly azimuths (80.088 degrees and 91.503 degrees, respectively). The
980:
with a sea-level liftoff thrust of 2,800,000 lbf (12.45 MN) apiece. The Soviet (now
Russian)
577:
2256:
Technical Manual R-3896-5 Volume II: Ground
Support Equipment Maintenance and Repair F-1 Rocket Engine
1972:
1533:
1462:, Huntsville, Alabama: Propulsion Research Center, University of Alabama in Huntsville, archived from
972:
The F-1 is the largest, highest-thrust single-chamber, single-nozzle liquid-fuel engine flown. Larger
549:, more efficient and produces more thrust, but uses four nozzles fed by a single pump. The F-1 burned
3466:
3461:
2691:
2639:
2551:
1995:
1923:
665:
541:
was designed to have more thrust, but it was only tested at the component level. The later developed
3562:
2891:
2681:
2556:
2526:
2521:
2442:
1098:
656:
451:
235:
3456:
2336:
Anthony Young
Collection, The University of Alabama in Huntsville Archives and Special Collections
3903:
3129:
3122:
2982:
2836:
2664:
2577:
2474:
2061:
1532:, National Aeronautics and Space Administration, December 1968, pp. 3–3, 3–4, archived from
1296:
1211:
1143:
1069:
1018:
998:
546:
35:
3987:
3856:
3626:
3616:
3307:
3289:
2541:
640:
625:
493:
297:
3528:
4172:
4122:
4042:
4002:
3997:
3992:
3866:
3641:
3591:
3529:
2977:
2482:
2468:
2335:
1041:
4047:
1456:
Combustion
Instability Analysis and the Effects of Drop Size on Acoustic Driving Rocket Flow
82:
4142:
4137:
4132:
4127:
4117:
3551:
2863:
2791:
2701:
2612:
1158:
1153:
Another ten engines were installed on two ground-test Saturn Vs never intended to fly. The
929:
629:
610:
497:
136:
3196:
3189:
2261:
Technical Manual R-3896-6: Installation and Repair of Thermal Insulation F-1 Rocket Engine
1950:
8:
4152:
3672:
3542:
3227:
2867:
2763:
2732:
2487:
2463:
2251:
Technical Manual R-3896-5 Volume I: Ground Support Equipment and Repair F-1 Rocket Engine
1226:
1170:
1142:(although owned by the Smithsonian) and the first stage from SA-515 is on display at the
1061:
1010:
872:
617:
538:
428:
2076:
2030:
1104:
1085:
3967:
2493:
1795:
1334:
1094:
1025:
887:(SA-512), which was necessary to meet the increasing payload capacity demands of later
573:
448:
2298:
NASA SP-4206 Stages to Saturn - the official NASA history of the Saturn launch vehicle
1714:
1313:
serial number 2044 (equating to NASA number 6044), the #5 (center) engine that helped
1192:
and it was fired 35 times. The engine is on loan to the museum from the Smithsonian's
1487:
1404:
1204:
1177:
681:
466:
1199:
An F-1 engine, on loan from the National Air and Space Museum, is on display at the
969:
would have used five F-1A engines on the main core and two on each of the boosters.
4097:
4077:
2769:
2561:
2546:
2205:
1352:
1346:
1276:
1256:
1222:
1045:
905:
899:
Thrust (average, per engine, sea level liftoff): 1,553,200 lbf (6.909 MN)
742:
697:
652:
329:
318:
1651:
3496:
2914:
2212:
2190:
2128:
1979:
1933:
1481:
1049:
505:
2317:, 2009, John C. Stennis Space Center. Monograph in Aerospace History No. 45 NASA
1267:
3471:
3451:
3446:
3065:
2902:
2870:
2858:
2437:
2385:
2183:
1463:
1314:
962:
947:
888:
585:
477:
444:
340:
2342:
2297:
2217:
1251:
692:
4212:
3476:
3260:
3176:
3102:
2921:
2859:
2399:
2241:
Technical Manual R-3896-3 Volume II: Maintenance and Repair F-1 Rocket Engine
1823:"Dynetics and PWR aiming to liquidize SLS booster competition with F-1 power"
1215:
644:
593:, a refractory nickel based alloy capable of withstanding high temperatures.
558:
534:
514:
462:
443:
first stage of each Saturn V, which served as the main launch vehicle of the
432:
420:
2236:
Technical Manual R-3896-3 Volume I: Maintenance and Repair F-1 Rocket Engine
1849:"Table 2. ATK Advanced Booster Satisfies NASA Exploration Lift Requirements"
2758:
2536:
2314:
1876:"New F-1B rocket engine upgrades Apollo-era design with 1.8M lbs of thrust"
1770:"New F-1B rocket engine upgrades Apollo-era design with 1.8M lbs of thrust"
1677:"New F-1B rocket engine upgrades Apollo-era design with 1.8M lbs of thrust"
973:
581:
130:
2354:
3566:
3533:
2802:
2326:
New F-1B rocket engine upgrades Apollo-era design with 1.8M lbs of thrust
1356:
1318:
1240:
958:
677:
635:
4192:* Different versions of the engine use different propellant combinations
3982:
2246:
Technical Manual R-3896-4: Illustrated Parts Breakdown F-1 Rocket Engine
953:
There were proposals to use eight F-1 engines on the first stage of the
525:
439:
rocket in the 1960s and early 1970s. Five F-1 engines were used in the
3621:
2582:
1310:
1292:
1288:
1189:
1188:. It was the 25th out of 114 research and development engines built by
1029:
966:
954:
940:
424:
228:
224:
220:
195:
655:, roughly half the length of the engine. This extension increased the
481:
of requirement for such a large engine. However, the recently created
3957:
3952:
3601:
2409:
2152:"Billionaire Jeff Bezos Talks About His Secret Passion: Space Travel"
1364:
1360:
1326:
1272:
1243:. An intact engine (without nozzle extension) is displayed outdoors.
1185:
1124:
1120:
1074:
922:
892:
884:
562:
509:
2321:
How NASA brought the monstrous F-1 “moon rocket” engine back to life
2271:
Technical Manual R-3896-11: F-1 Rocket Engine Operating Instructions
1363:
mission, as well as a gas generator from an engine that powered the
24:
4062:
4057:
3977:
3962:
3947:
3651:
3355:
2414:
2404:
1065:
1033:
1002:
880:
554:
436:
308:
216:
184:
164:
2016:
Preston. Jay W., CSP, PE. Plaque at the memorial and observations.
917:
total sea level liftoff thrust: 7,766,000 lbf (34.54 MN)
4157:
3712:
3707:
3702:
3697:
3692:
3687:
3682:
3677:
3397:
3360:
3350:
3345:
3319:
3208:
3095:
3040:
3034:
1898:"Dynetics reporting "outstanding" progress on F-1B rocket engine"
1650:, NASA Marshall Space Flight Center, MSFC-9801771, archived from
1280:
1260:
1200:
1162:
1139:
1116:
993:
621:
590:
565:
was used to inject fuel and oxygen into the combustion chamber.
4112:
3846:
3841:
3810:
3779:
3774:
3769:
3764:
3759:
3749:
3738:
3732:
3727:
3722:
3717:
3661:
3611:
3486:
3430:
3423:
3407:
3391:
3385:
3380:
3375:
3370:
3365:
3300:
3294:
3284:
3160:
3153:
2992:
2943:
1181:
1154:
1128:
1037:
981:
717:
605:
542:
517:
artificially induced instability within one-tenth of a second.
4162:
4102:
3972:
3931:
3926:
3921:
3916:
3877:
3871:
3815:
3804:
3794:
3744:
3596:
3586:
3538:
3506:
3491:
3481:
3340:
3335:
3330:
3278:
3272:
3146:
3140:
3135:
3115:
3080:
3075:
3052:
3029:
2997:
2961:
2954:
2948:
2938:
2933:
1053:
676:
During static test firing, the kerosene-based RP-1 fuel left
2315:
Remembering The Giants: Apollo Rocket Propulsion Development
1351:
On May 20, 2017, the Apollo permanent exhibit opened at the
696:
Installation of F-1 engines to the Saturn V S-IC Stage. The
3799:
3789:
3581:
3417:
3256:
3171:
3070:
3059:
3018:
3012:
3007:
2972:
2531:
2266:
Technical Manual R-3896-9: Transportation F-1 Rocket Engine
2193:, Bezos Expeditions, July 19, 2013, accessed July 21, 2013.
1947:"Three Saturn Vs on Display Teach Lessons in Space History"
1196:. It is the only F-1 on display outside the United States.
914:
846:
819:
550:
440:
407:
249:
4092:
4087:
4082:
4072:
2218:
Saturn V Launch Vehicle, Flight Evaluation Report, AS-510
1991:
815:
568:
One notable challenge in the construction of the F-1 was
501:
245:
2231:
Technical Manual R-3896-1: Engine Data F-1 Rocket Engine
469:
with the F-1 engines of the Saturn V first stage at the
2338:
Research material on the development of the F-1 engine.
1299:
and other museums, depending on the number recovered.
2309:
The Saturn V F-1 Engine: Powering Apollo into History
1796:"Rocket companies hope to repurpose Saturn 5 engines"
1483:
The Saturn V F-1 Engine: Powering Apollo into History
2100:"NASA Administrator Supports Apollo Engine Recovery"
1239:
A recovered F-1 thrust chamber is on display at the
3252:
1738:"NASA testing vintage engine from Apollo 11 rocket"
1585:"The Use of Trichloroethylene at NASA's SSFL Sites"
1329:mission. The recovered parts were brought to the
671:
49:. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.
1971:Doherty, Kerry (November 2009). Powerhouse Museum
1210:An F-1 engine is on a horizontal display stand at
533:The F-1 engine is the most powerful single-nozzle
2145:
2143:
2141:
1763:
1761:
1759:
1221:F-1 engine F-6049 is displayed vertically at the
1165:, the Dynamic Test Vehicle, is on display at the
4210:
2537:Primary guidance, navigation, and control system
2077:"NASA sees no problem recovering Apollo engines"
879:F-1 thrust and efficiency were improved between
2054:"Has Bezos Really Found the Apollo 11 Engines?"
1614:
1612:
2344:The FIRST test of all five F-1 Engines in 1965
2138:
1767:
1756:
1670:
1668:
1526:Saturn V News Reference: F-1 Engine Fact Sheet
2844:
2655:Charged Particle Lunar Environment Experiment
2370:
1255:Recovered F-1 engine parts on display at the
483:National Aeronautics and Space Administration
4234:Rocket engines using the gas-generator cycle
2091:
2045:
1820:
1609:
1519:
1517:
1515:
2384:
2068:
1665:
1080:
447:. The F-1 remains the most powerful single
2851:
2837:
2377:
2363:
2179:
2177:
1873:
1735:
1674:
1620:"F-1 Rocket Engine Operating Instructions"
129:
2122:"Apollo Mission Rocket Engines Recovered"
2114:
1512:
761:70 bar (1,015 psi; 7 MPa)
758:70 bar (1,015 psi; 7 MPa)
643:(The large spheres atop the platform are
492:Early development tests revealed serious
109:Learn how and when to remove this message
16:Rocket engine used on the Saturn V rocket
4219:Rocket engines using kerosene propellant
2635:Apollo Lunar Surface Experiments Package
1938:
1922:Orloff, Richard (September 2004). NASA,
1452:
1266:
1250:
1103:
1084:
992:
862:
691:
634:
613:— and back in order to cool the nozzle.
524:
461:
313:70 bar (1,015 psi; 7 MPa)
2174:
2027:"Cosmosphere | Hutchinson, Kansas"
1829:from the original on September 27, 2013
1036:, Inc. presented a competitor known as
930:Saturn V § S-IC thrust comparisons
700:is absent from the engine being fitted.
4211:
2660:Lunar Ejecta and Meteorites Experiment
2097:
2051:
1626:from the original on November 14, 2013
1566:from the original on November 30, 2019
435:in the late 1950s and was used in the
211:
2832:
2358:
2293:F-1A at the Encyclopedia Astronautica
2149:
2074:
1998:from the original on January 18, 2022
1776:from the original on December 2, 2017
1744:from the original on January 25, 2022
1687:from the original on December 2, 2017
1500:from the original on December 6, 2019
1479:
1303:restoration." The recovery ship was
1064:mid-nozzle and the "curtain" cooling
604:, and also served as a mount for the
476:Rocketdyne developed the F-1 and the
2882:Comparison of orbital rocket engines
2707:Suprathermal Ion Detector Experiment
2650:Apollo 14 Passive Seismic Experiment
2645:Apollo 12 Passive Seismic Experiment
2288:F-1 at the Encyclopedia Astronautica
2283:E-1 at the Encyclopedia Astronautica
2220:, MPR-SAT-FE-71-2, October 28, 1971.
1904:from the original on August 15, 2013
1377:Comparison of orbital rocket engines
1287:On March 28, 2012, a team funded by
934:
47:adding citations to reliable sources
18:
4239:Rocket engines of the United States
1802:from the original on April 22, 2012
1331:Kansas Cosmosphere and Space Center
1271:Recovered F-1 engine injector from
1176:A test engine is on display at the
858:
726:6,770 kN (1,522,000 lbf)
723:6,700 kN (1,500,000 lbf)
351:: 1,789 kg/s (3,945 lb/s)
13:
2677:Lunar Seismic Profiling Experiment
2665:Solar Wind Spectrometer Experiment
2331:MSFC History office F-1 Fact sheet
2303:F-1 Engine Operating Instructions
2052:Kluger, Jeffrey (April 29, 2012).
1944:
1874:Hutchinson, Lee (April 15, 2013).
1855:from the original on March 3, 2016
1675:Hutchinson, Lee (April 14, 2013).
978:Space Shuttle Solid Rocket Booster
908:: 264.72 s (2.5960 km/s)
292:6,770 kN (1,522,000 lbf)
284:7,770 kN (1,746,000 lbf)
14:
4250:
2630:Solar Wind Composition Experiment
2276:
2110:from the original on May 2, 2012.
2087:from the original on May 4, 2012.
2075:Clark, Stephen (April 29, 2012).
1900:. Ars Technica. August 13, 2013.
1821:Chris Bergin (November 9, 2012).
1768:Lee Hutchinson (April 15, 2013).
1337:for the process of conservation.
1089:Unflown F-1 engine on display at
687:
651:Below the thrust chamber was the
357:: 788 kg/s (1,738 lb/s)
3893:
2820:Category:Apollo program hardware
2815:
2814:
2341:U.S. Space & Rocket Center:
2120:Walker, Brian (March 20, 2013).
2098:Weaver, David (April 30, 2012).
1622:. Ntrs.nasa.gov. March 1, 2013.
672:Pre and post ignition procedures
639:Test firing of an F-1 engine at
496:problems which sometimes caused
23:
2448:Launch Vehicle Digital Computer
2019:
2010:
1984:
1965:
1916:
1890:
1867:
1841:
1814:
1788:
1736:Jay Reeves (January 24, 2013).
1729:
1699:
1559:NSTS 1988 News Reference Manual
1453:Ellison, Renea; Moser, Marlow,
1229:as part of the Apollo exhibit.
988:
783:9,150 kg (20,180 lb)
780:9,115 kg (20,096 lb)
772:8,400 kg (18,500 lb)
769:8,353 kg (18,416 lb)
600:supplying liquid oxygen to the
34:needs additional citations for
2738:Lunar Landing Research Vehicle
2618:Lunar Laser Ranging experiment
2588:Thermal Micrometeoroid Garment
1638:
1577:
1550:
1473:
1446:
1414:
1393:
869:U.S. Space & Rocket Center
397:8,400 kg (18,500 lb)
1:
3678:RD-0202 to 0206, 0208 to 0213
2697:Cold Cathode Gauge Experiment
2672:Modular Equipment Transporter
2150:Clash, Jim (August 1, 2014).
1486:. Space Exploration. Praxis.
1382:
1343:National Air and Space Museum
1194:National Air and Space Museum
547:technologically more advanced
261:(69% LOX, 31% RP-1)
2797:Rendezvous Docking Simulator
2608:Portable Life Support System
2517:Apollo Abort Guidance System
1167:U.S. Space and Rocket Center
1148:John C. Stennis Space Center
1015:Marshall Space Flight Center
750:263 s (2.58 km/s)
529:F-1 rocket engine components
471:U.S. Space and Rocket Center
7:
2776:Apollo 11 goodwill messages
1401:How Apollo Flew to the Moon
1370:
1325:to reach the Moon with the
1246:
976:engines exist, such as the
747:260 s (2.5 km/s)
647:for the fuel and oxidizer)
535:liquid-fueled rocket engine
335:263 s (2.58 km/s)
324:304 s (2.98 km/s)
10:
4255:
2743:Mobile quarantine facility
2687:Lunar Surface Magnetometer
1978:November 15, 2014, at the
1932:December 26, 2017, at the
1422:"NASA Rocketdyne document"
1275:mission on display at the
938:
927:
799:3.7 m (12.3 ft)
666:Space Shuttle Main Engines
457:
155:November 9, 1967
4188:
3902:
3891:
3831:
3521:
3243:
3091:
2910:
2901:
2890:
2877:
2812:
2784:
2751:
2715:
2692:Lunar Traverse Gravimeter
2640:Active Seismic Experiment
2598:
2570:
2552:Descent propulsion system
2507:
2456:
2423:
2392:
2189:October 20, 2007, at the
1108:F-1 engine on display at
844:
836:
828:
814:
806:
798:
790:
561:(LOX) as the oxidizer. A
520:
406:
401:
393:
389:3.7 m (12.2 ft)
385:
381:5.6 m (18.5 ft)
377:
372:
364:
339:
328:
317:
306:
296:
288:
280:
275:
265:
255:
241:
234:
209:
201:
191:
171:
151:
143:
135:F-1 engine on display at
128:
2682:Lunar Surface Gravimeter
2557:Ascent propulsion system
2532:Lunar Sounder Experiment
2527:Apollo Guidance Computer
2522:Apollo Docking Mechanism
1099:Canoga Park, Los Angeles
1081:Locations of F-1 engines
829:2.27:1 oxidizer to fuel
791:5.8 m (19 ft)
452:liquid-propellant rocket
4229:North American Aviation
3723:RD-250 to 252, 261, 262
2623:list of retroreflectors
2386:Apollo program hardware
2184:"Updates: 19 July 2013"
2127:March 23, 2013, at the
1973:"Inside the Collection"
1825:. NASASpaceFlight.com.
1480:Young, Anthony (2008).
1297:Smithsonian Institution
1212:Science Museum Oklahoma
1144:INFINITY Science Center
1110:INFINITY Science Center
1070:selective laser melting
1019:Smithsonian Institution
895:, F-1 performance was:
557:) as the fuel and used
454:engine ever developed.
2728:Launch Umbilical Tower
2542:Apollo Telescope Mount
1949:. NASA. Archived from
1284:
1264:
1112:
1101:
1077:F-1 engines produced.
1006:
902:Burn time: 159 seconds
876:
867:F-1 on display at the
849:1st stage - 5 engines
777:Engine weight burnout
701:
648:
641:Edwards Air Force Base
530:
494:combustion instability
473:
298:Thrust-to-weight ratio
175:May 14, 1973
4199:are under development
3587:YF-20, 21, 22, 24, 25
3366:RD-107, 108, 117, 118
2483:Apollo service module
2469:Apollo command module
2211:May 12, 2008, at the
1925:Apollo By the Numbers
1707:"First Lunar Outpost"
1270:
1254:
1107:
1088:
1042:liquid rocket booster
996:
928:Further information:
911:Mixture ratio: 2.2674
866:
804:Exit to throat ratio
695:
638:
545:is much more stable,
528:
465:
2792:Lunar escape systems
2702:Heat Flow Experiment
2613:Lunar Roving Vehicle
1953:on November 15, 2005
1927:, "Earth Orbit Data"
1740:. Associated Press.
1654:on December 26, 2014
1597:on November 14, 2013
1539:on December 21, 2005
1469:on September 7, 2006
1159:Kennedy Space Center
1136:Johnson Space Center
842:Vehicle application
620:was used to drive a
570:regenerative cooling
498:catastrophic failure
427:. The engine uses a
137:Kennedy Space Center
43:improve this article
3688:RD-0216, 0217, 0235
3351:RD-0107, 0108, 0110
2764:Lunar Flag Assembly
2733:Crawler-transporter
2488:Apollo Lunar Module
2206:Apollo 15 Press Kit
1717:on January 14, 2020
1711:www.astronautix.com
1434:on October 15, 2011
1227:Seattle, Washington
1171:Huntsville, Alabama
1119:of 72 degrees, but
1091:Pratt & Whitney
1026:Pratt & Whitney
1011:Space Launch System
873:Huntsville, Alabama
826:Mixture mass ratio
709:Apollo 4, 6, and 8
429:gas-generator cycle
125:
4224:Rocketdyne engines
2106:. Release 12-102.
1992:"Air Zoo web site"
1647:F-1 Engine (chart)
1403:, Springer, 2008,
1285:
1265:
1113:
1102:
1095:Aerojet Rocketdyne
1007:
877:
766:Engine weight dry
702:
649:
574:combustion chamber
531:
474:
449:combustion chamber
368:150 to 163 seconds
236:Liquid-fuel engine
123:
4206:
4205:
4148:Space Shuttle SRB
3889:
3888:
3827:
3826:
3517:
3516:
3239:
3238:
2826:
2825:
2578:Apollo/Skylab A7L
2162:on August 8, 2014
1493:978-0-387-09629-2
1409:978-0-387-71675-6
1205:Portage, Michigan
1178:Powerhouse Museum
935:F-1A after Apollo
853:
852:
755:Chamber pressure
682:trichloroethylene
539:M-1 rocket engine
467:Wernher von Braun
431:developed in the
413:
412:
289:Thrust, sea-level
144:Country of origin
119:
118:
111:
93:
4246:
3897:
3896:
3733:RD-263, 268, 273
3664:along other LREs
3526:
3525:
3386:RD-191, 151, 181
3250:
3249:
2908:
2907:
2899:
2898:
2853:
2846:
2839:
2830:
2829:
2818:
2817:
2770:Fallen Astronaut
2562:Scimitar antenna
2547:Apollo TV camera
2379:
2372:
2365:
2356:
2355:
2345:
2194:
2181:
2172:
2171:
2169:
2167:
2158:. Archived from
2147:
2136:
2118:
2112:
2111:
2095:
2089:
2088:
2072:
2066:
2065:
2060:. Archived from
2049:
2043:
2042:
2040:
2038:
2033:on April 5, 2022
2029:. Archived from
2023:
2017:
2014:
2008:
2007:
2005:
2003:
1988:
1982:
1969:
1963:
1962:
1960:
1958:
1942:
1936:
1920:
1914:
1913:
1911:
1909:
1894:
1888:
1887:
1885:
1883:
1871:
1865:
1864:
1862:
1860:
1845:
1839:
1838:
1836:
1834:
1818:
1812:
1811:
1809:
1807:
1792:
1786:
1785:
1783:
1781:
1772:. Ars Technica.
1765:
1754:
1753:
1751:
1749:
1733:
1727:
1726:
1724:
1722:
1713:. Archived from
1703:
1697:
1696:
1694:
1692:
1672:
1663:
1662:
1661:
1659:
1642:
1636:
1635:
1633:
1631:
1616:
1607:
1606:
1604:
1602:
1596:
1590:. Archived from
1589:
1581:
1575:
1574:
1573:
1571:
1554:
1548:
1547:
1546:
1544:
1538:
1531:
1521:
1510:
1509:
1507:
1505:
1477:
1471:
1470:
1468:
1461:
1450:
1444:
1443:
1441:
1439:
1433:
1427:. Archived from
1426:
1418:
1412:
1399:W. David Woods,
1397:
1353:Museum of Flight
1347:Washington, D.C.
1277:Museum of Flight
1257:Museum of Flight
1223:Museum of Flight
1150:in Mississippi.
1046:specific impulse
906:Specific impulse
859:F-1 improvements
743:Specific impulse
704:
703:
698:nozzle extension
653:nozzle extension
576:tube bundle and
537:ever flown. The
330:Specific impulse
319:Specific impulse
213:
182:
180:
162:
160:
133:
126:
122:
114:
107:
103:
100:
94:
92:
58:"Rocketdyne F-1"
51:
27:
19:
4254:
4253:
4249:
4248:
4247:
4245:
4244:
4243:
4209:
4208:
4207:
4202:
4184:
3905:
3898:
3894:
3885:
3823:
3713:RD-0255 to 0257
3708:RD-0243 to 0245
3570:
3559:
3555:
3549:
3537:
3513:
3254:
3245:
3235:
3099:
3093:
3087:
2918:
2912:
2893:
2886:
2873:
2871:launch vehicles
2857:
2827:
2822:
2808:
2780:
2747:
2723:Mobile Launcher
2711:
2600:
2594:
2566:
2509:
2503:
2452:
2443:Instrument unit
2425:
2419:
2393:Launch vehicles
2388:
2383:
2343:
2311:at Springer.com
2279:
2213:Wayback Machine
2197:
2191:Wayback Machine
2182:
2175:
2165:
2163:
2148:
2139:
2129:Wayback Machine
2119:
2115:
2096:
2092:
2081:Spaceflight Now
2073:
2069:
2064:on May 4, 2012.
2050:
2046:
2036:
2034:
2025:
2024:
2020:
2015:
2011:
2001:
1999:
1990:
1989:
1985:
1980:Wayback Machine
1970:
1966:
1956:
1954:
1943:
1939:
1934:Wayback Machine
1921:
1917:
1907:
1905:
1896:
1895:
1891:
1881:
1879:
1872:
1868:
1858:
1856:
1847:
1846:
1842:
1832:
1830:
1819:
1815:
1805:
1803:
1794:
1793:
1789:
1779:
1777:
1766:
1757:
1747:
1745:
1734:
1730:
1720:
1718:
1705:
1704:
1700:
1690:
1688:
1673:
1666:
1657:
1655:
1644:
1643:
1639:
1629:
1627:
1618:
1617:
1610:
1600:
1598:
1594:
1587:
1583:
1582:
1578:
1569:
1567:
1556:
1555:
1551:
1542:
1540:
1536:
1529:
1523:
1522:
1513:
1503:
1501:
1494:
1478:
1474:
1466:
1459:
1451:
1447:
1437:
1435:
1431:
1424:
1420:
1419:
1415:
1398:
1394:
1385:
1373:
1323:Michael Collins
1249:
1083:
1062:turbine exhaust
1050:low Earth orbit
1009:As part of the
991:
943:
937:
932:
861:
837:NAA/Rocketdyne
720:, at sea level
690:
674:
657:expansion ratio
523:
460:
360:
260:
178:
176:
158:
156:
139:
115:
104:
98:
95:
52:
50:
40:
28:
17:
12:
11:
5:
4252:
4242:
4241:
4236:
4231:
4226:
4221:
4204:
4203:
4201:
4200:
4193:
4189:
4186:
4185:
4183:
4182:
4181:
4180:
4175:
4170:
4165:
4160:
4155:
4150:
4145:
4140:
4135:
4130:
4125:
4120:
4115:
4109:United States
4107:
4106:
4105:
4100:
4095:
4090:
4085:
4080:
4075:
4067:
4066:
4065:
4060:
4052:
4051:
4050:
4045:
4037:
4036:
4035:
4030:
4025:
4020:
4015:
4007:
4006:
4005:
4000:
3995:
3990:
3985:
3980:
3975:
3970:
3965:
3960:
3955:
3950:
3942:
3941:
3940:
3937:
3934:
3929:
3924:
3919:
3910:
3908:
3900:
3899:
3892:
3890:
3887:
3886:
3884:
3883:
3882:
3881:
3875:
3869:
3863:United States
3861:
3860:
3859:
3851:
3850:
3849:
3844:
3835:
3833:
3829:
3828:
3825:
3824:
3822:
3821:
3820:
3819:
3813:
3808:
3802:
3797:
3792:
3786:United States
3784:
3783:
3782:
3777:
3772:
3767:
3762:
3754:
3753:
3752:
3747:
3742:
3735:
3730:
3725:
3720:
3715:
3710:
3705:
3700:
3695:
3690:
3685:
3680:
3675:
3667:
3666:
3665:
3656:
3655:
3654:
3646:
3645:
3644:
3639:
3631:
3630:
3629:
3624:
3619:
3614:
3606:
3605:
3604:
3599:
3594:
3589:
3584:
3575:
3573:
3568:
3557:
3553:
3523:
3519:
3518:
3515:
3514:
3512:
3511:
3510:
3509:
3504:
3499:
3494:
3489:
3484:
3479:
3474:
3472:LR70-NA , S-3D
3469:
3464:
3459:
3454:
3449:
3444:
3438:United States
3436:
3435:
3434:
3427:
3420:
3412:
3411:
3410:
3402:
3401:
3400:
3395:
3388:
3383:
3378:
3373:
3368:
3363:
3358:
3353:
3348:
3343:
3338:
3333:
3325:
3324:
3323:
3313:
3312:
3311:
3304:
3297:
3292:
3287:
3282:
3275:
3266:
3264:
3247:
3241:
3240:
3237:
3236:
3234:
3233:
3232:
3231:
3224:
3214:
3213:
3212:
3202:
3201:
3200:
3193:
3186:
3179:
3174:
3168:United States
3166:
3165:
3164:
3157:
3150:
3143:
3138:
3133:
3126:
3119:
3108:
3106:
3097:
3089:
3088:
3086:
3085:
3084:
3083:
3078:
3073:
3068:
3063:
3056:
3048:United States
3046:
3045:
3044:
3037:
3032:
3024:
3023:
3022:
3015:
3010:
3002:
3001:
3000:
2995:
2987:
2986:
2985:
2980:
2975:
2967:
2966:
2965:
2958:
2951:
2946:
2941:
2936:
2927:
2925:
2916:
2905:
2896:
2888:
2887:
2885:
2884:
2878:
2875:
2874:
2860:Rocket engines
2856:
2855:
2848:
2841:
2833:
2824:
2823:
2813:
2810:
2809:
2807:
2806:
2799:
2794:
2788:
2786:
2782:
2781:
2779:
2778:
2773:
2766:
2761:
2755:
2753:
2749:
2748:
2746:
2745:
2740:
2735:
2730:
2725:
2719:
2717:
2716:Ground support
2713:
2712:
2710:
2709:
2704:
2699:
2694:
2689:
2684:
2679:
2674:
2669:
2668:
2667:
2662:
2657:
2652:
2647:
2642:
2632:
2627:
2626:
2625:
2615:
2610:
2604:
2602:
2596:
2595:
2593:
2592:
2591:
2590:
2585:
2574:
2572:
2568:
2567:
2565:
2564:
2559:
2554:
2549:
2544:
2539:
2534:
2529:
2524:
2519:
2513:
2511:
2505:
2504:
2502:
2501:
2500:
2499:
2498:
2497:
2485:
2480:
2479:
2478:
2460:
2458:
2454:
2453:
2451:
2450:
2445:
2440:
2435:
2429:
2427:
2424:Launch vehicle
2421:
2420:
2418:
2417:
2412:
2407:
2402:
2396:
2394:
2390:
2389:
2382:
2381:
2374:
2367:
2359:
2353:
2352:
2339:
2333:
2328:
2323:
2318:
2312:
2306:
2300:
2295:
2290:
2285:
2278:
2277:External links
2275:
2274:
2273:
2268:
2263:
2258:
2253:
2248:
2243:
2238:
2233:
2227:
2226:
2222:
2221:
2215:
2202:
2201:
2196:
2195:
2173:
2137:
2113:
2090:
2067:
2044:
2018:
2009:
1983:
1964:
1945:Wright, Mike.
1937:
1915:
1889:
1878:. Ars Technica
1866:
1840:
1813:
1787:
1755:
1728:
1698:
1664:
1637:
1608:
1576:
1549:
1511:
1492:
1472:
1445:
1413:
1391:
1390:
1389:
1384:
1381:
1380:
1379:
1372:
1369:
1315:Neil Armstrong
1248:
1245:
1082:
1079:
990:
987:
963:Saturn-Shuttle
936:
933:
919:
918:
912:
909:
903:
900:
860:
857:
851:
850:
843:
839:
838:
835:
831:
830:
827:
823:
822:
813:
809:
808:
805:
801:
800:
797:
793:
792:
789:
785:
784:
781:
778:
774:
773:
770:
767:
763:
762:
759:
756:
752:
751:
748:
745:
739:
738:
735:
732:
728:
727:
724:
721:
714:
713:
710:
707:
689:
688:Specifications
686:
673:
670:
645:Horton spheres
611:exhaust nozzle
553:(rocket grade
522:
519:
459:
456:
445:Apollo program
411:
410:
404:
403:
399:
398:
395:
391:
390:
387:
383:
382:
379:
375:
374:
370:
369:
366:
362:
361:
359:
358:
352:
345:
343:
337:
336:
333:
326:
325:
322:
315:
314:
311:
304:
303:
300:
294:
293:
290:
286:
285:
282:
281:Thrust, vacuum
278:
277:
273:
272:
267:
263:
262:
257:
253:
252:
243:
239:
238:
232:
231:
214:
207:
206:
203:
199:
198:
193:
189:
188:
173:
169:
168:
153:
149:
148:
145:
141:
140:
134:
117:
116:
31:
29:
22:
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
4251:
4240:
4237:
4235:
4232:
4230:
4227:
4225:
4222:
4220:
4217:
4216:
4214:
4198:
4194:
4191:
4190:
4187:
4179:
4176:
4174:
4171:
4169:
4166:
4164:
4161:
4159:
4156:
4154:
4151:
4149:
4146:
4144:
4141:
4139:
4136:
4134:
4131:
4129:
4126:
4124:
4121:
4119:
4116:
4114:
4111:
4110:
4108:
4104:
4101:
4099:
4096:
4094:
4091:
4089:
4086:
4084:
4081:
4079:
4076:
4074:
4071:
4070:
4068:
4064:
4061:
4059:
4056:
4055:
4053:
4049:
4046:
4044:
4041:
4040:
4038:
4034:
4031:
4029:
4026:
4024:
4021:
4019:
4016:
4014:
4011:
4010:
4008:
4004:
4001:
3999:
3996:
3994:
3991:
3989:
3986:
3984:
3981:
3979:
3976:
3974:
3971:
3969:
3966:
3964:
3961:
3959:
3956:
3954:
3951:
3949:
3946:
3945:
3943:
3938:
3935:
3933:
3930:
3928:
3925:
3923:
3920:
3918:
3915:
3914:
3912:
3911:
3909:
3907:
3901:
3879:
3876:
3873:
3870:
3868:
3865:
3864:
3862:
3858:
3855:
3854:
3852:
3848:
3847:RD-211 to 214
3845:
3843:
3840:
3839:
3837:
3836:
3834:
3830:
3817:
3814:
3812:
3809:
3806:
3803:
3801:
3798:
3796:
3793:
3791:
3788:
3787:
3785:
3781:
3778:
3776:
3773:
3771:
3768:
3766:
3763:
3761:
3758:
3757:
3755:
3751:
3748:
3746:
3743:
3741:
3740:
3736:
3734:
3731:
3729:
3726:
3724:
3721:
3719:
3718:RD-215 to 219
3716:
3714:
3711:
3709:
3706:
3704:
3701:
3699:
3696:
3694:
3693:RD-0233, 0234
3691:
3689:
3686:
3684:
3683:RD-0207, 0214
3681:
3679:
3676:
3674:
3671:
3670:
3668:
3663:
3662:Paektusan LRE
3660:
3659:
3657:
3653:
3650:
3649:
3647:
3643:
3640:
3638:
3635:
3634:
3632:
3628:
3625:
3623:
3620:
3618:
3615:
3613:
3610:
3609:
3607:
3603:
3600:
3598:
3595:
3593:
3590:
3588:
3585:
3583:
3580:
3579:
3577:
3576:
3574:
3571:
3564:
3560:
3548:
3544:
3540:
3535:
3531:
3527:
3524:
3520:
3508:
3505:
3503:
3500:
3498:
3495:
3493:
3490:
3488:
3485:
3483:
3480:
3478:
3475:
3473:
3470:
3468:
3465:
3463:
3460:
3458:
3455:
3453:
3450:
3448:
3445:
3443:
3440:
3439:
3437:
3433:
3432:
3428:
3426:
3425:
3421:
3419:
3416:
3415:
3413:
3409:
3406:
3405:
3403:
3399:
3396:
3394:
3393:
3389:
3387:
3384:
3382:
3379:
3377:
3374:
3372:
3369:
3367:
3364:
3362:
3359:
3357:
3354:
3352:
3349:
3347:
3346:RD-0105, 0109
3344:
3342:
3339:
3337:
3334:
3332:
3329:
3328:
3326:
3322:
3321:
3317:
3316:
3314:
3310:
3309:
3305:
3303:
3302:
3298:
3296:
3293:
3291:
3288:
3286:
3283:
3281:
3280:
3276:
3274:
3271:
3270:
3268:
3267:
3265:
3262:
3258:
3251:
3248:
3242:
3230:
3229:
3225:
3223:
3222:
3218:
3217:
3215:
3211:
3210:
3206:
3205:
3203:
3199:
3198:
3194:
3192:
3191:
3187:
3185:
3184:
3180:
3178:
3175:
3173:
3170:
3169:
3167:
3163:
3162:
3158:
3156:
3155:
3151:
3149:
3148:
3144:
3142:
3139:
3137:
3134:
3132:
3131:
3127:
3125:
3124:
3120:
3118:
3117:
3113:
3112:
3110:
3109:
3107:
3104:
3100:
3090:
3082:
3079:
3077:
3074:
3072:
3069:
3067:
3064:
3062:
3061:
3057:
3055:
3054:
3050:
3049:
3047:
3043:
3042:
3038:
3036:
3033:
3031:
3030:KVD-1 (RD-56)
3028:
3027:
3025:
3021:
3020:
3016:
3014:
3011:
3009:
3006:
3005:
3003:
2999:
2996:
2994:
2991:
2990:
2988:
2984:
2981:
2979:
2976:
2974:
2971:
2970:
2968:
2964:
2963:
2959:
2957:
2956:
2952:
2950:
2947:
2945:
2942:
2940:
2937:
2935:
2932:
2931:
2929:
2928:
2926:
2923:
2919:
2909:
2906:
2904:
2900:
2897:
2895:
2889:
2883:
2880:
2879:
2876:
2872:
2869:
2865:
2861:
2854:
2849:
2847:
2842:
2840:
2835:
2834:
2831:
2821:
2811:
2805:
2804:
2800:
2798:
2795:
2793:
2790:
2789:
2787:
2783:
2777:
2774:
2772:
2771:
2767:
2765:
2762:
2760:
2757:
2756:
2754:
2750:
2744:
2741:
2739:
2736:
2734:
2731:
2729:
2726:
2724:
2721:
2720:
2718:
2714:
2708:
2705:
2703:
2700:
2698:
2695:
2693:
2690:
2688:
2685:
2683:
2680:
2678:
2675:
2673:
2670:
2666:
2663:
2661:
2658:
2656:
2653:
2651:
2648:
2646:
2643:
2641:
2638:
2637:
2636:
2633:
2631:
2628:
2624:
2621:
2620:
2619:
2616:
2614:
2611:
2609:
2606:
2605:
2603:
2599:Lunar surface
2597:
2589:
2586:
2584:
2581:
2580:
2579:
2576:
2575:
2573:
2569:
2563:
2560:
2558:
2555:
2553:
2550:
2548:
2545:
2543:
2540:
2538:
2535:
2533:
2530:
2528:
2525:
2523:
2520:
2518:
2515:
2514:
2512:
2506:
2496:
2495:
2491:
2490:
2489:
2486:
2484:
2481:
2477:
2476:
2472:
2471:
2470:
2467:
2466:
2465:
2462:
2461:
2459:
2455:
2449:
2446:
2444:
2441:
2439:
2436:
2434:
2431:
2430:
2428:
2422:
2416:
2413:
2411:
2408:
2406:
2403:
2401:
2400:Little Joe II
2398:
2397:
2395:
2391:
2387:
2380:
2375:
2373:
2368:
2366:
2361:
2360:
2357:
2350:
2346:
2340:
2337:
2334:
2332:
2329:
2327:
2324:
2322:
2319:
2316:
2313:
2310:
2307:
2304:
2301:
2299:
2296:
2294:
2291:
2289:
2286:
2284:
2281:
2280:
2272:
2269:
2267:
2264:
2262:
2259:
2257:
2254:
2252:
2249:
2247:
2244:
2242:
2239:
2237:
2234:
2232:
2229:
2228:
2224:
2223:
2219:
2216:
2214:
2210:
2207:
2204:
2203:
2199:
2198:
2192:
2188:
2185:
2180:
2178:
2161:
2157:
2153:
2146:
2144:
2142:
2134:
2130:
2126:
2123:
2117:
2109:
2105:
2101:
2094:
2086:
2082:
2078:
2071:
2063:
2059:
2055:
2048:
2032:
2028:
2022:
2013:
1997:
1993:
1987:
1981:
1977:
1974:
1968:
1952:
1948:
1941:
1935:
1931:
1928:
1926:
1919:
1903:
1899:
1893:
1877:
1870:
1854:
1850:
1844:
1828:
1824:
1817:
1801:
1797:
1791:
1775:
1771:
1764:
1762:
1760:
1743:
1739:
1732:
1716:
1712:
1708:
1702:
1686:
1682:
1678:
1671:
1669:
1653:
1649:
1648:
1641:
1625:
1621:
1615:
1613:
1593:
1586:
1580:
1565:
1561:
1560:
1553:
1535:
1528:
1527:
1520:
1518:
1516:
1499:
1495:
1489:
1485:
1484:
1476:
1465:
1458:
1457:
1449:
1430:
1423:
1417:
1410:
1406:
1402:
1396:
1392:
1387:
1386:
1378:
1375:
1374:
1368:
1366:
1362:
1358:
1354:
1349:
1348:
1344:
1338:
1336:
1332:
1328:
1324:
1320:
1316:
1312:
1308:
1307:
1306:Seabed Worker
1300:
1298:
1294:
1291:, founder of
1290:
1282:
1278:
1274:
1269:
1262:
1258:
1253:
1244:
1242:
1237:
1234:
1230:
1228:
1224:
1219:
1217:
1216:Oklahoma City
1213:
1208:
1206:
1202:
1197:
1195:
1191:
1187:
1183:
1179:
1174:
1172:
1168:
1164:
1160:
1156:
1151:
1149:
1145:
1141:
1137:
1132:
1130:
1126:
1122:
1118:
1111:
1106:
1100:
1096:
1092:
1087:
1078:
1076:
1071:
1067:
1063:
1057:
1055:
1051:
1047:
1043:
1039:
1035:
1031:
1027:
1022:
1020:
1016:
1012:
1004:
1000:
995:
986:
983:
979:
975:
970:
968:
964:
960:
956:
951:
949:
942:
931:
926:
924:
916:
913:
910:
907:
904:
901:
898:
897:
896:
894:
890:
886:
883:(SA-503) and
882:
874:
870:
865:
856:
848:
841:
840:
833:
832:
825:
824:
821:
817:
811:
810:
803:
802:
795:
794:
787:
786:
782:
779:
776:
775:
771:
768:
765:
764:
760:
757:
754:
753:
749:
746:
744:
741:
740:
736:
733:
730:
729:
725:
722:
719:
716:
715:
711:
708:
706:
705:
699:
694:
685:
683:
679:
669:
667:
661:
658:
654:
646:
642:
637:
633:
631:
627:
623:
619:
618:gas generator
614:
612:
607:
603:
599:
594:
592:
587:
586:thermodynamic
583:
579:
575:
571:
566:
564:
560:
559:liquid oxygen
556:
552:
548:
544:
540:
536:
527:
518:
516:
511:
507:
503:
499:
495:
490:
488:
484:
479:
472:
468:
464:
455:
453:
450:
446:
442:
438:
434:
433:United States
430:
426:
423:developed by
422:
421:rocket engine
418:
409:
405:
400:
396:
392:
388:
384:
380:
376:
371:
367:
363:
356:
353:
350:
347:
346:
344:
342:
338:
334:
331:
327:
323:
320:
316:
312:
310:
305:
301:
299:
295:
291:
287:
283:
279:
274:
271:
270:Gas-generator
268:
264:
258:
256:Mixture ratio
254:
251:
247:
244:
240:
237:
233:
230:
226:
222:
218:
215:
208:
204:
200:
197:
194:
190:
186:
174:
170:
166:
154:
150:
147:United States
146:
142:
138:
132:
127:
121:
113:
110:
102:
91:
88:
84:
81:
77:
74:
70:
67:
63:
60: –
59:
55:
54:Find sources:
48:
44:
38:
37:
32:This article
30:
26:
21:
20:
4196:
3737:
3658:North Korea
3441:
3429:
3422:
3390:
3318:
3306:
3299:
3277:
3226:
3219:
3207:
3195:
3188:
3181:
3159:
3152:
3145:
3128:
3121:
3114:
3058:
3051:
3039:
3017:
2960:
2953:
2864:solid motors
2801:
2768:
2759:Lunar plaque
2492:
2473:
2432:
2200:Bibliography
2164:. Retrieved
2160:the original
2155:
2132:
2116:
2103:
2093:
2080:
2070:
2062:the original
2057:
2047:
2037:February 26,
2035:. Retrieved
2031:the original
2021:
2012:
2000:. Retrieved
1986:
1967:
1955:. Retrieved
1951:the original
1940:
1924:
1918:
1906:. Retrieved
1892:
1880:. Retrieved
1869:
1857:. Retrieved
1843:
1833:December 27,
1831:. Retrieved
1816:
1804:. Retrieved
1790:
1778:. Retrieved
1746:. Retrieved
1731:
1719:. Retrieved
1715:the original
1710:
1701:
1689:. Retrieved
1681:ARS technica
1680:
1656:, retrieved
1652:the original
1646:
1640:
1630:December 27,
1628:. Retrieved
1601:December 27,
1599:. Retrieved
1592:the original
1579:
1568:, retrieved
1558:
1552:
1541:, retrieved
1534:the original
1525:
1502:. Retrieved
1482:
1475:
1464:the original
1455:
1448:
1438:December 27,
1436:. Retrieved
1429:the original
1416:
1400:
1395:
1350:
1339:
1304:
1301:
1286:
1238:
1235:
1231:
1220:
1209:
1198:
1175:
1161:in Florida.
1152:
1133:
1114:
1058:
1056:core stage.
1023:
1008:
989:F-1B booster
971:
959:Nova rockets
952:
944:
920:
878:
854:
812:Propellants
737:165 seconds
734:150 seconds
712:Apollo 9–17
675:
662:
650:
615:
595:
591:Inconel-X750
582:hydrodynamic
567:
532:
510:black powder
491:
475:
416:
414:
354:
348:
202:Manufacturer
152:First flight
120:
105:
96:
86:
79:
72:
65:
53:
41:Please help
36:verification
33:
4195:Engines in
3842:RD-109, 119
3780:RD-864, 869
3765:RD-854, 861
3728:RD-253, 275
3376:RD-170, 171
2803:Moon Museum
2571:Space suits
2133:Light Years
2002:January 25,
1957:January 18,
1748:January 24,
1721:January 10,
1504:December 6,
1357:Seattle, WA
1319:Buzz Aldrin
1241:Cosmosphere
845:Saturn V /
834:Contractor
678:hydrocarbon
332:, sea-level
276:Performance
210:Associated
172:Last flight
4213:Categories
3582:YF-1, 2, 3
3530:Hypergolic
3502:Rutherford
3221:Prometheus
3183:Archimedes
2752:Ceremonial
2583:Beta cloth
2510:components
2508:Spacecraft
2457:Spacecraft
2438:J-2 engine
2433:F-1 engine
2426:components
1908:August 13,
1859:August 18,
1383:References
1335:Hutchinson
1311:Rocketdyne
1293:Amazon.com
1289:Jeff Bezos
1190:Rocketdyne
1030:Rocketdyne
974:solid-fuel
967:Comet HLLV
955:Saturn C-8
941:Saturn MLV
939:See also:
731:Burn time
668:combined.
425:Rocketdyne
373:Dimensions
242:Propellant
229:Saturn C-8
225:Saturn C-4
221:Saturn C-3
205:Rocketdyne
196:Rocketdyne
179:1973-05-14
159:1967-11-09
69:newspapers
4123:Castor 30
4003:Zefiro 40
3998:Zefiro 23
3939:SpaB-140C
3336:NK-33, 44
3246:cryogenic
3092:Methalox
2911:Hydrolox
2903:Cryogenic
2601:equipment
2410:Saturn IB
2166:August 3,
1882:April 12,
1806:April 20,
1780:April 15,
1691:April 15,
1365:Apollo 16
1361:Apollo 12
1327:Apollo 11
1273:Apollo 12
1186:Australia
1125:Apollo 17
1121:Apollo 15
1075:Apollo 15
1024:In 2012,
946:the post-
923:Apollo 15
893:Apollo 15
885:Apollo 17
855:Sources:
796:Diameter
602:injectors
563:turbopump
515:self-damp
365:Burn time
341:Mass flow
99:July 2009
4138:Orbus-21
3993:Zefiro 9
3756:Ukraine
3534:Aerozine
3522:Storable
3414:Ukraine
3356:RD-0110R
3253:Kerolox
2475:Columbia
2415:Saturn V
2405:Saturn I
2209:Archived
2187:Archived
2125:Archived
2108:Archived
2104:NASA.gov
2085:Archived
2058:Time.com
1996:Archived
1976:Archived
1930:Archived
1902:Archived
1853:Archived
1827:Archived
1800:Archived
1774:Archived
1742:Archived
1685:Archived
1624:Archived
1564:archived
1562:, NASA,
1498:Archived
1371:See also
1367:flight.
1247:Recovery
1066:manifold
1034:Dynetics
1003:Ariane 5
1001:for the
881:Apollo 8
630:bearings
598:manifold
578:manifold
555:kerosene
437:Saturn V
394:Dry mass
386:Diameter
321:, vacuum
309:pressure
307:Chamber
217:Saturn V
192:Designer
185:Skylab 1
165:Apollo 4
4197:italics
4158:Star 48
4153:Star 37
4133:Orbus-6
4054:Israel
3988:Waxwing
3944:Europe
3936:SpaB-65
3838:Russia
3703:RD-0237
3698:RD-0236
3669:Russia
3648:Israel
3608:Europe
3452:Kestrel
3398:S1.5400
3361:RD-0124
3327:Russia
3320:SCE-200
3216:Europe
3209:RD-0169
3204:Russia
3130:Longyun
3123:Lingyun
3041:RD-0146
3035:RD-0120
3026:Russia
2983:Vulcain
2969:Europe
2892:Liquid
2868:orbital
2785:Related
2464:Apollo
2349:YouTube
2305:(310MB)
2225:Manuals
1658:June 1,
1570:July 3,
1543:June 1,
1411:, p. 19
1281:Seattle
1261:Seattle
1201:Air Zoo
1163:SA-500D
1140:Houston
1117:azimuth
999:Vulcain
788:Height
622:turbine
458:History
402:Used in
177: (
157: (
83:scholar
4113:AJ-60A
4078:KM-V2b
4069:Japan
4043:Salman
4009:India
3983:Topaze
3948:Mage 1
3913:China
3904:Solid
3811:TR-201
3775:RD-856
3770:RD-855
3760:RD-843
3750:S5.98M
3739:RD-270
3633:India
3627:Viking
3617:Astris
3612:Aestus
3602:YF-50D
3578:China
3487:RS-27A
3477:Merlin
3467:LR-105
3431:RD-810
3424:RD-801
3408:TEPREL
3404:Spain
3392:RD-193
3381:RD-180
3371:RD-120
3315:India
3308:Welkin
3301:YF-130
3295:YF-115
3290:YF-102
3285:YF-100
3269:China
3197:Aeon R
3190:Aeon 1
3177:Raptor
3161:YF-215
3154:YF-209
3147:TQ-15A
3111:China
3004:Japan
2993:CE-7.5
2989:India
2944:YF-75D
2930:China
2156:Forbes
2131:, CNN
1490:
1407:
1321:, and
1182:Sydney
1155:S-IC-T
1129:Skylab
1038:Pyrios
1032:, and
982:RD-170
948:Apollo
889:Apollo
718:Thrust
606:gimbal
543:RD-170
521:Design
378:Length
302:94.1:1
259:2.27:1
85:
78:
71:
64:
56:
4178:X-254
4173:X-248
4163:UA120
4143:Orion
4118:Algol
4103:SRB-A
4098:M-34c
4073:KM-V1
4063:RSA-3
4039:Iran
3973:P120C
3932:FG-47
3927:FG-46
3922:FG-36
3917:FG-02
3878:XLR81
3872:RS-88
3867:Curie
3857:Gamma
3832:Other
3816:XLR81
3805:RS-88
3800:LR-91
3795:LR-87
3745:S5.92
3673:17D61
3642:Vikas
3622:Vexin
3597:YF-40
3592:YF-23
3565:, or
3545:, or
3539:UH 25
3507:XLR50
3492:RS-56
3482:RS-27
3462:LR-89
3457:LR-79
3341:RD-58
3331:NK-15
3279:TH-12
3273:TH-11
3244:Semi-
3141:TQ-12
3136:TQ-11
3116:BF-20
3081:RS-68
3076:RS-25
3053:BE-3U
2998:CE-20
2978:Vinci
2962:YF-90
2955:YF-79
2949:YF-77
2939:YF-75
2934:YF-73
2494:Eagle
1595:(PDF)
1588:(PDF)
1537:(PDF)
1530:(PDF)
1467:(PDF)
1460:(PDF)
1432:(PDF)
1425:(PDF)
1388:Notes
1093:(now
1054:RS-25
807:16:1
419:is a
266:Cycle
90:JSTOR
76:books
4168:SRMU
4093:M-34
4088:M-24
4083:M-14
4058:LK-1
4048:Rafe
4033:S200
4028:S139
3978:P230
3906:fuel
3790:AJ10
3652:LK-4
3547:UDMH
3497:S-3D
3418:RD-8
3257:RP-1
3228:M-10
3172:BE-4
3071:RL10
3060:BE-7
3019:LE-9
3013:LE-7
3008:LE-5
2973:HM7B
2894:fuel
2866:for
2862:and
2168:2014
2135:blog
2039:2023
2004:2022
1959:2016
1910:2013
1884:2024
1861:2015
1835:2013
1808:2012
1782:2013
1750:2013
1723:2020
1693:2013
1660:2008
1632:2013
1603:2013
1572:2008
1545:2008
1506:2019
1488:ISBN
1440:2013
1405:ISBN
1123:and
1040:, a
997:The
957:and
915:S-IC
847:S-IC
820:RP-1
818:and
584:and
551:RP-1
487:MSFC
441:S-IC
415:The
408:S-IC
355:RP-1
250:RP-1
62:news
4128:GEM
4023:S12
3968:P80
3963:PAP
3958:P-6
3953:P-4
3853:UK
3637:PS4
3567:HNO
3563:MON
3543:MMH
3447:H-1
3442:F-1
3261:LOX
3103:LOX
3066:J-2
2922:LOX
2347:on
1355:in
1345:in
1333:in
1279:in
1259:in
1225:in
1214:in
1203:in
1180:in
1169:in
1146:at
1138:in
1097:),
871:in
816:LOX
626:RPM
508:or
506:C-4
502:RDX
478:E-1
417:F-1
349:LOX
246:LOX
124:F-1
45:by
4215::
4018:S9
4013:S7
3561:,
3550:/
3541:,
3536:,
3259:/
3101:/
3096:CH
2920:/
2915:LH
2176:^
2154:.
2140:^
2102:.
2083:.
2079:.
2056:.
1994:.
1851:.
1798:.
1758:^
1709:.
1683:.
1679:.
1667:^
1611:^
1514:^
1496:.
1317:,
1218:.
1207:.
1184:,
1173:.
1028:,
632:.
616:A
504:,
248:/
227:,
223:,
219:,
212:LV
3880:*
3874:*
3818:*
3807:*
3572:)
3569:3
3558:4
3556:O
3554:2
3552:N
3532:(
3263:)
3255:(
3105:)
3098:4
3094:(
2924:)
2917:2
2913:(
2852:e
2845:t
2838:v
2378:e
2371:t
2364:v
2351:.
2170:.
2041:.
2006:.
1961:.
1912:.
1886:.
1863:.
1837:.
1810:.
1784:.
1752:.
1725:.
1695:.
1634:.
1605:.
1508:.
1442:.
1283:.
1263:.
875:.
187:)
183:(
181:)
167:)
163:(
161:)
112:)
106:(
101:)
97:(
87:·
80:·
73:·
66:·
39:.
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
