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larger tube. The water rose through the space between the two tubes and flowed out at the top. The water continued flowing as the metal cooled. To further ensure that the gun cooled from the inside out, a fire was built around the iron flask containing the gun mold, keeping the gun mold nearly red-hot. For an 8-inch Rodman
538:. It seems likely, due to the time period in which they were used, that these were Rodman guns rather than earlier model columbiads. Other reports of the use of 8-inch and 10-inch columbiads may refer to Rodman guns. The 15-inch Rodman guns were never fired in anger; however, they were widely deployed in
675:
wrote in his report to Oscar
Malmros, Adjutant General for the State of Minnesota, "On the 5th of March captain Clayton exchanged the old guns, two 12-pound howitzers, and two 6-pound rifled guns, caliber 3.67, for four new rifled 3-inch Rodman's guns." The letter was written on November 11, 1864, in
639:
The
Confederates used solid cast 8-inch and 10-inch columbiads that resemble Rodman guns. A closer examination of these Confederate columbiads reveals that they have a straighter cylindrical contour between the trunnions and the breech as opposed to the sweeping continuous curve of the Rodman gun.
587:
that had been cast using the Rodman method were inscribed with the initials WC in order to differentiate those guns from ones that had been cast using ordinary methods. Primarily these guns were used on naval vessels, especially large monitors. In the 1870s and 1880s, efforts focused on converting
553:
The 20-inch
Rodmans were only fired eight times in practice to determine the effect of the 1,080 lb (490 kg) projectiles. It was nearly impossible to find a target that would leave enough evidence to measure the effect of hits. The first four shots were fired with charges of 50, 75, 100,
592:
the breech of the 10-inch Rodman and inserting a rifled steel sleeve and screwing it in tight with a threaded breech plug. These breech-inserted guns are easily recognized by the square cascabel which was designed to provide purchase for screwing the breech plug and liner securely into the gun.
119:
was placed in the mold before casting. This core consisted of a watertight cast-iron tube, closed at the lower end. A second, smaller tube, open at the bottom was inserted into the first. As the molten iron was poured into the mold, water was pumped through the smaller tube to the bottom of the
644:
that were intended for use with heavy wooden carriages. The Union gun were designed to be mounted in iron carriages with thinner cheeks, permitting shorter trunnions. The exteriors of the
Confederate columbiads are rough, not having been finished on a lathe as were their Union counterparts.
107:
as they cool. As each succeeding layer cooled it contracted, pulling away from the still molten metal in the center, creating voids and tension cracks. Drilling out the bore removed the voids, but the tensions in the metal were still toward the outside. Rodman devised a method of
124:, the core was removed 25 hours after casting and the flow of water continued through the space left by the core for another 40 hours. Over 50,000 US gallons (190 m) of water was used in the process. For larger guns, the cooling periods were longer and more water was used.
588:
existing Rodman guns into rifles. 10-inch Rodman smoothbore guns were converted into 8-inch rifles. The first method used was inserting a wrought iron rifle sleeve through the muzzle; a similar steel sleeve was also used later. The last method involved drilling and
636:), failed to adopt the Rodman technique of hollow casting, and as result the US Army cancelled contracts with both firms for casting columbiads. Therefore, at the outbreak of the war, southern foundries were not capable of casting guns using the Rodman method.
239:
guns designed to fire spherical shot and shell, primarily against ships. The guns were elevated and depressed by means of a lever called the elevating bar. The point of this lever fits into ratchets on the earliest guns cast, or sockets on the later guns. The
558:, reaching a bore pressure of 25,000 psi (170,000 kPa). Four more shots were fired in March 1867 with charges of 125, 150, 175, and 200 lb (91 kg) throwing the projectile 8,000 yd (7.3 km) with the barrel elevated to 25 degrees.
205:
and traverses. The center pintle carriage gave the gun a 360° traverse and was stronger for guns firing at high angles because the pintle, the strongest part of the carriage, would have been under the breech when the gun was fired at high angles.
773:
841:
193:. All three types of carriage were similar in design, having an upper carriage that was placed on a two-rail chassis. The gun and upper carriage recoiled along the chassis. The chassis would pivot to train the gun left or right.
220:
The 8-inch and 10-inch Rodman guns could be mounted on all three types of carriages. The 15-inch Rodman guns were mounted on both types of barbette carriage. The two 20-inch guns were mounted on front-pintle barbette carriages.
200:
and could be used in either permanent or temporary fortifications. The front pintle carriage pivoted at the front of the chassis. This made the gun mount more compact and allowed the gun and detachment to be better protected by
741:
582:
at the Cold Spring
Foundry, across the Hudson River from the United States Army Military Academy at West Point, used the Rodman water core method of casting to produce large-bore rifled guns in 200- and 300-pound models.
821:
94:
Engraving showing a gun being cast using Rodman's hollow-casting technique. The engraving shows the gun mold in the casting pit. The outer iron flask, the fire built outside the flask, and the cooling core are also
671:, chief of artillery in the Union Department of the Cumberland, described the armament of the Chattanooga forts as including several 3-inch and 4.5-inch Rodman guns. First Lieutenant Henry S. Hurter of the
648:
On
November 14, 1864, and February 20, 1865, at the Tredegar Iron Works, Anderson cast two 12-inch columbiads using the Rodman method. The guns were made too late and were never finished or mounted.
664:
were frequently misidentified as
Rodmans. Neither gun was hollow cast. The 3-inch ordnance rifle was made of hammer-welded wrought iron, and the 4.5-inch siege rifle was conventionally cast.
1298:
908:
265:
The other, smaller Rodman guns were placed in seacoast fortifications around the United States. It took eight men to load and fire a 10-inch Rodman gun, and 12 men for a 15-inch Rodman gun.
213:, which were chambers in permanent fortifications. The carriage was essentially a front-pintle design, with the pintle fixed in the masonry in front of the chassis and below the guns
189:
Rodman guns were mounted on three types of carriages—a front-pintle barbette carriage, a center-pintle barbette carriage, and a casemate carriage. All of these carriages were made of
62:(20, 25, 33, 38, and 51 cm) Rodman guns were produced. Other than size, the guns were all nearly identical in design, with a curving bottle shape, a large flat
91:
244:, called the ratchet post, fit on the rear transom of the upper carriage. The ratchet post was cast iron and had several notches for adjusting the position of the elevating bar.
600:
rifles could be developed and emplaced. However, the 8-inch converted rifle was widely deployed in fortifications constructed in the 1870s, and remained in service until 1905.
805:
1606:
968:
887:
779:
Another photograph of the 15-inch Rodman gun at
Battery Rodgers. This photograph gives an excellent view of the elevation mechanism and the center-pintle carriage.
23:
Drawing comparing Model 1844 8-inch columbiad and Model 1861 10-inch "Rodman" columbiad. The powder chamber on the older columbiad is highlighted by the red box.
896:
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where the gun cooled from the inside out, so that as cooling occurred, it created compression rather than tension. This resulted in a much stronger gun.
1566:
757:
621:
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1302:
578:
Rodman guns. Unsuccessful attempts were made to cast a 12-inch rifle in 1861, an 8-inch rifle in 1862, and another 12-inch rifle in 1868. However,
2246:
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924:
235:
Rodman guns were all nearly identical in design, with a curving soda bottle shape, the only differences being the size of the gun. They were all
936:
2175:
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103:
as a solid body, with the bore then drilled out of the solid metal. In this method, a newly cast gun cooled from the outside in. Castings
984:
1689:
1629:
1020:
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fortifications in 1895–1905. Some
Rodmans of various sizes, along with Parrott rifles, were deployed shortly after the outbreak of the
2195:
2190:
1527:
1055:
952:
799:, 1876. Hollow casting and the large guns that could be produced using the method were considered showpieces of American technology.
1180:
1985:
1945:
890:
mounted on a front-pintle barbette carriage (front). The 8-inch
Parrott rifle used the same carriage as the 10-inch Rodman gun.
127:
After cooling the gun, the machining process began. The bore was bored out to proper size, the exterior was turned smooth, the
1213:
247:
Only one 13-inch Rodman gun appears to have been made, but it was placed in service. Two 20-inch Rodman guns were emplaced at
2443:
1518:
1060:
672:
539:
2069:
58:. These heavy guns were intended to be mounted in seacoast fortifications. 8-inch, 10-inch, 13-inch, 15-inch, and 20-inch
1834:
1809:
1476:
217:. A "tongue" connected the chassis to the pintle. The casemate carriage has a lower profile than the barbette carriages.
1754:
1453:
1079:
708:
1403:
725:
258:
using the Rodman technology. One 20-inch Rodman gun remains in a park just north of Fort Hamilton, and another is at
146:
were also hollow cast. A 20-inch hollow cast gun, which may not have been identical to the two guns supplied to the
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1430:
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139:
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1330:
Historical Sketch of the Organization, Administration, Matérial and Tactics of the Artillery, United States Army
2334:
1854:
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1435:
The War of the Rebellion: A Compilation of the Official Records of the Union and Confederate Armies, Series I.
1965:
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74:
chamber, as did many earlier columbiads. Rodman guns differed from all previous artillery because they were
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1639:
1378:
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2438:
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1829:
66:, and ratchets or sockets for the elevating mechanism. Rodman guns were true guns that did not have a
2228:
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1749:
1709:
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1380:
Artillery Through the Ages: A Short Illustrated History of Cannon, Emphasizing Types Used in America
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2261:
1879:
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These conversions were not viewed favorably and were primarily seen as cheap stopgaps until modern
547:
268:
Over 140 Rodman guns survive today. They may be seen at coastal fortifications around the country.
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The World's Fair and Exposition Information and Reference Guide: 1876 US Centennial Exhibition
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1455:
Manual of Heavy Artillery Service: For the Use of the Army and Militia of the United States
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116:
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1930:
914:
Period photograph of a 15-inch Rodman gun mounted on a center-pintle barbette carriage at
8:
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2030:
1729:
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104:
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showing a 15-inch Rodman gun mounted on a center-pintle barbette carriage (rear) and an
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1859:
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1543:
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This error was not limited to those ignorant of artillery; in November 1864 Brig. Gen.
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in 1898 as a stopgap; it was feared the Spanish fleet would bombard the US east coast.
527:
252:
174:
147:
143:
55:
32:
1941:
Sharps M1848, M1850, M1851, M1852, M1853, M1855, M1859, M1863, M1865 carbine and rifle
1155:. Vol. Five: Forts and Artillery. New York: Castle Books. pp. 141 & 169.
855:
showing elevation sockets used in later guns. The ratchet post is missing on this gun.
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1975:
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1372:(1st ed.), Richmond, Virginia: Confederate States of America, War Department
880:
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625:
1082:", Confederate Artillerymen, The Civil War Artillery Page. Retrieved 12-20-2007.
2412:
2372:
2180:
1935:
1782:
1777:
1762:
1724:
1601:
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597:
584:
109:
1370:
The Ordnance Manual for the Use of the Officers of the Confederate States Army
2432:
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2015:
1950:
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The annual of scientific discovery, or, Year-book of facts in science and art
1041:
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1422:
386:
Fort Pitt Foundry, Scott Foundry, West Point Foundry, Cyrus Alger & Co.
2324:
2319:
2309:
2247:
James 24-pounder M1839, 32-pounder M1829 and 42-pounder M1841 rifled cannon
2148:
1940:
1901:
1896:
1242:. Vol. Five: Forts and Artillery. New York: Castle Books. p. 137.
991:
852:
832:
812:
796:
190:
2272:
Parrott 30-pounder, 100-pounder, 200-pounder and 300-pounder rifled cannon
2123:
1654:
1553:
1353:
1027:
915:
589:
535:
75:
2348:
566:
236:
224:
59:
51:
40:
835:
showing elevation ratchets used in earliest guns and the ratchet post.
2392:
2367:
2362:
2314:
2304:
2242:(also known as James 6-pounder M1861 or 3.8-inch M1861 rifled cannon)
2158:
2054:
1694:
555:
531:
214:
202:
121:
79:
71:
43:
36:
632:(the only two gun foundries then operating in what would become the
1481:
641:
210:
128:
67:
19:
902:
Period drawing of Rodman gun on a center-pintle barbette carriage.
574:
During the War, and immediately after, attempts were made to cast
1801:
1548:
575:
197:
867:
Period drawing of Rodman gun on a front-pintle barbette carriage
815:, Maryland. They are mounted on post-war front pintle carriages.
90:
2417:
1797:
1218:, Vol. 7, pp. 3778–3780, Washington: Government Printing Office
138:
Columbiads were not the only guns cast using Rodman's method.
1216:
Report of the Commission on the Conduct of the War with Spain
241:
132:
974:
Union troops removing an 8-inch Confederate columbiad from
151:
1897:
Joslyn M1855, M1861, M1862, M1864, M1865 carbine and rifle
1441:(2), Washington, D.C.: Government Printing Office: 117–119
1394:
Edwin Olmstead; Wayne E. Stark; Spencer C. Tucker (1997).
570:
8-inch converted rifle, lined down from 10-inch smoothbore
78:, a new technology that Rodman developed that resulted in
1396:
The Big Guns: Civil War Siege, Seacoast, and Naval Cannon
703:
contains an unencyclopedic or excessive gallery of images
468:
Fort Pitt Foundry, Scott Foundry, Cyrus Alger & Co.
1185:, Boston, Massachusetts: Gould and Lincoln, p. 111
534:
were used in 1864 and 1865 in Union operations against
1098:
Ordnance: The Journal of the Army Ordnance Association
930:
Period drawing of a Rodman gun on a casemate carriage.
251:, New York. A third, shorter 20-inch gun was cast for
82:
guns that were much stronger than their predecessors.
1526:
1122:"A Twenty-Inch Gun; Casting at the Fort Pitt Foundry"
942:
Photograph of a Rodman gun on a casemate carriage in
751:
Gun) in 1860 at the Fort Pitt Foundry, Pittsburg, Pa.
345:
Fort Pitt Foundry, Scott Foundry, West Point Foundry
2176:
8-inch M1841, 10-inch M1841 and 13-inch M1861 mortar
227:
were used to transport these guns to the carriages.
196:
The barbette carriages were designed to fire over a
1398:. Alexandria Bay, NY: Museum Restoration Service.
50:(1815–1871). The guns were designed to fire both
2430:
1956:Spencer M1860, M1865 repeating carbine and rifle
209:The casemate carriage was designed to fire from
1383:, Washington, D.C.: Government Printing Office
1512:
1431:"Report from Hilton Head, S.C., June 8, 1864"
715:beside adjacent text, in accordance with the
1630:Allen & Thurber M1837 revolver pepperbox
1582:M1850 army staff & field officer's sword
1343:
747:The 15-inch Rodman Gun (better known as the
1344:Daniel, Larry J.; Gunter, Riley W. (1977),
1279:Daniel & Gunter 1977, pp. vii, 103, 104
1092:Webster Jr., Donald B. (July–August 1962),
1091:
709:removing excessive or indiscriminate images
456:5,018 yd (4,588 m) @ 30° (shell)
374:4,836 yd (4,422 m) @ 30° (shell)
333:3,873 yd (3,541 m) @ 30° (shell)
1695:Deringer M1825 Philadelphia caplock pistol
1567:M1840 army noncommissioned officer's sword
1519:
1505:
497:8,001 yd (7,316 m) @ 25° (shot)
1783:Wesson and Leavitt M1850 Dragoon revolver
1740:Remington M1860 Elliot revolver pepperbox
1415:Artillery and Ammunition of the Civil War
1360:(2nd ed.), New York: D. Van Nostrand
1326:
1288:OR, series 1, volume 45, part 1, page 921
1240:The Photographic History of The Civil War
1153:The Photographic History of The Civil War
1056:Siege artillery in the American Civil War
726:Learn how and when to remove this message
1178:
763:Photograph of the 15-inch Rodman gun at
565:
89:
18:
1645:Butterfield M1855 transitional revolver
1451:
1417:, Charleston, S.C.: The Battery Press,
1376:
851:of an 8-inch Rodman converted rifle at
831:of an 8-inch Rodman converted rifle at
640:The Confederate columbiads have longer
2431:
2267:Parrott 20-pounder M1861 rifled cannon
2262:Parrott 10-pounder M1861 rifled cannon
2219:12-pounder M1857 Napoleon field cannon
1487:Civil War Field Fortifications Website
1412:
1364:
1352:
1348:, Union City, Tennessee: Pioneer Press
1237:
1207:
1166:
1150:
2116:Billinghurst Requa Battery volley gun
1835:Colt M1855 revolver carbine and rifle
1500:
1428:
1061:Seacoast defense in the United States
673:1st Minnesota Light Artillery Battery
603:
526:Rodman guns saw little action during
16:Type of American Civil War–era cannon
2239:James 14-pounder M1861 rifled cannon
1705:Harpers Ferry M1836 and M1842 pistol
1607:USMC noncommissioned officer's sword
1458:, Washington, D.C.: James J. Chapman
1333:, Washington, D.C.: James J. Chapman
687:
2252:Ordnance 3-inch M1861 rifled cannon
1755:Smith & Wesson Model No. 2 Army
1635:Allen & Wheelock M1861 revolver
707:Please help improve the section by
13:
2335:Whitworth 70-pounder rifled cannon
2282:Whitworth 12-pounder rifled cannon
2214:12-pounder M1841 mountain howitzer
1946:Sharps & Hankins M1862 carbine
1830:Charleville M1816 and M1822 musket
1700:Elgin M1838 cutlass caplock pistol
1238:Miller, Francis Trevelyan (1957).
1151:Miller, Francis Trevelyan (1957).
1100:(July–August 1962), archived from
888:8-inch (200-pounder) Parrott rifle
811:8-inch Rodman converted rifles at
651:
561:
14:
2460:
1759:Spiller & Burr M1861 revolver
1528:Weapons of the American Civil War
1470:
990:10-inch Confederate columbiad at
958:8-inch Confederate columbiads at
485:115,200 lb (52,300 kg)
1745:Savage-North M1861 Navy revolver
1270:Daniel & Gunter 1977, p. vii
1214:Congressional serial set, 1900,
1019:
999:
983:
967:
951:
935:
923:
907:
895:
872:
860:
840:
820:
804:
784:
772:
756:
740:
717:Manual of Style on use of images
692:
554:and 125 lb (57 kg) of
512:36,000 lb (16,000 kg)
471:22,800 lb (10,300 kg)
444:49,909 lb (22,638 kg)
310:Weight (center pintle carriage)
2257:Ordnance 4.5-inch rifled cannon
2011:Springfield M1863 rifled musket
2006:Springfield M1861 rifled musket
2001:Springfield M1855 rifled musket
1820:Brunswick P1836 and P1841 rifle
1773:Volcanic M1855 repeating pistol
1482:Civil War Artillery Projectiles
1452:Tidball, John Caldwell (1891),
1291:
1282:
1273:
1264:
1255:
1246:
1231:
1222:
474:21,250 lb (9,640 kg)
362:15,509 lb (7,035 kg)
307:Weight (front pintle carriage)
2181:Coehorn 5.82-inch M1841 mortar
2031:Wesson M1859 carbine and rifle
2026:Volcanic M1855 repeating rifle
1763:Starr M1858 and M1863 revolver
1327:Birkhimer, William E. (1884),
1198:
1189:
1179:Kneeland, Samuel, ed. (1867),
1172:
1159:
1144:
1114:
1085:
1072:
403:3,271 lb (1,484 kg)
392:4,626 lb (2,098 kg)
389:5,031 lb (2,282 kg)
351:4,539 lb (2,059 kg)
348:4,899 lb (2,222 kg)
321:8,465 lb (3,840 kg)
115:In Rodman's method, a cooling
1:
1640:Beaumont–Adams M1862 revolver
1319:
230:
157:Rodman guns were cast at the
2444:American Civil War artillery
2204:6-pounder M1841 field cannon
2124:Gatling I and II machine gun
1936:Richmond M1861 rifled musket
1650:Colt M1836 Paterson revolver
1477:The Civil War Artillery Page
1346:Confederate Cannon Foundries
1299:"This Week in the Civil War"
491:1,080 lb (490 kg)
482:243.5 in (618 cm)
400:177.6 in (451 cm)
359:136.7 in (347 cm)
318:119.5 in (304 cm)
184:
7:
1996:Springfield M1847 musketoon
1885:Henry M1860 repeating rifle
1850:Enfield P1853 rifled musket
1845:Deringer M1817 Common rifle
1840:Deringer M1814 Common rifle
1660:Colt M1848 Dragoon revolver
1587:M1852 naval officer's sword
1577:M1840 light artillery saber
1035:
140:Dahlgren XV-inch shell guns
10:
2465:
1902:Lorenz M1854 rifled musket
1750:Smith & Wesson Model 1
1685:Colt M1862 Police revolver
1665:Colt M1849 Pocket revolver
1655:Colt M1847 Walker revolver
1559:M1832 foot artillery sword
1429:Suter, Charles R. (1891),
1204:Birkhimer 1884, p. 291, fn
791:20-inch Rodman gun at the
683:
494:750 lb (340 kg)
453:352 lb (160 kg)
450:400 lb (180 kg)
441:190 in (480 cm)
409:283 lb (128 kg)
135:, and a vent was drilled.
131:were turned on a trunnion
85:
2347:
2290:
2229:32-pounder M1844 howitzer
2224:24-pounder M1841 howitzer
2209:12-pounder M1841 howitzer
2189:
2166:
2157:
2101:
2044:
1796:
1720:Lefaucheux M1858 revolver
1715:Lefaucheux M1854 revolver
1615:
1597:M1860 light cavalry saber
1534:
488:200 lb (91 kg)
412:218 lb (99 kg)
371:102 lb (46 kg)
368:128 lb (58 kg)
365:15 lb (6.8 kg)
324:10 lb (4.5 kg)
169:; Cyrus Alger & Co.,
99:Traditionally, a gun was
2305:Bomford Columbiad cannon
1991:Springfield M1842 musket
1986:Springfield M1840 musket
1981:Springfield M1835 musket
1976:Springfield M1822 musket
1971:Springfield M1816 musket
1966:Springfield M1812 musket
1961:Springfield M1795 musket
1880:Harper Ferry M1803 rifle
1875:Hall-North M1843 carbine
1860:Fayetteville M1862 rifle
1735:Remington M1858 revolver
1690:Colt Root M1855 revolver
1680:Colt M1861 Navy revolver
1675:Colt M1860 Army revolver
1670:Colt M1851 Navy revolver
1377:Mancucy, Albert (1955),
1358:The Artillerist's Manual
1066:
976:Fort McAllister, Georgia
447:40 lb (18 kg)
406:30 lb (14 kg)
330:50 lb (23 kg)
327:65 lb (29 kg)
260:Fort Hancock, New Jersey
163:Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
2330:Rodman Columbiad cannon
2065:Double-barreled shotgun
1917:Mississippi M1841 rifle
1855:Enfield P1861 musketoon
1413:Ripley, Warren (1984),
767:, Alexandria, Virginia.
1865:Gallager M1861 carbine
1825:Burnside M1855 carbine
1788:Whitney M1857 revolver
1768:Tranter M1856 revolver
1261:Birkhimer 1884, p. 293
1252:Birkhimer 1884, p. 267
1006:20-inch Rodman gun at
992:Fort Darling, Virginia
713:moving relevant images
571:
521:
96:
31:is any of a series of
24:
2234:Blakely rifled cannon
2144:Vandenberg volley gun
2036:Whitworth P1857 rifle
2021:Tarpley M1863 carbine
1912:Merrill M1858 carbine
1907:Maynard M1851 carbine
1810:Augustin M1842 musket
1094:"Rodman's Great Guns"
1080:Thomas Jackson Rodman
1014:, Brooklyn, New York.
879:Period photograph of
793:Centennial Exposition
658:3-inch ordnance rifle
580:Robert Parker Parrott
569:
179:Cold Spring, New York
171:Boston, Massachusetts
167:Reading, Pennsylvania
165:; the Scott Foundry,
93:
48:Thomas Jackson Rodman
22:
2310:Brooke rifled cannon
2277:Pate revolver cannon
2149:Williams machine gun
2134:Pate revolver cannon
2070:Hale rocket launcher
1931:Potzdam M1831 musket
1778:Walch M1859 revolver
1730:Moore M1864 revolver
1725:LeMat M1856 revolver
1625:Adams M1851 revolver
1008:John Paul Jones Park
884:Alexandria, Virginia
662:4.5-inch siege rifle
630:Midlothian, Virginia
548:Spanish–American War
2398:Maynard tape primer
2120:Claxton machine gun
2016:Starr M1858 carbine
1951:Smith M1857 carbine
1815:Ballard M1861 rifle
1710:Kerr M1855 revolver
1572:M1840 cavalry saber
1563:M1833 dragoon saber
669:John Milton Brannan
614:Tredegar Iron Works
2139:Ripley machine gun
2129:Gorgas machine gun
2103:Rapid fire weapons
1544:Arkansas toothpick
1228:Ripley 1984, p. 80
1195:Suter 1891, p. 117
1130:The New York Times
960:Yorktown, Virginia
618:Richmond, Virginia
610:Joseph R. Anderson
604:Confederate copies
572:
542:until replaced by
509:Fort Pitt Foundry
301:Current survivors
175:West Point Foundry
97:
33:American Civil War
25:
2439:Coastal artillery
2426:
2425:
2343:
2342:
2297:Coastal artillery
2243:
736:
735:
728:
519:
518:
159:Fort Pitt Foundry
2456:
2315:Carronade cannon
2241:
2164:
2163:
2111:Ager machine gun
2093:Winans Steam Gun
1922:P1839 and P1842
1870:Hall M1819 rifle
1521:
1514:
1507:
1498:
1497:
1465:
1464:
1463:
1448:
1447:
1446:
1425:
1409:
1390:
1389:
1388:
1373:
1361:
1349:
1340:
1339:
1338:
1314:
1313:
1311:
1310:
1301:. Archived from
1295:
1289:
1286:
1280:
1277:
1271:
1268:
1262:
1259:
1253:
1250:
1244:
1243:
1235:
1229:
1226:
1220:
1211:
1205:
1202:
1196:
1193:
1187:
1186:
1176:
1170:
1163:
1157:
1156:
1148:
1142:
1141:
1139:
1138:
1126:
1118:
1112:
1111:
1110:
1109:
1089:
1083:
1076:
1023:
1003:
987:
971:
955:
944:Fort Knox, Maine
939:
927:
911:
899:
876:
864:
844:
824:
808:
788:
776:
760:
744:
731:
724:
720:
696:
695:
688:
622:Junius L. Archer
479:M. 1864 20-inch
438:M. 1861 15-inch
397:M. 1864 13-inch
356:M. 1861 10-inch
271:
270:
2464:
2463:
2459:
2458:
2457:
2455:
2454:
2453:
2429:
2428:
2427:
2422:
2408:Paper cartridge
2388:Friction primer
2355:
2339:
2325:Paixhans cannon
2320:Dahlgren cannon
2295:
2286:
2196:Siege artillery
2194:
2185:
2153:
2097:
2075:Ketchum Grenade
2060:Congreve rocket
2040:
1792:
1611:
1530:
1525:
1473:
1468:
1461:
1459:
1444:
1442:
1406:
1386:
1384:
1336:
1334:
1322:
1317:
1308:
1306:
1297:
1296:
1292:
1287:
1283:
1278:
1274:
1269:
1265:
1260:
1256:
1251:
1247:
1236:
1232:
1227:
1223:
1212:
1208:
1203:
1199:
1194:
1190:
1177:
1173:
1164:
1160:
1149:
1145:
1136:
1134:
1124:
1120:
1119:
1115:
1107:
1105:
1090:
1086:
1077:
1073:
1069:
1038:
1031:
1026:Rodman guns at
1024:
1015:
1004:
995:
988:
979:
972:
963:
956:
947:
940:
931:
928:
919:
912:
903:
900:
891:
881:Battery Rodgers
877:
868:
865:
856:
845:
836:
825:
816:
809:
800:
789:
780:
777:
768:
765:Battery Rodgers
761:
752:
745:
732:
721:
706:
697:
693:
686:
654:
652:Similar weapons
626:Bellona Foundry
606:
564:
562:Rifled versions
544:Endicott Period
524:
315:M. 1861 8-inch
233:
187:
88:
17:
12:
11:
5:
2462:
2452:
2451:
2446:
2441:
2424:
2423:
2421:
2420:
2415:
2413:Percussion cap
2410:
2405:
2400:
2395:
2390:
2385:
2380:
2375:
2373:.56-56 Spencer
2370:
2365:
2359:
2357:
2345:
2344:
2341:
2340:
2338:
2337:
2332:
2327:
2322:
2317:
2312:
2307:
2301:
2299:
2288:
2287:
2285:
2284:
2279:
2274:
2269:
2264:
2259:
2254:
2249:
2244:
2236:
2231:
2226:
2221:
2216:
2211:
2206:
2200:
2198:
2187:
2186:
2184:
2183:
2178:
2172:
2170:
2161:
2155:
2154:
2152:
2151:
2146:
2141:
2136:
2131:
2126:
2121:
2118:
2113:
2107:
2105:
2099:
2098:
2096:
2095:
2090:
2085:
2083:Rains landmine
2080:
2077:
2072:
2067:
2062:
2057:
2052:
2048:
2046:
2042:
2041:
2039:
2038:
2033:
2028:
2023:
2018:
2013:
2008:
2003:
1998:
1993:
1988:
1983:
1978:
1973:
1968:
1963:
1958:
1953:
1948:
1943:
1938:
1933:
1928:
1919:
1914:
1909:
1904:
1899:
1894:
1887:
1882:
1877:
1872:
1867:
1862:
1857:
1852:
1847:
1842:
1837:
1832:
1827:
1822:
1817:
1812:
1806:
1804:
1794:
1793:
1791:
1790:
1785:
1780:
1775:
1770:
1765:
1760:
1757:
1752:
1747:
1742:
1737:
1732:
1727:
1722:
1717:
1712:
1707:
1702:
1697:
1692:
1687:
1682:
1677:
1672:
1667:
1662:
1657:
1652:
1647:
1642:
1637:
1632:
1627:
1621:
1619:
1613:
1612:
1610:
1609:
1604:
1602:Mameluke sword
1599:
1594:
1589:
1584:
1579:
1574:
1569:
1564:
1561:
1556:
1551:
1546:
1540:
1538:
1532:
1531:
1524:
1523:
1516:
1509:
1501:
1495:
1494:
1489:
1484:
1479:
1472:
1471:External links
1469:
1467:
1466:
1449:
1426:
1410:
1404:
1391:
1374:
1366:Gorgas, Josiah
1362:
1350:
1341:
1323:
1321:
1318:
1316:
1315:
1290:
1281:
1272:
1263:
1254:
1245:
1230:
1221:
1206:
1197:
1188:
1171:
1158:
1143:
1113:
1084:
1070:
1068:
1065:
1064:
1063:
1058:
1053:
1044:
1037:
1034:
1033:
1032:
1025:
1018:
1016:
1005:
998:
996:
989:
982:
980:
973:
966:
964:
957:
950:
948:
941:
934:
932:
929:
922:
920:
913:
906:
904:
901:
894:
892:
878:
871:
869:
866:
859:
857:
847:Photograph of
846:
839:
837:
827:Photograph of
826:
819:
817:
810:
803:
801:
790:
783:
781:
778:
771:
769:
762:
755:
753:
746:
739:
734:
733:
700:
698:
691:
685:
682:
653:
650:
605:
602:
598:breech-loading
585:Parrott rifles
563:
560:
530:. Two 10-inch
523:
520:
517:
516:
513:
510:
507:
504:
501:
498:
495:
492:
489:
486:
483:
480:
476:
475:
472:
469:
466:
463:
460:
457:
454:
451:
448:
445:
442:
439:
435:
434:
431:
428:
425:
422:
419:
416:
413:
410:
407:
404:
401:
398:
394:
393:
390:
387:
384:
381:
378:
375:
372:
369:
366:
363:
360:
357:
353:
352:
349:
346:
343:
340:
337:
334:
331:
328:
325:
322:
319:
316:
312:
311:
308:
305:
302:
299:
296:
293:
290:
287:
284:
281:
278:
275:
232:
229:
186:
183:
150:, was sold to
110:hollow casting
87:
84:
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
2461:
2450:
2447:
2445:
2442:
2440:
2437:
2436:
2434:
2419:
2416:
2414:
2411:
2409:
2406:
2404:
2401:
2399:
2396:
2394:
2391:
2389:
2386:
2384:
2383:Canister shot
2381:
2379:
2378:Buck and ball
2376:
2374:
2371:
2369:
2366:
2364:
2361:
2360:
2358:
2356:and equipment
2354:
2350:
2346:
2336:
2333:
2331:
2328:
2326:
2323:
2321:
2318:
2316:
2313:
2311:
2308:
2306:
2303:
2302:
2300:
2298:
2293:
2289:
2283:
2280:
2278:
2275:
2273:
2270:
2268:
2265:
2263:
2260:
2258:
2255:
2253:
2250:
2248:
2245:
2240:
2237:
2235:
2232:
2230:
2227:
2225:
2222:
2220:
2217:
2215:
2212:
2210:
2207:
2205:
2202:
2201:
2199:
2197:
2192:
2188:
2182:
2179:
2177:
2174:
2173:
2171:
2169:
2165:
2162:
2160:
2156:
2150:
2147:
2145:
2142:
2140:
2137:
2135:
2132:
2130:
2127:
2125:
2122:
2119:
2117:
2114:
2112:
2109:
2108:
2106:
2104:
2100:
2094:
2091:
2089:
2086:
2084:
2081:
2079:Rains grenade
2078:
2076:
2073:
2071:
2068:
2066:
2063:
2061:
2058:
2056:
2053:
2051:Adams grenade
2050:
2049:
2047:
2045:Other weapons
2043:
2037:
2034:
2032:
2029:
2027:
2024:
2022:
2019:
2017:
2014:
2012:
2009:
2007:
2004:
2002:
1999:
1997:
1994:
1992:
1989:
1987:
1984:
1982:
1979:
1977:
1974:
1972:
1969:
1967:
1964:
1962:
1959:
1957:
1954:
1952:
1949:
1947:
1944:
1942:
1939:
1937:
1934:
1932:
1929:
1927:
1925:
1920:
1918:
1915:
1913:
1910:
1908:
1905:
1903:
1900:
1898:
1895:
1892:
1888:
1886:
1883:
1881:
1878:
1876:
1873:
1871:
1868:
1866:
1863:
1861:
1858:
1856:
1853:
1851:
1848:
1846:
1843:
1841:
1838:
1836:
1833:
1831:
1828:
1826:
1823:
1821:
1818:
1816:
1813:
1811:
1808:
1807:
1805:
1803:
1799:
1795:
1789:
1786:
1784:
1781:
1779:
1776:
1774:
1771:
1769:
1766:
1764:
1761:
1758:
1756:
1753:
1751:
1748:
1746:
1743:
1741:
1738:
1736:
1733:
1731:
1728:
1726:
1723:
1721:
1718:
1716:
1713:
1711:
1708:
1706:
1703:
1701:
1698:
1696:
1693:
1691:
1688:
1686:
1683:
1681:
1678:
1676:
1673:
1671:
1668:
1666:
1663:
1661:
1658:
1656:
1653:
1651:
1648:
1646:
1643:
1641:
1638:
1636:
1633:
1631:
1628:
1626:
1623:
1622:
1620:
1618:
1614:
1608:
1605:
1603:
1600:
1598:
1595:
1593:
1592:M1860 cutlass
1590:
1588:
1585:
1583:
1580:
1578:
1575:
1573:
1570:
1568:
1565:
1562:
1560:
1557:
1555:
1552:
1550:
1547:
1545:
1542:
1541:
1539:
1537:
1536:Edged weapons
1533:
1529:
1522:
1517:
1515:
1510:
1508:
1503:
1502:
1499:
1493:
1490:
1488:
1485:
1483:
1480:
1478:
1475:
1474:
1457:
1456:
1450:
1440:
1436:
1432:
1427:
1424:
1420:
1416:
1411:
1407:
1405:0-888-55012-X
1401:
1397:
1392:
1382:
1381:
1375:
1371:
1367:
1363:
1359:
1355:
1351:
1347:
1342:
1332:
1331:
1325:
1324:
1305:on 2015-06-08
1304:
1300:
1294:
1285:
1276:
1267:
1258:
1249:
1241:
1234:
1225:
1219:
1217:
1210:
1201:
1192:
1184:
1183:
1175:
1169:, p. 79)
1168:
1162:
1154:
1147:
1132:
1131:
1123:
1117:
1104:on 2008-07-04
1103:
1099:
1095:
1088:
1081:
1075:
1071:
1062:
1059:
1057:
1054:
1052:
1050:
1045:
1043:
1042:Parrott rifle
1040:
1039:
1029:
1022:
1017:
1013:
1012:Fort Hamilton
1009:
1002:
997:
993:
986:
981:
977:
970:
965:
961:
954:
949:
945:
938:
933:
926:
921:
917:
910:
905:
898:
893:
889:
885:
882:
875:
870:
863:
858:
854:
850:
843:
838:
834:
830:
823:
818:
814:
807:
802:
798:
794:
787:
782:
775:
770:
766:
759:
754:
750:
743:
738:
737:
730:
727:
718:
714:
710:
704:
701:This section
699:
690:
689:
681:
679:
674:
670:
665:
663:
659:
649:
646:
643:
637:
635:
631:
627:
623:
619:
615:
611:
601:
599:
594:
591:
586:
581:
577:
568:
559:
557:
551:
549:
545:
541:
540:coast defense
537:
533:
529:
528:the Civil War
514:
511:
508:
505:
502:
499:
496:
493:
490:
487:
484:
481:
478:
477:
473:
470:
467:
464:
461:
458:
455:
452:
449:
446:
443:
440:
437:
436:
432:
429:
426:
423:
420:
417:
414:
411:
408:
405:
402:
399:
396:
395:
391:
388:
385:
382:
379:
376:
373:
370:
367:
364:
361:
358:
355:
354:
350:
347:
344:
341:
338:
335:
332:
329:
326:
323:
320:
317:
314:
313:
309:
306:
303:
300:
297:
294:
291:
288:
285:
282:
279:
276:
273:
272:
269:
266:
263:
261:
257:
256:
250:
249:Fort Hamilton
245:
243:
238:
228:
226:
222:
218:
216:
212:
207:
204:
199:
194:
192:
182:
180:
176:
172:
168:
164:
160:
155:
153:
149:
145:
141:
136:
134:
130:
125:
123:
118:
113:
111:
106:
102:
92:
83:
81:
77:
73:
69:
65:
61:
57:
53:
49:
45:
42:
38:
34:
30:
21:
2329:
1923:
1890:
1889:Jenks M1841
1460:, retrieved
1454:
1443:, retrieved
1438:
1434:
1414:
1395:
1385:, retrieved
1379:
1369:
1357:
1354:Gibbon, John
1345:
1335:, retrieved
1329:
1307:. Retrieved
1303:the original
1293:
1284:
1275:
1266:
1257:
1248:
1239:
1233:
1224:
1215:
1209:
1200:
1191:
1181:
1174:
1161:
1152:
1146:
1135:. Retrieved
1133:. 1864-02-21
1128:
1116:
1106:, retrieved
1102:the original
1097:
1087:
1074:
1051: (1843)
1048:
853:Fort McHenry
833:Fort McHenry
813:Fort McHenry
797:Philadelphia
722:
702:
666:
655:
647:
638:
607:
595:
573:
552:
525:
295:Number made
267:
264:
254:
246:
234:
223:
219:
208:
195:
191:wrought iron
188:
156:
137:
126:
114:
98:
39:designed by
28:
26:
1554:Bowie knife
1167:Ripley 1984
1028:Fort Clinch
918:, Virginia.
916:Fort Monroe
634:Confederacy
536:Fort Sumter
298:Years made
225:Sling carts
76:hollow cast
2433:Categories
2403:Minié ball
2353:cartridges
2349:Ammunition
1924:Brown Bess
1462:2007-12-03
1445:2007-11-30
1387:2007-11-09
1337:2007-11-30
1320:References
1309:2011-10-27
1137:2008-11-14
1108:2008-07-05
532:columbiads
503:1864-1869
462:1861-1871
380:1862-1867
339:1861-1865
304:Foundries
237:smoothbore
231:Production
203:embrasures
173:; and the
37:columbiads
29:Rodman gun
2393:Gunpowder
2368:.44 Henry
2363:.22 Short
2159:Artillery
2055:Coach gun
1049:Princeton
1047:USS
1030:, Florida
642:trunnions
556:gunpowder
215:embrasure
211:casemates
185:Carriages
129:trunnions
122:columbiad
80:cast-iron
64:cascabels
44:artillery
2088:Sea mine
1891:Mule ear
1617:Sidearms
1423:12668104
1368:(1863),
1356:(1863),
1036:See also
849:cascabel
829:cascabel
660:and the
608:In 1859
142:for the
68:howitzer
46:officer
2168:Mortars
1893:carbine
1802:muskets
1549:Bayonet
684:Gallery
678:Georgia
624:of the
612:of the
590:tapping
283:Charge
280:Weight
277:Length
255:Puritan
242:fulcrum
198:parapet
148:US Army
144:US Navy
86:Casting
2449:Cannon
2418:Ramrod
1926:musket
1798:Rifles
1421:
1402:
711:or by
620:, and
576:rifled
377:1,301
292:Range
289:Shell
105:shrink
95:shown.
72:powder
70:-like
2292:Naval
2191:Field
1125:(PDF)
1067:Notes
1010:near
749:Floyd
421:1864
286:Shot
274:Type
133:lathe
56:shell
41:Union
35:–era
1800:and
1439:XXXV
1419:OCLC
1400:ISBN
656:The
459:323
336:213
253:USS
152:Peru
117:core
101:cast
60:bore
54:and
52:shot
27:The
2294:and
2193:and
795:in
628:in
616:in
522:Use
465:25
383:99
342:56
2435::
2351:,
1437:,
1433:,
1127:.
1096:,
680:.
515:-
506:2
500:2
433:-
430:-
427:-
424:0
418:1
415:-
262:.
181:.
177:,
161:,
154:.
1520:e
1513:t
1506:v
1408:.
1312:.
1165:(
1140:.
1078:"
994:.
978:.
962:.
946:.
729:)
723:(
719:.
705:.
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