Rohingya people - Knowledge

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operations which drove off around 200,000 people to Bangladesh. In 1978, the Bangladesh government protested against the Burmese government concerning "the expulsion by force of thousands of Burmese Muslim citizens to Bangladesh". The Burmese government responded that those expelled were Bangladesh citizens who had resided illegally in Burma. In July 1978, after intensive negotiations mediated by UN, Ne Win's government agreed to take back 200,000 refugees who settled in Arakan. In the same year as well as in 1992, a joint statement by governments of Myanmar and Bangladesh "acknowledged that the Rohingya were lawful Burmese residents". In 1982, the Burmese government enacted the citizenship law and declared the "Bengalis" are foreigners.

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High Commissioner for Refugees helped the Bangladeshi government repatriate Rohingyas from Bangladesh, but allegations of human rights abuses inside the refugee camps threatened this effort. In 2015, 140,000 Rohingyas were still living in IDP camps, three years after fleeing communal riots in 2012. Despite earlier repatriation efforts by the UN, the vast majority of Rohingya refugees in Bangladesh are unable to return to Myanmar due to the communal violence which occurred there in 2012 and their fear of persecution. The Bangladeshi government has reduced the amount of support it allocates to the Rohingyas in order to prevent an outflow of Rohingya refugees into Bangladesh. In February 2009, many Rohingya refugees were rescued by

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them ’Bengali’. During the same time a separate administrative zone May Yu was established comprising most of the present North Rakhine State, which had Rohingya as its majority ethnic group. One of the objectives of this Muslim majority zone was to ‘strive for peace with Pakistan’. Brigadier Aung Gyi, one of the deputies of General Ne Win, in 1961 explained Rohingya as; “On the west, May Yu district borders with Pakistan. As is the case with all borderlands communities, there are Muslims on both sides of the borders. Those who are on Pakistan’s side are known as Pakistani while the Muslims on our Burmese side of the borders are referred to as ‘Rohingya’. But since

3462:(ARSA) against several security forces' outposts, 25 August, the operations escalated radically—killing thousands of Rohingya, brutalising thousands more, and driving hundreds of thousands out of the country into neighbouring Bangladesh while their villages burned—with the Myanmar military claiming that their actions were solely attacks on rebels in response to the ARSA attack. However, subsequent reports from various international organisations have indicated that the military operations were widespread indiscriminate attacks on the Rohingya population, already underway before the ARSA attacks, to purge northern Rakhine state of Rohingya, through " 3625:, around late August—according to the Myanmar military who claimed to have found the bodies of 20 women and eight boys in mass graves, 24 September, after a search near Ye Baw Kya village, in northern Rakhine state. The search was reportedly in response to a refugee in Bangladesh who contacted a local Hindu leader in Myanmar. Authorities quoted the refugee as saying about 300 ARSA militants, on 25 August, marched about 100 people out of the Hindu village and killed them. ARSA denied involvement, saying it was committed to not killing civilians. International news media were not immediately allowed free access to the area to verify the reports. 2654:, noted that hostility had developed between the Muslims and the Buddhists who had brought about a similar hostility in other parts of Burma. This tension was let loose with the retreat of the British. With the approach of the Japanese into Arakan, the Buddhists instigated cruel measures against the Muslims. Thousands, though the exact number is unknown, fled from Buddhist-majority regions to eastern Bengal and northern Arakan with many being killed or dying of starvation. The Muslims in response conducted retaliatory raids from British-controlled areas, causing Buddhists to flee to southern Arakan. 2402: 6725:

led to a mass exodus of more than 500,000 people fleeing to Bangladesh. The testimonies gathered by OHCHR indicate that the attacks against Rohingya villages constitute serious human rights violations. As recalled by many victims, the security forces and the Rakhine Buddhist individuals incited hatred, violence and killings against the Rohingya population within northern Rakhine State through extremely derogatory abuse based on their religion, language and culture and ethnic identity. There are indications that violence is still ongoing at the time of writing this report.

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actions, and deflected international criticism by saying most Rohingya villages remained intact, and conflict had not broken out everywhere. Expressing no criticism of the Myanmar military, and denying that it had engaged in any "armed clashes or clearance operations" since 5 September, she added, "We are committed to the restoration of peace and stability and rule of law throughout the state," and that the country was "committed to a sustainable solution… for all communities in this state", but was vague as to how that would be achieved.

752:" during the British colonial period, and it was not controversial to refer to them as "Bengalis" until the 1990s. Leider also states that "there is no international consensus" on the use of the term Rohingya, as they are often called "Rohingya Muslims", "Muslim Arakanese" and "Burmese Muslims". Others, such as anthropologist Christina Fink, use Rohingya not as an ethnic identifier but as a political one. Leider believes the Rohingya is a political movement that started in the 1950s to create "an autonomous Muslim zone" in Rakhine. 3447: 2643:. The Japanese advance triggered an inter-communal conflict between Muslims and Buddhists. The Muslims fled towards British-controlled Muslim-dominated northern Arakan from Japanese-controlled Buddhist-majority areas. This stimulated a "reverse ethnic cleansing" in British-controlled areas, particularly around Maungdaw. Failure of a British counter-offensive, attempted from December 1942 to April 1943, resulted in the abandonment of even more of the Muslim population as well as an increase in inter-communal violence. 3505: 3417:(ARSA) claimed responsibility. In the following days, six other groups released statements, all citing the same leader. The Myanmar Army announced on 15 November 2016 that 69 Rohingya insurgents and 17 security forces (10 policemen, 7 soldiers) had been killed in recent clashes in northern Rakhine State, bringing the death toll to 134 (102 insurgents and 32 security forces). It was also announced that 234 people suspected of being connected to the attack were arrested. 3372:, the attackers brandished knives, machetes and homemade slingshots that fired metal bolts. Several dozen firearms and boxes of ammunition were looted by the attackers from the border posts. The attack resulted in the deaths of nine border officers. On 11 October 2016, four soldiers were killed on the third day of fighting. Following the attacks, reports emerged of several human rights violations allegedly perpetrated by Burmese security forces in their crackdown on suspected Rohingya insurgents. 3653:. The move has received substantial opposition. Human rights groups have seen the plan as a forced relocation. Additionally, concerns have been raised about living conditions on the island, which is low-lying and prone to flooding. The island has been described as "only accessible during winter and a haven for pirates". It is nine hours away from the camps in which the Rohingya currently live. In October 2019, Bangladeshi authorities again announced plans to relocate refugees to the island. 4398: 2504: 3859: 3009:. General Ne Win drafted the Citizenship Act in 1982, which denied citizenship rights to any community/group that was not listed in a survey conducted by British in 1823. All other ethnic groups were considered aliens to the land or invaders. Eight major ethnicities Arakan, Chin, Kachin, Karen, Kayah, Mon, Shan, and Burmese were broken into 135 small ethnic groups. Groups like Rohingya who do not belong to any of these 135 ethnicities were denied citizenship rights. 142: 2792:

launched operation Nagamin to separate nationals from non-nationals. This was the first concerted large scale violent attack on Rohingya. National Registration Cards (NRC) were taken away by state actors never to be replaced. Violence that followed forced 200,000 Rohingya to flee to Bangladesh. Bangladesh denied Rohingya admission into her territory and blocked food rations leading to death of 12,000 of them. After bilateral negotiations Rohingya were repatriated.

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more children than Myanmar's national average. In 2018, 48,000 Rohingya babies were born in Bangladesh, out of a total population of 120,000 fertile women. As of 2014, about 1.3 million Rohingyas lived in Myanmar and an estimated 1 million lived overseas. They constitute 40% of Rakhine State's total population or 60% of it if the overseas Rohingya population is included. As of December 2016, 1/7th

13527: 314: 610:. Shortly before a Rohingya rebel attack that killed 12 security forces on 25 August 2017, the Myanmar military launched "clearance operations" against the Rohingya Muslims in Rakhine state that, according to NGOs, the Bangladeshi government and international news media, left many dead, and many more injured, tortured or raped, with villages burned. The government of Myanmar has denied the allegations. 2491:

anti-Indian disturbances in Lower Burma, while 1938 saw riots specifically directed against the Indian Muslim community. As Burmese nationalism increasingly asserted itself before the Second World War, the 'alien' Indian presence inevitably came under attack, along with the religion that the Indian Muslims imported. The Muslims of northern Arakan were to be caught in the crossfire of this conflict."

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Bangladesh. Other human rights violations against Rohingya Muslims include physical violence and sexual violence. The country's military officials rationalised these violations by stating that they were required as part of a census that was going to be conducted in Burma and the military needed to perform these acts in order to find out what the Rohingya Muslims's nationality was. According to

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collaborated with the attackers, children or not, but the court will decide if they are guilty; we are not the ones who decide." Myanmar police also claimed that the children had confessed to their alleged crimes during interrogations, and that they were not beaten or pressured during questioning. The average age of those detained is 34, the youngest is 10, and the oldest is 75.

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riots occurred after weeks of sectarian disputes, including a gang rape and murder of a Rakhine woman by Rohingyas and killing of ten Burmese Muslims by Rakhines. There is evidence that the pogroms in 2012 were incited by the government asking the Rakhine men to defend their "race and religion". The Rakhine men were said to have been given knives and free food, and bused in from

4634:. There have been charges that Rohingyas were shipped and towed out to the open sea from Thailand. In February 2009, evidence showing the Thai army towing a boatload of 190 Rohingya refugees out to sea surfaced. A group of refugees who were rescued by Indonesian authorities stated that they were captured and beaten by the Thai military, and then abandoned at sea. 3059:, rape, the confiscation of houses, land and farm animals, the destruction of mosques, a ban on religious activities and the harassment of the religious priests. An estimated 250,000 refugees crossed over into Bangladesh. In Bangladesh, the refugee influx was a challenge for the newly elected government of the country's first female prime minister 2611:. The British forces retreated and in the power vacuum left behind, considerable inter-communal violence erupted between Arakanese and Muslim villagers. The British armed Muslims in northern Arakan in order to create a buffer zone that would protect the region from a Japanese invasion when they retreated and to counteract the largely pro-Japanese 3470:." In August 2018, study estimated that more than 24,000+ Rohingya people were killed by the Myanmar military and the local Buddhists since the "clearance operations" started on 25 August 2017. The study also estimated that 18,000+ the Rohingya Muslim women and girls were raped, 116,000 Rohingya were beaten, 36,000 Rohingya were thrown into fire 3926:. The British censuses classified immigrants from Chittagong as Bengalis. There were a small number of immigrants from other parts of India. The 1941 census was lost during the war. The 1983 census conducted under the Ne Win's government omitted people in volatile regions. It is unclear how many were missed. British era censuses can be found at 2767:(ICG), these immigrants were actually the Rohingyas who were displaced by World War II and began to return to Arakan after the independence of Burma but were rendered as illegal immigrants, while many were not allowed to return. ICG adds that there were "some 17,000" refugees from the Bangladesh liberation war who "subsequently returned home". 3566:, on 4 September, estimated 123,000 refugees have escaped western Myanmar since 25 August 2017. (By 15 September, that number had surpassed 400,000) The situation was expected to exacerbate the current refugee crisis as more than 400,000 Rohingya without citizenship were trapped in overcrowded camps and in conflict regions in Western Myanmar. 2487:

times to medieval, to the British colony. Gutman (1976) and Ibrahim (2016) claiming that the Muslim population dates before the arrival of ethnic Rakhine in the 9th to 10th century. Suggesting the Rohingya are descendants of a pre-Arakan population who existed for 3 thousand years and waves of Muslim who intermingled forming modern Rohingya.

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Chittagong region, "moved en masse into western townships of Arakan". Albeit Indian immigration to Burma was a nationwide phenomenon, not just restricted to Arakan. For these reasons historians believed that most Rohingyas arrived with the British colonialists in the 19th and 20th centuries with some tracing their ancestry much further.

3719:, they undergo 14 days of basic training while the junta promises them ID cards, a bag of rice, and a monthly salary of US$ 41. Those who refuse service are fined half a million kyats. These conscripts are suspected to For Rohingya who dodge the draft, many of them endeavor to fight for the Arakan Army rather than ARSA or the RSO. 3432:(Tatmadaw) stated on 1 September 2017 that the death toll had risen to 370 insurgents, 13 security personnel, 2 government officials and 14 civilians. The United Nations believes over 1,000 people have been killed since October 2016, which contradicts the death toll provided by the Myanmar government. 2776: 4573:. (Typically, a Rohingya man has to work on military or government projects one day a week, and perform sentry duty one night a week.) The Rohingya have also lost a lot of arable land, which has been confiscated by the military and given to Buddhist settlers who have moved there from elsewhere in Myanmar. 4388:

More recently, a Latin alphabet has been developed using all 26 English letters A to Z and two additional Latin letters Ç (for retroflex R) and Ñ (for nasal sound). To accurately represent Rohingya phonology, this alphabet also uses five accented vowels (áéíóú). It has been recognised by ISO with ISO

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Refugees reported numerous civilians—including women and children—being indiscriminately beaten, raped, tortured, shot, hacked to death or burned alive. and whole villages being burnt down by authorities and Buddhist mobs. Human Rights Watch released satellite photos showing the villages burning, but

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reporters, during the summer of 2017, the Myanmar military began arming and training Rakhine Buddhist natives in northern Rakhine state, and in late summer advised that any ethnic Rakhines "wishing to protect their state" would be given the opportunity to join "the local armed police." Matthew Smith,

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Since the 1990s, a new 'Rohingya' movement which is distinct from the 1950s armed rebellion has emerged. The new movement is characterised by lobbying internationally by overseas diaspora, establishing indigenous claims by Rohingya scholars, publicising the term "Rohingya" and denying Bengali origins

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considering their religious affinity and geographical proximity with East Pakistan. The North Arakan Muslim League was founded in Akyab (modern Sittwe) two months later. The proposal never materialised since it was reportedly turned down by Jinnah, saying that he was not in a position to interfere in

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According to Syed Islam, the earliest Muslim settlements in the Arakan region began in the 7th-century. The Arab traders were also missionaries and they began converting the local Buddhist population to Islam by about 788 CE, states Syed Islam. Besides these locals converting to Islam, Arab merchants

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issued a report (which was not made public until 27 August) which summarised its findings after an investigation was completed into the events of August–September 2017. It declared that the events constituted cause for the Myanmar government—particularly the Myanmar military (the "Tatmadaw") and its

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Since February 2024, the Arakan Army began offering a safe haven for Rohingya living in Rakhine State to avoid conscription by the Tatmadaw. While they denied regime claims that they were targeting them for recruitment, the AA encouraged anyone to volunteer if they wished, regardless of ethnicity or

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In 2022, the Tatmadaw lifted a 2012 ban on Rohingya studying in tertiary educational institutions. However, they are not allowed to live in dormitories. Government officials and educational faculties continually discriminate against them. Travel restrictions first imposed in January 2024 in response

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calculated that at least 6,700 Rohingya men, women and children were killed in the first month of the major attacks, including at least 750 children (that number later revised to "over 1,000"). MSF estimated that 69% were killed by gunshots, 9% were burnt to death (including 15% of children killed),

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The movement has garnered sharp criticisms from ethnic Rakhines and Kamans, the latter of whom are a recognised Muslim ethnic group in Rakhine. Kaman leaders support citizenship for Muslims in northern Rakhine but believe that the new movement is aimed at achieving a self-administered area or Rohang

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in Japan, has written that as a consequence of acquiring arms from the British during World War II, Rohingyas tried to destroy the Arakanese villages instead of resisting the Japanese. Chan agrees that hundreds of Muslims fled to northern Arakan, though states that the accounts of atrocities on them

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writes that although a few Rohingya trace their ancestry to Muslims who lived in Arakan in the 15th and 16h centuries, most Rohingyas arrived with the British colonialists in the 19th and 20th centuries. Most have argued that Rohingya existed from the four waves of Muslim migrations from the ancient

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tradition, was well established by the 4th-century in the region under the Candra Buddhist dynasty. Muslim community's expansion and the growth of Islam into the region came much later with Bengali Muslims from the region that is now a part of Bangladesh. Further, the term "Rohingya" does not appear

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The 'clearance operations' started before 25 August 2017, and as early as the beginning of August. The apparently well-organised, coordinated and systematic nature of the attacks carried out by the Myanmar security forces against the entire Rohingya population across northern Rakhine State has

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Steps to repatriate Rohingya refugees began in 2005. In 2009, the government of Bangladesh announced that it would repatriate around 9,000 Rohingyas who were living in refugee camps inside the country back to Myanmar, after a meeting with Burmese diplomats. On 16 October 2011, the new government of

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Muslims have often faced obstacles and struggled to practice their religion in the same way as other individuals in Burma. These struggles have manifested themselves in the form of difficulty in receiving approval for the construction of places of worship, whether they be informal or formal. In the

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issued a separate, unanimous statement, on the crisis following a closed-door meeting about Myanmar. In a semi-official press statement (its first statement on the situation in Myanmar in nine years)—the Council expressed "concern" about reported excessive violence in Myanmar's security operations,

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On both sides, entire villages were "decimated". According to the Burmese authorities, the violence between ethnic Rakhine Buddhists and Rohingya Muslims left 78 people dead, 87 injured, and up to 140,000 people displaced. The government has responded by imposing curfews and deploying troops in the

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gave aid to the refugees by providing them with homes and food. These external organisations (other than those which were controlled by the government) were important because the immigration of the Rohingyas was massive due to the number of people who needed help. In 2005, the United Nations

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The military is partially responsible for the human rights violations which have been committed against the Rohingya. These violations include destruction of property and forced relocation to another country. One such violation was committed when the military forced Rohingyas in Rakhine to move to

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says that arming the Rakhines "was a decision made to effectively perpetrate atrocity crimes against the civilian population." At the same time, northern Rakhine state faced food shortages, and, starting in mid-August, the government cut off all food supply to the area. On 10 August, the military

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Successive Burmese governments have been accused of provoking riots led by Buddhist monks against ethnic minorities like the Rohingyas In the 1990s, more than 250,000 Rohingya fled to refugee camps in Bangladesh. In the early 2000s, all but 20,000 of them were repatriated to Myanmar, some against

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Rakhines' views are more critical. Citing Bangladesh's overpopulation and density, Rakhines perceive the Rohingyas as "the vanguard of an unstoppable wave of people that will inevitably engulf Rakhine". However, for moderate Rohingyas, the aim may have been no more than to gain citizenship status.

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Rohingya scholars have claimed that Rakhine was previously an Islamic state for a millennium, or that Muslims were king-makers of Rakhine kings for 350 years. They often traced the origin of Rohingyas to Arab seafarers. These claims have been rejected as "newly invented myths" in academic circles.

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From 1971 to 1978, a number of Rakhine monks and Buddhists staged hunger strikes in Sittwe to force the government to tackle immigration issues which they believed to be causing a demographic shift in the region. Ne Win's government requested UN to repatriate the war refugees and launched military

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In light of the on-the-ground link between the legalised removal of citizenship from the Rohingya and the implementation of a permanent set of draconian laws and policies—as opposed to periodic “anti-immigration” operations—amount to the infliction on the Rohingya of conditions of life designed to

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took control of the country in 1962, the Rohingya have been systematically deprived of their political rights. In 1962 military dictator General Ne Win, took over the government and started implementing a Nationalist agenda, which had its roots in racial discrimination. In 1978 military government

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On 25 September 1954, the then Prime Minister U Nu in his radio address to the nation talked about Rohingya Muslims’ political loyalty to predominantly Buddhist Burma. This usage of the term ‘Rohingya’ is important in the sense that today Myanmar denies to accept this category altogether and calls

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In the 1931 census, the Muslim population of Burma was 584,839, 4% of the total population of 14,647,470 at the time. 396,504 were Indian Muslims and 1,474 Chinese Muslims, while 186,861 were Burmese Muslims. The census found a growth in the number of Indian Muslims born in Burma, primarily due to

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Those who identify as Rohingyas typically reside in the northernmost townships of Arakan bordering Bangladesh where they form 80–98% of the population. A typical Rohingya family has four or five surviving children but numbers up to twenty eight have been recorded in rare cases. Rohingyas have 46%

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To facilitate their reentry into Burma, the British formed Volunteer Forces with Rohingya. Over the three years during which the Allies and Japanese fought over the Mayu peninsula, the Rohingya recruits of the V-Force, engaged in a campaign against Arakanese communities, using weapons provided by

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to Arakan. There was no international boundary between Bengal and Arakan and no restrictions on migration between the regions. In the early 19th century, thousands of Bengalis from the Chittagong region settled in Arakan seeking work. It is hard to know whether these new Bengal migrants were the

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to allow aid groups to work in the region. Its statement read that "ARSA strongly encourages all concerned humanitarian actors resume their humanitarian assistance to all victims of the humanitarian crisis, irrespective of ethnic or religious background during the ceasefire period." However, the

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A few weeks later, on 24 August 2017, the Rakhine Commission (chaired by former U.N. Secretary General Kofi Annan)—established by the new civilian Myanmar government to recommend solutions to the ethnic conflict and related issues in Rakhine state—released its recommendations for alleviating the

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stated in a press statement the Rohingyas are "at grave risk of additional mass atrocities and even genocide". In 2015, to escape violence and persecution, thousands of Rohingyas migrated from Myanmar and Bangladesh, collectively dubbed as 'boat people' by international media, to Southeast Asian

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A field observation conducted by the International Crisis Group concluded that both communities were grateful for the protection provided by the military. A number of monks' organisations have taken measures to boycott NGOs which they believe helped only Rohingyas in the past decades even though

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were a series of conflicts between Rohingya Muslims who form the majority in the northern Rakhine and ethnic Rakhines who form the majority in the south. Before the riots, there were widespread fears among the Buddhist Rakhines that they would soon become a minority in their ancestral state. The

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The alternate view contests that Islam arrived in the Arakan region in the 1st-millennium. According to this view, this Rohingya history is not based on any evidence, rather is based on "fictitious stories, myths and legends". According to Southeast Asian Buddhism history scholar and an ordained

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Today the use of the name "Rohingya" is polarised. The government of Myanmar refuses to use the name. In the 2014 census, the Myanmar government forced the Rohingya to identify themselves as "Bengali". Many Rohingya see the denial of their name similar to denying their basic rights, and the U.N.

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Due to the fact that members of Burma's Rohingya Muslim population are not considered citizens of the country, they are not protected against discrimination by the Burmese government. Therefore, concerns exist with regard to the community's lack of religious freedom, especially in the legal and

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estimates about 25,000 people have been taken to boats from January to March in 2015. There are claims that around 100 people died in Indonesia, 200 in Malaysia, and 10 in Thailand during the journey. An estimated 3,000 refugees from Myanmar and Bangladesh have been rescued or swum to shore and

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Aung San Suu Kyi, made a major televised speech on the crisis—in English—stating "We condemn all human rights violations and unlawful violence," and indicated a desire to know why the Rohingya were fleeing. But Suu Kyi largely defended her prior position supporting the Myanmar military and its

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There are widespread beliefs among Rakhine people that significant number of immigrants arrived even after the 1980s when the border was relatively unguarded. However, there is no documentation proof for these claims as the last census was conducted in 1983. Successive Burmese governments have

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by the Burmese junta, the first wave of Rohingya refugees entered Bangladesh in 1978. An estimated 200,000 Rohingyas took shelter in Cox's Bazar. Diplomatic initiatives over 16 months resulted in a repatriation agreement, which allowed the return of most refugees under a process facilitated by

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are not clear. V Force officers like Andrew Irwin felt that Muslims along with other minorities must be rewarded for their loyalty. Muslim leaders believed that the British had promised them a "Muslim National Area" in Maungdaw region. They were also apprehensive of a future Buddhist-dominated

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claimed that the discrimination and human rights challenges which the Rohingya people have faced at the hands of the country's government and military are "among the world's top ten most under-reported stories of 2007." In February 1992, Myanmar's Ministry of Foreign Affairs stated in a press

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The impact of this immigration was particularly acute in Arakan. Although it boosted the colonial economy, local Arakanese bitterly resented it. According to historian Clive J. Christie, "The issue became a focus for grass-roots Burmese nationalism, and in the years 1930–31 there were serious

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in March 2017 listed 423 Rohingyas detained by the police since 9 October 2016, 13 of whom were children, the youngest being ten years old. Two police captains in Maungdaw verified the document and justified the arrests, with one of them saying, "We, the police, have to arrest those who

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Almost immediately the Myanmar military—apparently teaming with local authorities with mobs of Rakhine Buddhist civilians—launched massive reprisals that it described as its anti-terrorist "clearance operations" (which, UN investigators and BBC reporters later determined, had actually begun

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The British census of 1872 reported 58,255 Muslims in Akyab District. By 1911, the Muslim population had increased to 178,647. The waves of migration were primarily due to the requirement of cheap labour from British India to work in the paddy fields. Immigrants from Bengal, mainly from the

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By the end of September 2017, UN, Bangladesh and other entities were reporting that—in addition to 200,000–300,000 Rohingya refugees already in Bangladesh after fleeing prior attacks in Myanmar—the current conflict, since late August 2017, had driven 500,000 more Rohingya from Myanmar into

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stated that "The Burmese do not seem to have settled in Arakan until possibly as late as the tenth century CE. Hence earlier dynasties are thought to have been Indian, ruling over a population similar to that of Bengal. All the capitals known to history have been in the north near modern

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bring about serious bodily and mental harm and to destroy the group in whole or in part. As such, the illegalisation of the Rohingya in Myanmar is an indication of the intent of the State to both remove the Rohingya permanently from their homeland and to destroy the Rohingya as a group.”

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as a result. The dislocation of the Rohingya Muslims from their homes to other areas can be attributed to factors such as how isolated and undeveloped Rakhine is, the conflict between the Rohingya Muslims and the Buddhists, and the discrimination which they have been subjected to by the

3015:“The 1982 Citizenship Act serves as the state’s legal and ideological foundation on which all forms of violence, execution, restrictions, and human rights crimes are justified and committed with state impunity if carried out horizontally by the local ultra-nationalist Rakhine Buddhists. 4615:

The Rakhine community as a whole has tended to be cast internationally as violent extremists – ignoring the diversity of opinions that exist, the fact that the Rakhine themselves are a long-oppressed minority, and rarely attempting to understand their perspective and concerns. This is

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Rohingya politicians have been jailed to disbar them from contesting elections. In 2005, Shamsul Anwarul Huq was charged under Section 18 of the controversial 1982 Burmese citizenship law and sentenced to 47 years in prison. In 2015, a ruling Union Solidarity and Development Party MP

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The following morning, according to Myanmar military officials, a Rohingya rebel group (ARSA, or Arakan Rohingya Salvation Army) led multiple coordinated attacks on 30 police outposts and border guards, killing a dozen government forces, at the cost of over 50 dead among the rebels.

11831:"As immediate neighbors, it is a fact that the Arakanese (Rakhine) ppl reside in Bangladesh as Bangladeshi citizens and there are ethnic Bengali citizens in Myanmar vice versa. However, some irrational individuals refuse to acknowledge the presence of Bengali ppl living in Arakan" 4491:

rate of up to 224 deaths per 1,000 live births, more than 4 times the rate for the rest of Myanmar (52 per 1,000 live births), and 3 times rate of rest non-Rohingya areas of Rakhine state (77 per 1,000 live births). The paper also found that 40% of Rohingya children suffer from

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Moderate Rohingya politicians agree to compromise on the term Rohingya if citizenship is provided under an alternative identity that is neither "Bengali" nor "Rohingya". Various alternatives including "Rakhine Muslims", "Myanmar Muslims" or simply "Myanmar" have been proposed.

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Within the first three weeks, the military reported over 400 dead (whom it described as mostly "militants" and "terrorists")—the U.N. estimated over 1,000 dead (mostly civilians), and other sources initially suggested as many as 3,000—in the first four weeks of the reprisals.

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Myanmar's presidential spokesman reported that 176 ethnic Rohingya villages—out of the original a total of 471 Rohingya villages in three townships—had become empty. In addition to the 176 "abandoned" villages, some residents reportedly fled from at least 34 other villages.

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In the first four weeks of the conflict, over 400,000 Rohingya refugees (approximately 40% of the remaining Rohingya in Myanmar) fled the country on foot or by boat (chiefly to Bangladesh—the only other country bordering the Rakhine state area under attack) creating a major

2755:, the authors Virginia Thompson and Richard Adloff write, "The post-war (World War II) illegal immigration of Chittagonians into that area was on a vast scale, and in the Maungdaw and Buthidaung areas they replaced the Arakanese." The authors further argue that the term 3300:

argued that since the transition to democracy in Burma in 2011, the military has been seeking to retain its privileged position, forming the motivation for it to encourage the riots in 2012 and allowing it to pose as the defender of Buddhism against Muslim Rohingya.

3602:." He urged Myanmar authorities to suspend military action and stop the violence—insisting that Myanmar's government uphold the rule of law, and (noting that "380,000" Rohingya had recently fled to Bangladesh) recognise the refugees' right to return to their homes. 3359:

in an article in June 2015 wrote the only reason why the Rohingyas were willing to pay to be taken out of Burma in squalid, overcrowded, fetid boats as "... it is the terrible conditions at home in Rakhine that force the Rohingyas out to sea in the first place."

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calling for the recognition of the term "Rohingya", based on local Indian names of Arakan (Rohan and Rohang), as the official name of the ethnicity. Sultan Ahmed, who served as Parliamentary Secretary to the Ministry of Minorities, was a member of the Justice

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and 5% beaten to death. However, MSF cautioned "The numbers of deaths are likely to be an underestimation, as we have not surveyed all refugee settlements in Bangladesh and because the surveys don't account for the families who never made it out of Myanmar."

2158:. These included Sambawak I, Pyinsa, Parein, Hkrit, Sambawak II, Myohaung, Toungoo and Launggret. Burmese forces invaded the Rakhine cities in 1406. The Burmese invasion forced Rakhine rulers to seek help and refuge from neighbouring Bengal in the north. 11549: 2098:

Buddhist monk Ashon Nyanuttara, there is scant historical data and archaeological evidence about the early political and religious history of the Arakan people and the Rakhaing region. The limited evidence available suggests that Buddhism, possibly the

2295:. However, members of Shuja's entourage remained in Arakan and were recruited by the royal army, including as archers and court guards. They were king makers in Arakan until the Burmese conquest. The Arakanese continued their raids of Mughal Bengal. 3533:

the Myanmar government insisted the fires were lit by Rohingya, themselves, or specifically Rohingya militants—though the authorities offered no proof of the allegation, and refused or tightly controlled all media and foreign access to the area.

2430:

same population that was deported by force to Bengal's Chittagong during the Burmese conquest in the 18th century and later returned to Arakan as a result of British policy or they were a new migrant population with no ancestral roots to Arakan.

775:

Special Rapporteur on human rights in Myanmar has agreed. Jacques Leider writes that many Muslims in Rakhine simply prefer to call themselves "Muslim Arakanese" or "Muslims coming from Rakhine" instead of "Rohingya". The United States embassy in

10964: 4669:, a former top UN official in Myanmar, commented: "Today using the term , aside from being divisive and potentially incorrect, will only ensure that opportunities and options to try to resolve the issue to be addressed will not be available." 5306: 2445:, "At the beginning of the 20th century, Indians were arriving in Burma at the rate of no less than a quarter million per year. The numbers rose steadily until the peak year of 1927, immigration reached 480,000 people, with Rangoon exceeding 759:, when Burma was a democracy from 1948 to 1962, used the term "Rohingya" in radio addresses as a part of peace-building effort in Mayu Frontier Region. The term was broadcast on Burmese radio and was used in the speeches of Burmese rulers. A 3831:, dismissed the Myanmar government's claims that its operations were merely a response to rebel attacks, and it also indicated that "for us, it was clear... that these operations were organised and planned," and could amount to "genocide." 3224:

Buddhism to bolster its rule, and, in the view of the US government, heavily discriminated against minorities like the Rohingyas. Some pro-democracy dissidents from Myanmar's ethnic Bamar majority do not consider the Rohingyas compatriots.

532:, and that the Rohingya conflate their history with the history of Arakan Muslims in general to advance a separatist agenda. In addition, Myanmar's government does not recognise the term "Rohingya" and prefers to refer to the community as " 4706:, demanding they be deported. The students also seen kicking the belongings of the Rohingya men, women, and children who seated on the floor and crying in fear. They burned tyres and chanting “Kick them out” and “Reject Rohingya in Aceh”. 3648:

In January 2016, the government of Bangladesh initiated a plan to relocate tens of thousands of forcibly displaced Rohingyas, who had fled to the country following persecution in Myanmar. The refugees are to be relocated to the island of

3309:

was declared in Rakhine, allowing the military to participate in the administration of the region. Rohingya NGOs abroad have accused the Burmese army and police of targeting Rohingya Muslims through arrests and participating in violence.

3890:, the Rohingya population in Myanmar was around 1.1 to 1.3 million They reside mainly in the northern Rakhine townships, where they form 80–98% of the population. Many Rohingyas have fled to southeastern Bangladesh, where there are over 3660:

urged Bangladeshi authorities to immediately move over 300 Rohingya refugees, including children, from the silt island of Bhasan Char to the Cox's Bazar refugee camps to let them reside with their families. Families in Cox's Bazar told

11278: 2449:

as the greatest immigration port in the world. This was out of a total population of only 13 million; it was equivalent to the United Kingdom today taking 2 million people a year." By then, in most of the largest cities in Burma,

2103:

in any regional text of this period and much later. That term was adopted by "a few Bengali Muslim intellectuals who were direct descendants of immigrants from Chittagong district " in the 20th-century, states historian Aye Chan.

3063:(who headed the first parliamentary government since 1975). Both Bangladesh and Burma mobilised thousands of troops along the border during the crisis. The government of Bangladesh emphasised a peaceful resolution of the crisis. 2539:. Akyab was one of the leading rice ports in the world, hosting ship fleets from Europe and China. Many Indians settled in Akyab and dominated its seaport and hinterland. The 1931 census found 500,000 Indians living in Akyab. 3126:

The Rakhine for their part felt discriminated against by the governments in Rangoon dominated by the ethnic Burmese with one Rakhine politician saying, "we are therefore the victims of Muslimisation and Burmese chauvinism."

5250: 4568:

They are not allowed to travel without official permission and they were previously required to sign a commitment not to have more than two children, though the law was not strictly enforced. They are subjected to routine

3158:

in Arakan. By the 1950s, they began to use the term "Rohingya" which may be a continuation of the term Rooinga to establish a distinct identity and identify themselves as indigenous. They were much more active before the

448:

in 2017, when over 740,000 fled to Bangladesh, an estimated 1.4 million Rohingya lived in Myanmar. Described by journalists and news outlets as one of the most persecuted minorities in the world, the Rohingya are denied

2090:

married local women and later settled in Arakan. As a result of intermarriage and conversion, the Muslim population in Arakan grew. This claim by Sayed Islam saying that, by 788 CE, locals in Arakan were converting to

9107: 5287: 4469: 2681:, then part of British India, to escape the violence. The exodus was not restricted to Muslims in Arakan. Thousands of Burmese Indians, Anglo-Burmese and British who settled during the colonial period emigrated 11553: 567:, when most of the Rohingya population of Myanmar was driven out of the country, into neighbouring Bangladesh. By December 2017, an estimated 625,000 refugees from Rakhine, Myanmar, had crossed the border into 4680:, has warned that the killing and abductions of Rohingyas have not stopped, despite the International Court of Justice ordering Myanmar's leadership to prevent genocide and stop the killings in December 2019. 3050:

As the Burmese military increased its operations across the country, the Maungdaw, Buthidaung and Rathedaung townships in northern Arakan became centers of persecution. The 23rd and 24th regiments of the

2638:

and Arakan became the frontline in the conflict. The war resulted in a complete breakdown of civil administration and consequent development of habits of lawlessness exacerbated by the availability of modern

5904: 4546:

release, "In actual fact, although there are (135) national races living in Myanmar today, the so-called Rohingya people is not one of them. Historically, there has never been a 'Rohingya' race in Myanmar."

3741:, declared that 35,000 Rohingya were transferred to Bhasan Char to "keep Rohingya youth away from criminal activities." She also emphasized the difficulty of repatriating Rohingya back to Myanmar due to the 3639:

In November 2017 Myanmar and Bangladesh signed a memorandum of understanding for the return home of Rohingya refugees. In April 2018 the first group of Rohingya refugees returned to Myanmar from Bangladesh.

583:. Probes by the UN have found evidence of increasing incitement of hatred and religious intolerance by "ultra-nationalist Buddhists" against Rohingyas while the Myanmar security forces have been conducting " 3488:

flew in a battalion of reinforcements to the area, triggering a public warning from the resident United Nations human rights representative to Myanmar, who urged Myanmar authorities to restrain themselves.

4650: 5782: 3921:

The following table shows the statistics of Muslim population in Arakan. The data is for all Muslims in Arakan (Rakhine), regardless of ethnicity. The data for Burmese 1802 census is taken from a book by

11303: 9636: 7141: 10972: 6409: 5431: 13414: 5314: 3492:

suffering of minorities (especially the Rohingya), calling for measures that would improve security in Myanmar for the Rohingya, but not calling for all measures sought by various Rohingya factions.

2677:

As in the rest of Burma, the IJA committed acts of rape, murder and torture against Muslims in Arakan. During this period, some 22,000 Muslims in Arakan were believed to have crossed the border into

13110: 3167:, a Burmese general who began his military career fighting for the Japanese in World War II. Ne Win carried out military operations against them over a period of two decades. The prominent one was 11813: 11984: 11858:"Nothing is wrong with calling Bengalis 'Bengalis'. They have been our neighbors, our friends and fellow citizens for centuries. Let's be honest and embrace this reality to build a better future" 11755: 11668: 5603: 4931: 3137:

while the Rakhine see themselves as victims of the British and the Burmens; both groups were and are so intent upon seeing themselves as victims that neither has much sympathy for the Rohingyas.

2763:

first appeared to distinguish settled population from newcomers: "The newcomers were called Mujahids (crusaders), in contrast to the Rwangya or settled Chittagonian population." According to the

3715:

Since 10 February 2024, the Tatmadaw reportedly conscripted young Rohingya men between the ages of 18 and 35, despite the law only applying to citizens. Including 100 men from four villages in

3279: 3559:

13 September, Myanmar's presidential spokesman announced Myanmar would establish a new commission to implement some recommendations of Annan's Rakhine Commission, in their August 2017 report.

11275: 10422: 5929: 4529: 11575: 4278:

Rohingya culture shares many similarities to that of other ethnic groups in the region. The clothing worn by most Rohingyas is indistinguishable from those worn by other groups in Myanmar.

3628:

In other cases, in Myanmar and in Bangladeshi refugee camps Hindu (particularly women) are reported to have faced kidnapping, religious abuse and "forced conversions" by Muslim Rohingyas.

2346:. The Bamar executed thousands of men and deported a considerable portion of the population to central Burma, leaving Arakan a scarcely populated area by the time the British occupied it. 11519: 3171:, which took place in 1978; as a result, many Muslims in the region fled to neighbouring Bangladesh as refugees. In addition to Bangladesh, a large number of Rohingyas also migrated to 3562:

The United Nations initially reported in early September 2017 that more than 120,000 Rohingya people had fled Myanmar for Bangladesh due to a recent rise in violence against them. The

6697: 5012: 4953: 10371: 2948:

by the national government. After the Burmese military coup in 1962, the zone was administered by the Burmese army. It was transferred to the Ministry of Home Affairs in 1964 by the

2086:

period. Arab traders are recorded in the coastal areas of southeast Bengal, bordering Arakan, since the 9th century. The Rohingya population trace their history to this period.

11773:"Today, the Myanmar junta forced the Rohingya in Buthidaung Township to take to the streets and protest against the Arakan Army, as part of their efforts to create communal tension" 3458:

Starting in early August 2017, the Myanmar security forces began "clearance operations" against the Rohingya in northern Rakhine state. Following an attack by Rohingya militants of

3110:, Burmese juntas and governments have strongly objected to the usage of the term of Rohingya, preferring to label the community as "bengali illegal immigrants". The derogatory slur 2964:

nationalised all property, including many enterprises of the white collar Burmese Indian community. Between 1962 and 1964, 320,000 Burmese Indians were forced to leave the country.

6037: 5258: 7661: 5524: 3383:

in response to attacks on border police camps by unidentified insurgents. The crackdown resulted in wide-scale human rights violations at the hands of security forces, including

3368:

On 9 October 2016, insurgents attacked three Burmese border posts along Myanmar's border with Bangladesh. According to government officials in the mainly Rohingya border town of

2944:, the zone was set up by Prime Minister U Nu after the 1960 Burmese general election, on the advice of his health minister Sultan Mahmud. The zone was administered directly from 5124: 4616:

counterproductive: it promotes a siege mentality on the part of the Rakhine, and obscures complex realities that must be understood if a sustainable way forward is to be found.

3355:

several thousand more are believed to remain trapped on boats at sea with little food or water. A Malaysian newspaper claimed crisis has been sparked by smugglers. However, the

606:

have fled to south-eastern Bangladesh alone, and more to other surrounding countries, and major Muslim nations. More than 100,000 Rohingyas in Myanmar are confined in camps for

334: 11710: 7778:

Rizvi, S.N.H. (1965). "East Pakistan District Gazetteers" (PDF). Government of East Pakistan Services and General Administration Department (1): 84. Retrieved 22 November 2016.

6742: 3704:, issued recognition of the war crimes committed by the Tatmadaw against the Rohingya people for the first time, which was hailed as a major step toward ethnic reconciliation. 5462: 10777: 5757: 5283: 13287: 7238: 3712:

attacks largely prevent Rohingya students from commuting to such institutions. These factors led numerous students to either seek opportunities abroad or drop out entirely.

13040: 10397: 8762: 5893: 5554: 12037: 10165: 12478: 12309: 12282: 9411: 8628: 6778: 5157: 13384: 12115: 11550:"Statement of the National Unity Government of Myanmar on the 4th Anniversary of the Atrocity Crimes against the Rohingya People in 2017 – MINISTRY OF FOREIGN AFFAIRS" 11345: 10872: 10640: 3665:

that relatives on Bhasan Char are being held without freedom of movement or adequate access to food or medical care, and face severe shortages of safe drinking water.

3584:

Some reports suggest that the Myanmar military has ceded some border outposts to rebels armed with wooden clubs as part of encouraging Rohingyas to leave the country.

11732: 7130: 6624:

Their large-scale migration had made Karachi one of the largest Rohingya population centres outside Myanmar but afterwards the situation started turning against them.

5204: 10820: 9520: 2222:

Even after independence from the Sultans of Bengal, the Arakanese kings continued the custom of maintaining Muslim titles. The Buddhist kings compared themselves to

12339: 6094: 5501: 4687:. Malaysian authorities have also expressed concern that militant Rohingya groups have been raising funds by extorting money from Rohingya refugees in the country. 3271: 2421:

British policy encouraged Bengali inhabitants from adjacent regions to migrate into the then lightly populated and fertile valleys of Arakan as farm labourers. The

12365: 5716: 4983: 3771:

live in Bangladesh as citizens. He concludes his sentiments by calling on the international community to move past the naming issue and encourage reconciliation.

2852:. In 1960, Mahmud suggested that either Rohingya-majority northern Arakan remain under the central government or be made a separate province. However, during the 698:

wrote an article called "A Comparative Vocabulary of Some of the Languages Spoken in the Burma Empire", which was found and republished by Michael Charney in the

13985: 13499: 7902:

Trudy, Ring; M. Salkin, Robert; La Boda, Sharon; Edited by Trudy Ring (1996). International dictionary of historic places. Chicago: Fitzroy Dearborn Publishers.

6436: 6189: 3240:

still control much of the country's government, including the ministries of home, defence and border affairs, 25% of seats in parliament and one vice-president.

2256:, a renowned poet in the Arakanese court. The slave population were employed in a variety of workforces, including in the king's army, commerce and agriculture. 11889: 9352: 6521: 5855: 13915: 11311: 10710: 9738: 9643: 11437: 10528: 9321: 6134: 2094:

clearly contradicts historian Yegar's findings which say, even in 1203, Bengal is the easternmost point of Islamic expansion, not to say further into Arakan.

13925: 13022: 11626: 8130: 6416: 5439: 13421: 10448: 4798:

Selth in 2003: "These are Bengali Muslims who live in Arakan State ... Most Rohingyas arrived with the British colonialists in the 19th and 20th centuries."

13120: 8122: 6301: 4796:(Leider 2013: 215–216): Lewa in 2002 wrote that "the Rohingya Muslims are ethnically and religiously related to the Chittagonians of southern Bangladesh." 3391:, arsons, and other brutalities. The military crackdown on Rohingyas drew criticism from various quarters including the United Nations, human rights group 2291:

by the royal Mughal refugees. According to varying accounts, Shuja's family was killed by the Arakanese, while Shuja himself may have fled to a kingdom in

12856: 12089: 9871: 5056: 3012:

Scholars like Maung Zarni have argued that Burmese military ‘encoded its anti-Indian and anti-Muslim racism in its laws and policies’. He further argues;

11805: 10681: 9795: 2029:

have inhabited Arakan since 3000 BCE but there is no archaeological evidence to support the claim. By the 4th century, Arakan became one of the earliest

11996: 11747: 11660: 4939: 3834:

On 24 August 2018, the day before the anniversary of the eruption of extreme violence that came to be known as the "Rohingya Crisis," the office of the

3577:, criticised the media's reporting on the crisis, saying that her government is protecting everyone in Rakhine state, and argued that the reporting was 13845: 13559: 5894:""The Muslims in Rakhine and the political project of the Rohingyas": Historical background of an unresolved communal conflict in contemporary Myanmar" 3200:

Some Rohingya politicians have labelled Burmese and international historians as "Rakhine sympathizers" for rejecting the purported historical origins.

602:, the Rohingya population in Myanmar was close to 1.4 million, chiefly in the northern Rakhine townships, which were 80–98% Rohingya. Since 2015, over 10839: 8647: 3106:

can be traced back to the pre-colonial period. The Rohingya community have also been known as Arakanese Indians and Arakanese Muslims. Since the 1982

2482:. The Burmese under British rule felt helpless, and reacted with a "racism that combined feelings of superiority and fear". Professor Andrew Selth of 575:. The UN human rights envoy to Myanmar reported "the long history of discrimination and persecution against the Rohingya community... could amount to 13880: 13766: 13243: 9711: 6569: 3835: 3828: 12901: 11196: 4683:

Some countries like Malaysia have rejected the resettlement of Rohingya refugees and sent them back to sea because of economic difficulties and the

4641:

On 29 March 2014, the Burmese government banned the word "Rohingya" and asked that members of the minority group be registered as "Bengalis" in the

13945: 13601: 8693: 7089: 6670: 5937: 5016: 4731: 4487:, Rohingya children in Myanmar face low birth weight, malnutrition, diarrhoea, and barriers to reproduction on reaching adulthood. Rohingya have a 4453:. The government restricts their educational opportunities; as a result, many pursue fundamental Islamic studies as their only option. Mosques and 3484: 3114:

is widely used in Myanmar against the Rohingya. Myanmar's government has often pressured diplomats and foreign delegates against uttering the term

13147: 12514: 11583: 11134: 9385: 9224: 5607: 3413:(RSO), an Islamist insurgent group mainly active in the 1980s and 1990s, for the attacks; however, on 17 October 2016, a group calling itself the 2127: 2025:, an old coastal country in Southeast Asia. It is not clear who the original settlers of Arakan were. Burmese traditional history claims that the 13865: 13761: 13712: 13616: 13611: 2981:. The return of refugees to Burma has been the second largest repatriation process in Asia after the return of Cambodian refugees from Thailand. 8613: 7285: 14191: 14162: 14147: 14099: 14074: 14030: 13855: 13830: 13677: 13606: 10067: 6854: 11527: 5641: 5581: 14341: 14172: 14020: 13795: 13751: 13746: 13697: 6075: 4598: 3563: 3351: 2192:

King Min Saw Mon ceded some territory to the Sultan of Bengal and recognised his sovereignty over the areas. In recognition of his kingdom's

883: 12219: 11687: 11645: 11604: 8988:"Burma/Bangladesh: Burmese Refugees In Bangladesh – Historical Background". Human Rights Watch. Human Rights Watch. Retrieved 22 March 2018. 6542: 4961: 3774:

According to Rohingya who escaped conscription, Tatmadaw commanders quote the Qu'ran to instill religious conflict against the Arakan Army.

14321: 14316: 14221: 14079: 13790: 13771: 11057: 8668:

Encyclopedia of Diasporas: Immigrant and Refugee Cultures Around the World. Volume I: Overviews and Topics; Volume II: Diaspora Communities

5284:

https://www.unhcr.org/news/briefing/2020/10/5f8d7c004/unhcr-calls-solidarity-support-solutions-rohingya-refugees-ahead-urgent.html,accessed

4597:

Members of the Rohingya community were displaced to Bangladesh where the government of the country, non-governmental organisations and the

4525:

in Cox's Bazar, Bangladesh. The camp is one of three, which house up to 300,000 Rohingya people fleeing inter-communal violence in Myanmar.

4496:

in internally displaced persons camp within Myanmar at a rate five times that of diarrhoeal illness among children in the rest of Rakhine.

4361:

spoken in the southernmost part of Bangladesh bordering Myanmar. While both Rohingya and Chittagonian are related to Bengali, they are not

3804:, along with the group Fortify Rights, found that the Myanmar military was systematically targeting the Rohingya population because of its 13355: 10291: 5962: 4638:

Myanmar agreed to take back registered Rohingya refugees. However, these repatriation efforts were hampered by the Rakhine riots in 2012.

4541:

The Rohingya people have been described as "one of the world's least wanted minorities" and "some of the world's most persecuted people".

2697:, instead of fighting the Japanese, destroyed Buddhist monasteries, pagodas, and houses, and committed atrocities in northern Arakan. The 14241: 13980: 13825: 13736: 13731: 13707: 10502: 10212: 8795: 3887: 3820: 3556:

The violence and humanitarian 'catastrophe,' inflamed international tensions, especially in the region, and throughout the Muslim world.

3314:

Rakhines were equally poor. In July 2012, the Burmese Government did not include the Rohingya minority group in the census—classified as

3257: 2467: 1906: 599: 13172: 11908: 11290: 11259: 10931: 10042: 8843: 7193: 14331: 14246: 13990: 13870: 9842: 8821: 7671: 5532: 3792:

concluded that the government of Myanmar was waging a concerted campaign against the Rohingya, a campaign which could be classified as

3229:

their will. In 2009, a senior Burmese envoy to Hong Kong branded the Rohingyas "ugly as ogres" and a people that are alien to Myanmar.

2662:

were exaggerated. In March 1942, Rohingyas from northern Arakan killed around 20,000 Arakanese. In return, around 5,000 Muslims in the

2177:

who came with him formed their own settlements in the region. The Santikan Mosque built in the 1430s, features a court which "measures

2003: 12207: 11857: 10321: 8250:

The Tropical World: a Popular Scientific Account of the Natural History of the Animal and Vegetable Kingdoms in the Equatorial Regions

5161: 4665:

against the Rohingya. In November 2016, a senior UN official in Bangladesh accused Myanmar of ethnic cleansing of Rohingyas. However,

14271: 14266: 14261: 14025: 14005: 13875: 13850: 13702: 13476:

Between integration and secession: The Muslim communities of the Southern Philippines, Southern Thailand, and Western Burma / Myanmar

13394: 11702: 10760: 8430: 6756: 5992: 3296:. The Burmese government denied having organised the pogroms, but has never prosecuted anyone for the attacks against the Rohingyas. 2658: 2078:

merchants had been in contact with Arakan since the third century, using the Bay of Bengal to reach Arakan. A southern branch of the

1557: 341: 12948: 11463: 11378: 5737:

Tutu, Desmond, former Archbishop of Cape Town, South Africa, Nobel Peace Prize (anti-apartheid and national-reconciliation leader),

5470: 4369:

of Myanmar, and face problems in integration. Rohingya scholars have written the Rohingya language in various scripts including the

2375:". However, according to Derek Tokin, Hamilton no longer used the term to refer to the Muslims in Arakan in his later publications. 2070:, Arakan was a key centre of maritime trade and cultural exchange between Burma and the outside world, since the time of the Indian 14306: 14089: 13905: 13900: 13895: 13885: 13860: 12594: 10781: 10108: 6115: 5754: 3610:

called for de-escalating the situation, reestablishing law and order, protecting civilians, and resolution of the refugee problem.

3039:, military operations targeting Muslims (who strongly favoured the pro-democracy movement) began in Arakan State. The Rohingya-led 2635: 13308: 13077: 10615: 7246: 5132: 3767:

where he posited that calling Rohingya people living in Myanmar "Bengali" is not malicious in itself. He further points out that

3090:

community, even though the Rohingya formed a substantial part of the population. The name of the region was historically known as

3043:

political party was banned and its leaders were jailed. Suu Kyi herself was placed under house arrest by the junta led by General

13970: 13960: 13940: 13910: 13054: 10902: 7332: 6704: 5562: 4673: 3330: 2904: 12317: 12045: 7686: 6171: 3283:

2014 view of ruins of Narzi, former Rohingya neighbourhood in Sittwe town destroyed and razed in the 2012 anti-Rohingya pogroms.

2726:

government. In 1946, calls were made for annexation of the territory by Pakistan as well as of an independent state. Before the

804: 461:, access to state education and civil service jobs. The legal conditions faced by the Rohingya in Myanmar have been compared to 14477: 13552: 13251: 13208: 12489: 10238: 8434: 6978: 6933: 5493: 5183: 4646: 2809: 2230:

rulers. They also continued to employ Muslims in prestigious positions within the royal administration. Some of them worked as

12286: 11100: 10127: 10085: 9921: 6354: 5223: 4385:, where Hanifi is a newly developed alphabet derived from Arabic with the addition of four characters from Latin and Burmese. 3406:

has particularly been criticised for her inaction and silence over the issue and for doing little to prevent military abuses.

2940:

A separate administrative zone for the Rohingya-majority northern areas of Arakan existed between 1961 and 1964. Known as the

1045: 14462: 13488: 13449: 13302: 11959: 11334: 9419: 9296: 9272: 8973: 8927: 8902: 8676: 8518: 8493: 8368: 8332: 8275: 8231: 8163: 8079: 7887: 7843: 7816: 7763: 7626: 7517: 7490: 7445: 7405: 7373: 5812: 5340: 4915: 4699: 2245:

in the Arakanese courts, which, despite remaining Buddhist, adopted Islamic fashions from the neighbouring Bengal Sultanate.

1926: 868: 13381: 12652: 10560: 6789: 14442: 11725: 8550:

Burmese Outpost (Memoirs of a British Officer who fought in Arakan with the Arakanese V Forces during the Second World War)

5208: 4654: 4565:. The citizenship law also significantly underlies the human rights violations against the Rohingya by the military. 3809: 3697: 3681: 3524:

However, in December 2017, following a detailed survey of Rohingya refugees, a humanitarian organisation serving refugees,

2169:. After 24 years of exile in Bengal, he regained control of the Arakanese throne in 1430 with military assistance from the 1876: 552: 12830: 11179: 10265: 9528: 8999: 5091: 4509: 3066:

After diplomatic negotiations, a repatriation agreement was put in place to allow the return of refugees to Burma under a

12752: 9689: 9194: 5030: 4557:. They have been denied Burmese citizenship since the 1982 nationality law was enacted. Post the 1982 law, Burma has had 4481:

The Rohingya face discrimination and barriers to health care. According to a 2016 study published in the medical journal

3545:. In addition, 12,000 Rakhine Buddhists, and other non-Muslim Rakhine state residents were displaced within the country. 2249: 2045:

inscriptions in the region indicate that the founders of the first Arakanese states were Indian. Arakan was ruled by the

11159: 10344: 6283: 4993: 2864:-style political system. The 1982 Burmese citizenship law stripped most of the Rohingyas of their stake in citizenship. 14452: 12624: 9577: 6708: 5707: 3133:

wrote in 2015 that from the 1940s on and right to this day, the Burmens have seen and see themselves as victims of the

888: 13508: 10546: 6440: 5778: 5659: 14447: 13545: 13344: 12975: 12186: 11882: 11493: 10665: 8398: 8204: 7907: 6838: 6212: 5852: 4853: 4513: 4424: 3396: 1372: 290: 6639: 58: 13531: 12561: 9822: 9329: 4932:"WHO appeals for international community support; warns of grave health risks to Rohingya refugees in rainy season" 4741: 3410: 3040: 2876: 317: 13295:

Tradition and Modernity in Myanmar: Proceedings of an International Conference held in Berlin from 7 to 9 May 1993

12452: 12408: 11619: 10840:"Myanmar/Bangladesh: MSF surveys estimate that at least 6,700 Rohingya were killed during the attacks in Myanmar," 9471: 3621:

By the end of September, conflicts between Rohingya Muslims and outnumbered Hindus, became apparent—including the

13256: 13216: 10996: 8442: 6983: 6015: 4775:

In a subsequent article, the same author notes the creation of an association of Muslim teachers in 1936 called "

4695: 4658: 3891: 3168: 1627: 1472: 700: 603: 88: 11930: 3756:, the Tatmadaw compelled Rohingya in Buthidaung Township to demonstrate against AA to stir up communal tension. 547:

by the Rohingya have taken place since the 1940s and the population as a whole has faced military crackdowns in

14467: 12515:""The world's most persecuted people" Katja Dombrowski interviews Johannes Kaltenbach (Malteser International)" 7666: 6586: 6207: 5064: 4414: 3591:

diplomat stated that at least 3000 people were killed by Myanmar security forces in August and September 2017.

3459: 3441: 3414: 2907:

banned the National Democratic Party for Human Rights in 1992. Its leaders were arrested, jailed and tortured.

2651: 1996: 1547: 571:

since August 2017. UN officials and Human Rights Watch have described Myanmar's persecution of the Rohingya as

482: 12018: 6323: 3693: 3160: 2857: 2788: 730:

listed "Ruinga" as an ethnic group with a distinct language in a compendium of languages published in German.

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issued a statement, 13 September 2017, implying that the situation facing the Rohingya in Rakhine state was "

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and extremist Buddhists started a major crackdown on the Rohingya Muslims in the country's western region of

3032: 2916: 2896: 2872: 2853: 2838: 2826: 2556: 1901: 12383: 12067: 11118: 10733: 9441: 9068: 8008: 5668: 3883: 3840: 3701: 3253: 3233: 2615:. The period also witnessed violence between groups loyal to the British and the Burmese nationalists. The 2548: 1567: 1407: 595: 560: 478: 13252:"A Comparative Vocabulary of Some of the Languages Spoken in the Burma Empire written by Francis Buchanan" 5875: 4792:

See (Leider 2013) for a comprehensive survey of the academic opinion on the historical usage of the term.

3275:

Emergency food, drinking water and shelter to help people displaced in Rakhine State, western Burma, 2012.

3220:

The military junta that ruled Myanmar for half a century relied heavily on mixing Burmese nationalism and

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Leider, Jacques (2018). "Rohingya: The History of a Muslim Identity in Myanmar". In Ludden, David (ed.).

12796: 10645: 9767: 9168: 6332: 5749: 4653:

that called on the government of Myanmar to end the discrimination and persecution. Researchers from the

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in the 1940s, Rohingya Muslims in western Burma organised a separatist movement to merge the region into

1824: 1642: 607: 249: 7100: 8799: 5996: 5584:. Burma/Bangladesh – Burmese Refugees in Bangladesh: Still No Durable Solution (Report). Vol. 12. 4756: 3677: 2960:

Racism towards people with links to the Indian subcontinent increased after the 1962 Burmese coup. The

2764: 2252:

following raids into Bengal. Slaves included members of the Mughal nobility. A notable royal slave was

1572: 1185: 903: 244: 4794:(Leider 2013: 216) citing Christina Fink: "small armed group of Muslims generally known as Rohingya". 2334:'s conquest of Arakan in 1785, as many as 35,000 people of the Rakhine State fled to the neighbouring 14482: 14457: 14362: 9524: 8946: 8694:"Why India should intervene in Myanmar crisis: Like Rohingyas, Indians were once driven out of Burma" 7295: 6493: 5738: 5621: 4666: 4518: 2519:, the Arakan region was historically most accessible by sea. In British Arakan Division, the port of 2354: 1989: 1936: 1881: 1871: 1834: 17: 12926: 12811: 12791: 9942: 9243: 7044: 6827:

Habib, Mohshin; Jubb, Christine; Ahmad, Salahuddin; Rahman, Masudur; Pallard, Henri (18 July 2018).

14437: 13568: 13280: 13115: 10619: 10580:"Prevalence of violence against children: Evidence from 2017 Rohingya Refugee crises | Request PDF" 5629: 5589: 5251:"Aung San Suu Kyi 'should have resigned' over Rohingya Muslim genocide, says UN human rights chief" 3927: 3288: 3249: 2998: 2961: 2842: 2616: 2587: 2212: 1946: 1747: 1742: 1317: 638: 556: 327: 309: 213: 7862:

The History of India from the Earliest Ages: pt. I. Mussulman rule. pt.II. Mogul empire. Aurangzeb

2825:

Commission charged with exploring whether Arakan Division should be granted statehood. During the

13480: 12223: 11683: 11641: 10166:"'Enough is enough': Malaysian PM Najib Razak asks Aung San Suu Kyi to prevent Rohingya violence" 9716: 8748: 7074: 6698:"Mission report of OHCHR rapid response mission to Cox's Bazar, Bangladesh, 13–24 September 2017" 5373:"The Rohingyas of Rakhine State: Social Evolution and History in the Light of Ethnic Nationalism" 4558: 4522: 4505: 4354: 3923: 3723: 3622: 3509: 3451: 3107: 2990: 2912: 2846: 2578:

Their elections in the Burmese native category set them apart from immigrant Indian legislators.

2248:

The population increased in the 17th century, as slaves were brought in by Arakanese raiders and

1008: 576: 474: 454: 269: 11197:"Exclusive: Forced to remove sindoor, read namaz: Horror engulfs Hindu Rohingya women in camps," 9668: 14384: 13840: 13687: 13376:

Mahmood, Syed S., et al. "The Rohingya people of Myanmar: health, human rights, and identity."

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are present in most villages. Traditionally, men pray in congregations and women pray at home.

4362: 3727: 3595: 3384: 2941: 2935: 2604: 1916: 1707: 1487: 943: 13366: 12340:"Bangladeshis should remember their own history when it comes to the fleeing Rohingya Muslims" 12268: 9262: 8892: 8666: 8388: 8360: 8248: 8192: 8153: 8074:. Australia: Strategic and Defence Studies Centre, Australian National University. p. 7. 7958: 7877: 7860: 7833: 7753: 5958: 5802: 3636:

described as "the world's fastest-developing refugee emergency ... a humanitarian nightmare."

14411: 13474: 13336: 10873:"Myanmar Rohingya refugee crisis: Rohingya insurgents declare temporary ceasefire in Myanmar" 8265: 8221: 8095: 7806: 7507: 7480: 7435: 7395: 7363: 7201: 4586: 4582: 4578: 4358: 3392: 2973: 2608: 2287:. In December 1660, the Arakanese king confiscated Shuja's gold and jewellery, leading to an 1400: 1367: 1327: 1070: 1060: 848: 764: 726:

of 1811 identified "Rooinga" as one of the languages spoken in the "Burmah Empire". In 1815,

548: 521: 12705: 11605:

Doh Athan Episode 318: Rakhine Conflict Travel Restrictions add to Woes of Rohingya Students

7835:

Creolization and Diaspora in the Portuguese Indies: The Social World of Ayutthaya, 1640–1720

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of the entire world's stateless population is Rohingya according to United Nations figures.

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from Bangladesh since 1982. About 140,000 Rohingya in Myanmar remain confined in IDP camps.

587:, enforced disappearances, arbitrary arrests and detentions, torture and ill-treatment, and 14357: 14301: 12769: 12164: 11992: 11861: 11834: 11776: 11183: 11163: 10266:"'It will blow up': fears Myanmar's deadly crackdown on Muslims will spiral out of control" 6041: 6038:"U.N. calls for Myanmar generals to be tried for genocide, blames Facebook for incitement," 6022: 5978: 4350: 3813: 3696:, a growing number of Burmese have voiced support for the Rohingya people. The underground 3154:

party in northern Arakan in 1947. The aim of the Mujahid party was to create an autonomous

3141: 2801: 2552: 2495:

their permanent settlement in Akyab. 41% of Muslims of Burma lived in Arakan at that time.

2466:, the Indian immigrants formed a majority of the population. All of Burma was officially a 1921: 1814: 1552: 1482: 1417: 1245: 1240: 1130: 1075: 948: 878: 727: 13398: 13111:"Militant Rohingya group raises funds in Malaysia by extorting money from Muslim refugees" 12598: 8723: 7482:

Westerners in China: A History of Exploration and Trade, Ancient Times through the Present

7286:"Why Burma is trying to stop people from using the name of its persecuted Muslim minority" 6250:"Crimes Against Humanity and Ethnic Cleansing of Rohingya Muslims in Burma's Arakan State" 3866: 8: 13672: 12991:

Rohingya, an ethnic Muslim minority currently being subjected to an unmistakable genocide

12952: 11471: 11340: 11218:"Rohingya refugees have 'absolutely nothing'; A perilous journey for Rohingya refugees," 10857: 8291: 6948: 4642: 4562: 4550: 4410: 3862:

The yellow-green striped section show the approximate location of the Rohingya in Myanmar

3843:

and charged with "crimes against humanity", including "ethnic cleansing" and "genocide."

3716: 3542: 2922:

As of 2017, Burma does not have a single Rohingya MP and the Rohingya population have no

2880: 2830: 2752: 2731: 2528: 2483: 2335: 2322:. The Mughals placed the northern part of Arakan under its administration and vassalage. 2260: 1784: 1737: 1717: 1457: 1377: 1352: 1257: 1230: 1180: 1150: 1140: 1055: 1015: 988: 973: 928: 863: 749: 517: 458: 4461:

past, they have also been arrested for teaching and practising their religious beliefs.

3633: 2919:, on grounds that his parents were not Burmese citizens under the 1982 citizenship law. 2734:, the founder of Pakistan, and asked his assistance in incorporating the Mayu region to 2401: 1035: 767:

referred to the victims as "Bengali Muslims (called Rohingyas)". Nevertheless, the term

528:

in Bangladesh. It argues that a distinct precolonial Muslim population is recognized as

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Maritime Enterprise and Empire: Sir William Mackinnon and His Business Network, 1823–93

7533: 6253: 6120: 5673: 5585: 5432:"Nobel Peace Prize winner accused of overlooking 'ethnic cleansing' in her own country" 5412: 5384: 4988: 4907: 4884: 3801: 3553:

Myanmar government dismissed the gesture, saying "we don't negotiate with terrorists."

3306: 2524: 2422: 2166: 2030: 1866: 1777: 1712: 1582: 1527: 1497: 1412: 1337: 1332: 1312: 1200: 1190: 993: 537: 493: 13460: 12532: 9550: 7340: 4872: 4661:

suggest that the Myanmar government is in the final stages of an organised process of

3745:, and preventing foreign armed groups from using Bangladesh as a guerrilla sanctuary. 2592: 13810: 13484: 13445: 13340: 13298: 13225: 13004: 12949:"Campaigns of violence towards Rohingya are highly organised and genocidal in intent" 12264: 10939: 10579: 9360: 9268: 9023: 8969: 8966:

The Talibanization of Southeast Asia: Losing the War on Terror to Islamist Extremists

8923: 8898: 8770: 8672: 8514: 8489: 8451: 8394: 8364: 8353: 8328: 8271: 8227: 8200: 8159: 8075: 7903: 7883: 7839: 7812: 7759: 7622: 7513: 7486: 7441: 7401: 7369: 6834: 6269: 5808: 5625: 5416: 5404: 5336: 4911: 4888: 4876: 4684: 4677: 4607: 4346: 4340: 3797: 3783: 3742: 3343: 3261: 2994: 2884: 2856:, Prime Minister U Nu's pledges included making all of Arakan into one province. The 2714: 2690: 2620: 2508: 2426: 2272: 1911: 1896: 1839: 1799: 1794: 1762: 1632: 1562: 1537: 1512: 1467: 1452: 1422: 1357: 1307: 1287: 1282: 1277: 1165: 1110: 1085: 918: 913: 893: 858: 843: 584: 564: 544: 516:; historically, the region was an independent kingdom between Southeast Asia and the 505: 445: 409: 295: 285: 264: 180: 31: 11865: 11838: 10449:"More than 1,000 Rohingya feared killed in Myanmar crackdown, say UN officials" 8459: 6952: 6111: 6109: 5187: 2903:, who was placed under house arrest and not permitted to become prime minister. The 2845:, a former politician in British India, became Minister of Health in the cabinet of 2782:, a member of Burma's constituent assembly, called for recognising Rohingyas in 1948 683:

would then mean "inhabitant of Rohang", which was the early Muslim name for Arakan.

14251: 13975: 13950: 13800: 13621: 13332: 12660: 11608: 11269: 11255: 10764: 10756: 10636: 7749: 6929: 6906:

Sittwe burns (13 June 2015). "The most persecuted people on Earth? The Rohingyas".

6880: 6678: 6674: 6095:"Myanmar Generals Had 'Genocidal Intent' Against Rohingya, Must Face Justice: U.N." 5779:

https://www.icj-cij.org/public/files/case-related/178/178-20200123-ORD-01-00-EN.pdf

5394: 5227: 4868: 4420: 4382: 3824: 3685: 3606: 3599: 3574: 3463: 3403: 3028: 2900: 2667: 2516: 2331: 2276: 2235: 2231: 2205: 2201: 2170: 2151: 2132: 2116: 1961: 1859: 1829: 1819: 1767: 1727: 1687: 1682: 1677: 1667: 1657: 1652: 1647: 1637: 1622: 1617: 1612: 1607: 1602: 1577: 1517: 1492: 1477: 1432: 1382: 1292: 1267: 1145: 1135: 1095: 1065: 1050: 1030: 1020: 1003: 998: 963: 958: 908: 853: 828: 796: 695: 657: 642: 572: 426: 361: 239: 13209:"The Development of a Muslim Enclave in Arakan (Rakhine) State of Burma (Myanmar)" 11772: 11576:"Why the National Unity Government's Statement on Myanmar's Rohingya Is Important" 8435:"The Development of a Muslim Enclave in Arakan (Rakhine) State of Burma (Myanmar)" 8197:

Encyclopedia of the Stateless Nations: Ethnic and National Groups Around the World

6270:"UN expert alarmed at worsening human rights situation in Myanmar’s Rakhine state" 5853:

https://storage.googleapis.com/kofiannanfoundation.org/2017/08/FinalReport_Eng.pdf

3027:

After Burmese military junta began persecuting the political opposition following

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status, the Buddhist kings of Arakan received Islamic titles and used the Bengali

2154:

in the 9th century. The Rakhines established numerous cities in the valley of the

14416: 14389: 14374: 14152: 13995: 13741: 13388: 13244:"Burma's Western Border as Reported by the Diplomatic Correspondence (1947–1975)" 11893: 11885: 11817: 11759: 11736: 11714: 11691: 11672: 11649: 11630: 11623: 11282: 10068:"Myanmar seeking ethnic cleansing, says UN official as Rohingya flee persecution" 9739:"South-east Asia migrant crisis: Gambia offers to resettle all Rohingya refugees" 9611: 7789: 7616: 7290: 6912:'Rohingya' simply means 'inhabitant of Rohang', the early Muslim name for Arakan. 6671:"US Holocaust Museum highlights plight of Myanmar's downtrodden Rohingya Muslims" 6106: 6056: 5966: 5859: 5786: 5761: 5663: 5645: 5637: 5291: 4746: 4603: 4488: 4374: 4370: 3789: 3760: 3504: 3446: 3318: 2952:. The socialist military government inducted the zone into Arakan State in 1974. 2702: 2663: 2647: 2396: 2284: 2280: 2239: 2147: 2046: 1956: 1809: 1789: 1772: 1757: 1752: 1732: 1702: 1697: 1672: 1662: 1595: 1532: 1522: 1502: 1442: 1437: 1427: 1362: 1347: 1252: 1225: 1215: 1175: 1160: 1155: 1105: 1100: 1040: 978: 938: 833: 821: 513: 13965: 11977: 9872:"'They hit us, with hammers, by knife': Rohingya migrants tell of horror at sea" 8428: 7879:

A Comprehensive History of Medieval India: Twelfth to the Mid-Eighteenth Century

6737: 6735: 6733: 6640:"Trapped inside Burma's refugee camps, the Rohingya people call for recognition" 2161:

Early evidence of Bengali Muslim settlements in Arakan date back to the time of

536:". Rohingya campaign groups and human rights organizations demand the right to " 14406: 14394: 14379: 14296: 14291: 14256: 14236: 14226: 14206: 14130: 14045: 13935: 13890: 13805: 13692: 13682: 13636: 13578: 13045: 12874: 12683: 11684:

Junta forces abduct 100 young Muslims from Buthidaung to enroll in conscription

11411: 11238: 11217: 11082: 11031: 11012: 10802: 10479: 10194: 10147: 10029:"Is The Lady listening? Aung San Suu Kyi accused of ignoring Myanmar's Muslims" 9996: 9970: 9896: 8094:

Myanmar's 'Rohingya' Conflict By Anthony Ware, Costas Laoutides page 78 and 79

6979:"A Comnparative vocabulary of some of the Languages Spoken in the Burma Empire" 6465: 6235: 6156: 5494:"Rohingya Muslims Are the Most Persecuted Minority in the World: Who Are They?" 5099: 5038: 4723: 3768: 3578: 3570: 3134: 3087: 2817: 2727: 2671: 2612: 2479: 2376: 2268: 2026: 1951: 1941: 1931: 1844: 1804: 1722: 1692: 1507: 1447: 1387: 1342: 1322: 1297: 1272: 1235: 1220: 1195: 1170: 1080: 1025: 968: 953: 933: 923: 898: 838: 745: 496:

to western Myanmar with a heritage of over a millennium and influence from the

466: 11806:

Myanmar Junta ‘Orchestrating Rohingya Protests’ Against Arakan Army in Rakhine

10729: 10727: 10725: 10723: 10345:"Exclusive: Children among hundreds of Rohingya detained in Myanmar crackdown" 8894:

A Modern History of Southeast Asia: Decolonization, Nationalism and Separatism

8390:

A Modern History of Southeast Asia: Decolonization, Nationalism and Separatism

8155:

A Modern History of Southeast Asia: Decolonization, Nationalism and Separatism

6934:"A Comparative Vocabulary of Some of the Languages Spoken in the Burma Empire" 6828: 6743:"UN report details brutal Myanmar effort to drive out half a million Rohingya" 6090: 6088: 6025:, 39th session, 10–28 September 2018, Agenda item 4. Retrieved 28 August 2018. 5399: 5372: 3816:

issued a report stating that a genocide is taking place against the Rohingya.

2279:. Shuja and his entourage arrived in Arakan on 26 August 1660. He was granted 14431: 14336: 14311: 14211: 14050: 14040: 13930: 13656: 13626: 13596: 13587: 12562:"Sanctuary Under a Plastic Sheet–The Unresolved Problem of Rohingya Refugees" 12120: 11809: 11751: 11729: 11706: 11664: 11094: 10943: 10529:"Dutch House of Representatives adopts motion for probe on Rohingya genocide" 10474: 10472: 10470: 9712:"Rohingya Refugee Crisis Likely to Ease During Monsoon, but Only Temporarily" 9364: 8869: 8774: 8455: 7014: 6730: 5774: 5408: 4783:". This may be a different translation for the name of the same organisation. 4651:

United States House resolution on persecution of the Rohingya people in Burma

4570: 4378: 3876: 3738: 3380: 3315: 3205: 3155: 3129: 3083: 3056: 3036: 3002: 2868: 2730:

of Burma in January 1948, Muslim leaders from Arakan addressed themselves to

2718: 2532: 2446: 2438: 2319: 2264: 2227: 2071: 2067: 2050: 1891: 1886: 1542: 1462: 1302: 1262: 1210: 1205: 1123: 1090: 983: 873: 734: 676: 501: 437: 110: 11661:

Rohingya Men in Myanmar Are Being Forcibly Recruited by The Junta’s Military

11189: 11155: 11153: 9796:"Malaysia tells thousands of Rohingya refugees to 'go back to your country'" 9585: 9551:"UN refugee agency redeploys staff to address humanitarian needs in Myanmar" 8318: 8316: 7140:. Myanmar Egress and the Myanmar Peace Center; Network Myanmar. p. 16. 6377: 6052: 6050: 4293:(loincloths) covering down to the ankles. Religious scholars prefer wearing 14201: 14157: 14065: 14015: 13920: 13835: 13722: 13651: 13537: 12249: 11748:

AA Offers Save Haven to Rohingya Targeted for Conscription by Myanmar Junta

11160:"Grave of 28 Hindus Killed by Rohingya Militants Found, Says Myanmar Army," 11143: 10720: 10676: 10661: 10659: 10657: 10655: 10484: 10047: 9800: 9743: 9607: 8263: 7963: 6747: 6317: 6315: 6208:"Hindus From Myanmar Join Muslim Rohingyas in Seeking Refuge in Bangladesh" 6085: 5656: 4880: 4450: 4320: 3907: 3805: 3753: 2923: 2805: 2779: 2722: 2721:. The commitments of the British regarding the status of Muslims after the 2698: 2503: 2475: 2339: 2303: 2288: 2216: 2193: 1979: 588: 470: 429: 201: 147: 11985:"Myanmar 'planned' Rohingya attacks, possibly 'genocide': UN rights chief" 11520:"Beyond the Coup in Myanmar: The Views of Rohingya Refugees in Bangladesh" 11058:"Dhaka claims 3,000 Rohingyas have been killed by Myanmar security forces" 10467: 8648:"No vote, no candidates: Myanmar's Muslims barred from their own election" 7919:

Majumdar, Ramesh Chandra; Pusalker, A. D.; Majumdar, A. K., eds. (2007) .

7748: 6076:"Investigators call for genocide prosecutions over slaughter of Rohingyas" 6011: 6009: 3858: 524:

considers the Rohingya as British colonial and postcolonial migrants from

14326: 14231: 14216: 14196: 14182: 14104: 14094: 14010: 13955: 13781: 13646: 13641: 13470: 12773: 12427: 12208:“Bola Fira” is a traditional Rohingya sweet dish served during the summer 11830: 11780: 11248: 11201: 11150: 11128: 10997:"Aung San Suu Kyi breaks silence on Rohingya, sparks storm of criticism," 10849: 10821:"At Least 6,700 Myanmar Rohingya Killed In Single Month, Aid Group Says," 10796: 10398:"Nearly 400 die as Myanmar army steps up crackdown on Rohingya militants" 9496: 8313: 7621:. Oo Thein Maung. pp. –17, 19–20, 77–78 with footnote 119, 239–240. 7009: 6071: 6069: 6047: 5731: 5604:"Kofi Annan–led commission calls on Myanmar to end Rohingya restrictions" 4694:, such as: Abulyatama University, Bina Bangsa Getsempena University, and 4581:, the Rohingya have been subjected to human rights violations by Burma's 4438: 3709: 3650: 3347: 3060: 2888: 2879:

won four seats in the Burmese parliament. The four Rohingya MPs included

2861: 2564: 2471: 2343: 2318:

from the Kingdom of Mrauk U. The Mughal expedition continued up till the

2219:

in 1437 and Chittagong in 1459. Arakan would hold Chittagong until 1666.

2162: 2155: 2075: 691: 450: 11213: 11211: 10752: 10750: 10748: 10746: 10652: 10372:"Hundreds of Rohingya held for consorting with insurgents in Bangladesh" 8844:"Poverty-stricken Bangladesh struggles to absorb Rohingya refugees from" 6325:

Forced labour in Myanmar (Burma): Report of the Commission of Inquiry...

6312: 6116:"Year After Rohingya Massacres, Top Generals Unrepentant and Unpunished" 5184:"Bangladesh: Investigate Abductions, Protect Ethnic-Rohingya Christians" 4397: 3517:

earlier)—attacking Rohingya villages throughout northern Rakhine state.

3082:. In the 1990s, the junta changed the name of the province of Arakan to 2775: 2474:('the Raj') from November 1885 until 1937, when Burma became a separate 14286: 14167: 14120: 14084: 14055: 13820: 13756: 13148:"Indonesian students evict Rohingya from shelter demanding deportation" 13023:"Justice and the Rohingya people are the losers in Asia's new cold war" 12902:"House passes resolution pressuring Burmese government to end genocide" 11276:"Asia's largest refugee crisis: Myanmar tops as 500,000 Rohingya flee," 10706: 10704: 10702: 10700: 10698: 10696: 10694: 10692: 10690: 10423:"Exclusive: More than 1,000 feared killed in Myanmar army crackdown on" 6272:, 7 April 2014, United Nations News Centre. Retrieved 18 September 2017 6057:"Myanmar Rohingya: UN says military leaders must face genocide charges" 6018:

Report of the Independent International Fact-Finding Mission on Myanmar

6006: 4703: 4690:

On 27 December 2023, hundreds of students from various universities in

4590: 4483: 4474: 3850:

revealed an extensive plan by the Tatmadaw to eradicate the Rohingyas.

3827:

to describe the exodus of Rohingya from Myanmar. In December 2017, the

3176: 2834: 2813: 2748: 2572: 2442: 2359: 2315: 2215:'s death in 1433, Narameikhla's successors invaded Bengal and occupied 2197: 2034: 706: 568: 525: 12038:"New evidence shows how Myanmar's military planned the Rohingya purge" 11135:"Myanmar: bodies of 28 Hindu villagers found in Rakhine, army claims," 10992: 10990: 9498: 8664: 8486:

Genocide and gross human rights violations: in comparative perspective

6302:"Burmese government accused of trying to 'expel' all Rohingya Muslims" 6066: 5152: 5150: 3243: 618:

The modern term Rohingya emerged from colonial and pre-colonial terms

14281: 13815: 11208: 11173: 11101:"Aung San Suu Kyi, a Much-Changed Icon, Evades Rohingya Accusations," 11076: 10743: 10170: 9943:"Eight dead in clashes between Myanmar army and militants in Rakhine" 9000:"From South to South: Refugees as Migrants: The Rohingya in Pakistan" 8917: 6692: 6690: 6688: 6570:"Over 168,000 Rohingya likely fled Myanmar since 2012 – UNHCR report" 6099: 6021:(Advance Unedited Version: English), 24 August 2018, United Nations, 4493: 3903: 3731: 3730:

actively block Rohingya attempting to flee across the border via the

3549: 3388: 3339: 3221: 3044: 2892: 2705:, Anthony Irwin, on the other hand, praised the role of the V Force. 2271:, fled to Arakan with his family after being defeated by his brother 2083: 2079: 462: 10814: 10770: 10687: 10043:"Myanmar says nine police killed by insurgents on Bangladesh border" 7755:

Tellings and Texts: Music, Literature and Performance in North India

6516: 6514: 5650: 4854:"The Rohingya people of Myanmar: health, human rights, and identity" 2751:

are subject to controversy and debate. In a 1955 study published by

2021:

The Rohingya population is concentrated in the historical region of

14367: 12777: 12310:"Thousands of Rohingya flee Myanmar amid tales of ethnic cleansing" 11263: 11242: 11221: 11112: 11087: 11017: 10987: 10807: 10632: 10630: 10628: 9765: 9386:"Why does military still keep 25% of the seats Myanmar parliament?" 6608: 6172:"Thousands of Rohingya flee Myanmar amid tales of ethnic cleansing" 6079: 6060: 5887: 5885: 5743: 5389: 5147: 4662: 4645:, the first census to be held in three decades. On 7 May 2014, the 4631: 4446: 4402: 3899: 3895: 3793: 3588: 3467: 3429: 3376: 3369: 3335: 3237: 3052: 2812:. After Burma became independent in 1948, M. A. Gaffar presented a 2735: 2640: 2568: 2463: 2384: 2185:

from east to west; the shrine is a rectangular structure measuring

2174: 2099: 2042: 2038: 580: 533: 486: 421: 197: 165: 129: 13288:"The 'Rohingyas', Who Are They? The Origin of the Name 'Rohingya'" 12951:. Queen Mary University of London. 29 October 2015. Archived from 11642:

Junta provides military training and also weapons to Muslim youths

11180:"Myanmar searches for more Hindu corpses as mass grave unearthed," 10666:"The Rohingya in Myanmar: How Years of Strife Grew Into a Crisis," 10503:"Former UN chief says Bangladesh cannot continue hosting Rohingya" 7923:. Volume VII: "The Mughal Empire." Mumbai: Bharatiya Vidya Bhavan. 7333:"The 'Rohingya' Identity – British experience in Arakan 1826–1948" 6685: 6410:"Fatal Distraction from Federalism: Religious Conflict in Rakhine" 6265: 6263: 6249: 2800:

In the prelude to independence, two Rohingyas were elected to the

14276: 14035: 13082: 13050: 13041:"Malaysia Could Send Rohingya Detainees Back Out to Sea: Sources" 11869: 11842: 11792: 11726:

PM Hasina: Myanmar conflict makes Rohingya repatriation difficult

11234: 11232: 11230: 11138: 11119:"5 dubious claims Myanmar's Aung San Suu Kyi made in her speech," 11006: 10714: 10611: 10609: 10607: 10605: 10603: 10601: 10599: 10597: 10595: 10593: 10349: 10295: 9947: 9827: 9772: 8325:

Defeat Into Victory: Battling Japan in Burma and India, 1942–1945

7393: 7361: 6752: 6665: 6663: 6661: 6522:"Myanmar violence may have killed more than 1,000: UN rapporteur" 6511: 5013:"190,000 Myanmar nationals' get residency relief in Saudi Arabia" 4454: 3847: 3764: 3421: 3172: 3079: 2945: 2747:

The numbers and the extent of post-independence immigration from

2694: 2624: 2536: 2459: 2451: 2413: 2292: 2136: 810: 441: 193: 106: 10778:"Food aid suspended as Myanmar state sinks deeper into violence" 10625: 10578:

Khan, Ahmed Abidur Razzaque; Habib, Mohshin; Ahmad, Salahuddin.

5882: 5614: 3914:. More than 100,000 Rohingyas in Myanmar live in camps for 3722:

Due to overcrowding and security concerns in the refugee camps,

3673: 3001:" of Burma. This made much of the Rohingya population in Burma 2575:. In 1939, U Tanvy Markan was elected from Maungdaw-Buthidaung. 2302:

Emperor Aurangzeb gave orders to his governor in Mughal Bengal,

477:. The most recent mass displacement of Rohingya in 2017 led the 229: 14141: 14000: 13631: 13526: 10734:"Indian Prime Minister blames Rohingya violence on extremists," 10711:"U.N. chief, Security Council call on Myanmar to end violence," 9642:. The International Crisis Group. 22 April 2014. Archived from 8665:

Melvin Ember; Carol R. Ember; Ian Skoggard (30 November 2004).

7595: 7593: 6260: 5851:

Final Report of the Advisory Commission on Rakhine State, 2017

4736: 4534: 4442: 4305:(long tops). In special occasions, Rohingya men sometimes wear 3293: 3164: 3091: 3006: 2678: 2560: 2520: 2406: 2380: 2307: 2242: 2223: 2055: 2022: 788: 776: 704:

in 2003. Among the native groups of Arakan, he wrote are the: "

529: 509: 259: 12409:"Rohingya Face Health Care Bias in Parts of Asia, Study Finds" 12090:"48,000 babies to be born in Rohingya refugee camps this year" 11464:"Bangladesh to move Rohingya to flood-prone island next month" 11239:"Rohingya crisis: UN chief warns of 'humanitarian nightmare'," 11227: 10761:"Myanmar's Rohingya beat a perilous path in search of safety," 10590: 9139: 9137: 9100:"UN under fire over resident coordinator's advisor on Rakhine" 6658: 6494:"'Rohingya': Rakhaing and Recent Outbreak of Violence: A Note" 6378:"Myanmar Muslim minority subject to horrific torture, UN says" 6033: 6031: 6016:

Human rights situations that require the Council’s attention:

4984:"Far From Myanmar Violence, Rohingya in Pakistan Are Seething" 4477:

by the UK's emergency medical team in Kutupalong refugee camp.

2547:

Several Rohingyas were elected to Burmese native seats in the

2200:

within the kingdom. Min Saw Mon minted his own coins with the

13420:. International Crisis Group. 22 October 2014. Archived from 13356:"Rohingya: The name, the movement and the quest for identity" 11960:"Burma Is Pursuing 'Ethnic Cleansing' of Rohingya, U.N. Says" 10616:"The Latest: UN Security Council condemns Rohingya violence," 10109:"Myanmar's Rohingya campaign 'may be crime against humanity'" 9521:"Burmese authorities targeting Rohingyas, UK parliament told" 9499:"UNHCR – One year on: Displacement in Rakhine state, Myanmar" 9442:"Four killed as Rohingya Muslims riot in Myanmar: government" 8918:

Colin Clarke; Ceri Peach; Steven Vertovec (26 October 1990).

8629:"Sitting Rohingya MP in Myanmar plans to appeal election ban" 8593: 8591: 8589: 7437:

Proceedings of the British Academy, Volume 121, 2002 Lectures

4434: 4324: 3146: 3067: 2978: 2634:

Tensions boiling in Arakan before the war erupted during the

2597: 2455: 2296: 2253: 2140: 2091: 760: 497: 465:

by some academics, analysts and political figures, including

433: 12730: 12706:"Asia-Pacific | Burmese exiles in desperate conditions" 12595:"Myanmar – The Rohingya Minority: Fundamental Rights Denied" 12250:"The Rohingya Muslims in Myanmar: Past, Present, and Future" 11883:

Rohingya ordered by Myanmar officer to ‘fight for our faith’

11260:"Myanmar refugee exodus tops 500,000 as more Rohingya flee," 10128:"Myanmar 'callous' toward anti-Rohingya violence, U.N. says" 9353:"New Freedom Lets Burmese Air Venom Toward Rohingya Muslims" 8556: 7590: 7164: 7162: 4473:

Rohingya children with their mother after being treated for

4315:

is a type of flat bread regularly eaten by Rohingyas, while

3409:

Government officials in Rakhine State originally blamed the

3190: 2795: 13395:"Myanmar, The Rohingya Minority: Fundamental Rights Denied" 13173:"Ratusan Mahasiswa di Banda Aceh Gelar Demo Tolak Rohingya" 12575: 11412:"Rohingya refugees in Bangladesh face relocation to island" 11167: 11083:"Rohingya crisis: Suu Kyi does not fear global 'scrutiny'," 10932:"More than 120,000 Rohingya flee Myanmar violence, UN says" 10903:"Myanmar: Rohingya insurgents declare month-long ceasefire" 10803:"MSF estimates more than 6,700 Rohingya killed in Myanmar," 10292:"Myanmar army says 86 killed in fighting in northwest" 9768:"Pressure mounts on Myanmar over Asia 'boat people' crisis" 9264:

Civil Wars of the World: Major Conflicts Since World War II

9149: 9134: 9122: 8253:. Longman, Green, Longman, Roberts, and Green. p. 159. 7644: 7642: 7640: 7638: 7131:"Rohingya: The name. The movement. The quest for identity." 6028: 5930:"Why Myanmar's Rohingya are forced to say they are Bengali" 4691: 3548:

On 10 September 2017, ARSA declared a temporary unilateral

3078:

In 1989, the junta officially changed the name of Burma to

3073: 2849: 2822: 2387:

while on a diplomatic mission to the Burmese capital, Ava.

2111: 2033:

in Southeast Asia. The first Arakanese state flourished in

756: 400: 394: 385: 367: 13274:

History of Burma: From the Earliest Times to 10 March 1824

11438:"Rohingya relocation to Bhasan Char to start by mid-April" 10322:"Myanmar: 28 killed in new violence in Rakhine state" 9690:"The Rohingya boat crisis: why refugees are fleeing Burma" 8586: 8412: 8410: 8096:

https://books.google.com/books?id=3_hyDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA79

7926: 6236:"Myanmar wants ethnic cleansing of Rohingya – UN official" 5205:"Christians Abducted, Attacked in Bangladesh Refugee Camp" 5031:"Myanmar Rohingya: What you need to know about the crisis" 4702:

and forced them out of a convention centre in the city of

3140:

After Jinnah's refusal to accept northern Arakan into the

3097: 2523:

had ferry services and a thriving trade with the ports of

382: 13078:"Malaysia can't take any more Rohingya refugees, PM says" 12774:"Myanmar to repatriate 9,000 Muslim refugees from B'desh" 12756: 11122: 11032:"Rohingya crisis: Suu Kyi says 'all in Rakhine defended'" 11000: 10828: 10489: 10343:

Lone, Wa; Lewis, Simon; Das, Krishna N. (17 March 2017).

9322:"Myanmar envoy brands boatpeople 'ugly as ogres': report" 7159: 5821: 3662: 3657: 3479: 2139:

was home to a multiethnic population, including the poet

397: 391: 376: 12428:"Bangladesh accused of 'crackdown' on Rohingya refugees" 10547:"Bangladeshi PM calls for safe repatriation of Rohingya" 10480:"Could Aung San Suu Kyi face Rohingya genocide charges?" 10086:"Rohingya abuse may be crimes against humanity: Amnesty" 9297:"Bangladesh: Burmese Rohingya refugees virtual hostages" 8582:. United States: Stanford University Press. p. 154. 8027: 7989: 7938: 7635: 7466:

A Handbook of Terrorism and Insurgency in Southeast Asia

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A Guide to Mrauk-U, an Ancient City of Rakhine, Myanmar

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with closed-off Rohingya Muslim area in the background.

3187:

fortified the border and built up border guard forces.

2833:, including one of the country's first two female MPs, 2338:

of British Bengal in 1799 to escape persecution by the

13281:

International Center for Transitional Justice, Myanmar

12116:"An army crackdown sends thousands fleeing in Myanmar" 11703:

Heavy shelling on Teknaf border, black smoke billowing

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Protracted displacement in Asia: no place to call home

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Christopher Alan Bayly; Timothy Norman Harper (2005).

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William J. Topich; Keith A. Leitich (9 January 2013).

7362:

William J. Topich; Keith A. Leitich (9 January 2013).

6543:"India plans to deport thousands of Rohingya refugees" 5222:

Albert, Eleanor; Maizland, Lindsay (13 January 2020).

4433:

The overwhelming majority of Rohingya people practice

3623:

killing of around 100 Hindu villagers in Rakhine state

2596:

Australian officers with Rohingya men wearing typical

2306:, to end what the Mughals saw as Arakanese-Portuguese 508:. The community claims it is descended from people in 13507:. Wiesbaden: Verlag Otto Harrassowitz. Archived from 11909:"Exclusive: 'Strong evidence' of genocide in Myanmar" 11335:"First group of Rohingya refugees returns to Myanmar" 9897:"SE Asia migrants 'killed in fight for food' on boat" 9766:

Al-Zaquan Amer Hamzah; Aubrey Belford (17 May 2015).

9578:"အေရးေပၚအေျခအေန ေၾကညာခ်က္ ႏုိင္ငံေရးသမားမ်ား ေထာက္ခံ" 8355:

Forgotten Armies: The Fall of British Asia, 1941–1945

8267:

Forgotten Armies: The Fall of British Asia, 1941–1945

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with the latter. Rohingyas do not speak Burmese, the

2211:

Arakan's vassalage to Bengal was brief. After Sultan

2150:. The Rakhines began migrating to Arakan through the 379: 12768: 11289:(India) retrieved 30 September 2017 (Same topic at: 10965:"UNHCR: 123,000 Rohingya refugees have fled Myanmar" 10833: 10561:"UN Official Cites Horrific Crimes against Rohingya" 10062: 10060: 10058: 9843:"Rohingya migrants 'died in fight for food' on boat" 9079: 9048: 8718: 8716: 8714: 8712: 8710: 8051: 8044: 8042: 7968: 7742: 7725: 7573: 6833:. Ontario International Development Agency, Canada. 6826: 6135:"Rohingya widows find safe haven in Bangladesh camp" 5224:"What Forces Are Fueling Myanmar's Rohingya Crisis?" 4713: 3342:

and Thailand by rickety boats via the waters of the

3179:

are still active within the remote areas of Arakan.

364: 12684:"The unending plight of Burma's unwanted Rohingyas" 12453:"Myanmar, Bangladesh leaders 'to discuss Rohingya'" 12384:"Rohingya Muslims – India Needs to Show Compassion" 12159: 12157: 12155: 12153: 10896: 10894: 10078: 9971:"Myanmar policemen killed in Rakhine border attack" 6830:

Forced migration of Rohingya: the untold experience

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Rakhine State conflicts and refugees (2012–present)

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Significant minorities of the Rohingya practice 3918:, and the authorities do not allow them to leave. 2867:Rohingya community leaders were supportive of the 12829:Ahmed, Akbar; Akins, Harrison (1 December 2011). 11903: 11901: 10239:"Islamist fears rise in Rohingya-linked violence" 10055: 9514: 9512: 8796:"Bangladesh plays down border tension with Burma" 8707: 8039: 7010:"Interview: History Behind Arakan State Conflict" 6924: 6922: 6920: 6707:, United Nations. 11 October 2017. Archived from 6602: 6600: 6587:"Rohingya Refugees Emergency Response, Indonesia" 5753:at Oslo Conference on Rohingyas; also online at: 5158:"Rohingya Hindus now face uncertainty in Myanmar" 3836:United Nations High Commissioner for Human Rights 3829:United Nations High Commissioner for Human Rights 3752:According to Free Rohingya Coalition co-founder, 3613:On 19 September 2017, Myanmar's civilian leader, 3208:carved out of Rakhine, and condemn the movement. 30:"Rohingya" redirects here. For the language, see 14429: 12893: 12150: 11620:Two-month Travel Ban Extended in Western Myanmar 11379:"Bangladesh pushes on with Rohingya island plan" 10891: 9465: 9463: 9218: 9216: 9188: 9186: 8257: 7614: 7081: 7003: 7001: 6572:. United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees. 6284:"The Rohingya Are At The Brink Of Mass Genocide" 5961:11 June 2012 www.pri.org, accessed 10 June 2020 5873: 5114: 5000: 4732:International reactions to the Rohingya genocide 579:", and there have been warnings of an unfolding 481:to investigate crimes against humanity, and the 13142: 13140: 13138: 12560:Grundy-Warr, Carl; Wong, Elaine (Autumn 1997). 12559: 12019:"Japan: Cut Defense Ties with Myanmar Military" 11855: 11828: 11770: 10846:(MSF) International. 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Tan (ed.). 7045:"ROHINGYA CRISIS: A HISTORICAL PERSPECTIVE" 6190:"Hindus too fleeing persecution in Myanmar" 6157:"Rohingyas facing 'catastrophic' situation" 5050: 5048: 3821:United Nations High Commission for Refugees 3266: 2689:V-Force. According to the secretary of the 13560: 13546: 12828: 12812:"Myanmar to 'take back' Rohingya refugees" 12401: 12247: 12167:. Canadian Rohingya Development Initiative 11304:"Myanmar, Bangladesh 'sign Rohingya deal'" 11195:Loiwal, Manogya, (Posted by Ashna Kumar), 10577: 10289: 10257: 9260: 9097: 8922:. Cambridge University Press. p. 46. 8626: 8382: 8380: 8213: 8072:Burma's Muslims: Terrorists or Terrorised? 8063: 7825: 7798: 7509:Ancient Glass Research Along the Silk Road 7463: 7253: 7179: 7177: 6881:"Rohingya: Etymology, people and identity" 6460: 6458: 6347: 5775:https://www.icc-cpi.int/bangladesh-myanmar 5429: 5370: 5349: 5092:"Bangladesh to restrict Rohingya movement" 4826: 2877:National Democratic Party for Human Rights 2004: 1990: 342: 328: 57: 27:Indo-Aryan ethnic group of western Myanmar 12521: 11393: 10390: 10336: 10283: 10263: 10026: 10015: 9935: 9518: 9241: 9222: 8936: 8645: 8483: 8431:Kanda University of International Studies 8422: 7478: 6855:"Rohingya etymology at Oxford Dictionary" 5903:(presentation slides). Yangon. slide 23. 5791: 5398: 5388: 5125:"Rohingya Hindu women share horror tales" 5079: 5054: 4901: 4807:The term was not used during this period. 4630:Thousands of Rohingyas have also fled to 3191:After 1988 Burmese pro-democracy uprising 2967: 2929: 2796:Rohingya political participation in Burma 2559:, Advocate U Pho Khaine was elected from 13206: 12486:Nanyang Technological University Library 12187:"Bolá Fiçá (Rohingya rice noodle snack)" 10186: 10126:Cumming-Bruce, Nick (16 December 2016). 9543: 9294: 9193:Ritu, Moshahida Sultana (12 July 2012). 8890: 8749:"Bangladesh: The Plight of the Rohingya" 8603: 8562: 8386: 8351:Bayly, Christopher; Harper, Tim (2005). 8270:. Harvard University Press. p. 91. 8151: 8033: 7995: 7944: 7932: 7875: 7648: 7599: 7499: 7326: 7324: 7322: 7062: 7038: 7036: 7034: 7032: 6928: 6874: 6872: 6564: 6562: 6560: 5773:ICC "Bangladesh/Myanmar Investigation", 5278: 5276: 5199: 5197: 5045: 4924: 4528: 4517: 4468: 4396: 3865: 3857: 3800:. An investigation by the media channel 3672: 3581:that benefitted the aims of terrorists. 3503: 3445: 3329:In 2015, the Simon-Skjodt Centre of the 3278: 3270: 3074:Name change from Arakan to Rakhine State 2774: 2591: 2502: 2412: 2400: 2390: 2126: 2110: 13459:Phayre, Lt. Gen. Sir Arthur P. (1883). 13439: 13415:"Myanmar:The Politics of Rakhine State" 13397:. Amnesty International. Archived from 13249: 12976:"The Cautionary Tale of Samantha Power" 12919: 12703: 12618: 12616: 12555: 12553: 12517:. In: D+C, Vol.42.2015:5. 3 April 2015. 12425: 10674:. Retrieved 17 September 2017 (also at 10290:Slodkowski, Antoni (15 November 2016). 10192: 9709: 9169:"Violence Throws Spotlight on Rohingya" 9066: 8891:Christie, Clive J. (15 February 1998). 8691: 8513:. Ashgate Publishing, Ltd. p. 86. 8508: 8488:. Transaction Publishers. p. 263. 8377: 8246: 8190: 8152:Christie, Clive J. (15 February 1998). 7858: 7787: 7695: 7468:. 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The Rohingya refer to themselves as 420: 13541: 13497: 13469: 13465:(1967 ed.). London: Susil Gupta. 13005:"Genocide 'not the issue' in Myanmar" 13002: 12307: 12070:. Features. Al Jazeera. 9 August 2012 10900: 10264:McPherson, Poppy (17 November 2016). 10231: 10027:Griffiths, James (25 November 2016). 9989: 9963: 9606: 9085: 9054: 8997: 8963: 8692:Daniyal, Shoaib (12 September 2017). 8547: 8416: 8359:. Harvard University Press. pp. 8219: 8178: 8069: 7983: 7831: 7804: 7758:. Open Book Publishers. p. 424. 7736: 7719: 7584: 7319: 7239:"The battle over the word 'Rohingya'" 7088:Leider, Jacques P. (26 August 2012). 7042: 7029: 6869: 6557: 6487: 6485: 6483: 6403: 6401: 6399: 6397: 6395: 6335:. 19 July 1998. item 528, p. 140 6169: 5800: 5522: 5491: 5273: 5194: 4801: 3435: 3121: 2829:, five Rohingyas were elected to the 2441:, historian and adviser to President 2106: 667:). The term "Rohingya" may come from 13250:Charney, Michael W. (8 April 2018). 13108: 12681: 12613: 12587: 12550: 12530: 12476: 12455:. Agence France-Presse. 25 June 2012 11348:from the original on 11 January 2022 11199:in "Mail Today," 26 September 2017, 11170:(India). Retrieved 25 September 2017 10929: 10314: 10205: 9869: 9575: 9470:Lauras, Didier (15 September 2012). 9192: 9098:McLaughlin, Tim (13 February 2015). 9067:Lardner, Cynthia (6 February 2017). 9039: 8947:"Burma's war on the term 'Rohingya'" 8646:McPherson, Poppy (2 November 2015). 8322: 7225: 7147:from the original on 15 October 2017 6977:Charney, Michael W. (8 April 2018). 6807: 6415:. Harvard Ash Center. 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Archived from 4954:"600,000 Rohingya still in Myanmar" 3888:military crackdown in 2016 and 2017 2816:of appeal to the Government of the 2636:Japanese invasion of Southeast Asia 2325: 2061: 652:) while in Bengali they are called 600:military crackdown in 2016 and 2017 24: 12973: 12531:Head, Jonathan (5 February 2009). 12426:Dummett, Mark (18 February 2010). 12257:Oregon Review of International Law 11995:. 19 December 2017. Archived from 11856:Twan Mrat Naing (26 March 2024). 11829:Twan Mrat Naing (26 March 2024). 11783:from the original on 21 March 2024 11771:Ro Nay San Lwin (19 March 2024). 10930:Safi, Michael (5 September 2017). 10740:(CNN). Retrieved 17 September 2017 10193:Ponniah, Kevin (5 December 2016). 9793: 9328:. 10 February 2009. Archived from 9261:DeRouen, Karl R.; Heo, Uk (2007). 8998:Flood, Derek Henry (12 May 2008). 7330: 7236: 7008:Leider, Jacques P. (9 July 2012). 6788:. 31 December 1952. 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Farrar, Straus and Giroux. 13380:389.10081 (2017): 1841–1850. 12659:. 21 May 2005. Archived from 11911:. Al Jazeera. 28 October 2015 11868:on 28 March 2024 – via 11841:on 29 March 2024 – via 11381:. Al Jazeera. 30 January 2017 11266:. Retrieved 30 September 2017 11245:. Retrieved 29 September 2017 11224:. Retrieved 29 September 2017 11186:. Retrieved 26 September 2017 11125:. Retrieved 19 September 2017 11109:. Retrieved 19 September 2017 11091:. Retrieved 19 September 2017 11003:. Retrieved 20 September 2017 10767:. Retrieved 17 September 2017 10717:. Retrieved 17 September 2017 10649:. Retrieved 17 September 2017 10622:. Retrieved 17 September 2017 9195:"Ethnic Cleansing in Myanmar" 9024:Global Muslim News (Issue 14) 8226:. Boydell Press. p. 55. 7956:Thant Myint-U (2007), p. 126 7618:A Study of Buddhism in Arakan 7284:Solomon, Feliz (9 May 2016). 6238:. BBC News. 24 November 2016. 5936:. 2 June 2013. Archived from 5934:The Christian Science Monitor 5764:. 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Al Jazeera. 14 August 2017 5901:Online Burma/Myanmar Library 5777:; ICJ Order 23 January 2020 5669:Harvard International Review 4819: 3916:internally displaced persons 3884:2015 Rohingya refugee crisis 3846:In July 2022, a report from 3841:International Criminal Court 3702:State Administration Council 3254:2015 Rohingya refugee crisis 2956:Expulsion of Burmese Indians 2670:were killed by Rakhines and 2549:Legislative Council of Burma 2379:saw many Muslims serving as 2066:Due to its coastline on the 608:internally displaced persons 596:2015 Rohingya refugee crisis 479:International Criminal Court 455:1982 Myanmar nationality law 254: 7: 14443:Ethnic groups in Bangladesh 13331:. Oxford University Press. 12731:"Kompas – VirtualNEWSPAPER" 11291:Fox News / Associated Press 11205:retrieved 26 September 2017 11147:retrieved 25 September 2017 10862:retrieved 17 September 2017 9576:Htet, Linn (11 June 2012). 9073:International Policy Digest 8897:. I.B.Tauris. p. 165. 8387:Christie, Clive J. 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Archived from 5582:"Discrimination in Arakan" 4757:Rohingya refugees in India 4503: 4418: 4408: 4353:sub-branch of the greater 4338: 4285:(long sleeved shirts) and 4273: 3951:Indians in Akyab district 3781: 3669:Since the 2021 coup d'état 3439: 3247: 3216:Burmese juntas (1990–2011) 2933: 2871:for democracy. During the 2765:International Crisis Group 2585: 2394: 786: 782: 714:, and who call themselves 416:(romanization: ruáingga), 29: 14453:Ethnic groups in Pakistan 14350: 14181: 14129: 14113: 14064: 13780: 13721: 13665: 13586: 13575: 13196:General and cited sources 12571:: 79–91 – via MCRG. 12222:. Sil.org. Archived from 9525:Democratic Voice of Burma 9476:Philippine Daily Inquirer 9267:. ABC-CLIO. p. 530. 9042:Civil Insurgency in Burma 8220:Munro, J. Forbes (2003). 7910:. Retrieved 21 June 2015. 7788:Manucci, Niccolò (1907). 7615:Ashon Nyanuttara (2014). 7485:. McFarland. p. 15. 7424:, New York, 1968, P. 389. 6951:: 219–240. Archived from 6857:. 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The British historian 1927:Northern Mariana Islands 869:Central African Republic 639:MLC Transcription System 134:500,000 (September 2017) 13688:Ka-Yun (Kayan; Padaung) 13440:Myint-U, Thant (2006). 13286:Khin Maung Saw (1994). 13201:(in alphabetical order) 10565:TRANSCEND Media Service 9717:The Wall Street Journal 8964:Singh, Bilveer (2007). 8614:"Who are the Rohingya?" 8548:Irwin, Anthony (1945). 8247:Hartwig, Georg (1863). 8191:Minahan, James (2002). 7685:Tun Shwe Khine (1993). 7194:"About Rohingya Ethnic" 7075:Oxford University Press 6437:"Who Are the Rohingya?" 5400:10.30884/seh/2020.02.06 4523:Kutupalong refugee camp 4506:Human rights in Myanmar 4437:, including a blend of 3894:, as well as to India, 3724:Border Guard Bangladesh 3605:The same day, the U.N. 3510:Kutupalong refugee camp 3452:Kutupalong refugee camp 3377:Myanmar military forces 2915:was disbarred from the 2847:Prime Minister of Burma 1877:Cocos (Keeling) Islands 577:crimes against humanity 475:anti-apartheid activist 116:600,000 (November 2019) 93:1,300,000+ (March 2018) 13387:2 January 2024 at the 13272:Harvey, G. E. (1925). 12927:"H.Res. 418 – Summary" 12370:The New Indian Express 11281:5 October 2017 at the 9478:. Agence France-Presse 9028:Nida'ul Islam magazine 8433:), Aye (Autumn 2005). 8070:Selth, Andrew (2003). 7838:. BRILL. p. 225. 7397:The History of Myanmar 7365:The History of Myanmar 4781:Jamiyat Rohingya Ulema 4752:Persecution of Muslims 4618: 4538: 4526: 4478: 4406: 4357:and is related to the 3981:Percentage of Muslims 3871: 3863: 3689: 3596:U.N. Secretary General 3513: 3455: 3397:US Department of State 3385:extrajudicial killings 3284: 3276: 3150:movement, founded the 2995:Burmese military junta 2968:Refugee crisis of 1978 2942:Mayu Frontier District 2936:Mayu Frontier District 2930:Mayu Frontier District 2905:Burmese military junta 2789:Burma's military junta 2783: 2627:Rohingya recruits and 2623:between British-armed 2605:Imperial Japanese Army 2600: 2512: 2418: 2410: 2267:and a claimant of the 2143: 2124: 1628:Bosnia and Herzegovina 686:The usage of the term 563:, and particularly in 170:150,000 (October 2017) 152:190,000 (January 2017) 14468:Refugees in Indonesia 14351:Unrecognised / Others 13498:Yegar, Moshe (1972). 12285:. NPR. Archived from 12220:"ISO 639 code tables" 11816:22 March 2024 at the 11648:10 March 2024 at the 11285:, 30 September 2017, 10298:India. Archived from 10245:. Post Publishing PCL 9244:"The Freedom to Hate" 8763:"Unforgiving history" 8048:Myint-U 2006: 185–187 6703:. U.N. Office of the 5858:10 April 2019 at the 5785:13 March 2024 at the 5644:10 March 2021 at the 5606:. SBS. Archived from 4613: 4583:military dictatorship 4579:Amnesty International 4533:Police checkpoint in 4532: 4521: 4472: 4419:Further information: 4400: 4363:mutually intelligible 4359:Chittagonian language 3892:900,000 refugees 3869: 3861: 3676: 3507: 3449: 3393:Amnesty International 3282: 3274: 3175:, Pakistan. Rohingya 3169:Operation King Dragon 3070:-supervised process. 2974:Operation King Dragon 2778: 2650:at Truman Institute, 2629:pro-Japanese Rakhines 2595: 2511:ship in Akyab Harbour 2506: 2472:British Indian Empire 2416: 2404: 2395:Further information: 2391:British colonial rule 2130: 2114: 1548:Saint Kitts and Nevis 1046:São Tomé and Príncipe 889:Republic of the Congo 787:Further information: 765:Operation King Dragon 14473:Refugees in Malaysia 13534:at Wikimedia Commons 13029:. 20 September 2020. 12772:(29 December 2009). 12770:Press Trust of India 12495:on 19 September 2018 11993:Agence France-Presse 11758:6 March 2024 at the 11735:4 March 2024 at the 11713:2 March 2024 at the 11671:6 March 2024 at the 11629:7 March 2024 at the 11622:. 22 February 2024. 11184:Agence France-Presse 11164:Agence France-Presse 11015:, 8 September 2017, 10482:, 18 December 2017, 9531:on 25 September 2018 9422:on 13 September 2017 9326:Agence France-Presse 8751:. 18 September 2012. 7710:Harvey 1925: 140–141 7561:. Human Rights Watch 7262:Leider 2013: 212–213 6786:www.burmalibrary.org 6042:Reuters News Service 6023:Human Rights Council 5640:, 21 September 2017 5290:27 July 2021 at the 5211:on 24 February 2024. 4964:on 22 September 2023 4942:on 18 February 2024. 4777:JamiyatRohingyaUlema 4685:Coronavirus pandemic 3962:of Muslims in Akyub 3814:University of London 3474:Precipitating events 3430:Myanmar Armed Forces 3334:countries including 3204:State as a separate 3142:Dominion of Pakistan 3102:The colloquial term 2985:1982 Citizenship Law 2860:ended the country's 2771:Burmese independence 2553:Legislature of Burma 2367:", "call themselves 2299:was raided in 1625. 2204:on one side and the 1373:United Arab Emirates 809:World percentage of 728:Johann Severin Vater 422:[rʊˈɜi̯ɲ.ɟə] 71:1,547,778–2,000,000+ 13514:on 3 February 2024. 13224:(2). Archived from 12980:Commentary Magazine 12800:. 30 December 2009. 12733:. 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Radio Free Asia. 7506:Gan, Fuxi (2009). 7343:on 19 January 2015 7204:on 29 October 2017 6958:on 20 October 2012 6941:Asiatic Researches 6681:. 6 November 2013. 6646:. 20 December 2012 6254:Human Rights Watch 6216:. 5 September 2017 6121:The New York Times 6118:, 27 August 2018, 6097:, 27 August 2018, 6078:, 27 August 2018, 6059:, 27 August 2018, 5940:on 2 February 2024 5713:The New York Times 5674:Harvard University 5586:Human Rights Watch 5565:on 23 August 2019. 5317:on 30 August 2017. 5190:on 4 October 2023. 5164:on 6 December 2022 4989:The New York Times 4908:Human Rights Watch 4594:government. 4539: 4527: 4479: 4430:political sphere. 4407: 4389:639-3 "rhg" code. 3966:Indians in Arakan 3872: 3864: 3823:has used the term 3808:and religion. The 3802:Al Jazeera English 3734:since early 2024. 3690: 3514: 3456: 3436:Autumn 2017 crisis 3307:state of emergency 3285: 3277: 3122:Conflict in Arakan 3031:'s victory in the 2784: 2601: 2535:; as well as with 2513: 2423:East India Company 2419: 2411: 2263:, the governor of 2167:Kingdom of Mrauk U 2144: 2125: 2107:Kingdom of Mrauk U 1473:Dominican Republic 585:summary executions 538:self-determination 522:Myanmar government 510:precolonial Arakan 473:, a South African 414:𐴌𐴗𐴥𐴝𐴙𐴚𐴒𐴙𐴝 42: 14425: 14424: 14036:Zahnyet (Zanniat) 13530:Media related to 13490:978-0-7391-0356-2 13451:978-0-374-16342-6 13401:on 4 October 2023 13304:978-3-89473-992-8 12582:Crisis Group 2014 11931:"Rohingya Report" 11864:). Archived from 11837:). Archived from 11750:. Hein Htoo Zan. 11607:22 January 2024. 11418:. 30 January 2017 10429:. 8 February 2017 10219:. 12 October 2016 10003:. 12 October 2016 9392:. 1 February 2016 9274:978-1-85109-919-1 9171:. Radio Free Asia 9156:Crisis Group 2014 9144:Crisis Group 2014 9129:Crisis Group 2014 8975:978-0-275-99995-7 8929:978-0-521-37543-6 8904:978-1-86064-354-5 8678:978-0-306-48321-9 8598:Crisis Group 2014 8520:978-0-7546-7238-8 8495:978-0-7658-0417-4 8419:, pp. 33–35. 8370:978-0-14-029331-9 8334:978-0-330-50997-8 8277:978-0-674-01748-1 8233:978-0-85115-935-5 8165:978-1-86064-354-5 8081:978-0-7315-5437-9 7935:, pp. 398–9. 7889:978-81-317-3202-1 7845:978-90-04-19048-1 7818:978-981-4749-83-1 7765:978-1-78374-102-1 7722:, pp. 23–24. 7628:978-0-615-94044-1 7519:978-981-283-357-0 7492:978-0-7864-8189-7 7447:978-0-19-726303-7 7407:978-0-313-35725-1 7375:978-0-313-35725-1 7198:Flotilla 2 Arakan 7106:on 29 April 2016. 7077:. pp. 24–25. 6930:Buchanan, Francis 6499:. Network Myanmar 6196:. 31 August 2017. 5814:978-93-5150-855-7 5626:Yale World Fellow 5592:on 20 March 2024. 5467:The Correspondent 5342:978-0-19-922648-1 5286:20 December 2020 4958:The Straits Times 4917:978-1-56432-485-6 4763:Explanatory notes 4678:Michelle Bachelet 4625:, 22 October 2014 4608:Strait of Malacca 4383:Burmese alphabets 4347:Rohingya language 4341:Rohingya language 4271: 4270: 3971:outside of Burma 3798:international law 3784:Rohingya genocide 3508:Rohingyas at the 3450:Rohingyas at the 3344:Strait of Malacca 3262:Rohingya conflict 3234:2008 constitution 2885:Chit Lwin Ebrahim 2739:Burmese matters. 2715:Pakistan Movement 2709:Pakistan Movement 2668:Mrauk-U Townships 2621:communal violence 2567:was elected from 2509:Royal Indian Navy 2427:Bengal Presidency 2417:A mosque in Akyab 2405:An old mosque in 2336:Chittagong region 2273:Emperor Aurangzeb 2261:Prince Shah Shuja 2165:(1430–34) of the 2014: 2013: 904:Equatorial Guinea 724:Classical Journal 540:within Myanmar". 446:Rohingya genocide 352: 351: 207: 206: 32:Rohingya language 16:(Redirected from 14490: 14483:Stateless people 14458:Islam in Myanmar 14327:Kaw (Akha-E-Kaw) 14016:Tiddim (Hai-Dim) 13951:Mro-Khimi people 13846:Kaung Saing Chin 13562: 13555: 13548: 13539: 13538: 13529: 13515: 13513: 13506: 13501:Muslims of Burma 13494: 13466: 13462:History of Burma 13455: 13436: 13434: 13432: 13426: 13419: 13410: 13408: 13406: 13373: 13371: 13365:. Archived from 13360: 13350: 13323: 13321: 13319: 13313: 13307:. Archived from 13292: 13277: 13268: 13266: 13264: 13240: 13238: 13236: 13230: 13213: 13189: 13188: 13186: 13184: 13169: 13163: 13162: 13160: 13158: 13144: 13133: 13132: 13130: 13128: 13119:. Archived from 13106: 13100: 13099: 13097: 13095: 13086:. Archived from 13073: 13067: 13066: 13064: 13062: 13037: 13031: 13030: 13019: 13013: 13012: 13000: 12994: 12993: 12988: 12986: 12971: 12965: 12964: 12962: 12960: 12945: 12939: 12938: 12936: 12934: 12923: 12917: 12916: 12914: 12912: 12897: 12891: 12890: 12888: 12886: 12871: 12865: 12864: 12853: 12847: 12846: 12844: 12842: 12826: 12820: 12819: 12808: 12802: 12801: 12788: 12782: 12781: 12766: 12760: 12749: 12743: 12742: 12740: 12738: 12727: 12721: 12720: 12718: 12716: 12701: 12695: 12694: 12692: 12690: 12679: 12673: 12672: 12670: 12668: 12663:on 25 April 2009 12649: 12643: 12642: 12640: 12638: 12629: 12620: 12611: 12610: 12608: 12606: 12591: 12585: 12579: 12573: 12572: 12566: 12557: 12548: 12547: 12545: 12543: 12528: 12519: 12518: 12511: 12505: 12504: 12502: 12500: 12494: 12488:. Archived from 12483: 12474: 12465: 12464: 12462: 12460: 12449: 12443: 12442: 12440: 12438: 12423: 12417: 12416: 12405: 12399: 12398: 12396: 12394: 12380: 12374: 12373: 12362: 12356: 12355: 12353: 12351: 12336: 12330: 12329: 12327: 12325: 12316:. Archived from 12305: 12299: 12298: 12296: 12294: 12279: 12273: 12272: 12254: 12245: 12236: 12235: 12233: 12231: 12216: 12210: 12205: 12199: 12198: 12196: 12194: 12183: 12177: 12176: 12174: 12172: 12161: 12148: 12147: 12140: 12134: 12133: 12131: 12129: 12124:. 31 August 2017 12112: 12106: 12105: 12103: 12101: 12096:. 5 January 2018 12086: 12080: 12079: 12077: 12075: 12064: 12058: 12057: 12055: 12053: 12044:. Archived from 12033: 12027: 12026: 12015: 12009: 12008: 12006: 12004: 11989:Channel NewsAsia 11981: 11975: 11974: 11972: 11970: 11956: 11950: 11949: 11947: 11945: 11935: 11927: 11921: 11920: 11918: 11916: 11905: 11896: 11880: 11874: 11873: 11853: 11847: 11846: 11826: 11820: 11803: 11797: 11796: 11790: 11788: 11768: 11762: 11754:. 6 March 2024. 11745: 11739: 11728:. 4 March 2024. 11723: 11717: 11709:. 2 March 2024. 11700: 11694: 11681: 11675: 11658: 11652: 11639: 11633: 11617: 11611: 11609:Frontier Myanmar 11602: 11596: 11595: 11593: 11591: 11582:. Archived from 11572: 11566: 11565: 11563: 11561: 11556:on 27 March 2023 11552:. Archived from 11546: 11540: 11539: 11537: 11535: 11530:on 7 August 2023 11516: 11510: 11509: 11507: 11505: 11490: 11484: 11483: 11481: 11479: 11460: 11454: 11453: 11451: 11449: 11434: 11428: 11427: 11425: 11423: 11408: 11391: 11390: 11388: 11386: 11375: 11358: 11357: 11355: 11353: 11337: 11330: 11324: 11323: 11321: 11319: 11310:. Archived from 11300: 11294: 11273: 11267: 11256:Associated Press 11252: 11246: 11236: 11225: 11215: 11206: 11193: 11187: 11177: 11171: 11157: 11148: 11132: 11126: 11116: 11110: 11098: 11092: 11080: 11074: 11073: 11071: 11069: 11054: 11048: 11047: 11045: 11043: 11028: 11022: 11010: 11004: 10994: 10985: 10984: 10982: 10980: 10971:. Archived from 10961: 10955: 10954: 10952: 10950: 10927: 10918: 10917: 10915: 10913: 10898: 10889: 10888: 10886: 10884: 10869: 10863: 10853: 10847: 10837: 10831: 10818: 10812: 10800: 10794: 10793: 10791: 10789: 10780:. Archived from 10774: 10768: 10765:Fox News Channel 10757:Associated Press 10754: 10741: 10731: 10718: 10708: 10685: 10663: 10650: 10637:Associated Press 10634: 10623: 10613: 10588: 10587: 10575: 10569: 10568: 10557: 10551: 10550: 10543: 10537: 10536: 10525: 10519: 10518: 10516: 10514: 10499: 10493: 10478:Rowlatt, Justin 10476: 10465: 10464: 10462: 10460: 10445: 10439: 10438: 10436: 10434: 10419: 10413: 10412: 10410: 10408: 10394: 10388: 10387: 10385: 10383: 10368: 10362: 10361: 10359: 10357: 10340: 10334: 10333: 10331: 10329: 10318: 10312: 10311: 10309: 10307: 10287: 10281: 10280: 10278: 10276: 10261: 10255: 10254: 10252: 10250: 10235: 10229: 10228: 10226: 10224: 10209: 10203: 10202: 10190: 10184: 10183: 10181: 10179: 10162: 10156: 10155: 10144: 10138: 10137: 10123: 10117: 10116: 10104: 10098: 10097: 10095: 10093: 10082: 10076: 10075: 10064: 10053: 10052: 10039: 10033: 10032: 10024: 10013: 10012: 10010: 10008: 9993: 9987: 9986: 9984: 9982: 9977:. 9 October 2016 9967: 9961: 9960: 9958: 9956: 9939: 9933: 9932: 9930: 9928: 9918: 9912: 9911: 9909: 9907: 9893: 9887: 9886: 9884: 9882: 9867: 9861: 9860: 9858: 9856: 9839: 9833: 9832: 9819: 9813: 9812: 9810: 9808: 9791: 9785: 9784: 9782: 9780: 9763: 9757: 9756: 9754: 9752: 9735: 9729: 9728: 9726: 9724: 9707: 9701: 9700: 9698: 9696: 9686: 9677: 9676: 9665: 9659: 9658: 9656: 9654: 9648: 9641: 9633: 9627: 9626: 9624: 9622: 9610:(11 June 2012). 9604: 9598: 9597: 9595: 9593: 9584:. Archived from 9573: 9567: 9566: 9564: 9562: 9547: 9541: 9540: 9538: 9536: 9527:. Archived from 9516: 9507: 9506: 9494: 9488: 9487: 9485: 9483: 9467: 9458: 9457: 9455: 9453: 9438: 9432: 9431: 9429: 9427: 9408: 9402: 9401: 9399: 9397: 9382: 9376: 9375: 9373: 9371: 9348: 9342: 9341: 9339: 9337: 9318: 9312: 9311: 9309: 9307: 9292: 9286: 9285: 9283: 9281: 9258: 9252: 9251: 9239: 9233: 9232: 9220: 9211: 9210: 9208: 9206: 9190: 9181: 9180: 9178: 9176: 9165: 9159: 9153: 9147: 9141: 9132: 9126: 9120: 9119: 9117: 9115: 9106:. Archived from 9095: 9089: 9083: 9077: 9076: 9064: 9058: 9052: 9046: 9045: 9037: 9031: 9026:July–Sept 1996, 9021: 9015: 9014: 9012: 9010: 8995: 8989: 8986: 8980: 8979: 8961: 8955: 8954: 8943: 8934: 8933: 8915: 8909: 8908: 8888: 8882: 8881: 8879: 8877: 8866: 8860: 8859: 8857: 8855: 8848:washdiplomat.com 8840: 8834: 8833: 8831: 8829: 8818: 8812: 8811: 8809: 8807: 8792: 8786: 8785: 8783: 8781: 8759: 8753: 8752: 8745: 8739: 8738: 8736: 8734: 8728:burmalibrary.org 8720: 8705: 8704: 8702: 8700: 8689: 8683: 8682: 8662: 8656: 8655: 8643: 8637: 8636: 8624: 8618: 8617: 8610: 8601: 8595: 8584: 8583: 8575: 8566: 8560: 8554: 8553: 8545: 8539: 8538: 8531: 8525: 8524: 8506: 8500: 8499: 8481: 8475: 8474: 8472: 8470: 8464: 8458:. Archived from 8439: 8426: 8420: 8414: 8405: 8404: 8384: 8375: 8374: 8358: 8348: 8339: 8338: 8320: 8311: 8310: 8308: 8306: 8299:burmalibrary.org 8296: 8292:"Arakan monthly" 8288: 8282: 8281: 8261: 8255: 8254: 8244: 8238: 8237: 8217: 8211: 8210: 8188: 8182: 8176: 8170: 8169: 8149: 8143: 8142: 8140: 8138: 8119: 8098: 8092: 8086: 8085: 8067: 8061: 8055: 8049: 8046: 8037: 8031: 8025: 8024: 8022: 8020: 8005: 7999: 7993: 7987: 7981: 7966: 7954: 7948: 7942: 7936: 7930: 7924: 7917: 7911: 7900: 7894: 7893: 7873: 7867: 7866: 7856: 7850: 7849: 7829: 7823: 7822: 7802: 7796: 7795: 7785: 7779: 7776: 7770: 7769: 7750:Francesca Orsini 7746: 7740: 7734: 7723: 7717: 7711: 7708: 7702: 7699: 7693: 7692: 7682: 7676: 7675: 7674:on 29 June 2015. 7658: 7652: 7646: 7633: 7632: 7612: 7603: 7597: 7588: 7582: 7571: 7570: 7568: 7566: 7555: 7549: 7548: 7546: 7544: 7530: 7524: 7523: 7503: 7497: 7496: 7476: 7470: 7469: 7461: 7452: 7451: 7431: 7425: 7418: 7412: 7411: 7391: 7380: 7379: 7359: 7353: 7352: 7350: 7348: 7339:. Archived from 7328: 7317: 7316:Leider 2013: 211 7314: 7308: 7307: 7305: 7303: 7298:on 22 March 2023 7294:. Archived from 7281: 7272: 7271:Leider 2013: 216 7269: 7263: 7260: 7251: 7250: 7249:on 9 March 2023. 7245:. Archived from 7234: 7223: 7222:Leider 2013: 208 7220: 7214: 7213: 7211: 7209: 7200:. Archived from 7190: 7184: 7183:Leider 2013: 218 7181: 7172: 7166: 7157: 7156: 7154: 7152: 7146: 7135: 7126: 7120: 7114: 7108: 7107: 7105: 7094: 7085: 7079: 7078: 7069:Ibrahim, Azeem. 7066: 7060: 7059: 7057: 7055: 7040: 7027: 7026: 7024: 7022: 7005: 6996: 6995: 6993: 6991: 6974: 6968: 6967: 6965: 6963: 6957: 6938: 6926: 6915: 6914: 6903: 6897: 6896: 6894: 6892: 6876: 6867: 6866: 6864: 6862: 6851: 6845: 6844: 6824: 6805: 6804: 6802: 6800: 6794: 6783: 6775: 6769: 6768: 6766: 6764: 6739: 6728: 6727: 6721: 6719: 6714:on 13 March 2024 6713: 6702: 6694: 6683: 6682: 6679:Associated Press 6675:Fox News Channel 6667: 6656: 6655: 6653: 6651: 6636: 6627: 6626: 6621: 6619: 6604: 6595: 6594: 6583: 6574: 6573: 6566: 6555: 6554: 6552: 6550: 6539: 6530: 6529: 6518: 6509: 6508: 6506: 6504: 6498: 6489: 6478: 6477: 6475: 6473: 6462: 6453: 6452: 6450: 6448: 6433: 6424: 6423: 6421: 6414: 6405: 6390: 6389: 6387: 6385: 6373: 6367: 6366: 6364: 6362: 6351: 6345: 6344: 6342: 6340: 6330: 6319: 6310: 6309: 6308:. 14 March 2017. 6298: 6292: 6291: 6279: 6273: 6267: 6258: 6257: 6256:. 22 April 2013. 6246: 6240: 6239: 6232: 6226: 6225: 6223: 6221: 6204: 6198: 6197: 6186: 6180: 6179: 6167: 6161: 6160: 6153: 6147: 6146: 6144: 6142: 6131: 6125: 6113: 6104: 6092: 6083: 6073: 6064: 6054: 6045: 6040:27 August 2018, 6035: 6026: 6013: 6004: 6003: 6001: 5989: 5983: 5982: 5975: 5969: 5956: 5950: 5949: 5947: 5945: 5926: 5920: 5919: 5917: 5915: 5909: 5898: 5889: 5880: 5879: 5871: 5862: 5849: 5843: 5837: 5831: 5825: 5819: 5818: 5798: 5789: 5771: 5765: 5735: 5729: 5728: 5726: 5724: 5710: 5702: 5696: 5695: 5683: 5677: 5654: 5648: 5632:, 16 June 2016, 5618: 5612: 5611: 5600: 5594: 5593: 5578: 5567: 5566: 5551: 5545: 5544: 5542: 5540: 5531:. Archived from 5520: 5514: 5513: 5511: 5509: 5489: 5483: 5482: 5480: 5478: 5469:. Archived from 5458: 5452: 5451: 5449: 5447: 5427: 5421: 5420: 5402: 5392: 5368: 5347: 5346: 5328: 5319: 5318: 5313:. Archived from 5303: 5294: 5280: 5271: 5270: 5268: 5266: 5246: 5240: 5239: 5237: 5235: 5219: 5213: 5212: 5201: 5192: 5191: 5180: 5174: 5173: 5171: 5169: 5154: 5145: 5144: 5142: 5140: 5121: 5112: 5111: 5109: 5107: 5088: 5077: 5076: 5074: 5072: 5063:. Archived from 5052: 5043: 5042: 5027: 5021: 5020: 5009: 4998: 4997: 4980: 4974: 4973: 4971: 4969: 4950: 4944: 4943: 4928: 4922: 4921: 4899: 4893: 4892: 4858: 4849: 4808: 4805: 4799: 4790: 4784: 4773: 4726: 4721: 4720: 4719: 4626: 4555:higher education 4421:Islam in Myanmar 3933: 3932: 3825:ethnic cleansing 3656:On 9 July 2020, 3634:António Guterres 3615:State Councillor 3607:Security Council 3600:ethnic cleansing 3575:Aung San Suu Kyi 3464:ethnic cleansing 3404:Aung San Suu Kyi 3238:Myanmar military 3035:and the earlier 3029:Aung San Suu Kyi 2901:Aung San Suu Kyi 2691:British governor 2659:Kanda University 2630: 2517:Arakan Mountains 2371:, or natives of 2332:Konbaung Dynasty 2326:Burmese conquest 2313: 2277:Battle of Khajwa 2206:Persian alphabet 2202:Burmese alphabet 2188: 2184: 2180: 2171:Bengal Sultanate 2152:Arakan Mountains 2133:Arakan Mountains 2122: 2117:Bengal Sultanate 2062:Arrival of Islam 2006: 1999: 1992: 1980:Islam portal 1978: 1977: 1976: 1937:Papua New Guinea 1902:Marshall Islands 1872:Christmas Island 1835:Northern Ireland 807: 797:Islam by country 793: 792: 718:, or natives of 696:Francis Buchanan 666: 663: 651: 648: 632: 573:ethnic cleansing 424: 419: 415: 407: 406: 403: 402: 399: 396: 393: 388: 387: 384: 381: 378: 375: 372: 369: 366: 344: 337: 330: 316: 315: 308: 307: 232: 209: 208: 196:; minorities of 164: 162: 161: 146: 144: 143: 128: 126: 125: 105: 103: 102: 87: 86: 85: 66:Total population 61: 51: 45: 41: 21: 14498: 14497: 14493: 14492: 14491: 14489: 14488: 14487: 14438:Rohingya people 14428: 14427: 14426: 14421: 14346: 14177: 14168:Mru (Taung Mro) 14132: 14125: 14109: 14060: 13931:Meithei (Kathe) 13881:Lai (Haka Chin) 13776: 13717: 13661: 13632:Lashi (La Chit) 13582: 13571: 13566: 13532:Rohingya people 13522: 13511: 13504: 13491: 13481:Lexington Books 13452: 13430: 13428: 13424: 13417: 13404: 13402: 13393: 13389:Wayback Machine 13369: 13363:Network Myanmar 13358: 13347: 13317: 13315: 13314:on 5 March 2016 13311: 13305: 13290: 13262: 13260: 13234: 13232: 13231:on 12 July 2013 13228: 13211: 13198: 13193: 13192: 13182: 13180: 13171: 13170: 13166: 13156: 13154: 13146: 13145: 13136: 13126: 13124: 13123:on 10 June 2020 13107: 13103: 13093: 13091: 13090:on 27 June 2020 13074: 13070: 13060: 13058: 13057:on 27 June 2020 13039: 13038: 13034: 13021: 13020: 13016: 13001: 12997: 12984: 12982: 12972: 12968: 12958: 12956: 12947: 12946: 12942: 12932: 12930: 12925: 12924: 12920: 12910: 12908: 12898: 12894: 12884: 12882: 12881:. 30 March 2014 12873: 12872: 12868: 12855: 12854: 12850: 12840: 12838: 12827: 12823: 12810: 12809: 12805: 12790: 12789: 12785: 12767: 12763: 12750: 12746: 12736: 12734: 12729: 12728: 12724: 12714: 12712: 12702: 12698: 12688: 12686: 12680: 12676: 12666: 12664: 12651: 12650: 12646: 12636: 12634: 12627: 12621: 12614: 12604: 12602: 12593: 12592: 12588: 12580: 12576: 12564: 12558: 12551: 12541: 12539: 12529: 12522: 12513: 12512: 12508: 12498: 12496: 12492: 12481: 12475: 12468: 12458: 12456: 12451: 12450: 12446: 12436: 12434: 12424: 12420: 12407: 12406: 12402: 12392: 12390: 12382: 12381: 12377: 12372:. 24 June 2022. 12364: 12363: 12359: 12349: 12347: 12344:The Independent 12338: 12337: 12333: 12323: 12321: 12320:on 26 July 2023 12306: 12302: 12292: 12290: 12281: 12280: 12276: 12252: 12246: 12239: 12229: 12227: 12226:on 18 June 2011 12218: 12217: 12213: 12206: 12202: 12192: 12190: 12185: 12184: 12180: 12170: 12168: 12163: 12162: 12151: 12142: 12141: 12137: 12127: 12125: 12114: 12113: 12109: 12099: 12097: 12088: 12087: 12083: 12073: 12071: 12066: 12065: 12061: 12051: 12049: 12034: 12030: 12017: 12016: 12012: 12002: 12000: 11983: 11982: 11978: 11968: 11966: 11958: 11957: 11953: 11943: 11941: 11933: 11929: 11928: 11924: 11914: 11912: 11907: 11906: 11899: 11894:Wayback Machine 11886:Radio Free Asia 11881: 11877: 11854: 11850: 11827: 11823: 11818:Wayback Machine 11804: 11800: 11786: 11784: 11769: 11765: 11760:Wayback Machine 11746: 11742: 11737:Wayback Machine 11724: 11720: 11715:Wayback Machine 11701: 11697: 11692:Wayback Machine 11682: 11678: 11673:Wayback Machine 11659: 11655: 11650:Wayback Machine 11640: 11636: 11631:Wayback Machine 11618: 11614: 11603: 11599: 11589: 11587: 11586:on 30 June 2023 11580:thediplomat.com 11574: 11573: 11569: 11559: 11557: 11548: 11547: 11543: 11533: 11531: 11518: 11517: 11513: 11503: 11501: 11492: 11491: 11487: 11477: 11475: 11462: 11461: 11457: 11447: 11445: 11436: 11435: 11431: 11421: 11419: 11410: 11409: 11394: 11384: 11382: 11377: 11376: 11361: 11351: 11349: 11332: 11331: 11327: 11317: 11315: 11302: 11301: 11297: 11283:Wayback Machine 11274: 11270: 11253: 11249: 11237: 11228: 11216: 11209: 11194: 11190: 11178: 11174: 11158: 11151: 11133: 11129: 11117: 11113: 11099: 11095: 11081: 11077: 11067: 11065: 11056: 11055: 11051: 11041: 11039: 11030: 11029: 11025: 11011: 11007: 10995: 10988: 10978: 10976: 10963: 10962: 10958: 10948: 10946: 10928: 10921: 10911: 10909: 10899: 10892: 10882: 10880: 10871: 10870: 10866: 10854: 10850: 10838: 10834: 10819: 10815: 10801: 10797: 10787: 10785: 10776: 10775: 10771: 10755: 10744: 10732: 10721: 10709: 10688: 10664: 10653: 10635: 10626: 10614: 10591: 10576: 10572: 10559: 10558: 10554: 10549:. 4 April 2019. 10545: 10544: 10540: 10527: 10526: 10522: 10512: 10510: 10501: 10500: 10496: 10477: 10468: 10458: 10456: 10447: 10446: 10442: 10432: 10430: 10421: 10420: 10416: 10406: 10404: 10396: 10395: 10391: 10381: 10379: 10378:. 18 March 2017 10370: 10369: 10365: 10355: 10353: 10341: 10337: 10327: 10325: 10320: 10319: 10315: 10305: 10303: 10288: 10284: 10274: 10272: 10262: 10258: 10248: 10246: 10237: 10236: 10232: 10222: 10220: 10211: 10210: 10206: 10191: 10187: 10177: 10175: 10164: 10163: 10159: 10146: 10145: 10141: 10124: 10120: 10105: 10101: 10091: 10089: 10084: 10083: 10079: 10066: 10065: 10056: 10041: 10040: 10036: 10025: 10016: 10006: 10004: 9995: 9994: 9990: 9980: 9978: 9969: 9968: 9964: 9954: 9952: 9941: 9940: 9936: 9926: 9924: 9920: 9919: 9915: 9905: 9903: 9895: 9894: 9890: 9880: 9878: 9868: 9864: 9854: 9852: 9841: 9840: 9836: 9821: 9820: 9816: 9806: 9804: 9792: 9788: 9778: 9776: 9764: 9760: 9750: 9748: 9737: 9736: 9732: 9722: 9720: 9708: 9704: 9694: 9692: 9688: 9687: 9680: 9667: 9666: 9662: 9652: 9650: 9646: 9639: 9635: 9634: 9630: 9620: 9618: 9605: 9601: 9591: 9589: 9588:on 13 June 2012 9574: 9570: 9560: 9558: 9549: 9548: 9544: 9534: 9532: 9517: 9510: 9495: 9491: 9481: 9479: 9468: 9461: 9451: 9449: 9440: 9439: 9435: 9425: 9423: 9410: 9409: 9405: 9395: 9393: 9384: 9383: 9379: 9369: 9367: 9349: 9345: 9335: 9333: 9320: 9319: 9315: 9305: 9303: 9293: 9289: 9279: 9277: 9275: 9259: 9255: 9240: 9236: 9229:The Independent 9221: 9214: 9204: 9202: 9191: 9184: 9174: 9172: 9167: 9166: 9162: 9154: 9150: 9142: 9135: 9127: 9123: 9113: 9111: 9096: 9092: 9084: 9080: 9065: 9061: 9053: 9049: 9038: 9034: 9022: 9018: 9008: 9006: 8996: 8992: 8987: 8983: 8976: 8962: 8958: 8945: 8944: 8937: 8930: 8916: 8912: 8905: 8889: 8885: 8875: 8873: 8868: 8867: 8863: 8853: 8851: 8842: 8841: 8837: 8827: 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London: Pan. 8321: 8314: 8304: 8302: 8294: 8290: 8289: 8285: 8278: 8262: 8258: 8245: 8241: 8234: 8218: 8214: 8207: 8189: 8185: 8177: 8173: 8166: 8150: 8146: 8136: 8134: 8121: 8120: 8101: 8093: 8089: 8082: 8068: 8064: 8056: 8052: 8047: 8040: 8032: 8028: 8018: 8016: 8007: 8006: 8002: 7994: 7990: 7982: 7969: 7955: 7951: 7943: 7939: 7931: 7927: 7918: 7914: 7901: 7897: 7890: 7874: 7870: 7857: 7853: 7846: 7830: 7826: 7819: 7803: 7799: 7786: 7782: 7777: 7773: 7766: 7747: 7743: 7735: 7726: 7718: 7714: 7709: 7705: 7701:Phayre 1883: 78 7700: 7696: 7683: 7679: 7660: 7659: 7655: 7647: 7636: 7629: 7613: 7606: 7598: 7591: 7583: 7574: 7564: 7562: 7557: 7556: 7552: 7542: 7540: 7532: 7531: 7527: 7520: 7504: 7500: 7493: 7477: 7473: 7462: 7455: 7448: 7432: 7428: 7419: 7415: 7408: 7392: 7383: 7376: 7360: 7356: 7346: 7344: 7331:Tonkin, Derek. 7329: 7320: 7315: 7311: 7301: 7299: 7282: 7275: 7270: 7266: 7261: 7254: 7235: 7226: 7221: 7217: 7207: 7205: 7192: 7191: 7187: 7182: 7175: 7167: 7160: 7150: 7148: 7144: 7133: 7127: 7123: 7115: 7111: 7103: 7097:Network Myanmar 7092: 7086: 7082: 7067: 7063: 7053: 7051: 7041: 7030: 7020: 7018: 7006: 6999: 6989: 6987: 6975: 6971: 6961: 6959: 6955: 6936: 6927: 6918: 6904: 6900: 6890: 6888: 6877: 6870: 6860: 6858: 6853: 6852: 6848: 6841: 6825: 6808: 6798: 6796: 6792: 6781: 6777: 6776: 6772: 6762: 6760: 6741: 6740: 6731: 6717: 6715: 6711: 6700: 6696: 6695: 6686: 6669: 6668: 6659: 6649: 6647: 6638: 6637: 6630: 6617: 6615: 6605: 6598: 6585: 6584: 6577: 6568: 6567: 6558: 6548: 6546: 6541: 6540: 6533: 6520: 6519: 6512: 6502: 6500: 6496: 6490: 6481: 6471: 6469: 6464: 6463: 6456: 6446: 6444: 6435: 6434: 6427: 6419: 6412: 6406: 6393: 6383: 6381: 6374: 6370: 6360: 6358: 6353: 6352: 6348: 6338: 6336: 6328: 6321: 6320: 6313: 6306:The Independent 6300: 6299: 6295: 6280: 6276: 6268: 6261: 6248: 6247: 6243: 6234: 6233: 6229: 6219: 6217: 6206: 6205: 6201: 6188: 6187: 6183: 6168: 6164: 6155: 6154: 6150: 6140: 6138: 6133: 6132: 6128: 6114: 6107: 6093: 6086: 6074: 6067: 6055: 6048: 6036: 6029: 6014: 6007: 5999: 5991: 5990: 5986: 5977: 5976: 5972: 5967:Wayback Machine 5957: 5953: 5943: 5941: 5928: 5927: 5923: 5913: 5911: 5907: 5896: 5890: 5883: 5872: 5865: 5860:Wayback Machine 5850: 5846: 5838: 5834: 5826: 5822: 5815: 5799: 5792: 5787:Wayback Machine 5772: 5768: 5762:Wayback Machine 5736: 5732: 5722: 5720: 5703: 5699: 5684: 5680: 5664:Wayback Machine 5655: 5651: 5646:Wayback Machine 5638:Yale University 5619: 5615: 5610:on 30 May 2023. 5602: 5601: 5597: 5580: 5579: 5570: 5553: 5552: 5548: 5538: 5536: 5521: 5517: 5507: 5505: 5490: 5486: 5476: 5474: 5459: 5455: 5445: 5443: 5442:on 7 March 2024 5436:The Independent 5428: 5424: 5369: 5350: 5343: 5329: 5322: 5305: 5304: 5297: 5292:Wayback Machine 5281: 5274: 5264: 5262: 5255:The Independent 5247: 5243: 5233: 5231: 5230:on 5 March 2024 5220: 5216: 5203: 5202: 5195: 5182: 5181: 5177: 5167: 5165: 5156: 5155: 5148: 5138: 5136: 5135:on 28 June 2023 5123: 5122: 5115: 5105: 5103: 5090: 5089: 5080: 5070: 5068: 5053: 5046: 5029: 5028: 5024: 5011: 5010: 5001: 4982: 4981: 4977: 4967: 4965: 4952: 4951: 4947: 4930: 4929: 4925: 4918: 4900: 4896: 4867:(10081): 1–10. 4856: 4850: 4827: 4822: 4817: 4812: 4811: 4806: 4802: 4797: 4795: 4793: 4791: 4787: 4774: 4770: 4765: 4747:Min Aung Hlaing 4722: 4717: 4715: 4712: 4628: 4620: 4606:sailors in the 4516: 4502: 4489:child mortality 4467: 4427: 4417: 4409:Main articles: 4395: 4349:is part of the 4343: 4337: 4276: 3975:Arakan's total 3947:Akyab District 3924:J. S. Furnivall 3856: 3790:Yale Law School 3786: 3780: 3761:Twan Mrat Naing 3671: 3646: 3502: 3476: 3444: 3438: 3366: 3327: 3319:Bengali Muslims 3269: 3264: 3248:Main articles: 3246: 3218: 3193: 3124: 3108:citizenship law 3100: 3094:for centuries. 3076: 3025: 2993:enacted by the 2991:citizenship law 2987: 2972:As a result of 2970: 2958: 2938: 2932: 2798: 2773: 2759:in the form of 2745: 2711: 2703:liaison officer 2648:research fellow 2646:Moshe Yegar, a 2628: 2613:ethnic Rakhines 2590: 2584: 2545: 2501: 2399: 2397:Arakan Division 2393: 2328: 2311: 2285:Sanda Thudhamma 2186: 2182: 2178: 2148:Pyu city-states 2109: 2064: 2047:Chandra dynasty 2019: 2010: 1974: 1972: 1967: 1966: 1947:Solomon Islands 1862: 1852: 1851: 1748:North Macedonia 1598: 1588: 1587: 1403: 1393: 1392: 1126: 1116: 1115: 824: 814: 791: 785: 637:(following the 616: 514:colonial Arakan 485:to investigate 417: 413: 390: 363: 359: 356:Rohingya people 348: 222:Rohingya people 159: 157: 141: 139: 123: 121: 100: 98: 83: 81: 52: 49: 43:Rohingya people 40: 35: 28: 23: 22: 15: 12: 11: 5: 14496: 14486: 14485: 14480: 14475: 14470: 14465: 14460: 14455: 14450: 14445: 14440: 14423: 14422: 14420: 14419: 14414: 14409: 14404: 14399: 14398: 14397: 14387: 14382: 14377: 14372: 14371: 14370: 14360: 14354: 14352: 14348: 14347: 14345: 14344: 14339: 14334: 14329: 14324: 14319: 14314: 14309: 14304: 14299: 14294: 14289: 14284: 14279: 14274: 14269: 14264: 14259: 14254: 14249: 14244: 14239: 14234: 14229: 14224: 14219: 14214: 14209: 14204: 14199: 14194: 14188: 14186: 14179: 14178: 14176: 14175: 14170: 14165: 14160: 14155: 14150: 14145: 14138: 14136: 14127: 14126: 14124: 14123: 14117: 14115: 14111: 14110: 14108: 14107: 14102: 14097: 14092: 14087: 14082: 14077: 14071: 14069: 14066:Bamar (Burman) 14062: 14061: 14059: 14058: 14053: 14048: 14043: 14038: 14033: 14028: 14023: 14018: 14013: 14008: 14003: 13998: 13993: 13988: 13983: 13978: 13973: 13968: 13963: 13958: 13953: 13948: 13943: 13938: 13933: 13928: 13923: 13918: 13913: 13908: 13903: 13898: 13893: 13888: 13883: 13878: 13873: 13868: 13863: 13858: 13853: 13848: 13843: 13838: 13833: 13831:Gunte (Lyente) 13828: 13823: 13818: 13813: 13808: 13803: 13798: 13793: 13787: 13785: 13778: 13777: 13775: 13774: 13769: 13764: 13759: 13754: 13749: 13744: 13739: 13734: 13728: 13726: 13719: 13718: 13716: 13715: 13710: 13705: 13700: 13695: 13690: 13685: 13680: 13675: 13669: 13667: 13663: 13662: 13660: 13659: 13654: 13649: 13644: 13639: 13634: 13629: 13624: 13622:Maru (Lawgore) 13619: 13614: 13609: 13604: 13599: 13593: 13591: 13584: 13583: 13579:Burmese people 13576: 13573: 13572: 13565: 13564: 13557: 13550: 13542: 13536: 13535: 13521: 13520:External links 13518: 13517: 13516: 13495: 13489: 13479:. Lanham, MD: 13467: 13456: 13450: 13437: 13411: 13391: 13374: 13351: 13345: 13324: 13303: 13283: 13278: 13269: 13247: 13241: 13197: 13194: 13191: 13190: 13164: 13134: 13101: 13068: 13046:New York Times 13032: 13014: 12995: 12974:Mandel, Seth. 12966: 12940: 12918: 12892: 12866: 12848: 12821: 12816:The Daily Star 12803: 12797:The Daily Star 12783: 12761: 12744: 12722: 12696: 12674: 12644: 12612: 12586: 12574: 12549: 12520: 12506: 12466: 12444: 12418: 12400: 12375: 12357: 12331: 12300: 12274: 12237: 12211: 12200: 12178: 12149: 12146:. p. 194. 12135: 12107: 12081: 12059: 12028: 12010: 11976: 11951: 11938:statecrime.org 11922: 11897: 11888:9 April 2024. 11875: 11848: 11821: 11798: 11763: 11740: 11718: 11695: 11676: 11653: 11634: 11612: 11597: 11567: 11541: 11511: 11485: 11455: 11444:. 3 March 2019 11429: 11392: 11359: 11325: 11295: 11268: 11254:Pitman, Todd, 11247: 11226: 11207: 11188: 11172: 11166:(unedited) in 11149: 11127: 11111: 11093: 11075: 11049: 11023: 11005: 10986: 10956: 10919: 10890: 10877:The Daily Star 10864: 10848: 10832: 10813: 10795: 10769: 10742: 10719: 10686: 10651: 10624: 10589: 10570: 10552: 10538: 10535:. 5 July 2019. 10533:The Daily Star 10520: 10509:. 10 July 2019 10494: 10466: 10440: 10414: 10389: 10363: 10335: 10313: 10282: 10256: 10230: 10204: 10185: 10157: 10139: 10118: 10099: 10077: 10054: 10034: 10014: 9988: 9962: 9934: 9913: 9888: 9862: 9834: 9814: 9786: 9758: 9730: 9702: 9678: 9660: 9628: 9599: 9568: 9557:. 29 June 2012 9542: 9508: 9489: 9459: 9433: 9403: 9377: 9343: 9313: 9287: 9273: 9253: 9248:Foreign Policy 9234: 9212: 9182: 9160: 9148: 9133: 9121: 9090: 9078: 9059: 9047: 9032: 9016: 8990: 8981: 8974: 8956: 8935: 8928: 8910: 8903: 8883: 8861: 8835: 8813: 8787: 8754: 8740: 8706: 8684: 8677: 8657: 8638: 8619: 8602: 8585: 8567: 8555: 8540: 8526: 8519: 8501: 8494: 8476: 8450:(2): 396–420. 8421: 8406: 8399: 8376: 8369: 8340: 8333: 8312: 8283: 8276: 8256: 8239: 8232: 8212: 8205: 8183: 8181:, p. 385. 8171: 8164: 8144: 8099: 8087: 8080: 8062: 8050: 8038: 8036:, p. 401. 8026: 8000: 7998:, p. 403. 7988: 7967: 7949: 7947:, p. 399. 7937: 7925: 7912: 7895: 7888: 7868: 7851: 7844: 7824: 7817: 7797: 7780: 7771: 7764: 7741: 7724: 7712: 7703: 7694: 7677: 7653: 7651:, p. 398. 7634: 7627: 7604: 7589: 7572: 7550: 7525: 7518: 7498: 7491: 7471: 7453: 7446: 7426: 7420:D. G. E Hall, 7413: 7406: 7381: 7374: 7354: 7318: 7309: 7273: 7264: 7252: 7237:Taylor, Adam. 7224: 7215: 7185: 7173: 7158: 7121: 7119:, p. 234. 7109: 7080: 7061: 7028: 6997: 6969: 6916: 6898: 6868: 6846: 6839: 6806: 6795:on 30 May 2023 6770: 6759:on 9 June 2023 6729: 6684: 6657: 6628: 6596: 6575: 6556: 6531: 6526:The Daily Star 6510: 6479: 6454: 6425: 6391: 6368: 6346: 6311: 6293: 6274: 6259: 6241: 6227: 6199: 6181: 6162: 6148: 6126: 6105: 6084: 6065: 6046: 6027: 6005: 5984: 5970: 5951: 5921: 5881: 5863: 5844: 5832: 5820: 5813: 5790: 5766: 5730: 5697: 5678: 5649: 5613: 5595: 5568: 5546: 5535:on 29 May 2023 5515: 5498:Global Citizen 5484: 5473:on 29 May 2023 5453: 5422: 5348: 5341: 5320: 5295: 5272: 5241: 5214: 5193: 5175: 5146: 5113: 5078: 5044: 5022: 4999: 4975: 4945: 4923: 4916: 4894: 4857:(fee required) 4824: 4823: 4821: 4818: 4816: 4813: 4810: 4809: 4800: 4785: 4767: 4766: 4764: 4761: 4760: 4759: 4754: 4749: 4744: 4739: 4734: 4728: 4727: 4724:Myanmar portal 4711: 4708: 4667:Charles Petrie 4612: 4501: 4498: 4466: 4463: 4394: 4391: 4339:Main article: 4336: 4333: 4275: 4272: 4269: 4268: 4265: 4262: 4260: 4258: 4256: 4254: 4252: 4250: 4247: 4243: 4242: 4239: 4236: 4233: 4230: 4227: 4224: 4221: 4218: 4215: 4211: 4210: 4208: 4205: 4202: 4199: 4197: 4194: 4192: 4190: 4188: 4184: 4183: 4181: 4178: 4175: 4172: 4169: 4166: 4164: 4161: 4159: 4155: 4154: 4151: 4148: 4145: 4142: 4139: 4136: 4134: 4131: 4128: 4124: 4123: 4121: 4118: 4115: 4112: 4110: 4107: 4105: 4103: 4101: 4097: 4096: 4094: 4091: 4088: 4085: 4083: 4080: 4078: 4076: 4074: 4070: 4069: 4066: 4063: 4061: 4059: 4056: 4053: 4051: 4048: 4045: 4041: 4040: 4037: 4034: 4032: 4030: 4027: 4025: 4023: 4021: 4018: 4014: 4013: 4011: 4008: 4006: 4004: 4002: 4000: 3998: 3996: 3993: 3986: 3985: 3979: 3973: 3967: 3964: 3958: 3952: 3949: 3943: 3937: 3855: 3852: 3782:Main article: 3779: 3776: 3769:Rakhine people 3692:Following the 3670: 3667: 3645: 3642: 3579:misinformation 3571:Nobel Laureate 3501: 3498: 3485:Fortify Rights 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991: 986: 981: 976: 971: 966: 961: 956: 951: 946: 941: 936: 931: 926: 921: 916: 911: 906: 901: 896: 891: 886: 881: 876: 871: 866: 861: 856: 851: 846: 841: 836: 831: 825: 820: 819: 816: 815: 808: 800: 799: 784: 781: 746:Jacques Leider 615: 612: 467:Nobel laureate 436:and reside in 350: 349: 347: 346: 339: 332: 324: 321: 320: 301: 300: 299: 298: 293: 288: 280: 279: 278: 277: 272: 267: 262: 257: 252: 247: 242: 234: 233: 225: 224: 218: 217: 205: 204: 192:Predominantly 189: 188: 184: 183: 177: 176: 172: 171: 168: 154: 153: 150: 136: 135: 132: 118: 117: 114: 95: 94: 91: 78: 77: 73: 72: 68: 67: 63: 62: 54: 53: 38: 26: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 14495: 14484: 14481: 14479: 14476: 14474: 14471: 14469: 14466: 14464: 14461: 14459: 14456: 14454: 14451: 14449: 14446: 14444: 14441: 14439: 14436: 14435: 14433: 14418: 14415: 14413: 14410: 14408: 14405: 14403: 14400: 14396: 14393: 14392: 14391: 14388: 14386: 14383: 14381: 14378: 14376: 14373: 14369: 14366: 14365: 14364: 14361: 14359: 14358:Anglo-Burmese 14356: 14355: 14353: 14349: 14343: 14340: 14338: 14335: 14333: 14330: 14328: 14325: 14323: 14320: 14318: 14315: 14313: 14310: 14308: 14305: 14303: 14300: 14298: 14295: 14293: 14290: 14288: 14285: 14283: 14280: 14278: 14275: 14273: 14270: 14268: 14265: 14263: 14260: 14258: 14255: 14253: 14250: 14248: 14245: 14243: 14240: 14238: 14235: 14233: 14230: 14228: 14225: 14223: 14220: 14218: 14215: 14213: 14210: 14208: 14205: 14203: 14200: 14198: 14195: 14193: 14192:Danaw (Danau) 14190: 14189: 14187: 14184: 14180: 14174: 14171: 14169: 14166: 14164: 14161: 14159: 14156: 14154: 14151: 14149: 14146: 14143: 14140: 14139: 14137: 14134: 14128: 14122: 14119: 14118: 14116: 14112: 14106: 14103: 14101: 14098: 14096: 14093: 14091: 14088: 14086: 14083: 14081: 14078: 14076: 14073: 14072: 14070: 14067: 14063: 14057: 14054: 14052: 14049: 14047: 14044: 14042: 14039: 14037: 14034: 14032: 14029: 14027: 14024: 14022: 14019: 14017: 14014: 14012: 14009: 14007: 14004: 14002: 13999: 13997: 13994: 13992: 13989: 13987: 13984: 13982: 13979: 13977: 13974: 13972: 13969: 13967: 13964: 13962: 13959: 13957: 13954: 13952: 13949: 13947: 13944: 13942: 13939: 13937: 13934: 13932: 13929: 13927: 13924: 13922: 13919: 13917: 13914: 13912: 13909: 13907: 13904: 13902: 13899: 13897: 13894: 13892: 13889: 13887: 13884: 13882: 13879: 13877: 13874: 13872: 13869: 13867: 13866:Kwangli (Sim) 13864: 13862: 13859: 13857: 13854: 13852: 13849: 13847: 13844: 13842: 13839: 13837: 13834: 13832: 13829: 13827: 13824: 13822: 13819: 13817: 13814: 13812: 13809: 13807: 13804: 13802: 13799: 13797: 13794: 13792: 13789: 13788: 13786: 13783: 13779: 13773: 13770: 13768: 13765: 13763: 13760: 13758: 13755: 13753: 13750: 13748: 13745: 13743: 13740: 13738: 13735: 13733: 13730: 13729: 13727: 13724: 13723:Kayin (Karen) 13720: 13714: 13711: 13709: 13706: 13704: 13701: 13699: 13696: 13694: 13691: 13689: 13686: 13684: 13681: 13679: 13676: 13674: 13671: 13670: 13668: 13664: 13658: 13655: 13653: 13650: 13648: 13645: 13643: 13640: 13638: 13635: 13633: 13630: 13628: 13625: 13623: 13620: 13618: 13615: 13613: 13610: 13608: 13605: 13603: 13600: 13598: 13595: 13594: 13592: 13589: 13585: 13581: 13580: 13574: 13570: 13563: 13558: 13556: 13551: 13549: 13544: 13543: 13540: 13533: 13528: 13524: 13523: 13510: 13503: 13502: 13496: 13492: 13486: 13482: 13478: 13477: 13472: 13468: 13464: 13463: 13457: 13453: 13447: 13443: 13438: 13423: 13416: 13412: 13400: 13396: 13392: 13390: 13386: 13383: 13379: 13375: 13368: 13364: 13357: 13352: 13348: 13346:9780190277727 13342: 13338: 13334: 13330: 13325: 13310: 13306: 13300: 13296: 13289: 13284: 13282: 13279: 13275: 13270: 13259: 13258: 13253: 13248: 13245: 13242: 13227: 13223: 13219: 13218: 13210: 13205: 13204: 13203: 13202: 13178: 13174: 13168: 13153: 13149: 13143: 13141: 13139: 13122: 13118: 13117: 13112: 13105: 13089: 13085: 13084: 13079: 13072: 13056: 13052: 13048: 13047: 13042: 13036: 13028: 13024: 13018: 13010: 13006: 12999: 12992: 12981: 12977: 12970: 12954: 12950: 12944: 12928: 12922: 12907: 12903: 12896: 12880: 12876: 12870: 12862: 12858: 12852: 12836: 12832: 12825: 12817: 12813: 12807: 12799: 12798: 12793: 12787: 12779: 12775: 12771: 12765: 12758: 12754: 12748: 12732: 12726: 12711: 12707: 12700: 12685: 12678: 12662: 12658: 12654: 12648: 12633: 12632:Burma Library 12626: 12619: 12617: 12600: 12596: 12590: 12584:, p. 19. 12583: 12578: 12570: 12563: 12556: 12554: 12538: 12534: 12527: 12525: 12516: 12510: 12491: 12487: 12480: 12473: 12471: 12454: 12448: 12433: 12429: 12422: 12414: 12410: 12404: 12389: 12385: 12379: 12371: 12367: 12361: 12345: 12341: 12335: 12319: 12315: 12311: 12304: 12288: 12284: 12278: 12270: 12266: 12262: 12258: 12251: 12244: 12242: 12225: 12221: 12215: 12209: 12204: 12188: 12182: 12166: 12160: 12158: 12156: 12154: 12145: 12139: 12123: 12122: 12121:The Economist 12117: 12111: 12095: 12091: 12085: 12069: 12063: 12047: 12043: 12039: 12032: 12024: 12020: 12014: 11998: 11994: 11990: 11986: 11980: 11965: 11961: 11955: 11939: 11932: 11926: 11910: 11904: 11902: 11895: 11891: 11887: 11884: 11879: 11871: 11867: 11863: 11859: 11852: 11844: 11840: 11836: 11832: 11825: 11819: 11815: 11811: 11810:The Irrawaddy 11807: 11802: 11794: 11782: 11778: 11774: 11767: 11761: 11757: 11753: 11752:The Irrawaddy 11749: 11744: 11738: 11734: 11731: 11730:Dhaka Tribune 11727: 11722: 11716: 11712: 11708: 11707:Dhaka Tribune 11704: 11699: 11693: 11689: 11685: 11680: 11674: 11670: 11666: 11665:The Irrawaddy 11662: 11657: 11651: 11647: 11643: 11638: 11632: 11628: 11625: 11621: 11616: 11610: 11606: 11601: 11585: 11581: 11577: 11571: 11555: 11551: 11545: 11529: 11525: 11524:Just Security 11521: 11515: 11500:. 9 July 2020 11499: 11495: 11489: 11473: 11469: 11465: 11459: 11443: 11442:Dhaka Tribune 11439: 11433: 11417: 11413: 11407: 11405: 11403: 11401: 11399: 11397: 11380: 11374: 11372: 11370: 11368: 11366: 11364: 11347: 11343: 11342: 11336: 11329: 11313: 11309: 11305: 11299: 11292: 11288: 11284: 11280: 11277: 11272: 11265: 11261: 11257: 11251: 11244: 11240: 11235: 11233: 11231: 11223: 11219: 11214: 11212: 11204: 11203: 11198: 11192: 11185: 11181: 11176: 11169: 11165: 11161: 11156: 11154: 11146: 11145: 11140: 11136: 11131: 11124: 11120: 11115: 11108: 11107: 11102: 11097: 11090: 11089: 11084: 11079: 11063: 11062:Dhaka Tribune 11059: 11053: 11037: 11033: 11027: 11020: 11019: 11014: 11009: 11002: 10998: 10993: 10991: 10974: 10970: 10966: 10960: 10945: 10941: 10937: 10933: 10926: 10924: 10908: 10904: 10897: 10895: 10878: 10874: 10868: 10861: 10859: 10852: 10845: 10841: 10836: 10830: 10826: 10822: 10817: 10810: 10809: 10804: 10799: 10783: 10779: 10773: 10766: 10762: 10758: 10753: 10751: 10749: 10747: 10739: 10735: 10730: 10728: 10726: 10724: 10716: 10712: 10707: 10705: 10703: 10701: 10699: 10697: 10695: 10693: 10691: 10683: 10679: 10678: 10673: 10672: 10667: 10662: 10660: 10658: 10656: 10648: 10647: 10642: 10638: 10633: 10631: 10629: 10621: 10617: 10612: 10610: 10608: 10606: 10604: 10602: 10600: 10598: 10596: 10594: 10585: 10581: 10574: 10566: 10562: 10556: 10548: 10542: 10534: 10530: 10524: 10508: 10504: 10498: 10491: 10487: 10486: 10481: 10475: 10473: 10471: 10454: 10450: 10444: 10428: 10424: 10418: 10403: 10399: 10393: 10377: 10373: 10367: 10352: 10351: 10346: 10339: 10323: 10317: 10301: 10297: 10293: 10286: 10271: 10267: 10260: 10244: 10240: 10234: 10218: 10214: 10208: 10200: 10196: 10189: 10173: 10172: 10167: 10161: 10153: 10149: 10143: 10135: 10134: 10129: 10122: 10114: 10110: 10103: 10087: 10081: 10073: 10069: 10063: 10061: 10059: 10050: 10049: 10044: 10038: 10030: 10023: 10021: 10019: 10002: 9998: 9992: 9976: 9972: 9966: 9950: 9949: 9944: 9938: 9923: 9917: 9902: 9898: 9892: 9877: 9873: 9866: 9851:. 17 May 2017 9850: 9849: 9844: 9838: 9831:. 8 May 2015. 9830: 9829: 9824: 9818: 9803: 9802: 9797: 9790: 9775: 9774: 9769: 9762: 9747:. 21 May 2015 9746: 9745: 9740: 9734: 9719: 9718: 9713: 9706: 9691: 9685: 9683: 9674: 9670: 9664: 9645: 9638: 9632: 9617: 9613: 9609: 9608:Keane, Fergal 9603: 9587: 9583: 9582:The Irrawaddy 9579: 9572: 9556: 9552: 9546: 9530: 9526: 9522: 9515: 9513: 9504: 9500: 9493: 9477: 9473: 9466: 9464: 9448:. 8 June 2012 9447: 9443: 9437: 9421: 9417: 9416:Myanmar Times 9413: 9407: 9391: 9387: 9381: 9366: 9362: 9358: 9354: 9347: 9331: 9327: 9323: 9317: 9302: 9301:reliefweb.int 9298: 9291: 9276: 9270: 9266: 9265: 9257: 9249: 9245: 9238: 9230: 9226: 9219: 9217: 9200: 9196: 9189: 9187: 9170: 9164: 9158:, p. 32. 9157: 9152: 9146:, p. 14. 9145: 9140: 9138: 9131:, p. 23. 9130: 9125: 9109: 9105: 9101: 9094: 9088:, p. 59. 9087: 9082: 9074: 9070: 9063: 9057:, p. 56. 9056: 9051: 9043: 9036: 9029: 9025: 9020: 9005: 9001: 8994: 8985: 8977: 8971: 8967: 8960: 8952: 8951:Time Magazine 8948: 8942: 8940: 8931: 8925: 8921: 8914: 8906: 8900: 8896: 8895: 8887: 8871: 8865: 8849: 8845: 8839: 8823: 8817: 8801: 8797: 8791: 8776: 8772: 8768: 8767:The Economist 8764: 8758: 8750: 8744: 8729: 8725: 8719: 8717: 8715: 8713: 8711: 8695: 8688: 8680: 8674: 8670: 8669: 8661: 8653: 8649: 8642: 8634: 8630: 8623: 8615: 8609: 8607: 8599: 8594: 8592: 8590: 8581: 8574: 8572: 8564: 8563:Aye Chan 2005 8559: 8551: 8544: 8536: 8530: 8522: 8516: 8512: 8505: 8497: 8491: 8487: 8480: 8461: 8457: 8453: 8449: 8445: 8444: 8436: 8432: 8425: 8418: 8413: 8411: 8402: 8400:9781860643545 8396: 8392: 8391: 8383: 8381: 8372: 8366: 8362: 8357: 8356: 8347: 8345: 8336: 8330: 8326: 8319: 8317: 8300: 8293: 8287: 8279: 8273: 8269: 8268: 8260: 8252: 8251: 8243: 8235: 8229: 8225: 8224: 8216: 8208: 8206:0-313-32110-8 8202: 8198: 8194: 8187: 8180: 8175: 8167: 8161: 8157: 8156: 8148: 8132: 8128: 8127:The Economist 8124: 8118: 8116: 8114: 8112: 8110: 8108: 8106: 8104: 8097: 8091: 8083: 8077: 8073: 8066: 8059: 8054: 8045: 8043: 8035: 8034:Aye Chan 2005 8030: 8014: 8010: 8004: 7997: 7996:Aye Chan 2005 7992: 7986:, p. 10. 7985: 7980: 7978: 7976: 7974: 7972: 7965: 7962:, p. 126, at 7961: 7960: 7953: 7946: 7945:Aye Chan 2005 7941: 7934: 7933:Aye Chan 2005 7929: 7922: 7916: 7909: 7908:1-884964-04-4 7905: 7899: 7891: 7885: 7881: 7880: 7872: 7864: 7863: 7855: 7847: 7841: 7837: 7836: 7828: 7820: 7814: 7810: 7809: 7801: 7793: 7792: 7784: 7775: 7767: 7761: 7757: 7756: 7751: 7745: 7739:, p. 24. 7738: 7733: 7731: 7729: 7721: 7716: 7707: 7698: 7690: 7689: 7681: 7673: 7669: 7668: 7663: 7657: 7650: 7649:Aye Chan 2005 7645: 7643: 7641: 7639: 7630: 7624: 7620: 7619: 7611: 7609: 7601: 7600:Aye Chan 2005 7596: 7594: 7587:, p. 23. 7586: 7581: 7579: 7577: 7560: 7554: 7539: 7535: 7529: 7521: 7515: 7511: 7510: 7502: 7494: 7488: 7484: 7483: 7475: 7467: 7460: 7458: 7449: 7443: 7439: 7438: 7430: 7423: 7417: 7409: 7403: 7399: 7398: 7390: 7388: 7386: 7377: 7371: 7367: 7366: 7358: 7342: 7338: 7337:The Irrawaddy 7334: 7327: 7325: 7323: 7313: 7297: 7293: 7292: 7287: 7280: 7278: 7268: 7259: 7257: 7248: 7244: 7240: 7233: 7231: 7229: 7219: 7203: 7199: 7195: 7189: 7180: 7178: 7170: 7165: 7163: 7143: 7139: 7132: 7125: 7118: 7113: 7102: 7098: 7091: 7084: 7076: 7072: 7065: 7050: 7049:HeritageTimes 7046: 7039: 7037: 7035: 7033: 7017: 7016: 7015:The Irrawaddy 7011: 7004: 7002: 6986: 6985: 6980: 6973: 6954: 6950: 6946: 6942: 6935: 6931: 6925: 6923: 6921: 6913: 6909: 6908:The Economist 6902: 6886: 6885:The Asian Age 6882: 6875: 6873: 6856: 6850: 6842: 6840:9780986681516 6836: 6832: 6831: 6823: 6821: 6819: 6817: 6815: 6813: 6811: 6791: 6787: 6780: 6774: 6758: 6754: 6750: 6749: 6744: 6738: 6736: 6734: 6726: 6710: 6706: 6699: 6693: 6691: 6689: 6680: 6676: 6672: 6666: 6664: 6662: 6645: 6641: 6635: 6633: 6625: 6614: 6610: 6603: 6601: 6592: 6588: 6582: 6580: 6571: 6565: 6563: 6561: 6544: 6538: 6536: 6527: 6523: 6517: 6515: 6495: 6488: 6486: 6484: 6467: 6461: 6459: 6442: 6438: 6432: 6430: 6418: 6411: 6404: 6402: 6400: 6398: 6396: 6379: 6372: 6356: 6350: 6334: 6327: 6326: 6318: 6316: 6307: 6303: 6297: 6289: 6285: 6278: 6271: 6266: 6264: 6255: 6251: 6245: 6237: 6231: 6215: 6214: 6209: 6203: 6195: 6191: 6185: 6177: 6173: 6166: 6158: 6152: 6136: 6130: 6123: 6122: 6117: 6112: 6110: 6102: 6101: 6096: 6091: 6089: 6081: 6077: 6072: 6070: 6062: 6058: 6053: 6051: 6043: 6039: 6034: 6032: 6024: 6020: 6019: 6012: 6010: 5998: 5994: 5988: 5980: 5979:"Who we are?" 5974: 5968: 5964: 5960: 5955: 5939: 5935: 5931: 5925: 5906: 5902: 5895: 5888: 5886: 5877: 5870: 5868: 5861: 5857: 5854: 5848: 5841: 5836: 5829: 5824: 5816: 5810: 5806: 5805: 5797: 5795: 5788: 5784: 5780: 5776: 5770: 5763: 5759: 5756: 5752: 5751: 5746: 5745: 5740: 5734: 5718: 5714: 5709: 5701: 5693: 5689: 5682: 5675: 5671: 5670: 5665: 5661: 5658: 5653: 5647: 5643: 5639: 5635: 5631: 5627: 5623: 5617: 5609: 5605: 5599: 5591: 5587: 5583: 5577: 5575: 5573: 5564: 5560: 5559:The Stateless 5556: 5550: 5534: 5530: 5526: 5519: 5503: 5499: 5495: 5488: 5472: 5468: 5464: 5457: 5441: 5437: 5433: 5426: 5418: 5414: 5410: 5406: 5401: 5396: 5391: 5386: 5382: 5378: 5374: 5367: 5365: 5363: 5361: 5359: 5357: 5355: 5353: 5344: 5338: 5334: 5327: 5325: 5316: 5312: 5308: 5302: 5300: 5293: 5289: 5285: 5279: 5277: 5260: 5256: 5252: 5245: 5229: 5225: 5218: 5210: 5206: 5200: 5198: 5189: 5185: 5179: 5163: 5159: 5153: 5151: 5134: 5130: 5129:Dhaka Tribune 5126: 5120: 5118: 5101: 5097: 5093: 5087: 5085: 5083: 5066: 5062: 5058: 5051: 5049: 5040: 5036: 5032: 5026: 5018: 5014: 5008: 5006: 5004: 4995: 4991: 4990: 4985: 4979: 4963: 4959: 4955: 4949: 4941: 4937: 4933: 4927: 4919: 4913: 4910:. p. 3. 4909: 4905: 4898: 4890: 4886: 4882: 4878: 4874: 4870: 4866: 4862: 4855: 4848: 4846: 4844: 4842: 4840: 4838: 4836: 4834: 4832: 4830: 4825: 4804: 4789: 4782: 4778: 4772: 4768: 4758: 4755: 4753: 4750: 4748: 4745: 4743: 4740: 4738: 4735: 4733: 4730: 4729: 4725: 4714: 4707: 4705: 4701: 4697: 4693: 4688: 4686: 4681: 4679: 4675: 4670: 4668: 4664: 4660: 4656: 4652: 4648: 4644: 4639: 4635: 4633: 4627: 4624: 4617: 4611: 4609: 4605: 4600: 4595: 4592: 4588: 4584: 4580: 4574: 4572: 4571:forced labour 4566: 4564: 4560: 4556: 4552: 4547: 4544: 4536: 4531: 4524: 4520: 4515: 4511: 4507: 4497: 4495: 4490: 4486: 4485: 4476: 4471: 4462: 4458: 4456: 4452: 4448: 4444: 4440: 4436: 4431: 4426: 4422: 4416: 4412: 4404: 4399: 4390: 4386: 4384: 4381:, Roman, and 4380: 4376: 4372: 4368: 4367:lingua franca 4364: 4360: 4356: 4352: 4348: 4342: 4332: 4330: 4326: 4322: 4318: 4314: 4310: 4308: 4304: 4300: 4296: 4292: 4288: 4284: 4279: 4266: 4263: 4261: 4259: 4257: 4255: 4253: 4251: 4248: 4245: 4244: 4240: 4237: 4234: 4231: 4228: 4225: 4222: 4219: 4216: 4213: 4212: 4209: 4206: 4203: 4200: 4198: 4195: 4193: 4191: 4189: 4186: 4185: 4182: 4179: 4176: 4173: 4170: 4167: 4165: 4162: 4160: 4157: 4156: 4152: 4149: 4146: 4143: 4140: 4137: 4135: 4132: 4129: 4126: 4125: 4122: 4119: 4116: 4113: 4111: 4108: 4106: 4104: 4102: 4099: 4098: 4095: 4092: 4089: 4086: 4084: 4081: 4079: 4077: 4075: 4072: 4071: 4067: 4064: 4062: 4060: 4057: 4054: 4052: 4049: 4046: 4043: 4042: 4038: 4035: 4033: 4031: 4028: 4026: 4024: 4022: 4019: 4016: 4015: 4012: 4009: 4007: 4005: 4003: 4001: 3999: 3997: 3994: 3992: 3988: 3987: 3984: 3980: 3978: 3974: 3972: 3969:Indians born 3968: 3965: 3963: 3959: 3957: 3953: 3950: 3948: 3944: 3942: 3938: 3935: 3934: 3931: 3929: 3925: 3919: 3917: 3913: 3909: 3905: 3901: 3897: 3893: 3889: 3885: 3882:Prior to the 3880: 3878: 3868: 3860: 3851: 3849: 3844: 3842: 3837: 3832: 3830: 3826: 3822: 3817: 3815: 3811: 3807: 3803: 3799: 3795: 3791: 3785: 3775: 3772: 3770: 3766: 3763:, posted two 3762: 3757: 3755: 3750: 3746: 3744: 3740: 3739:Sheikh Hasina 3735: 3733: 3729: 3725: 3720: 3718: 3713: 3711: 3705: 3703: 3699: 3695: 3687: 3683: 3679: 3678:Aung Kyaw Moe 3675: 3666: 3664: 3659: 3654: 3652: 3641: 3637: 3635: 3629: 3626: 3624: 3619: 3616: 3611: 3608: 3603: 3601: 3597: 3592: 3590: 3585: 3582: 3580: 3576: 3572: 3567: 3565: 3560: 3557: 3554: 3551: 3546: 3544: 3538: 3534: 3530: 3527: 3522: 3518: 3511: 3506: 3497: 3493: 3489: 3486: 3481: 3478:According to 3471: 3469: 3465: 3461: 3453: 3448: 3443: 3433: 3431: 3426: 3423: 3418: 3416: 3412: 3407: 3405: 3400: 3398: 3394: 3390: 3386: 3382: 3381:Rakhine State 3378: 3373: 3371: 3361: 3358: 3353: 3349: 3345: 3341: 3337: 3332: 3322: 3320: 3317: 3311: 3308: 3302: 3299: 3298:The Economist 3295: 3290: 3281: 3273: 3263: 3259: 3255: 3251: 3241: 3239: 3235: 3230: 3226: 3223: 3213: 3209: 3207: 3206:Islamic state 3201: 3197: 3188: 3184: 3180: 3178: 3174: 3170: 3166: 3162: 3157: 3156:Islamic state 3153: 3149: 3148: 3143: 3138: 3136: 3132: 3131: 3130:The Economist 3119: 3117: 3113: 3109: 3105: 3095: 3093: 3089: 3085: 3084:Rakhine State 3081: 3071: 3069: 3064: 3062: 3058: 3057:forced labour 3054: 3048: 3046: 3042: 3038: 3037:1988 Uprising 3034: 3033:1990 election 3030: 3020: 3016: 3013: 3010: 3008: 3004: 3000: 2996: 2992: 2989:In 1982, the 2982: 2980: 2975: 2965: 2963: 2953: 2951: 2947: 2943: 2937: 2927: 2925: 2924:voting rights 2920: 2918: 2914: 2908: 2906: 2902: 2898: 2894: 2890: 2886: 2882: 2878: 2874: 2870: 2869:8888 uprising 2865: 2863: 2859: 2855: 2851: 2848: 2844: 2843:Sultan Mahmud 2840: 2836: 2832: 2828: 2824: 2819: 2815: 2811: 2807: 2803: 2793: 2790: 2781: 2777: 2768: 2766: 2762: 2758: 2754: 2750: 2740: 2737: 2733: 2729: 2724: 2720: 2719:East Pakistan 2716: 2706: 2704: 2700: 2696: 2692: 2686: 2684: 2680: 2675: 2673: 2669: 2665: 2660: 2655: 2653: 2649: 2644: 2642: 2637: 2632: 2626: 2622: 2618: 2614: 2610: 2606: 2599: 2594: 2589: 2579: 2576: 2574: 2570: 2566: 2562: 2558: 2555:. During the 2554: 2550: 2540: 2538: 2534: 2533:British India 2530: 2526: 2522: 2518: 2510: 2505: 2496: 2492: 2488: 2485: 2481: 2477: 2473: 2469: 2465: 2461: 2457: 2453: 2448: 2447:New York City 2444: 2440: 2439:Thant Myint-U 2437:According to 2435: 2431: 2428: 2425:extended the 2424: 2415: 2408: 2403: 2398: 2388: 2386: 2382: 2378: 2374: 2370: 2366: 2362: 2361: 2356: 2352: 2347: 2345: 2341: 2337: 2333: 2323: 2321: 2320:Kaladan River 2317: 2309: 2305: 2300: 2298: 2294: 2290: 2286: 2282: 2278: 2274: 2270: 2266: 2265:Mughal Bengal 2262: 2257: 2255: 2251: 2246: 2244: 2241: 2237: 2233: 2229: 2225: 2220: 2218: 2214: 2209: 2207: 2203: 2199: 2195: 2190: 2176: 2172: 2168: 2164: 2159: 2157: 2153: 2149: 2142: 2138: 2134: 2129: 2118: 2113: 2104: 2101: 2095: 2093: 2087: 2085: 2081: 2077: 2073: 2072:Maurya Empire 2069: 2068:Bay of Bengal 2059: 2057: 2052: 2048: 2044: 2040: 2036: 2032: 2028: 2024: 2017:Early history 2007: 2002: 2000: 1995: 1993: 1988: 1987: 1985: 1984: 1981: 1971: 1970: 1963: 1960: 1958: 1955: 1953: 1950: 1948: 1945: 1943: 1940: 1938: 1935: 1933: 1930: 1928: 1925: 1923: 1920: 1918: 1917:New Caledonia 1915: 1913: 1910: 1908: 1905: 1903: 1900: 1898: 1895: 1893: 1890: 1888: 1885: 1883: 1880: 1878: 1875: 1873: 1870: 1868: 1865: 1864: 1861: 1856: 1855: 1846: 1843: 1841: 1838: 1836: 1833: 1831: 1828: 1827: 1826: 1823: 1821: 1818: 1816: 1813: 1811: 1808: 1806: 1803: 1801: 1798: 1796: 1793: 1791: 1788: 1786: 1783: 1779: 1776: 1775: 1774: 1771: 1769: 1766: 1764: 1761: 1759: 1756: 1754: 1751: 1749: 1746: 1744: 1741: 1739: 1736: 1734: 1731: 1729: 1726: 1724: 1721: 1719: 1716: 1714: 1711: 1709: 1708:Liechtenstein 1706: 1704: 1701: 1699: 1696: 1694: 1691: 1689: 1686: 1684: 1681: 1679: 1676: 1674: 1671: 1669: 1666: 1664: 1661: 1659: 1656: 1654: 1651: 1649: 1646: 1644: 1641: 1639: 1636: 1634: 1631: 1629: 1626: 1624: 1621: 1619: 1616: 1614: 1611: 1609: 1606: 1604: 1601: 1600: 1597: 1592: 1591: 1584: 1581: 1579: 1576: 1574: 1573:United States 1571: 1569: 1566: 1564: 1561: 1559: 1556: 1554: 1551: 1549: 1546: 1544: 1541: 1539: 1536: 1534: 1531: 1529: 1526: 1524: 1521: 1519: 1516: 1514: 1511: 1509: 1506: 1504: 1501: 1499: 1496: 1494: 1491: 1489: 1488:French Guiana 1486: 1484: 1481: 1479: 1476: 1474: 1471: 1469: 1466: 1464: 1461: 1459: 1456: 1454: 1451: 1449: 1446: 1444: 1441: 1439: 1436: 1434: 1431: 1429: 1426: 1424: 1421: 1419: 1416: 1414: 1411: 1409: 1406: 1405: 1402: 1397: 1396: 1389: 1386: 1384: 1381: 1379: 1376: 1374: 1371: 1369: 1366: 1364: 1361: 1359: 1356: 1354: 1351: 1349: 1346: 1344: 1341: 1339: 1336: 1334: 1331: 1329: 1326: 1324: 1321: 1319: 1316: 1314: 1311: 1309: 1306: 1304: 1301: 1299: 1296: 1294: 1291: 1289: 1286: 1284: 1281: 1279: 1276: 1274: 1271: 1269: 1266: 1264: 1261: 1259: 1256: 1254: 1251: 1247: 1244: 1242: 1239: 1238: 1237: 1234: 1232: 1229: 1227: 1224: 1222: 1219: 1217: 1214: 1212: 1209: 1207: 1204: 1202: 1199: 1197: 1194: 1192: 1189: 1187: 1184: 1182: 1179: 1177: 1174: 1172: 1169: 1167: 1164: 1162: 1159: 1157: 1154: 1152: 1149: 1147: 1144: 1142: 1139: 1137: 1134: 1132: 1129: 1128: 1125: 1120: 1119: 1112: 1109: 1107: 1104: 1102: 1099: 1097: 1094: 1092: 1089: 1087: 1084: 1082: 1079: 1077: 1074: 1072: 1069: 1067: 1064: 1062: 1059: 1057: 1054: 1052: 1049: 1047: 1044: 1042: 1039: 1037: 1034: 1032: 1029: 1027: 1024: 1022: 1019: 1017: 1014: 1010: 1007: 1006: 1005: 1002: 1000: 997: 995: 992: 990: 987: 985: 982: 980: 977: 975: 972: 970: 967: 965: 962: 960: 957: 955: 952: 950: 947: 945: 944:Guinea-Bissau 942: 940: 937: 935: 932: 930: 927: 925: 922: 920: 917: 915: 912: 910: 907: 905: 902: 900: 897: 895: 892: 890: 887: 885: 882: 880: 877: 875: 872: 870: 867: 865: 862: 860: 857: 855: 852: 850: 847: 845: 842: 840: 837: 835: 832: 830: 827: 826: 823: 818: 817: 812: 806: 802: 801: 798: 795: 794: 790: 780: 778: 772: 770: 766: 762: 758: 753: 751: 750:Chittagonians 747: 744:According to 742: 740: 736: 731: 729: 725: 721: 717: 713: 709: 708: 703: 702: 697: 693: 689: 684: 682: 678: 674: 670: 659: 655: 644: 640: 636: 629: 625: 621: 611: 609: 605: 601: 597: 592: 590: 589:forced labour 586: 582: 578: 574: 570: 566: 562: 558: 554: 550: 546: 541: 539: 535: 531: 527: 523: 519: 515: 511: 507: 503: 499: 495: 490: 488: 484: 480: 476: 472: 468: 464: 460: 456: 452: 447: 444:. Before the 443: 439: 438:Rakhine State 435: 431: 428: 423: 411: 405: 357: 345: 340: 338: 333: 331: 326: 325: 323: 322: 319: 311: 303: 302: 297: 294: 292: 289: 287: 284: 283: 282: 281: 276: 273: 271: 268: 266: 263: 261: 258: 256: 253: 251: 248: 246: 243: 241: 238: 237: 236: 235: 231: 227: 226: 223: 220: 219: 215: 211: 210: 203: 199: 195: 190: 185: 182: 178: 173: 169: 167: 155: 151: 149: 137: 133: 131: 119: 115: 112: 111:Rakhine State 108: 96: 92: 90: 79: 74: 69: 64: 60: 55: 46: 37: 33: 19: 14401: 14217:Khmu (Khamu) 14163:Miram (Mara) 13806:Bre (Ka-Yaw) 13577: 13509:the original 13500: 13475: 13471:Yegar, Moshe 13461: 13441: 13429:. Retrieved 13422:the original 13403:. Retrieved 13399:the original 13377: 13367:the original 13362: 13328: 13316:. Retrieved 13309:the original 13294: 13273: 13261:. Retrieved 13255: 13235:11 September 13233:. Retrieved 13226:the original 13221: 13215: 13200: 13199: 13181:. Retrieved 13176: 13167: 13155:. Retrieved 13151: 13125:. 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Retrieved 10243:Bangkok Post 10242: 10233: 10221:. Retrieved 10216: 10207: 10198: 10188: 10176:. Retrieved 10169: 10160: 10151: 10142: 10131: 10121: 10113:The Guardian 10112: 10102: 10090:. Retrieved 10080: 10072:The Guardian 10071: 10048:The Guardian 10046: 10037: 10005:. Retrieved 10000: 9991: 9979:. Retrieved 9974: 9965: 9953:. Retrieved 9946: 9937: 9925:. Retrieved 9916: 9904:. Retrieved 9900: 9891: 9879:. Retrieved 9876:The Guardian 9875: 9865: 9853:. Retrieved 9846: 9837: 9826: 9817: 9805:. Retrieved 9801:The Guardian 9799: 9789: 9777:. Retrieved 9771: 9761: 9749:. Retrieved 9744:The Guardian 9742: 9733: 9721:. Retrieved 9715: 9705: 9693:. Retrieved 9672: 9663: 9651:. Retrieved 9644:the original 9631: 9619:. Retrieved 9615: 9602: 9590:. Retrieved 9586:the original 9581: 9571: 9559:. Retrieved 9554: 9545: 9533:. Retrieved 9529:the original 9502: 9492: 9482:15 September 9480:. Retrieved 9475: 9450:. Retrieved 9445: 9436: 9424:. Retrieved 9420:the original 9415: 9406: 9394:. 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Retrieved 8012: 8003: 7991: 7964:Google Books 7957: 7952: 7940: 7928: 7920: 7915: 7898: 7878: 7871: 7861: 7854: 7834: 7827: 7807: 7800: 7794:. J. Murray. 7790: 7783: 7774: 7754: 7744: 7715: 7706: 7697: 7687: 7680: 7672:the original 7665: 7656: 7617: 7563:. Retrieved 7553: 7541:. Retrieved 7537: 7534:"Arabs, The" 7528: 7508: 7501: 7481: 7474: 7465: 7436: 7429: 7421: 7416: 7396: 7368:. ABC-CLIO. 7364: 7357: 7345:. Retrieved 7341:the original 7336: 7312: 7300:. Retrieved 7296:the original 7289: 7267: 7247:the original 7242: 7218: 7206:. Retrieved 7202:the original 7197: 7188: 7149:. Retrieved 7137: 7124: 7112: 7101:the original 7096: 7083: 7070: 7064: 7054:23 September 7052:. Retrieved 7048: 7019:. Retrieved 7013: 6988:. Retrieved 6982: 6972: 6960:. Retrieved 6953:the original 6944: 6940: 6911: 6907: 6901: 6889:. Retrieved 6887:. Bangladesh 6884: 6859:. Retrieved 6849: 6829: 6797:. Retrieved 6790:the original 6785: 6773: 6761:. 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A. Gaffar 2799: 2785: 2780:M. A. Gaffar 2760: 2756: 2746: 2728:independence 2712: 2699:British Army 2687: 2682: 2676: 2656: 2645: 2633: 2602: 2582:World War II 2577: 2546: 2514: 2493: 2489: 2476:Crown colony 2436: 2432: 2420: 2372: 2368: 2364: 2358: 2350: 2348: 2329: 2304:Shaista Khan 2301: 2289:insurrection 2258: 2247: 2221: 2210: 2191: 2160: 2145: 2096: 2088: 2065: 2020: 1882:Cook Islands 1368:Turkmenistan 1328:Saudi Arabia 1071:South Africa 1061:Sierra Leone 849:Burkina Faso 773: 768: 754: 743: 738: 735:British rule 732: 723: 719: 715: 711: 705: 699: 687: 685: 680: 672: 668: 653: 650:/ɹòhɪ̀ɴd͡ʑà/ 635:rui hang gya 634: 627: 623: 619: 617: 614:Nomenclature 593: 542: 491: 471:Desmond Tutu 430:ethnic group 355: 353: 221: 148:Saudi Arabia 39:Ethnic group 36: 14342:Hkun (Khün) 14212:Khamti Shan 14133:(Arakanese) 14095:Kadu (Kado) 14021:Torr (Tawr) 13816:Dai (Yindu) 13747:Ta-Hlay-Pwa 13246:by Aye Chan 13183:27 December 13157:27 December 12885:10 February 12689:11 February 12605:11 February 12263:: 393–412. 12128:6 September 12100:12 November 12003:20 December 11915:22 December 11624:RFA Burmese 11318:24 November 11308:News.com.au 11202:India Today 11068:22 December 11042:6 September 10979:5 September 10949:5 September 10912:22 December 10883:22 December 10825:The Two-Way 10788:5 September 10459:22 December 10407:1 September 10328:14 November 10306:17 November 10275:11 December 10178:12 December 9955:14 November 9653:17 February 9396:22 December 9114:20 February 9104:Mizzima.com 9009:11 February 8872:. 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