304:", a lengthy essay about the summer 1942 Warsaw Ghetto deportation, and another piece recounting the lives of "Jewish writers, artists and cultural activists in Warsaw", both of which were widely circulated underground. "Yizkor", the only one of her works to be translated into English, featured themes that would appear frequently in the books she wrote after the war, including "the importance of the culture that was destroyed; the humanity and specific identity of the victims; the responsibility to remember; and the difficulty of finding appropriate words to convey the enormity of the loss". At one point Auerbakh was spotted writing at night by candlelight and gave her manuscripts for safekeeping to
383:
understand Jewish lives during the
Holocaust, not just the mechanics of Jewish deaths. Second, she saw these testimonies as therapeutic for the survivors, saying: "I am convinced that the confessions, called giving testimony, from the era of the Holocaust have a calming and healing influence and help free them from the horrors". Third, she believed it was crucial to build documentation that could be used in future criminal trials of Nazis. Auerbakh later gathered witness testimonies for the 1961 trial of
375:'s new Department for the Collection of Witness Testimony, which was based in Tel Aviv where most Holocaust survivors had settled. In this role, she interviewed local survivors and began compiling a database of survivors who lived elsewhere. She introduced new methodologies for collecting witness testimonies and trained Holocaust archivists and researchers. While she encouraged survivors to write their memoirs, she was critical of the popular novels being written about the Holocaust in the genre of
395:, who viewed Holocaust research as also embracing "the war against anti-Semitism", "persecution of the Jews", "research on the Jewish question", and "hatred of Israel". Tensions between Auerbakh and Dinur reached a head in 1957–1958, but Auerbakh emerged with her department intact and a large measure of public opinion on the side of the survivor historians. However, in 1968, when she turned 65, the Yad Vashem directorate demanded that she retire.
292:, which recruited historians, writers, rabbis, and social workers to chronicle daily life in the ghetto. Auerbakh kept a diary in Polish and also wrote a vivid account titled "Two Years in the Ghetto", which described the pervasive hunger that she witnessed. She interviewed and transcribed the testimony of Jacob Krzepicki, an escapee from the
344:. In November 1945 she was a member of a fact-finding mission to Treblinka conducted by the Polish State Committee for the Investigation of Nazi War Crimes on Polish Soil, and published a report and analysis of the functioning of the camp and those who were murdered. She co-founded the Central Jewish Historical Commission in
382:
Auerbakh accorded great importance to witness testimonies as a
Holocaust research tool for three reasons. First, the available Holocaust documentation largely originated from Nazi sources, which "told only the story of the murderers, but not of the murdered". Witness testimony allowed researchers to
299:
Auerbakh escaped from the Warsaw Ghetto on March 9, 1943, and worked on the Aryan side as a Polish secretary, aided by her "non-Jewish" appearance and fluency in the German language. By night, she continued recording her historical notes of Jews at that time. At the request of an underground Jewish
263:
in 1933, she was a frequent contributor to the leading
Yiddish and Polish newspapers and literary journals of the day. She wrote on "Polish and Yiddish literature, education, psychology, folklore, art, linguistics and theater", and paid special attention to Yiddish and Polish women writers and
410:
Auerbakh willed her estate to Yad Vashem. The Rokhl
Auerbach Personal Archives (Inventory no. P–16) at Yad Vashem contain "personal, published and unpublished manuscripts in Polish and Yiddish, preparatory material concerning her testimony at the Nuremberg and Eichmann Trials, declarations,
390:
By 1965 Auerbakh's department had amassed a collection of 3,000 witness testimonies in 15 languages. However, she and other "survivor historians" experienced ongoing tension with the Yad Vashem directorate, headed by
319:
At war's end, Auerbakh was one of only three surviving members of the Oyneg Shabes group. She initiated the search for and excavation of the documents buried by the group in the Warsaw Ghetto, which yielded the
411:
correspondence, recordings, photographs, film, scripts (in Polish, Yiddish and
English), and administrative documents concerning the Department for Collecting Witness Testimony at Yad Vashem".
379:. She continued to write articles and books about Jewish cultural life before and during the Holocaust in her native Polish and Yiddish, finding it difficult to attain fluency in Hebrew.
31:
161:, focusing on prewar Jewish cultural life and postwar Holocaust documentation and witness testimonies. She was one of the three surviving members of the covert
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Auerbakh dedicated the rest of her life to collecting witness testimony and writing about the people she had known before and during the
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In 1950 she and several colleagues quit the commission when Jewish communists began to exert more influence over its activities. She
244:
Yiddish daily newspaper as an editor and writer. Between 1929 and 1930 she edited a literary column in a weekly published by the
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in 1972 and was hospitalized for a recurrence of the disease in
December 1975. She died on May 31, 1976, at the age of 72.
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in prewar Warsaw and was the inspiration for some of his poems. She rescued Manger's archive and returned it to him in
221:
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352:. She created guidelines for collecting witness testimony and began publishing testimonies in Yiddish and Polish.
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Holocaust
Chronicles: Individualizing the Holocaust Through Diaries and Other Contemporaneous Personal Accounts
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The sound of hope : music as solace, resistance and salvation during the
Holocaust and World War II
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205:) to Khanina Auerbakh and his wife Mania (née Kimelman). At a young age, she and her family moved to
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In addition to her many newspaper articles and essays, Auerbakh wrote the following books:
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daily newspaper published in Lviv. In the second half of the decade she worked for the
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and personally testified at that trial regarding spiritual life in the Warsaw Ghetto.
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209:. She had one brother who died in 1935; her parents also died before World War II.
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Rokhl
Auerbakh: Literature as Social Service & the Warsaw Ghetto Soup Kitchen
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145:) (18 December 1903 – 31 May 1976) was an Israeli writer, essayist, historian,
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623:(Warsaw Testaments: Encounters, Activities, Fates 1933–1945], Tel Aviv: 1985)
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Enlarging
America: The Cultural Work of Jewish Literary Scholars, 1930–1990
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177:, she directed the Department for the Collection of Witness Testimony at
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316:, buried them on the zoo grounds and she retrieved them after the war.
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in Warsaw collecting witness testimonies, mainly from survivors of
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256:, another Galician journal that emphasized the cultural movement.
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On the Last Journey: In the Warsaw Ghetto and on the Aryan Side
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Varshever Tsavoes: Bagegenishn, Aktivitetn, Goyroles, 1933–1945
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356:
260:
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83:
348:
and served as literary and history editor for its publication
252:, a Yiddish literary journal, and coeditor and contributor to
232:
Auerbakh began her writing career in 1925 as a journalist for
1169:"Rachel Auerbach and the Public Kitchen in the Warsaw Ghetto"
1110:"Landkentenish: Yiddish Belles Lettres in the Warsaw Ghetto"
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827:"Rachel Auerbach, Yad Vashem, and Israeli Holocaust Memory"
217:
206:
118:
601:
Warsaw Testaments: Encounters, Activities, Fates 1933–1945
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The World According to Itzik: Selected Poetry and Prose
875:
628:
Baym Letstn Veg: In Geto Varshe un oyf der Arisher Zayt
715:
Jewish Women: A Comprehensive Historical Encyclopedia
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In Land Yisroel: Reportazshn, Eseyen, Dertseylungen
419:Auerbakh never married. She lived with Jewish poet
113:Graduate degree in philosophy and general history,
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575:In the Land of Israel: Reportage, Essays, Stories
371:On March 1, 1954, Auerbakh was named director of
224:in the fields of philosophy and general history.
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296:, between December 28, 1942, and March 7, 1943.
189:Rokhl Eiga Auerbakh was born in Lanovtsy (today
768:The YIVO Encyclopedia of Jews in Eastern Europe
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621:Tzavaot varshah: Mifgashim, Maasim, Goralot
184:
1226:Israeli people of Ukrainian-Jewish descent
946:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (
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280:. She overtly worked as the director of a
220:and completed her graduate studies at the
29:
1135:Roskies, David G.; Wolf, Leonard (2013).
992:Friedman-Cohen, Carrie (1 January 2007).
398:
1028:
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1177:English translation of Auerbakh's essay
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881:
865:Yad Vashem Jerusalem Quarterly Magazine
856:Silberklang, Dr. David (October 2014).
817:
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709:Friedman-Cohen, Carrie (1 March 2009).
284:and covertly as a member of the secret
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16:Yiddish and Polish author (1903–1976)
497:Our Reckoning With the German People
1266:Deaths from breast cancer in Israel
982:
782:
732:
634:] (in Yiddish). Tel Aviv. 1977.
603:] (in Yiddish). Tel Aviv. 1974.
577:] (in Yiddish). Tel Aviv. 1964.
499:] (in Yiddish). Tel Aviv. 1952.
467:Der Yidisher Oyfshtand: Varshe 1943
134:
13:
1112:. In Shapiro, Robert Moses (ed.).
659:
551:] (in Hebrew). Tel Aviv. 1963.
525:] (in Hebrew). Tel Aviv. 1954.
523:In the Streets of Warsaw 1939–1943
471:The Jewish Uprising in Warsaw 1943
312:. Żabiński, who was recognised as
169:that chronicled daily life in the
14:
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473:] (in Yiddish). Warsaw. 1948.
447:] (in Yiddish). Warsaw. 1947.
227:
153:. She wrote prolifically in both
1271:Burials at Kiryat Shaul Cemetery
493:Undzer Kheshbn mitn Daytshn Folk
414:
1029:Auerbach, Rachel (5 May 2016).
1022:
276:, Auerbakh was interned in the
248:movement. She was an editor of
1084:Klingenstein, Susanne (1998).
1002:(2nd ed.). Archived from
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905:
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858:"Sobbing at Their Own Funeral"
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1:
1211:People from Kremenetsky Uyezd
1090:. Syracuse University Press.
918:. Jefferson, North Carolina.
653:
366:
1231:Yiddish-language journalists
1206:Writers from Ternopil Oblast
1031:"Book Reviews: Yizkor, 1943"
294:Treblinka extermination camp
267:
41:
7:
895:"Jan and Antonina Zabinski"
619:(translated into Hebrew as
441:Oyf di Felder fun Treblinke
338:Jewish Historical Institute
314:Righteous Among the Nations
10:
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1221:Polish emigrants to Israel
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549:The Warsaw Ghetto Uprising
445:In the Fields of Treblinka
327:
1120:. KTAV Publishing House.
912:Brown, Kellie D. (2020).
845:– via academia.edu.
519:Behutsot Varsha 1939–1943
109:
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222:Jan Kazimierz University
185:Early life and education
115:Jan Kazimierz University
1171:Short Video Documentary
1057:Roskies & Wolf 2013
962:"From Beyond the Grave"
403:She was diagnosed with
359:to Israel, settling in
1256:Jewish Israeli writers
719:Jewish Women's Archive
399:Final years and legacy
300:committee, she wrote "
212:Auerbakh attended the
1246:Warsaw Ghetto inmates
999:Encyclopaedia Judaica
431:Selected bibliography
195:Volhynian Governorate
60:Volhynian Governorate
1261:Jewish women writers
1236:Polish women writers
274:occupation of Poland
1241:Holocaust survivors
1147:. Open Road Media.
1006:on 22 February 2018
334:Holocaust in Poland
288:group organized by
181:from 1954 to 1968.
93:Writer, historian,
51:Rokhl Eiga Auerbakh
377:historical fiction
322:Ringelblum Archive
308:, director of the
290:Emanuel Ringelblum
272:During the German
167:Emanuel Ringelblum
151:Holocaust survivor
1251:Yad Vashem people
1106:Roskies, David G.
1069:Klingenstein 1998
994:"Auerbakh, Rokhl"
925:978-1-4766-7056-0
884:, pp. 24–27.
763:"Oyerbakh, Rokhl"
545:Marad Geto Varsha
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53:December 18, 1903
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970:. 12 March 2009
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143:Rachel Auerbach
137:, also spelled
105:Polish, Yiddish
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1175:"Yizkor, 1943"
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1163:External links
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1154:978-1480440777
1153:
1137:"Introduction"
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759:Kassow, Samuel
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385:Adolf Eichmann
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350:Dos Naye Leben
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259:Relocating to
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228:Interwar years
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214:Adam Mickewicz
199:Russian Empire
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139:Rokhl Oyerbakh
127:Rokhl Auerbakh
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171:Warsaw Ghetto
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1040:. Retrieved
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1014:– via
1008:. Retrieved
1004:the original
997:
972:. Retrieved
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882:Roskies 1999
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839:. Retrieved
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282:soup kitchen
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75:(1976-05-31)
73:May 31, 1976
1201:1976 deaths
1196:1903 births
1042:16 December
1010:16 December
974:18 December
841:18 December
823:Cohen, Boaz
774:18 December
724:15 December
246:Poalei Zion
236:, a Polish
38:Native name
1190:Categories
1127:0881256307
1097:0815605404
934:1134074119
899:Yad Vashem
654:References
373:Yad Vashem
367:Yad Vashem
357:immigrated
310:Warsaw Zoo
250:Tsushtayer
193:), in the
179:Yad Vashem
135:רחל אוירבך
90:Occupation
42:רחל אוירבך
942:cite book
837:: 197–211
640:cite book
609:cite book
583:cite book
557:cite book
531:cite book
505:cite book
479:cite book
453:cite book
342:Treblinka
268:War years
264:authors.
147:Holocaust
110:Education
95:Holocaust
1108:(1999).
1016:HighBeam
871:: 12–13.
825:(2008).
761:(2010).
361:Tel Aviv
191:Lanivtsi
102:Language
80:Tel Aviv
56:Lanovtsy
1143:(ed.).
1078:Sources
901:. 2016.
328:Postwar
238:Zionist
203:Ukraine
197:of the
159:Yiddish
97:scholar
1151:
1124:
1094:
1036:Tablet
932:
922:
425:London
302:Yizkor
261:Warsaw
254:Yidish
242:Morgen
234:Chwila
175:Israel
155:Polish
131:Hebrew
84:Israel
1139:. In
861:(PDF)
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