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680:. Most large roller coasters have the ability to run two or more trains at once, and the block system prevents these trains from colliding. In this system, the track is divided into two or more sections known as blocks. Only one train is permitted in each block at any given time. There is a section of track at the end of each block where a train can be stopped if necessary, such as preventing dispatch from the station, stopping a lift, or applying brakes. Sensors detect when a train passes so that the system's computer is aware of which blocks are occupied. If a train attempts to enter an occupied block, the stopping mechanisms in all blocks are engaged.
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1215:, is a roller coaster specifically designed for younger riders. Following World War II, parks began pushing for more of them to be built in contrast to the height and age restrictions of standard designs at the time. Companies like Philadelphia Toboggan Company (PTC) developed scaled-down versions of their larger models to accommodate the demand. These typically featured lift hills smaller than 25 feet (7.6 m), and still do today. The rise of kiddie coasters soon led to the development of "junior" models that had lift hills up to 45 feet (14 m). A notable example of a junior coaster is the
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877:, which utilize a mixture of wood and steel elements for the track and structure. Many, for example, have a track made out of steel and a support structure made from wood. RMC has notably redesigned wood coasters that have either deteriorated from age or been deemed by parks as too costly to maintain. RMC often replaces the wood track with their patented steel I-Box track design, while reusing much of the ride's wooden structure, resulting in a smoother ride with the incorporation of new design elements, such as inversions, sharper turns, and steeper drops.
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mechanical restraints, there is no feeling of physical or sound of clicks from the restraint being locked in place. Most modern day roller coasters have sensors that are used to make sure each restraint is locked. If all the restraints are locked, it will send a signal to the ride computer letting it know that it is clear for dispatch. If all restraints are not locked, the train will not be able to move out of the station until each restraint is locked.
703:(PLC), an essential component of a roller coaster's computer system. Multiple PLCs work together to detect faults associated with operation and automate decisions to engage various elements (e.g. lift, brakes, etc.). Periodic maintenance and visual inspection by ride engineers are also important to verify that structures and materials are within expected wear tolerances and functioning correctly. Effective operating procedures further enhance safety.
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724:(40–60 m s) as a maximum for positive g-force acceleration, which increases the feeling of weight and pushes riders downward into their seat. For negative g-force, or the feeling of weightlessness, the target is 1.5–2Gs (15–20 m s) as a maximum. These fall into a range considered safe to a majority of the population. Lateral acceleration is also typically kept under 2Gs using various techniques including the banking of curves.
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838:. Steel coasters have tubular steel tracks, and compared to wooden coasters, they are typically known for offering a smoother ride and their ability to turn riders upside-down. Wooden coasters have flat steel tracks, and are typically renowned for producing "air time" through the use of negative G-forces when reaching the crest of some hill elements. Newer types of track, such as I-Box and Topper introduced by
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333:, in 1884. Passengers climbed to the top of a platform and rode a bench-like car down the 600-foot (183 m) track up to the top of another tower where the vehicle was switched to a return track and the passengers took the return trip. This track design was soon replaced with an oval complete circuit. In 1885, Phillip Hinkle introduced the first full-circuit coaster with a
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167:. It had a trail with five hills which can be covered with ice in winter. In the summer time the trails used trolleys on wheels secured in the steel grooves mounted on the wooden trails. Due to a pendulum-like motion based on inertia all five hills could be traversed in one ride. The ride was engineered by Russian scientist
739:(IAAPA) reports that a rider has one chance in 15.5 million of being injured on a ride. Also, "In a typical year, more than 385 million guests enjoyed in excess of 1.7 billion rides at approximately 400 North American fixed-site facilities". IAAPA is required to report annual ride incidents to the National Safety Council.
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and in grooves to keep it on its right direction, and it descends with a wonderful rapidity. Under the hill, is a machine worked by horses for drawing the carriages back again, with the company in them. Such a work as this would have been enormous in most countries for the labour and expense in cost,
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You will observe that there are five mounts of unequal height: the first and the highest is full thirty feet perpendicular altitude; the momentum with which they descend this carries them over the second, which is about five or six feet lower, just sufficient to allow for the friction and resistance;
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in 2005 as the tallest roller coaster in the world with a height of 456 feet (139 m). Top Thrill
Dragster closed in 2021 following a serious incident in which a bracket came off the top of the ride and hit a woman in the head while she was waiting in line. The woman did not die, and she reached
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Braking systems such as pivoting pawls are used on the bottom of the train and on the inclined lift hill. While the cart goes up the lift hill, it is usually pulled by a chain. The pawl moves over bumps that are separated closely apart. In the event that the train ever becomes disconnected from the
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Wheels are a critical part in rollercoaster design. The purpose of wheels is to keep the train on the track and to prevent it from flying off. A majority of roller coaster wheels are made from polyurethane. There are 3 kinds of roller coaster wheels which include road wheels, side friction wheels,
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to enhance ride comfort and avoid harmful strain to the rider. Ride designers must carefully analyze the movement a ride subjects its riders to, ensuring it is within a reasonable tolerance. The human body needs sufficient time to react to sudden changes in force in order to control muscle tension
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safety mechanisms are used within the restraints. Mechanical restraints use a system known as a ratchet and pawl. When riding a roller coaster with a ratchet and pawl system, the sound of clicks can be heard when pulling down the restraint. Hydraulic restraints use a piston and cylinder. Unlike
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in the 1930s, however, significantly impacted the amusement park industry and brought an end to the rapid growth experienced during the Golden Age. This aside, roller coasters were still built with varying success from location to location. In May 1932, the Scene
Railway witnessed somewhat of a
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as well as the vast quantity of wood used in it. At the same place, there is another artificial mount which goes in a spiral line, and in my opinion, for I have tried it also, is very disagreable; as it seems always leaning on one side, and the person feels in danger of falling out of seat.
393:, the tubular track was unlike standard rail design on wooden coasters, allowing the track to bend in sharper angles in any direction, leading to the incorporation of loops, corkscrews, and inversion elements into track layouts. A little more than a decade later, the immediate success of
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Modern roller coasters are constantly evolving to provide a variety of different experiences. More focus is being placed on the position of riders in relation to the overall experience. Traditionally, riders sit facing forward, but newer variations such as
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and a half in length, are made of wood, that may be used in summer as well as in winter. The process is, two of four persons fit in a little carriage and one stands behind, for more there are in it the greater the swiftness with which it goes; it runs on
442:. It is said to have originated from an early American design where slides or ramps were fitted with rollers over which a sled would coast. This design was abandoned in favor of fitting the wheels to the sled or other vehicles, but the name endured.
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and up-stop wheels. Road wheels ride on top of the track. Side friction wheels ride on the side of the track to keep the train on the track throughout turns. Up-stop wheels ride below the track and prevent the train from lifting off the track.
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that carries passengers on a train through tight turns, steep slopes, and other elements usually designed to produce a thrilling experience. Trains consist of open cars connected in a single line, and the rides are often found in
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242:, opened in Parc Beaujon in Paris on July 8, 1817 had wheeled cars securely locked to the track, guide rails to keep them on course, and higher speeds. It spawned half a dozen imitators, but their popularity soon declined.
341:, which became the most popular attraction at Coney Island. Not to be outdone, in 1886 Thompson patented his design of roller coaster that included dark tunnels with painted scenery. "Scenic railways" were soon found in
361:. Over the next decade, roller coasters spread to amusement parks around the world and began an era in the industry often referred to as the "Golden Age". One of the most well known from the period is the historical
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A Letter to the Right
Reverend the Lord Bishop of Durham: Containing Some Observations on the Climate of Russia and the Northern Countries, with a View of the Flying Mountains at Zarsko Sello Near St. Petersbourg
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where the riders lie facing forward and down with their chests and feet strapped in. Other ways of enhancing the experience involve removing the floor beneath passengers riding above the track, as featured in
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612:, which is then converted back into potential energy as the train rises up the next hill. Changes in elevation become smaller throughout the track's course, as some mechanical energy is lost to
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121:. Built in the 17th century, the slides were built to a height of between 21 and 24 m (70 and 80 feet), had a 50-degree drop, and were reinforced by wooden supports. Later, in 1784,
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Restraints are another critical aspect to roller coaster safety. Roller coasters usually have two different types: Over-the-shoulder-restraints and lap bar restraints. With both, either
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then took off down gently rolling hills to the floor. The inventors of this ride, Stephen E. Jackman and Byron B. Floyd, claim that they were the first to use the term "roller coaster".
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310:. By the 1850s, the "Gravity Road" (as it became known) was selling rides to thrill seekers. Railway companies used similar tracks to provide amusement on days when ridership was low.
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Several height classifications have been used by parks and manufacturers in marketing their roller coasters, as well as enthusiasts within the industry. One classification, the
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and so on to the last, from which they are conveyed by a gentle descent, with nearly same velocity, over a piece of water into a little island. These slides, which are about a
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Some sources have shown concern over the ability of roller coasters to cause head trauma and serious injury such as the tearing of axons and damaging of blood vessels.
620:. A properly-designed, outdoor track will result in a train having enough kinetic energy to complete the entire course under a variety of stressful weather conditions.
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The oldest roller coasters are believed to have originated from the so-called "Russian
Mountains", specially constructed hills of ice located in the area that is now
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A strata coaster is a type of roller coaster with a height or drop of at least 400 feet (120 m). As with the other two height classifications, the term
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In many languages, including most
Romance languages, the name refers to "Russian mountains". Conversely, in Russian, they are called "Американские горки" (
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chain, the anti roll-back system will engage and it will fall back into the nearest downhill stop preventing the train from falling down the lift hill.
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A giga coaster is a type of roller coaster with a height or drop of at least 300 feet (91 m). The term was coined during the construction of the
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261:, "Russian Mountains of Belleville" with 656 feet (200 m) of track laid out in a double-eight, later enlarged to four figure-eight-shaped loops.
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in 1972 sparked a new era of roller coaster enthusiasm, which led to a resurgence across the amusement park industry over the next several decades.
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at the end of the circuit is the most common method of stopping a roller coaster train as it returns to the station. One notable exception is a
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was first introduced by Cedar Point with the release of Top Thrill
Dragster, a 420-foot-tall (130 m) roller coaster that opened in 2003.
2006:
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in 2011. Many in the industry, however, continue to classify coasters strictly by their track type only, labeling them either steel or wood.
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In 2006, NASA announced that it would build a system using principles similar to those of a roller coaster to help astronauts escape the
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a settlement with Cedar Point amusement park in 2023. The ride was subsequently refurbished and modified, and it reopened in 2024 as
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are capable of reaching greater speeds using less track when compared to traditional coasters that rely on a conventional lift hill.
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4041:"Settlement reached after Michigan woman hurt in 2021 Top Thrill Dragster accident at Cedar Point: Read a statement from the park"
3308:, Weigand, Frank K.; Black, Alan & Drobnis, Nick, "Ride attraction anti-roll back system", issued 1998-02-10
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in 1989. Hypercoasters have become one of the most predominant types of roller coasters in the world, now led by manufacturers
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1242:, occasionally stylized as hyper coaster, is a type of roller coaster with a height or drop of at least 200 feet (61 m).
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Roller coasters are statistically very safe when compared to other activities, but despite all the safety measures in place,
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Not all coasters feature a lift hill, however. A train may also be set into motion by a launch mechanism such as a flywheel,
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4067:"Cedar Point's Top Thrill 2 will replace Top Thrill Dragster coaster, with second 420-foot tower and 120 mph top speed"
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842:(RMC), improve the ride experience on wooden coasters, lower maintenance costs, and add the ability to invert riders.
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4120:"Six Flags unveils world's tallest, fastest roller coaster that sends riders speeding 150 mph off a 600-foot cliff"
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Tracks are typically built and designed as a complete circuit in which trains depart from and return to the same
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Valérie RANSON-ENGUIALE, " Promenades aériennes ", Histoire par l'image , consulté le 26 Mai 2017. URL :
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National Safety
Council (August 2021). "North America Fixed-Site Amusement Ride Injury Survey, 2020 Update".
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An exa coaster is a type of roller coaster with a height or drop of at least 600 feet (180 m). The term
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mentioned that some
Englishmen visiting Russia called them "Flying Mountains" and described them as follows:
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was first introduced by
Intamin for Falcon's Flight, a 640-foot (200 m) coaster expected to open at
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models position the rider in different ways to change the experiences. A flying model, for example, is a
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Although the term wasn't widely used or accepted until the 21st century, one of the oldest examples is
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Kuo, Calvin; Wu, Lyndia C.; Ye, Patrick P.; Laksari, Kaveh; Camarillo, David B.; Kuhl, Ellen (2017).
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929:. New track elements, such as inversions, are often introduced to provide entirely new experiences.
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888:, which opened in 1927. It features a wood track and steel structure. Other older examples include
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1219:– the oldest operating roller coaster from PTC's legendary designer John Allen – which opened at
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1167:, is a 55-foot tall (17 m) coaster that reaches a top speed of 40 mph (64 km/h)
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launch pad in an emergency, although this has since been scrapped along with the rest of the
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The Roller
Coaster Lover's Companion: A Thrill Seeker's Guide to the World's Best Coasters
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is the world's tallest roller coaster and is the second strata coaster in the world after
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obtained one of the first known patents for a roller coaster design in 1885, based on the
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461:-like sled was raised to the top of a track which consisted of hundreds of rollers. This
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163:(Катальная гора, literally "Mountain for riding") It was a huge building in the shape of
126:
122:
2544:, the tallest coaster in Canada (93 m or 306 ft, 148 km/h or 92 mph)
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is used for roller coasters in Japan, where such amusement park rides are very popular.
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4473:– Information, statistics and photos for over 3700 roller coasters throughout the world
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2219:, a steel inverted coaster, is located at Cedar Point in Sandusky, Ohio, United States.
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Roller coaster design is another important aspect that requires a working knowledge of
483:, the roller coaster is referred as "mountain-and-valley railway". German has the word
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in October 2024. Upon completion, it will be the tallest roller coaster in the world.
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A variety of safety mechanisms protect riders on roller coasters. One of these is the
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3204:"Pilot Findings of Brain Displacements and Deformations during Roller Coaster Rides"
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was dismantled in 1792–1795. Currently in its place is the Granite Terrace in the
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3541:"State of the Arts: A New Kind of Wooden Coaster Twists and Turns at Cedar Point"
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4169:"World's tallest, longest & fastest rollercoaster to debut in Saudi Arabia"
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389:, the first permanent roller coaster to use a tubular steel track. Designed by
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Chris Sheedy (2007-01-07). "Icons – In the Beginning... Roller-Coaster".
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4015:"National Roller Coaster Day: Ten incredible records for every thrill seeker"
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Originally built in 2003 by Intamin and later renovated by Zamperla in 2024.
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is the first steel inverted coaster in Pennsylvania, located at Hersheypark.
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376:. Today it is one of only two scenic railways still in operation in the UK.
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is said to have constructed a sledding hill in the gardens of her palace at
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Magic Mountain Announces ‘Twisted’ Plans for Iconic Colossus Roller Coaster
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Lightning Racer at Hersheypark is a racing, dueling roller coaster made by
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Another explanation is that the phrase originated from a ride located in a
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around the world. Roller coasters first appeared in the 17th century, and
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Russia and Europe in the Nineteenth Century - Edward Strachan, Roy Bolton
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1661:
1403:
1343:
1287:
446:
415:
58:
4282:
Roller Coasters: A Thrill Seeker's Guide to the Ultimate Scream Machines
3382:
International Association of Amusement Parks and Attractions Orlando, FL
2870:
Roller Coasters: A Thrill Seeker's Guide to the Ultimate Scream Machines
6073:
5998:
5993:
5779:
5769:
5719:
5714:
5673:
5668:
5663:
5618:
5583:
5112:
5072:
4953:
2354:
2011:
1975:
777: in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.
712:
684:
547: in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.
380:
298:
In 1827, a mining company in Summit Hill, Pennsylvania constructed the
63:
45:, is the world's second-oldest operating roller coaster, built in 1912.
2598:
1149:
600:
Roller coaster trains are not typically powered. Most are pulled up a
5898:
5815:
5709:
5413:
5408:
5383:
5358:
5122:
5077:
4657:
4628:
4160:
3294:. Espoo, Finland: Aalto University School of Engineering. p. 11.
2643:
2556:
2522:
2323:
outside of Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, United States was built in 1920.
2143:
2016:
1980:
1689:
1594:
1487:
1201:
1115:
816:
811:
639:
601:
334:
4482:
3340:
2846:"First roller coaster in America opens - Jun 16, 1884 - HISTORY.com"
1116:
Chain-lift/cable lift/Elevator lift/Ferris Wheel lift roller coaster
752:
522:
6178:
6113:
5643:
5328:
5217:
4085:
3936:"Carowinds reopens Fury 325 rollercoaster, closed for over a month"
2639:
2483:
2358:
2102:
1670:
1475:
654:
613:
593:
458:
326:
159:
royal residence was built in 1754–1757. In Russian it was known as
5233:
4516:
4217:
Roller Coaster: Wooden and Steel Coasters, Twisters and Corkscrews
3610:
2891:
Roller Coaster: Wooden and Steel Coasters, Twisters and Corkscrews
1193:
103:
5938:
5678:
5633:
5423:
5132:
5102:
3451:
Throgmorton, Todd H.; Throgmorton, Samantha K. (April 30, 2016).
2602:
2139:
2031:
2001:
1782:
1736:
1706:
1666:
1528:
1420:
1348:
1283:
1267:
1200:
The tallest coaster in the world, the 456-foot tall (139 m)
824:
721:
306:
used to deliver coal to Mauch Chunk, Pennsylvania – now known as
181:
2285:
in Brooklyn, New York was built in 1927 and refurbished in 1975.
1616:. It is not typically classified as a strata coaster due to its
1171:
6183:
6143:
5983:
5623:
5222:
5207:
5107:
2107:
2097:
1446:
820:
650:
186:
4263:
The Incredible Scream Machine: A History of the Roller Coaster
2646:
is the tallest roller coaster to use a traditional chain lift.
1897:(acquired by Huss Trading Corporation, formed into Arrow-Huss)
1250:
in 1984, was the first to break this barrier, though the term
4370:
3993:
3975:
3957:
3917:
3369:. Worcester, MA: Worcester Polytechnic Institute. p. 11.
2266:
This all-wooden roller coaster, built in 1951, dominates the
1869:
Alton Towers (Alton, Staffordshire, England, United Kingdom)
1518:
1374:
866:
219:
4009:
4007:
3899:
3881:
737:
International Association of Amusement Parks and Attractions
6209:
5978:
5197:
4111:
3863:
3565:
3544:
2091:
238:
had wheels attached to carriages and locked on tracks. The
3424:
Coasters 101: An Engineer's Guide to Roller Coaster Design
3324:
Fairgrounds and amusement parks: Guidance on safe practice
2525:
outside of Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, US was built in 1968.
2238:
before being refurbished into a hybrid steel-wood coaster.
4004:
3566:"Cyclone - Luna Park (Brooklyn, New York, United States)"
3252:"Griffin Schobel - Rollercoaster Restraint System (2019)"
3029:
http://www.histoire-image.org/etudes/promenades-aeriennes
1302:, both have also produced roller coasters in this class.
4183:
4093:"Watch the plunge from this new 325-foot roller coaster"
3790:"310-Foot-Tall "Giga-Coaster" Nears End of Construction"
2414:, at one point the highest and fastest coaster in Canada
249:
they returned to fashion. In 1887, Spanish entrepreneur
110:"Russian Mountains" redirects here. For other uses, see
4492:– Classic physics explained in terms of roller coasters
4371:
Sphinx Fine Art; Strachan, Edward; Bolton, Roy (2008).
3510:
3508:
3379:
2970:"Seven record-setting roller coasters around the world"
1951:(acquired by Michael Chance, formed into Chance Morgan)
1620:
design, where trains do not travel a complete circuit.
706:
3450:
873:
A third classification type is often referred to as a
830:
Roller coasters are divided into two main categories:
367:
that opened at Coney Island in 1927. The onset of the
3693:
1881:
1612:, a 415-foot (126 m) coaster, opened in 1997 at
3976:"Red Force – Ferrari Land (Salou, Tarragona, Spain)"
3505:
2304:
was the only wooden coaster to have a vertical loop.
608:
accumulated by the rise in height is transferred to
4470:
3489:"What Is a Hybrid Wooden and Steel Roller Coaster?"
3483:
3481:
3304:
668:
348:
4134:
3751:
3749:
3603:
2793:"Roller coaster: Definition, History, & Facts"
226:Two roller-coasters were built in France in 1817.
4438:(Paperback). Createspace Independent Publishing.
4436:The 50 Most Terrifying Roller Coasters Ever Built
4296:Francis, David W.; Francis, Diane DeMali (2002).
3153:"NASA will build Rollercoaster for Ares I escape"
6250:
4994:
4143:"Six Flags Qiddiya eyes an October 2024 opening"
3478:
3178:"The link between roller coasters and headaches"
3059:. John Fairfax Publications Pty Ltd. p. 10.
3040:"Roller Coaster History: Early Years In America"
2825:"Gravity switch-back railway; US patent# 332762"
1597:was the second strata coaster, and it opened at
900:became more prominent after the introduction of
372:revival in the UK, including the opening of the
3746:
3417:
3415:
2735:
604:by a chain or cable and released downhill. The
104:The Russian Mountains and the Aerial Promenades
4295:
4235:Brady, Matthew K.; Knight, David Alan (2001).
3201:
2597:A small roller coaster at a local festival in
720:. Designers typically stay in the range of 4–6
5249:
4980:
4751:
4532:
4511:National Roller Coaster Museum & Archives
3070:
3068:
3066:
2998:
2996:
2994:
2992:
2990:
631:(LSM), hydraulic launch, or drive tire. Some
4433:
3782:
3421:
3412:
3150:
3051:
438:There are several explanations for the name
4765:
4299:Ohio's Amusement Parks in Vintage Postcards
4234:
3444:
3426:(Paperback) (1st ed.). United States:
5256:
5242:
4987:
4973:
4758:
4744:
4539:
4525:
4397:
4347:
3724:
3074:
3063:
2987:
4192:"Intamin Reveals Falcon's Flight Details"
3227:
2784:
2754:
2717:List of theme park management video games
2342:in Elysburg, Pennsylvania, United States.
1233:Hypercoaster § List of hypercoasters
793:Learn how and when to remove this message
563:Learn how and when to remove this message
495:in German). This is similar to the Dutch
4434:Weisenberger, Nick (September 2, 2014).
4259:
4189:
3758:"Just How Tall Can Roller Coasters Get?"
3330:. November 2017. Retrieved 7 March 2023.
3289:
3274:
3118:East England theme parks during COVID-19
2184:was the first strata coaster ever built.
1855:Nagashima Spa Land (Kuwana, Mie, Japan)
1192:
1170:
1148:
844:
810:
588:Video from inside a roller coaster car (
574:
491:, relating to the form of the number 8 (
410:
263:
213:
203:
131:
36:
4166:
3732:"Coaster Landmark Award: Magnum XL-200"
3124:. 13 June 2021. Retrieved 7 March 2023.
2915:
2913:
2911:
716:and avoid harmful consequences such as
14:
6251:
4513:– Collection of historic ride vehicles
4501:3D Animated Roller Coaster in MS Excel
4479:– With links to the U.S. Patent office
4320:
4064:
3882:"Steel Dragon 2000-Nagashima Spa Land"
3755:
3699:
3155:. NASA Spaceflight.com. Archived from
383:introduced a design breakthrough with
5237:
5153:Roller Coaster Corporation of America
5033:China Metallurgical Group Corporation
4968:
4739:
4520:
4190:Stilwell, Andrew (14 November 2023).
3838:"Bolliger & Mabillard – Products"
3127:
3004:The Roller Coaster Lover's Companion;
2790:
2077:(formerly known as S&S Worldwide)
2064:Roller Coaster Corporation of America
1916:(defunct, reformed as Arrow Dynamics)
357:roller coaster had been developed by
151:) entertainment pavilion designed by
6119:Sudden Impact! Entertainment Company
4718:
4324:Night+Day Mexico City - Pedro Romero
4117:
3994:"Orion – Kings Island (Mason, Ohio)"
3770:from the original on August 17, 2015
3364:
3277:Personal restraint hydraulic lock LE
2908:
2270:amusement park in Helsinki, Finland.
1254:was first coined by Cedar Point and
932:
775:adding citations to reliable sources
746:
707:Roller coaster design and statistics
545:adding citations to reliable sources
516:
5263:
4546:
4266:(Paperback). Amusement Park Books.
4073:from the original on August 1, 2023
4058:
3462:McFarland, Incorporated, Publishers
2805:from the original on August 6, 2023
2772:from the original on August 6, 2023
1891:(defunct, merged with Chance Rides)
432:eighth longest steel roller coaster
424:Dorney Park & Wildwater Kingdom
24:
4608:
4209:
4167:Malayil, Jijo (20 November 2023).
3756:Murphy, Mekado (August 17, 2015).
3645:
3516:"What Is A Hybrid Roller Coaster?"
3464:. pp. 21, 49, 116, 223, 231.
3454:Coasters: United States and Canada
3428:Createspace Independent Publishing
3367:Design Analysis of Roller Coasters
2679:, Revere Beach, Massachusetts, USA
1882:Major roller coaster manufacturers
1057:
978:Swinging mine train roller coaster
293:Scenic Railway (Dreamland Margate)
276:
112:Russian Mountains (disambiguation)
25:
6285:
6059:Ride & Show Engineering, Inc.
5894:George Washington Gale Ferris Jr.
4453:
4406:Kensington Publishing Corporation
4140:
3151:Chris Bergin (November 3, 2006).
2982:Histoire et Dictionnaire de Paris
2959:The World's First Roller Coasters
1584:
1231:For a list of hypercoasters, see
232:Les Montagnes Russes à Belleville
6233:
6232:
4717:
4706:
4705:
4065:Glaser, Susan (August 1, 2023).
3677:"New Texas Giant Roller Coaster"
2669:
2651:
2632:
2625:Zator, Lesser Poland Voivodeship
2609:
2590:
2568:
2549:
2530:
2514:
2495:
2476:
2457:
2443:
2419:
2400:
2385:
2366:
2347:
2328:
2309:
2290:
2275:
2259:
2243:
2224:
2209:
2189:
2170:
2151:
2124:
1844:Top Speed: 149.1 mph (240 km/h)
1771:
1716:
1695:
1655:
1553:
1517:
1481:
1445:
1409:
1373:
1337:
937:
751:
669:Safety mechanisms and technology
521:
422:(right), two roller coasters at
374:roller coaster at Great Yarmouth
349:Popularity, decline, and revival
4467:– History of the roller coaster
4284:. New York: Metrobooks. 14.
4033:
3986:
3968:
3950:
3928:
3918:"Leviathan-Canada's Wonderland"
3910:
3892:
3874:
3856:
3830:
3808:
3700:Meskil, Paul (August 6, 1989).
3669:
3653:"Roller Coaster Search Results"
3629:"Roller Coaster Search Results"
3621:
3611:"Arrow Dynamics - Coasterforce"
3582:
3558:
3533:
3396:"Amusement Ride Safety | IAAPA"
3388:
3373:
3358:
3333:
3317:
3298:
3283:
3268:
3244:
3195:
3170:
3144:
3141:. Retrieved on March 18, 2008.
3135:"Theme Park Review: Japan 2004"
3111:
3093:
3057:Sunday Life (Weekly Supplement)
3045:
3033:
3021:
2974:
2963:
2952:
2872:. New York: Metrobooks. 14.
2712:List of roller coaster rankings
2707:List of roller coaster elements
2486:, a spinning roller coaster at
2361:in Kaatsheuvel, The Netherlands
2161:, the world's first production
1827:Six Flags Great Adventure, USA
1273:
1226:
1109:
964:Fourth-dimension roller coaster
762:needs additional citations for
532:needs additional citations for
74:which opened a year earlier at
32:Roller coaster (disambiguation)
6044:Pretzel Amusement Ride Company
6029:Philadelphia Toboggan Coasters
5128:Philadelphia Toboggan Coasters
4398:Urbanowicz, Steven J. (2002).
4118:Cost, Ben (17 November 2023).
3864:"Millennium Force-Cedar Point"
3734:. American Coaster Enthusiasts
3002:Urbanowicz, Steven J. (2002).
2936:
2924:
2883:
2862:
2838:
2817:
2762:"Definition of roller coaster"
2376:splashing down into a pool at
2027:Philadelphia Toboggan Coasters
1830:Height: 456 feet (139 meters)
1726:
987:Mountain/Alpine roller coaster
892:, many of which were built by
300:Mauch Chunk Switchback Railway
259:Montagnes Russes de Belleville
153:Bartolomeo Francesco Rastrelli
27:Rail-based amusement park ride
13:
1:
6084:S&S – Sansei Technologies
5158:S&S – Sansei Technologies
5043:Custom Coasters International
3681:Guide to Six Flags over Texas
3042:. Retrieved on July 26, 2007.
2748:
2075:S&S - Sansei Technologies
1943:Custom Coasters International
1610:Superman: Escape From Krypton
815:Cyclon roller coaster in the
701:programmable logic controller
699:Another key to safety is the
99:History of the roller coaster
57:employing a form of elevated
5811:B.A. Schiff & Associates
5178:B.A. Schiff & Associates
5088:Great Coasters International
3900:"Project 305-Kings Dominion"
1992:Great Coasters International
1920:B.A. Schiff & Associates
1282:, a roller coaster built by
1144:
1022:Virginia Reel roller coaster
997:Side friction roller coaster
506:
479:, "American hills"). In the
406:
313:Using this idea as a basis,
283:Side friction roller coaster
257:music hall, constructed the
218:The Promenades-Aériennes in
7:
6215:Family entertainment center
5879:Frank Hrubetz & Company
5148:Rocky Mountain Construction
4350:The American Roller Coaster
3422:Weisenberger, Nick (2012).
3328:Health and Safety Executive
3077:The American Roller Coaster
2684:
2509:in Salou (Tarragona), Spain
2059:Rocky Mountain Construction
1903:(defunct, assets bought by
1223:in 1956 near Powell, Ohio.
1084:Out and back roller coaster
1074:Dual-tracked roller coaster
1012:Steeplechase roller coaster
840:Rocky Mountain Construction
228:Les Montagnes de Belleville
209:Les Montagnes de Belleville
10:
6290:
6264:17th-century introductions
5846:D. H. Morgan Manufacturing
5048:D. H. Morgan Manufacturing
5038:Clermont Steel Fabricators
4559:Roller coasters by country
4348:Rutherford, Scott (2004).
3365:Hunt, Kristen (May 2018).
3075:Rutherford, Scott (2004).
2378:Busch Gardens Williamsburg
2114:
2054:Ride Engineers Switzerland
1949:D. H. Morgan Manufacturing
1929:Bradley and Kaye (defunct)
1230:
890:mine train roller coasters
804:
513:Physics of roller coasters
510:
286:
280:
109:
96:
92:
29:
6228:
6192:
5788:
5702:
5271:
5003:
4906:
4800:
4774:
4701:
4619:
4606:
4567:
4554:
4260:Cartmell, Robert (1987).
4171:. Interesting Engineering
3794:UltimateRollercoaster.com
3292:Design of Roller Coasters
2932:Chopin na rollercoasterze
2663:Six Flags Great Adventure
2340:Knoebels Amusement Resort
1872:Number of Inversions: 14
1702:Six Flags Great Adventure
1599:Six Flags Great Adventure
1398:306.8 feet (93.5 m)
1290:amusement park. Although
1206:Six Flags Great Adventure
1183:Six Flags Great Adventure
1104:Wild Mouse roller coaster
1040:Wild Mouse Roller Coaster
974:Mine train roller coaster
927:floorless roller coasters
660:
171:. The Anglican clergyman
6154:Walt Disney Imagineering
6064:Ride Entertainment Group
5851:Dentzel Carousel Company
5821:Bolliger & Mabillard
5063:E&F Miler Industries
5018:Bolliger & Mabillard
4496:How Roller Coasters Work
4354:Motorbooks International
4019:guinnessworldrecords.com
3290:Väisänen, Antti (2018).
2728:
2696:Lists of amusement parks
1966:E&F Miler Industries
1925:Bolliger & Mabillard
1614:Six Flags Magic Mountain
1565:Bolliger & Mabillard
1493:Bolliger & Mabillard
1457:Bolliger & Mabillard
1395:318.3 feet (97.0 m)
1296:Bolliger & Mabillard
1264:Bolliger & Mabillard
1187:Bolliger & Mabillard
1069:Corkscrew roller coaster
1064:Boomerang roller coaster
1017:Suspended roller coaster
982:Motorbike roller coaster
954:Floorless roller coaster
922:suspended roller coaster
742:
633:launched roller coasters
629:linear synchronous motor
317:began work on a gravity
289:The Great Scenic Railway
287:Not to be confused with
119:Saint Petersburg, Russia
5869:Eyerly Aircraft Company
5796:Allan Herschell Company
5093:Allan Herschell Company
4471:Roller Coaster Database
4460:Roller Coaster Glossary
4219:. Edison, New Jersey:
4215:Bennett, David (1998).
3938:. WRAL. August 10, 2023
3133:Robb and Elissa Alvey.
2893:. Edison, New Jersey:
2889:Bennett, David (1998).
2798:Encyclopædia Britannica
2702:Fear of roller coasters
2580:Disney's Animal Kingdom
2436:Busch Gardens Tampa Bay
2432:inverted roller coaster
1889:Allan Herschell Company
1849:Longest Roller Coaster
1835:Fastest Roller Coaster
1821:Tallest Roller Coaster
1298:have not used the term
1165:Lancaster, Pennsylvania
1121:Launched roller coaster
1079:Figure 8 roller coaster
1007:Stand-up roller coaster
1002:Spinning roller coaster
992:Pipeline roller coaster
969:Inverted roller coaster
807:Roller coaster elements
428:Allentown, Pennsylvania
6094:Sanoyas Hishino Meisho
6039:Preston & Barbieri
5989:LaMarcus Adna Thompson
5163:Sanoyas Hishino Meisho
5143:Preston & Barbieri
5118:Martin & Vleminckx
4613:
4483:Roller Coaster Physics
4477:Roller Coaster Patents
4465:Roller Coaster History
4321:Romero, Pedro (2007).
4280:Coker, Robert (2002).
3208:Journal of Neurotrauma
3006:Kensington, New YorK:
2868:Coker, Robert (2002).
2578:, a roller coaster at
2043:Preston & Barbieri
2022:Martin & Vleminckx
1793:640 feet (200 m)
1720:456 feet (139 m)
1684:420 feet (130 m)
1208:
1190:
1168:
1126:Powered roller coaster
1099:Twister roller coaster
1094:Terrain roller coaster
1089:Shuttle roller coaster
1036:Zipline roller coaster
944:Bobsled roller coaster
870:
836:wooden roller coasters
827:
644:powered roller coaster
625:linear induction motor
597:
596:in Gothenburg, Sweden)
481:Scandinavian languages
435:
315:LaMarcus Adna Thompson
273:
223:
211:
192:
140:
87:shuttle roller coaster
68:LaMarcus Adna Thompson
46:
41:The Scenic Railway at
6159:Wendell "Bud" Hurlbut
5934:HUSS Park Attractions
4775:Construction material
4612:
3220:10.1089/neu.2016.4893
1578:300 feet (91 m)
1539:367 feet (112 m)
1506:320 feet (98 m)
1470:306 feet (93 m)
1434:300 feet (91 m)
1362:300 feet (91 m)
1196:
1174:
1152:
959:Flying roller coaster
875:hybrid roller coaster
857:
832:steel roller coasters
814:
587:
430:. Steel Force is the
414:
339:Gravity Pleasure Road
267:
217:
207:
177:
135:
40:
6054:Reverchon Industries
5841:Crown Metal Products
4238:Rollercoaster Tycoon
3279:. Alabama: Hoebiger.
2722:Roller coaster train
2338:, built in 1947, at
2283:Coney Island Cyclone
2236:Six Flags Over Texas
2048:Reverchon Industries
1575:287 feet (87 m)
1503:325 feet (99 m)
1467:306 feet (93 m)
1431:305 feet (93 m)
1359:310 feet (94 m)
1258:with the opening of
1189:out and back coaster
906:Six Flags Over Texas
863:steel roller coaster
771:improve this article
541:improve this article
503:also means "eight".
253:, co-founder of the
245:However, during the
240:Promenades Aériennes
43:Luna Park, Melbourne
30:For other uses, see
6099:Sansei Technologies
6049:ProSlide Technology
5836:Charles I. D. Looff
5193:Skyline Attractions
5168:Sansei Technologies
4801:Train configuration
4377:. Sphinx Fine Art.
3958:"Fury325-Carowinds"
3706:New York Daily News
3702:"A Rolling Revival"
3139:themeparkreview.com
2920:"ГРАНИТНАЯ ТЕРРАСА"
2561:Top Thrill Dragster
2542:Canada's Wonderland
2412:Canada's Wonderland
2178:Top Thrill Dragster
2070:Sansei Technologies
1841:Ferrari World, UAE
1803:
1452:Canada's Wonderland
1246:, which debuted at
1176:Mega/Hyper coaster:
1131:Accelerator Coaster
1032:Wing roller coaster
949:Dive roller coaster
477:Amerikanskiye gorki
447:roller skating rink
386:Matterhorn Bobsleds
353:By 1919, the first
345:across the county.
136:La Grande Glisade,
129:in St. Petersburg.
123:Catherine the Great
85:. One variation, a
6269:Russian inventions
6220:Traveling carnival
6174:William F. Mangels
6134:Universal Creative
6124:Tivoli Enterprises
5860:Eli Bridge Company
5856:Dynamic Structures
5725:Haunted attraction
5058:Dynamic Structures
4614:
4488:2016-03-16 at the
4304:Arcadia Publishing
3816:"Millennium Force"
3763:The New York Times
3712:on August 16, 2017
3617:. 17 October 2016.
3256:griffinschobel.com
3182:Medical News Today
2791:Pescovitz, David.
2576:Expedition Everest
2198:Expedition GeForce
1961:Dynamic Structures
1852:Steel Dragon 2000
1802:
1787:Under construction
1380:Nagashima Spa Land
1244:Moonsault Scramble
1209:
1191:
1169:
871:
828:
819:amusement park in
598:
436:
319:Switchback Railway
274:
270:Switchback Railway
224:
212:
141:
72:Switchback Railway
47:
6274:French inventions
6246:
6245:
6205:Animal theme park
6089:Sally Corporation
5904:The Gravity Group
5806:Arrow Development
5801:Anton Schwarzkopf
5745:River rapids ride
5324:Bungee trampoline
5231:
5230:
5183:Anton Schwarzkopf
5083:The Gravity Group
5008:Arrow Development
4962:
4961:
4733:
4732:
4327:. ASDavis Media.
4141:Anwar, Shaheera.
4069:. Cleveland.com.
4021:. August 16, 2016
3522:. 29 October 2019
3520:coastercritic.com
3275:Hoebiger (2017).
3214:(22): 3198–3205.
3105:patimg2.uspto.gov
2659:Superman The Ride
2584:Walt Disney World
2507:PortAventura Park
1987:The Gravity Group
1895:Arrow Development
1876:
1875:
1797:
1796:
1778:Six Flags Qiddiya
1737:Six Flags Qiddiya
1724:
1723:
1582:
1581:
1368:Steel Dragon 2000
1141:
1140:
855:
803:
802:
795:
735:still occur. The
585:
573:
572:
565:
391:Arrow Development
236:Belleville, Paris
149:La Grande Glisade
16:(Redirected from
6281:
6236:
6235:
6193:Related articles
6034:Polin Waterparks
5884:Frederick Church
5864:ETF Ride Systems
5484:Motion simulator
5459:Looping Starship
5294:Booster (Fabbri)
5258:
5251:
5244:
5235:
5234:
5053:Dinn Corporation
4989:
4982:
4975:
4966:
4965:
4808:Fourth dimension
4760:
4753:
4746:
4737:
4736:
4721:
4720:
4709:
4708:
4541:
4534:
4527:
4518:
4517:
4449:
4423:
4394:
4392:
4391:
4367:
4344:
4342:
4341:
4317:
4277:
4256:
4204:
4203:
4201:
4199:
4187:
4181:
4180:
4178:
4176:
4164:
4158:
4157:
4155:
4153:
4138:
4132:
4131:
4129:
4127:
4115:
4109:
4108:
4106:
4104:
4089:
4083:
4082:
4080:
4078:
4062:
4056:
4055:
4053:
4052:
4037:
4031:
4030:
4028:
4026:
4011:
4002:
4001:
3990:
3984:
3983:
3972:
3966:
3965:
3954:
3948:
3947:
3945:
3943:
3932:
3926:
3925:
3914:
3908:
3907:
3896:
3890:
3889:
3878:
3872:
3871:
3860:
3854:
3853:
3851:
3849:
3840:. Archived from
3834:
3828:
3827:
3825:
3823:
3812:
3806:
3805:
3803:
3801:
3786:
3780:
3779:
3777:
3775:
3753:
3744:
3743:
3741:
3739:
3728:
3722:
3721:
3719:
3717:
3708:. Archived from
3697:
3691:
3690:
3688:
3687:
3673:
3667:
3666:
3664:
3663:
3649:
3643:
3642:
3640:
3639:
3625:
3619:
3618:
3607:
3601:
3600:
3594:
3586:
3580:
3579:
3577:
3576:
3562:
3556:
3555:
3553:
3552:
3537:
3531:
3530:
3528:
3527:
3512:
3503:
3502:
3500:
3499:
3485:
3476:
3475:
3460:(4th ed.).
3459:
3448:
3442:
3441:
3419:
3410:
3409:
3407:
3406:
3392:
3386:
3385:
3384:. pp. 1–14.
3377:
3371:
3370:
3362:
3356:
3355:
3353:
3351:
3337:
3331:
3321:
3315:
3314:
3313:
3309:
3302:
3296:
3295:
3287:
3281:
3280:
3272:
3266:
3265:
3263:
3262:
3248:
3242:
3241:
3231:
3199:
3193:
3192:
3190:
3189:
3174:
3168:
3167:
3165:
3164:
3148:
3142:
3131:
3125:
3115:
3109:
3108:
3097:
3091:
3090:
3072:
3061:
3060:
3049:
3043:
3037:
3031:
3025:
3019:
3000:
2985:
2980:Fierro, Alfred,
2978:
2972:
2967:
2961:
2956:
2950:
2942:John Glen King,
2940:
2934:
2930:Agata Pietrzak,
2928:
2922:
2917:
2906:
2887:
2881:
2866:
2860:
2859:
2857:
2856:
2842:
2836:
2835:
2833:
2831:
2821:
2815:
2814:
2812:
2810:
2788:
2782:
2781:
2779:
2777:
2758:
2742:
2739:
2673:
2655:
2636:
2613:
2594:
2572:
2553:
2534:
2518:
2499:
2490:in Rust, Germany
2480:
2461:
2451:Millennium Force
2447:
2423:
2404:
2389:
2370:
2351:
2332:
2313:
2294:
2279:
2263:
2247:
2228:
2213:
2193:
2174:
2155:
2128:
1955:Dinn Corporation
1863:Most Inversions
1807:Record Category
1804:
1801:
1776:
1775:
1742:
1741:
1700:
1699:
1660:
1659:
1623:
1622:
1558:
1557:
1522:
1521:
1486:
1485:
1450:
1449:
1414:
1413:
1378:
1377:
1342:
1341:
1332:Millennium Force
1305:
1304:
1280:Millennium Force
1161:Dutch Wonderland
1045:Infinity Coaster
933:
856:
798:
791:
787:
784:
778:
755:
747:
606:potential energy
586:
568:
561:
557:
554:
548:
525:
517:
487:, stemming from
369:Great Depression
304:gravity railroad
21:
6289:
6288:
6284:
6283:
6282:
6280:
6279:
6278:
6259:Roller coasters
6249:
6248:
6247:
6242:
6224:
6188:
6169:WhiteWater West
6139:US Thrill Rides
5924:Herbert Schmeck
5784:
5765:Summer toboggan
5698:
5574:Shoot the Chute
5569:Screamin' Swing
5474:Mechanical bull
5389:Flying Scooters
5309:Bulgy the Whale
5267:
5265:Amusement rides
5262:
5232:
5227:
5203:US Thrill Rides
4999:
4993:
4963:
4958:
4902:
4883:Summer toboggan
4796:
4770:
4764:
4734:
4729:
4697:
4673:Stadium seating
4615:
4604:
4563:
4550:
4548:Roller coasters
4545:
4490:Wayback Machine
4456:
4446:
4420:
4389:
4387:
4385:
4364:
4339:
4337:
4335:
4314:
4274:
4253:
4221:Chartwell Books
4212:
4210:Further reading
4207:
4197:
4195:
4188:
4184:
4174:
4172:
4165:
4161:
4151:
4149:
4139:
4135:
4125:
4123:
4122:. New York Post
4116:
4112:
4102:
4100:
4099:. March 6, 2015
4091:
4090:
4086:
4076:
4074:
4063:
4059:
4050:
4048:
4039:
4038:
4034:
4024:
4022:
4013:
4012:
4005:
3992:
3991:
3987:
3974:
3973:
3969:
3956:
3955:
3951:
3941:
3939:
3934:
3933:
3929:
3916:
3915:
3911:
3898:
3897:
3893:
3880:
3879:
3875:
3862:
3861:
3857:
3847:
3845:
3844:on 21 June 2012
3836:
3835:
3831:
3821:
3819:
3814:
3813:
3809:
3799:
3797:
3796:. March 9, 2000
3788:
3787:
3783:
3773:
3771:
3754:
3747:
3737:
3735:
3730:
3729:
3725:
3715:
3713:
3698:
3694:
3685:
3683:
3675:
3674:
3670:
3661:
3659:
3651:
3650:
3646:
3637:
3635:
3627:
3626:
3622:
3609:
3608:
3604:
3592:
3588:
3587:
3583:
3574:
3572:
3564:
3563:
3559:
3550:
3548:
3539:
3538:
3534:
3525:
3523:
3514:
3513:
3506:
3497:
3495:
3487:
3486:
3479:
3472:
3457:
3449:
3445:
3438:
3420:
3413:
3404:
3402:
3394:
3393:
3389:
3378:
3374:
3363:
3359:
3349:
3347:
3339:
3338:
3334:
3322:
3318:
3311:
3303:
3299:
3288:
3284:
3273:
3269:
3260:
3258:
3250:
3249:
3245:
3200:
3196:
3187:
3185:
3176:
3175:
3171:
3162:
3160:
3149:
3145:
3132:
3128:
3116:
3112:
3101:"Patent Images"
3099:
3098:
3094:
3087:
3073:
3064:
3050:
3046:
3038:
3034:
3026:
3022:
3001:
2988:
2979:
2975:
2968:
2964:
2957:
2953:
2941:
2937:
2929:
2925:
2918:
2909:
2895:Chartwell Books
2888:
2884:
2867:
2863:
2854:
2852:
2844:
2843:
2839:
2829:
2827:
2823:
2822:
2818:
2808:
2806:
2789:
2785:
2775:
2773:
2766:Merriam-Webster
2760:
2759:
2755:
2751:
2746:
2745:
2740:
2736:
2731:
2726:
2687:
2680:
2674:
2665:
2656:
2647:
2637:
2628:
2614:
2605:
2595:
2586:
2573:
2564:
2554:
2545:
2535:
2526:
2521:Thunderbolt at
2519:
2510:
2500:
2491:
2481:
2472:
2462:
2453:
2448:
2439:
2424:
2415:
2405:
2396:
2390:
2381:
2371:
2362:
2352:
2343:
2333:
2324:
2314:
2305:
2295:
2286:
2280:
2271:
2264:
2255:
2248:
2239:
2232:New Texas Giant
2229:
2220:
2214:
2205:
2194:
2185:
2175:
2166:
2163:Thrust Air 2000
2156:
2147:
2129:
2120:Roller Coasters
2117:
2112:
1910:ART Engineering
1884:
1878:
1816:Record Details
1810:Roller Coaster
1799:
1770:
1766:Falcon's Flight
1729:
1694:
1654:
1618:shuttle coaster
1587:
1552:
1516:
1480:
1444:
1408:
1372:
1336:
1276:
1248:Fuji-Q Highland
1236:
1229:
1198:Strata coaster:
1157:Kingdom Coaster
1154:Family coaster:
1147:
1142:
1112:
1060:
1058:By track layout
940:
902:New Texas Giant
859:Thunder Dolphin
845:
809:
799:
788:
782:
779:
768:
756:
745:
709:
671:
663:
575:
569:
558:
552:
549:
538:
526:
515:
509:
463:Roller Toboggan
409:
351:
343:amusement parks
321:that opened at
296:
285:
279:
277:Scenic railways
145:Riding Mountain
115:
106:
101:
95:
83:loading station
35:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
6287:
6277:
6276:
6271:
6266:
6261:
6244:
6243:
6241:
6240:
6229:
6226:
6225:
6223:
6222:
6217:
6212:
6207:
6202:
6200:Amusement park
6196:
6194:
6190:
6189:
6187:
6186:
6181:
6176:
6171:
6166:
6164:Werner Stengel
6161:
6156:
6151:
6146:
6141:
6136:
6131:
6126:
6121:
6116:
6111:
6106:
6104:SBF Visa Group
6101:
6096:
6091:
6086:
6081:
6079:Ronald Bussink
6076:
6071:
6066:
6061:
6056:
6051:
6046:
6041:
6036:
6031:
6026:
6021:
6019:New Wave Rides
6016:
6011:
6006:
6004:Marcus Illions
6001:
5996:
5991:
5986:
5981:
5976:
5971:
5966:
5961:
5956:
5951:
5949:John A. Miller
5946:
5941:
5936:
5931:
5926:
5921:
5916:
5914:Harry C. Baker
5911:
5909:Gustav Dentzel
5906:
5901:
5896:
5891:
5886:
5881:
5876:
5871:
5866:
5861:
5858:
5853:
5848:
5843:
5838:
5833:
5828:
5823:
5818:
5813:
5808:
5803:
5798:
5792:
5790:
5786:
5785:
5783:
5782:
5777:
5772:
5767:
5762:
5757:
5755:Simulator ride
5752:
5750:Roller coaster
5747:
5742:
5740:Reverse bungee
5737:
5732:
5727:
5722:
5717:
5712:
5706:
5704:
5700:
5699:
5697:
5696:
5691:
5686:
5681:
5676:
5671:
5666:
5661:
5656:
5651:
5646:
5641:
5636:
5631:
5626:
5621:
5616:
5611:
5606:
5601:
5596:
5591:
5586:
5581:
5576:
5571:
5566:
5561:
5556:
5551:
5546:
5541:
5536:
5531:
5526:
5521:
5516:
5511:
5506:
5501:
5496:
5491:
5486:
5481:
5476:
5471:
5466:
5461:
5456:
5451:
5446:
5441:
5439:Jump and Smile
5436:
5431:
5429:Helter skelter
5426:
5421:
5416:
5411:
5406:
5401:
5396:
5394:Flying theatre
5391:
5386:
5381:
5376:
5371:
5366:
5361:
5356:
5351:
5346:
5341:
5336:
5331:
5326:
5321:
5316:
5311:
5306:
5301:
5299:Booster (HUSS)
5296:
5291:
5286:
5281:
5275:
5273:
5269:
5268:
5261:
5260:
5253:
5246:
5238:
5229:
5228:
5226:
5225:
5220:
5215:
5210:
5205:
5200:
5195:
5190:
5185:
5180:
5175:
5173:SBF Visa Group
5170:
5165:
5160:
5155:
5150:
5145:
5140:
5135:
5130:
5125:
5120:
5115:
5110:
5105:
5100:
5095:
5090:
5085:
5080:
5075:
5070:
5065:
5060:
5055:
5050:
5045:
5040:
5035:
5030:
5025:
5020:
5015:
5013:Arrow Dynamics
5010:
5004:
5001:
5000:
4996:Roller coaster
4992:
4991:
4984:
4977:
4969:
4960:
4959:
4957:
4956:
4951:
4946:
4941:
4936:
4931:
4926:
4921:
4916:
4910:
4908:
4904:
4903:
4901:
4900:
4895:
4890:
4885:
4880:
4875:
4870:
4865:
4860:
4855:
4850:
4845:
4840:
4835:
4830:
4825:
4820:
4815:
4810:
4804:
4802:
4798:
4797:
4795:
4794:
4789:
4784:
4778:
4776:
4772:
4771:
4768:roller coaster
4763:
4762:
4755:
4748:
4740:
4731:
4730:
4728:
4727:
4715:
4702:
4699:
4698:
4696:
4695:
4693:Wheel assembly
4690:
4685:
4680:
4675:
4670:
4665:
4663:On-ride camera
4660:
4655:
4654:
4653:
4643:
4642:
4641:
4631:
4625:
4623:
4617:
4616:
4607:
4605:
4603:
4602:
4597:
4592:
4587:
4582:
4577:
4571:
4569:
4565:
4564:
4562:
4561:
4555:
4552:
4551:
4544:
4543:
4536:
4529:
4521:
4515:
4514:
4508:
4503:
4498:
4493:
4480:
4474:
4468:
4462:
4455:
4454:External links
4452:
4451:
4450:
4444:
4431:
4418:
4395:
4383:
4368:
4362:
4345:
4333:
4318:
4312:
4293:
4278:
4272:
4257:
4251:
4245:. p. 40.
4232:
4211:
4208:
4206:
4205:
4182:
4159:
4147:Fact Magazines
4133:
4110:
4084:
4057:
4032:
4003:
3985:
3967:
3949:
3927:
3909:
3891:
3873:
3855:
3829:
3807:
3781:
3745:
3723:
3692:
3668:
3644:
3620:
3602:
3581:
3557:
3532:
3504:
3477:
3470:
3443:
3436:
3430:. p. 18.
3411:
3387:
3372:
3357:
3341:"CoasterForce"
3332:
3316:
3297:
3282:
3267:
3243:
3194:
3169:
3143:
3126:
3110:
3092:
3085:
3062:
3055:The Sun-Herald
3044:
3032:
3020:
2986:
2973:
2962:
2951:
2935:
2923:
2907:
2882:
2861:
2837:
2816:
2783:
2752:
2750:
2747:
2744:
2743:
2733:
2732:
2730:
2727:
2725:
2724:
2719:
2714:
2709:
2704:
2699:
2692:Amusement park
2688:
2686:
2683:
2682:
2681:
2675:
2668:
2666:
2657:
2650:
2648:
2638:
2631:
2629:
2615:
2608:
2606:
2596:
2589:
2587:
2574:
2567:
2565:
2555:
2548:
2546:
2536:
2529:
2527:
2520:
2513:
2511:
2501:
2494:
2492:
2482:
2475:
2473:
2463:
2456:
2454:
2449:
2442:
2440:
2425:
2418:
2416:
2406:
2399:
2397:
2391:
2384:
2382:
2372:
2365:
2363:
2353:
2346:
2344:
2334:
2327:
2325:
2321:Kennywood Park
2315:
2308:
2306:
2296:
2289:
2287:
2281:
2274:
2272:
2265:
2258:
2256:
2249:
2242:
2240:
2230:
2223:
2221:
2215:
2208:
2206:
2195:
2188:
2186:
2176:
2169:
2167:
2159:Hypersonic XLC
2157:
2150:
2148:
2130:
2123:
2121:
2116:
2113:
2111:
2110:
2105:
2100:
2095:
2089:
2083:
2081:SBF Visa Group
2078:
2072:
2067:
2061:
2056:
2051:
2045:
2040:
2035:
2029:
2024:
2019:
2014:
2009:
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1999:
1994:
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1973:
1968:
1963:
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1952:
1946:
1940:
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1927:
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1901:Arrow Dynamics
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1867:
1864:
1860:
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1838:Formula Rossa
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1586:
1585:Strata coaster
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1500:March 25, 2015
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1429:
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1416:Kings Dominion
1406:
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1392:August 1, 2000
1390:
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1334:
1328:
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1321:
1318:
1315:
1312:
1309:
1275:
1272:
1256:Arrow Dynamics
1228:
1225:
1213:kiddie coaster
1146:
1143:
1139:
1138:
1134:
1133:
1128:
1123:
1118:
1111:
1108:
1107:
1106:
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984:
979:
976:
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956:
951:
946:
939:
936:
931:
894:Arrow Dynamics
801:
800:
759:
757:
750:
744:
741:
708:
705:
670:
667:
662:
659:
610:kinetic energy
571:
570:
529:
527:
520:
511:Main article:
508:
505:
440:roller coaster
408:
405:
350:
347:
278:
275:
199:Catherine Park
195:Katalnaya gora
173:John Glen King
161:Katalnaya gora
157:Tsarskoye Selo
138:Tsarskoye Selo
105:
102:
97:Main article:
94:
91:
59:railroad track
55:amusement ride
51:roller coaster
26:
18:Roller Coaster
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
6286:
6275:
6272:
6270:
6267:
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6260:
6257:
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6160:
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6150:
6149:Vernon Keenan
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6025:
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6020:
6017:
6015:
6014:Moser's Rides
6012:
6010:
6007:
6005:
6002:
6000:
5997:
5995:
5992:
5990:
5987:
5985:
5982:
5980:
5977:
5975:
5972:
5970:
5967:
5965:
5962:
5960:
5957:
5955:
5954:John C. Allen
5952:
5950:
5947:
5945:
5944:Jason Surrell
5942:
5940:
5937:
5935:
5932:
5930:
5929:Hopkins Rides
5927:
5925:
5922:
5920:
5917:
5915:
5912:
5910:
5907:
5905:
5902:
5900:
5897:
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5882:
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5877:
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5872:
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5857:
5854:
5852:
5849:
5847:
5844:
5842:
5839:
5837:
5834:
5832:
5829:
5827:
5826:Chance Morgan
5824:
5822:
5819:
5817:
5814:
5812:
5809:
5807:
5804:
5802:
5799:
5797:
5794:
5793:
5791:
5789:Manufacturers
5787:
5781:
5778:
5776:
5775:Tow boat ride
5773:
5771:
5768:
5766:
5763:
5761:
5760:Slot car ride
5758:
5756:
5753:
5751:
5748:
5746:
5743:
5741:
5738:
5736:
5735:Pendulum ride
5733:
5731:
5728:
5726:
5723:
5721:
5718:
5716:
5713:
5711:
5708:
5707:
5705:
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5517:
5515:
5512:
5510:
5507:
5505:
5502:
5500:
5497:
5495:
5492:
5490:
5489:Music Express
5487:
5485:
5482:
5480:
5477:
5475:
5472:
5470:
5467:
5465:
5462:
5460:
5457:
5455:
5452:
5450:
5447:
5445:
5442:
5440:
5437:
5435:
5432:
5430:
5427:
5425:
5422:
5420:
5419:Haunted swing
5417:
5415:
5412:
5410:
5407:
5405:
5402:
5400:
5397:
5395:
5392:
5390:
5387:
5385:
5382:
5380:
5377:
5375:
5372:
5370:
5367:
5365:
5362:
5360:
5357:
5355:
5354:Devil's wheel
5352:
5350:
5347:
5345:
5342:
5340:
5337:
5335:
5332:
5330:
5327:
5325:
5322:
5320:
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5312:
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5307:
5305:
5302:
5300:
5297:
5295:
5292:
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5285:
5282:
5280:
5277:
5276:
5274:
5270:
5266:
5259:
5254:
5252:
5247:
5245:
5240:
5239:
5236:
5224:
5221:
5219:
5216:
5214:
5213:WGH (company)
5211:
5209:
5206:
5204:
5201:
5199:
5196:
5194:
5191:
5189:
5186:
5184:
5181:
5179:
5176:
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5171:
5169:
5166:
5164:
5161:
5159:
5156:
5154:
5151:
5149:
5146:
5144:
5141:
5139:
5138:Premier Rides
5136:
5134:
5131:
5129:
5126:
5124:
5121:
5119:
5116:
5114:
5111:
5109:
5106:
5104:
5101:
5099:
5098:Hopkins Rides
5096:
5094:
5091:
5089:
5086:
5084:
5081:
5079:
5076:
5074:
5071:
5069:
5066:
5064:
5061:
5059:
5056:
5054:
5051:
5049:
5046:
5044:
5041:
5039:
5036:
5034:
5031:
5029:
5026:
5024:
5023:Chance Morgan
5021:
5019:
5016:
5014:
5011:
5009:
5006:
5005:
5002:
4998:manufacturers
4997:
4990:
4985:
4983:
4978:
4976:
4971:
4970:
4967:
4955:
4952:
4950:
4947:
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4942:
4940:
4937:
4935:
4932:
4930:
4927:
4925:
4922:
4920:
4917:
4915:
4912:
4911:
4909:
4905:
4899:
4896:
4894:
4891:
4889:
4888:Virginia Reel
4886:
4884:
4881:
4879:
4876:
4874:
4871:
4869:
4866:
4864:
4861:
4859:
4858:Side friction
4856:
4854:
4851:
4849:
4846:
4844:
4841:
4839:
4836:
4834:
4831:
4829:
4826:
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4779:
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4773:
4769:
4761:
4756:
4754:
4749:
4747:
4742:
4741:
4738:
4726:
4725:
4716:
4714:
4713:
4704:
4703:
4700:
4694:
4691:
4689:
4688:Underfriction
4686:
4684:
4681:
4679:
4676:
4674:
4671:
4669:
4666:
4664:
4661:
4659:
4656:
4652:
4649:
4648:
4647:
4644:
4640:
4639:Vertical loop
4637:
4636:
4635:
4632:
4630:
4627:
4626:
4624:
4622:
4618:
4611:
4601:
4598:
4596:
4593:
4591:
4588:
4586:
4585:Manufacturers
4583:
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4578:
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4573:
4572:
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4566:
4560:
4557:
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4502:
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4484:
4481:
4478:
4475:
4472:
4469:
4466:
4463:
4461:
4458:
4457:
4447:
4445:9781500699963
4441:
4437:
4432:
4430:
4429:9780806523095
4426:
4421:
4419:9780806523095
4415:
4411:
4410:Citadel Press
4407:
4404:(Paperback).
4403:
4402:
4396:
4386:
4384:9781907200021
4380:
4376:
4375:
4369:
4365:
4363:9780760319291
4359:
4355:
4352:(Paperback).
4351:
4346:
4336:
4334:9780977624560
4330:
4326:
4325:
4319:
4315:
4313:9780738519975
4309:
4305:
4302:(Paperback).
4301:
4300:
4294:
4291:
4290:9781586631727
4287:
4283:
4279:
4275:
4273:9780879723422
4269:
4265:
4264:
4258:
4254:
4252:9780761537656
4248:
4244:
4241:(Paperback).
4240:
4239:
4233:
4230:
4229:9780786508853
4226:
4222:
4218:
4214:
4213:
4193:
4186:
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3905:
3901:
3895:
3887:
3883:
3877:
3869:
3865:
3859:
3843:
3839:
3833:
3818:. Cedar Point
3817:
3811:
3795:
3791:
3785:
3769:
3765:
3764:
3759:
3752:
3750:
3733:
3727:
3711:
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3672:
3658:
3654:
3648:
3634:
3630:
3624:
3616:
3612:
3606:
3598:
3591:
3590:"The Cyclone"
3585:
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3546:
3542:
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3521:
3517:
3511:
3509:
3494:
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3473:
3471:9781476622118
3467:
3463:
3456:
3455:
3447:
3439:
3437:9781468013559
3433:
3429:
3425:
3418:
3416:
3401:
3400:www.iaapa.org
3397:
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3235:
3230:
3225:
3221:
3217:
3213:
3209:
3205:
3198:
3183:
3179:
3173:
3159:on 2006-11-15
3158:
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3119:
3114:
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3096:
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3056:
3048:
3041:
3036:
3030:
3024:
3017:
3016:9780806523095
3013:
3009:
3008:Citadel Press
3005:
2999:
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2991:
2983:
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2904:
2903:9780785808855
2900:
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2879:
2878:9781586631727
2875:
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2498:
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2474:
2470:
2469:Phantasialand
2466:
2460:
2455:
2452:
2446:
2441:
2437:
2433:
2430:", a popular
2429:
2422:
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2207:
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2199:
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2173:
2168:
2165:(now defunct)
2164:
2160:
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2134:, located at
2133:
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2046:
2044:
2041:
2039:
2038:Premier Rides
2036:
2033:
2030:
2028:
2025:
2023:
2020:
2018:
2015:
2013:
2010:
2008:
2005:
2003:
2000:
1998:
1997:Hopkins Rides
1995:
1993:
1990:
1988:
1985:
1982:
1979:
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1974:
1972:
1969:
1967:
1964:
1962:
1959:
1956:
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1950:
1947:
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1941:
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1933:Chance Morgan
1931:
1928:
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1918:
1915:
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1909:
1906:
1905:S&S Arrow
1902:
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1536:April 7, 2017
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760:This section
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723:
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713:basic physics
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530:This section
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455:Massachusetts
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434:in the world.
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355:underfriction
346:
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302:, a downhill
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169:Andrey Nartov
166:
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53:is a type of
52:
44:
39:
33:
19:
6024:O.D. Hopkins
5969:Keith Sparks
5959:John Wardley
5919:Harry Traver
5874:Fabbri Group
5831:Chance Rides
5749:
5649:Topple Tower
5639:Tilt-A-Whirl
5614:Swing Around
5549:Roll-O-Plane
5539:Rock-O-Plane
5454:Loop-O-Plane
5379:Ferris Wheel
5314:Bumper boats
5289:Bayern Kurve
5284:Balloon Race
5068:Fabbri Group
5028:Chance Rides
4995:
4934:Out and back
4919:Dual-tracked
4907:Track layout
4873:Steeplechase
4767:
4722:
4710:
4646:Launch track
4547:
4435:
4400:
4388:. Retrieved
4373:
4349:
4338:. Retrieved
4323:
4298:
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4262:
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4216:
4196:. Retrieved
4194:. Coaster101
4185:
4173:. Retrieved
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4150:. Retrieved
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4124:. Retrieved
4113:
4101:. Retrieved
4096:
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4075:. Retrieved
4060:
4049:. Retrieved
4047:. 2024-04-15
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3940:. Retrieved
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3846:. Retrieved
3842:the original
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3772:. Retrieved
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3726:
3714:. Retrieved
3710:the original
3705:
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3636:. Retrieved
3632:
3623:
3615:Coasterforce
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3584:
3573:. Retrieved
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3549:. Retrieved
3547:. 2018-05-04
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3348:. Retrieved
3345:CoasterForce
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3259:. Retrieved
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3184:. 2023-06-15
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3161:. Retrieved
3157:the original
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2774:. Retrieved
2756:
2737:
2621:Energylandia
2302:Kings Island
2298:Son of Beast
2202:Holiday Park
1971:Fabbri Group
1938:Chance Rides
1877:
1798:
1790:October 2024
1751:Manufacturer
1732:
1730:
1714:May 21, 2005
1650:Top Thrill 2
1632:Manufacturer
1608:
1604:Top Thrill 2
1590:
1588:
1572:July 2, 2020
1560:Kings Island
1524:Ferrari Land
1356:May 13, 2000
1314:Manufacturer
1299:
1277:
1274:Giga coaster
1252:hypercoaster
1251:
1240:hypercoaster
1237:
1227:Hypercoaster
1221:Wyandot Lake
1212:
1210:
1197:
1175:
1153:
1135:
1110:By mechanics
1050:Euro-Fighter
910:
897:
879:
872:
829:
789:
780:
769:Please help
764:verification
761:
730:
726:
710:
698:
694:
682:
675:
672:
664:
655:Ares program
648:
637:
622:
599:
559:
550:
539:Please help
534:verification
531:
500:
496:
492:
489:Figur-8-Bahn
488:
484:
476:
474:
469:
467:
462:
444:
439:
437:
401:Kings Island
394:
384:
378:
362:
352:
338:
323:Coney Island
312:
297:
258:
255:Moulin Rouge
251:Joseph Oller
247:Belle Epoque
244:
239:
231:
227:
225:
208:
194:
193:
178:
160:
148:
142:
116:
107:
80:
76:Coney Island
50:
48:
6129:Tony Baxter
6109:Senyo Kogyo
6069:RoboCoaster
5964:Jora Vision
5730:Kiddie ride
5579:Sky Swatter
5544:Rockin' Tug
5519:Power Surge
5514:Pirate Ship
5509:Paratrooper
5364:Double Shot
5339:Cliffhanger
5334:Caterpillar
5319:Bumper cars
5188:Senyo Kogyo
4668:Single-rail
4243:Prima Games
4198:11 December
4175:11 December
4152:11 December
4126:11 December
3848:13 February
2850:HISTORY.com
2677:The Cyclone
2503:Dragon Khan
2488:Europa-Park
2465:Black Mamba
2317:Jack Rabbit
2182:Cedar Point
2136:Särkänniemi
2086:Schwarzkopf
2007:Jinma Rides
1858:8,133.2 ft
1727:Exa coaster
1681:May 4, 2024
1678:May 4, 2003
1662:Cedar Point
1464:May 6, 2012
1404:Project 305
1344:Cedar Point
1288:Cedar Point
896:. The term
499:, in which
470:jet coaster
457:in 1887. A
420:Thunderhawk
418:(left) and
416:Steel Force
359:John Miller
268:Thompson's
127:Oranienbaum
64:theme parks
6253:Categories
6074:Ron Toomer
5999:Mack Rides
5994:Lee Eyerly
5780:Water ride
5770:Swing ride
5720:Gyro tower
5715:Drop tower
5669:Turbo Drop
5664:Tumble Bug
5619:Swing boat
5609:Super Star
5604:Super Shot
5594:Space Shot
5584:Skycoaster
5469:Matterhorn
5369:Enterprise
5349:Desperados
5304:Breakdance
5113:Mack Rides
5073:Gerstlauer
4954:Wild mouse
4838:Mine train
4621:Technology
4390:2013-07-26
4340:2013-07-26
4077:August 10,
4051:2024-08-02
3942:August 10,
3738:August 16,
3716:August 16,
3686:2021-04-28
3662:2021-04-28
3638:2021-04-27
3575:2021-04-26
3551:2021-04-26
3526:2021-04-26
3498:2021-04-26
3405:2022-05-02
3306:US5715756A
3261:2022-05-02
3188:2024-02-07
3163:2007-01-08
3086:0760319294
2855:2016-12-30
2749:References
2393:Great Bear
2355:Baron 1898
2268:Linnanmäki
2012:Mack Rides
1976:Gerstlauer
1914:Arrow-Huss
1824:Kingda Ka
1217:Sea Dragon
805:See also:
783:March 2009
689:mechanical
553:March 2009
485:Achterbahn
381:Disneyland
308:Jim Thorpe
281:See also:
5899:Giovanola
5816:Bertazzon
5710:Dark ride
5564:Scrambler
5534:Red Baron
5449:Log flume
5434:Hurricane
5414:Gravitron
5409:Fun Slide
5384:Fire Ball
5374:Evolution
5123:Maurer AG
5078:Giovanola
4914:Boomerang
4878:Suspended
4843:Motorbike
4823:Floorless
4766:Types of
4658:Lift hill
4634:Inversion
4629:Brake run
4097:USA Today
3493:TripSavvy
3122:RideRater
2948:pp. 18,19
2809:August 6,
2776:August 6,
2644:Carowinds
2557:Kingda Ka
2538:Leviathan
2523:Kennywood
2471:, Germany
2204:, Germany
2146:, Finland
2144:Pirkanmaa
2094:(defunct)
2088:(defunct)
2066:(defunct)
2050:(defunct)
2034:(defunct)
2017:Maurer AG
1983:(defunct)
1981:Giovanola
1957:(defunct)
1945:(defunct)
1813:Location
1711:Operating
1690:Kingda Ka
1595:Kingda Ka
1569:Operating
1533:Operating
1512:Red Force
1497:Operating
1488:Carowinds
1461:Operating
1440:Leviathan
1425:Operating
1389:Operating
1353:Operating
1202:Kingda Ka
1145:By height
886:Luna Park
869:, at dusk
817:Nokkakivi
733:accidents
685:hydraulic
640:brake run
602:lift hill
507:Mechanics
468:The term
451:Haverhill
407:Etymology
396:The Racer
379:In 1959,
335:lift hill
6238:Category
6179:Zamperla
6114:Sonacase
5684:The Whip
5644:Top Scan
5589:Skydiver
5559:Round Up
5499:Old Mill
5464:Madhouse
5444:Kamikaze
5399:Freefall
5329:Carousel
5279:Ali Baba
5218:Zamperla
4929:Launched
4924:Figure 8
4868:Stand-up
4863:Spinning
4848:Pipeline
4833:Inverted
4712:Category
4651:Rollback
4595:Rankings
4575:Elements
4568:Overview
4486:Archived
4071:Archived
4045:wkyc.com
3998:rcdb.com
3980:rcdb.com
3962:rcdb.com
3922:rcdb.com
3904:rcdb.com
3886:rcdb.com
3868:rcdb.com
3768:Archived
3657:rcdb.com
3633:rcdb.com
3570:rcdb.com
3458:(E-book)
3238:28683585
2803:Archived
2770:Archived
2685:See also
2640:Fury 325
2627:, Poland
2617:Hyperion
2484:Euro-Mir
2408:Behemoth
2359:Efteling
2103:Zamperla
1671:Zamperla
1641:Modified
1476:Fury 325
914:stand-up
718:whiplash
618:air drag
614:friction
594:Liseberg
497:Achtbaan
459:toboggan
331:New York
327:Brooklyn
147:(a.k.a.
6009:Mondial
5939:Intamin
5889:Funtime
5689:Wipeout
5679:Waltzer
5654:Tornado
5634:Teacups
5524:Rainbow
5504:Orbiter
5494:Octopus
5479:Monster
5424:Hayride
5404:Frisbee
5133:Pinfari
5103:Intamin
4949:Twister
4944:Terrain
4939:Shuttle
4853:Powered
4813:Bobsled
4724:Commons
4678:Station
4590:Physics
4580:History
3597:nyc.gov
3229:6436029
3079:. MBI.
2830:May 28,
2603:Croatia
2599:Čakovec
2374:Griffon
2336:Phoenix
2196:Riding
2140:Tampere
2132:Tornado
2115:Gallery
2032:Pinfari
2002:Intamin
1866:Smiler
1783:Intamin
1760:Height
1757:Opening
1707:Intamin
1667:Intamin
1644:Height
1529:Intamin
1421:Intamin
1349:Intamin
1284:Intamin
1268:Intamin
882:Cyclone
825:Finland
627:(LIM),
364:Cyclone
187:castors
182:furlong
165:rotunda
93:History
6184:Zierer
6144:Vekoma
5984:Kumbak
5694:Zipper
5659:Troika
5624:Tagada
5529:Ranger
5359:Disk'O
5344:Condor
5223:Zierer
5208:Vekoma
5108:Kumbak
4828:Flying
4792:Hybrid
4787:Wooden
4442:
4427:
4416:
4381:
4360:
4331:
4310:
4288:
4270:
4249:
4227:
4103:May 3,
4025:May 3,
3822:May 3,
3800:May 3,
3774:May 3,
3468:
3434:
3312:
3236:
3226:
3083:
3014:
2984:p. 613
2901:
2876:
2217:Raptor
2108:Zierer
2098:Vekoma
1754:Status
1638:Opened
1635:Status
1591:strata
1385:Morgan
1323:Height
1320:Opened
1317:Status
1292:Morgan
1136:
918:flying
898:hybrid
821:Laukaa
678:system
661:Safety
651:Ares I
337:, the
272:, 1884
222:, 1817
5703:Types
5629:Tango
5599:Speed
5554:Rotor
5272:Rides
4893:Water
4782:Steel
4683:Train
4600:Types
4223:. 9.
3593:(PDF)
3350:9 May
2897:. 9.
2729:Notes
2428:Montu
2410:, at
2380:, US.
1548:Orion
1326:Drop
1179:Nitro
867:Tokyo
743:Types
676:block
590:Helix
234:) in
220:Paris
6210:Fair
5979:KUKA
5198:TOGO
4898:Wing
4818:Dive
4440:ISBN
4425:ISBN
4414:ISBN
4379:ISBN
4358:ISBN
4329:ISBN
4308:ISBN
4286:ISBN
4268:ISBN
4247:ISBN
4225:ISBN
4200:2023
4177:2023
4154:2023
4128:2023
4105:2018
4079:2023
4027:2018
3944:2023
3850:2012
3824:2018
3802:2018
3776:2018
3740:2017
3718:2017
3545:WKSU
3466:ISBN
3432:ISBN
3352:2022
3234:PMID
3081:ISBN
3012:ISBN
2899:ISBN
2874:ISBN
2832:2017
2811:2023
2778:2023
2438:, US
2092:TOGO
1748:Park
1745:Name
1675:SBNO
1669:and
1629:Park
1626:Name
1542:N/A
1311:Park
1308:Name
1300:giga
1294:and
1266:and
1185:, a
916:and
861:, a
834:and
616:and
501:acht
493:acht
155:for
143:The
5974:KMG
5674:UFO
3224:PMC
3216:doi
2661:at
2642:at
2623:in
2619:at
2582:in
2540:at
2505:at
2467:at
2434:at
2357:at
2319:at
2300:in
2252:GCI
2234:at
2200:at
2180:at
2138:in
1733:exa
1286:on
1204:at
1181:at
1163:in
1159:at
904:at
884:at
865:in
773:by
687:or
592:at
543:by
449:in
426:in
399:at
325:in
291:or
6255::
4412:.
4408:,
4356:.
4306:.
4145:.
4095:.
4043:.
4017:.
4006:^
3996:.
3978:.
3960:.
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3902:.
3884:.
3866:.
3792:.
3766:.
3760:.
3748:^
3704:.
3679:.
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3595:.
3568:.
3543:.
3518:.
3507:^
3491:.
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3254:.
3232:.
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3212:34
3210:.
3206:.
3180:.
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3120:.
3103:.
3065:^
3010:.
2989:^
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2910:^
2848:.
2801:.
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2768:.
2764:.
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2142:,
1606:.
1270:.
1238:A
823:,
722:Gs
657:.
638:A
453:,
329:,
201:.
78:.
49:A
5257:e
5250:t
5243:v
4988:e
4981:t
4974:v
4759:e
4752:t
4745:v
4540:e
4533:t
4526:v
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4422:.
4393:.
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1907:)
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