633:; the senate and people thus controlled the state's coffers and rewarded or curbed its generals. Some triumphs seem to have been granted outright, with minimal debate. Some were turned down but went ahead anyway, with the general's direct appeal to the people over the senate and a promise of public games at his own expense. Others were blocked or granted only after interminable wrangling. Senators and generals alike were politicians, and Roman politics was notorious for its rivalries, shifting alliances, back-room dealings, and overt public bribery. The senate's discussions would likely have hinged on triumphal tradition, precedent, and propriety; less overtly but more anxiously, it would hinge on the extent of the general's political and military powers and popularity, and the possible consequences of supporting or hindering his further career. There is no firm evidence that the Senate applied a prescribed set of "triumphal laws" when making their decisions, Valerius Maximus extrapolated various "triumphal laws" from disputed historic accounts of actual practice. They included one law that the general must have killed at least 5,000 of the enemy in a single battle, and another that he must swear an oath that his account was the truth. No evidence has survived for either of these laws, or any other laws relating to triumphs.
993:
970:
brio; and he also had an enthusiastic, popular following. His triumph, however, did not go quite to plan. His chariot was drawn by a team of elephants in order to represent his
African conquest – and perhaps to outdo even the legendary triumph of Bacchus. They proved too bulky to pass through the triumphal gate, so Pompey had to dismount while a horse team was yoked in their place. This embarrassment would have delighted his critics, and probably some of his soldiers – whose demands for cash had been near-mutinous. Even so, his firm stand on the matter of cash raised his standing among the conservatives, and Pompey seems to have learned a lesson in populist politics. For his second triumph (71 BCE, the last in a series of four held that year) his cash gifts to his army were said to break all records, though the amounts in Plutarch's account are implausibly high: 6,000
444:
1290:
31:
459:
49:
1064:. The Senate, in true Republican style, would have held session to debate and decide the merits of the candidate; but this was little more than good form. Augustan ideology insisted that Augustus had saved and restored the Republic, and it celebrated his triumph as a permanent condition, and his military, political, and religious leadership as responsible for an unprecedented era of stability, peace, and prosperity. From then on, emperors claimed – without seeming to claim – the triumph as an Imperial privilege. Those outside the Imperial family might be granted "triumphal ornaments" (
742:
687:
536:. Anything more was deeply suspect; Pompey was granted the privilege of wearing his triumphal wreath at the Circus, but he met with a hostile reception. Julius Caesar's penchant for wearing his triumphal regalia "wherever and whenever" was taken as one among many signs of monarchical intentions which, for some, justified his murder. In the Imperial era, emperors wore such regalia to signify their elevated rank and office and to identify themselves with the Roman gods and Imperial order – a central feature of
1270:
283:(Field of Mars) probably well before first light. From there, all unforeseen delays and accidents aside, it would have managed a slow walking pace at best, punctuated by various planned stops en route to its final destination of the Capitoline temple, a distance of just under 4 km (2.48 mi). Triumphal processions were notoriously long and slow; the longest could last for two or three days, and possibly more, and some may have been of greater length than the route itself.
201:. Most seem to have been celebrated at the earliest practicable opportunity, probably on days that were deemed auspicious for the occasion. Tradition required that, for the duration of a triumph, every temple was open. The ceremony was thus, in some sense, shared by the whole community of Roman gods, but overlaps were inevitable with specific festivals and anniversaries. Some may have been coincidental; others were designed. For example, March 1, the festival and
1476:
304:'s triumph over Egypt triggered a fall in interest rates and a sharp rise in land prices. No ancient source addresses the logistics of the procession: where the soldiers and captives, in a procession of several days, could have slept and eaten, or where these several thousands plus the spectators could have been stationed for the final ceremony at the Capitoline temple.
663:, the siege engines themselves, captured plate, gold, silver, and royal ornaments, and the statuary and opulent furniture for which Syracuse was famous. Eight elephants were led in the procession, symbols of his victory over the Carthaginians. His Spanish and Syracusan allies led the way wearing golden wreaths; they were granted Roman citizenship and lands in Sicily.
503:(a silver coin) shows his three trophies of captured arms, with his augur's wand and jug. Another shows a globe surrounded by triumphal wreaths, symbolising his "world conquest", and an ear of grain to show that his victory protected Rome's grain supply. A notable coin, minted by Lucius Manlius Torquatus, a supporter of
921:– produced twelve triumphs in ten years. Towards the end of the Republic, triumphs became still more frequent, lavish, and competitive, with each display an attempt (usually successful) to outdo the last. To have a triumphal ancestor – even one long-dead – counted for a lot in Roman society and politics.
979:
Pompey was granted a third triumph in 61 BCE to celebrate his victory over
Mithridates VI of Pontus. It was an opportunity to outdo all rivals – and even himself. Triumphs traditionally lasted for one day, but Pompey's went on for two in an unprecedented display of wealth and luxury. Plutarch claimed
628:
could grant a triumph. A general who wanted a triumph would dispatch his request and report to the Senate. Officially, triumphs were granted for outstanding military merit; the state paid for the ceremony if this and certain other conditions were met – and these seem to have varied from time to time,
527:
In
Republican tradition, a general was expected to wear his triumphal regalia only for the day of his triumph; thereafter, they were presumably displayed in the atrium of his family home. As one of the nobility, he was entitled to a particular kind of funeral in which a string of actors walked behind
286:
Some ancient and modern sources suggest a fairly standard processional order. First came the captive leaders, allies, and soldiers (and sometimes their families) usually walking in chains; some were destined for execution or further display. Their captured weapons, armour, gold, silver, statuary, and
140:
were calendar fixtures, tied to the worship of particular deities. While the triumphal procession culminated at
Jupiter's temple on the far end of the Via Sacra (sacred road) in the Roman Forum, the procession itself, attendant feasting, and public games promoted the general's status and achievement.
132:
who triumphed on behalf of Rome's Senate, people, and gods. Inevitably, the triumph offered the general extraordinary opportunities for self-publicity, besides its religious and military dimensions. Most triumphal celebrations included a range of popular games and entertainments for the Roman masses.
474:
Most Romans would never have seen a triumph, but its symbolism permeated Roman imagination and material culture. Triumphal generals minted and circulated characteristically detailed, high value coins to propagate their triumphal fame and generosity empire-wide. Pompey's issues for his three triumphs
271:
Rome's earliest "triumphs" were probably simple victory parades, celebrating the return of a victorious general and his army to the city, along with the fruits of his victory, and ending with some form of dedication to the gods. This is probably so for the earliest legendary and later semi-legendary
1646:
The very few accounts are from the
Imperial era of a public slave (or other figure) who stands behind or near the triumphator to remind him that he "is but mortal" or prompts him to "look behind", and are open to a variety of interpretations. Nevertheless, they imply a tradition that the triumphing
299:
Almost nothing is known of the procession's infrastructure and management. Its doubtless enormous cost was defrayed in part by the state but mostly by the general's loot, which most ancient sources dwell on in great detail and unlikely superlatives. Once disposed, this portable wealth injected huge
1962:
before battle might have been formally reserved to the highest magistrate on the field, while a victory proved that a commander must have pleased the gods – whatever the niceties of his authority. Conversely, a lost battle was a sure sign of religious dereliction; see Veit
Rosenberger, "The Gallic
969:
in 79 BCE, granted by a cowed and divided Senate under the dictatorship of Pompey's patron Sulla. Pompey was only 24 and a mere equestrian. Roman conservatives disapproved of such precocity but others saw his youthful success as the mark of a prodigious military talent, divine favour, and personal
940:
to after 7 BCE) claimed that the triumphs of his day had "departed in every respect from the ancient tradition of frugality". Moralists complained that successful foreign wars might have increased Rome's power, security, and wealth, but they also created and fed a degenerate appetite for bombastic
715:
around 12 BCE, during the reign of
Emperor Augustus. They give the general's formal name, the names of his father and grandfather, the people(s) or command province whence the triumph was awarded, and the date of the triumphal procession. They record over 200 triumphs, starting with three mythical
655:' request for a triumph after his victory over the Carthaginians and their Sicilian-Greek allies, apparently because his army was still in Sicily and unable to join him. They offered him instead a thanksgiving (supplicatio) and ovation. The day before it, he celebrated an unofficial triumph on the
949:
fripperies as specialist chefs, flute girls, and other "seductive dinner-party amusements". Pliny adds "sideboards and one-legged tables" to the list, but lays responsibility for Rome's slide into luxury on the "1400 pounds of chased silver ware and 1500 pounds of golden vessels" brought somewhat
869:
were compiled some five centuries after the regal era, and probably represent an approved, official version of several different historical traditions. Likewise, the earliest surviving written histories of the regal era, written some centuries after it, attempt to reconcile various traditions, or
312:
The following schematic is for the route taken by "some, or many" triumphs, and is based on standard modern reconstructions. Any original or traditional route would have been diverted to some extent by the city's many redevelopments and re-building, or sometimes by choice. The starting place (the
547:
inaugurated Rome's first stone-built
Theatre as a gift to the people of Rome, funded by his spoils. Its gallery and colonnades doubled as an exhibition space and likely contained statues, paintings, and other trophies carried at his various triumphs. It contained a new temple to Pompey's patron
912:
was awarded four triumphs but was eventually exiled. Later Roman sources point to his triumph of 396 BCE as a cause for offense; the chariot was drawn by four white horses, a combination properly reserved for
Jupiter and Apollo – at least in later lore and poetry. The demeanour of a triumphal
727:
Many ancient historical accounts also mention triumphs. Most Roman accounts of triumphs were written to provide their readers with a moral lesson, rather than to provide an accurate description of the triumphal process, procession, rites, and their meaning. This scarcity allows only the most
398:
offers a contrast to the lavish triumphal banquets of his time by giving
Romulus's triumph the most primitive possible "banquet" – ordinary Romans setting up food-tables as a "welcome home", and the returning troops taking swigs and bites as they marched by. He recreates the first Republican
295:
wreathed in laurel, then the general in his four-horse chariot. A companion, or a public slave, might share the chariot with him or, in some cases, his youngest children. His officers and elder sons rode horseback nearby. His unarmed soldiers followed in togas and laurel crowns, chanting "io
296:
triumphe!" and singing ribald songs at their general's expense. Somewhere in the procession, two flawless white oxen were led for the sacrifice to Jupiter, garland-decked and with gilded horns. All this was done to the accompaniment of music, clouds of incense, and the strewing of flowers.
3097:
1443:
in 1535. Panvinio described it as a Roman triumph "over the infidel." The Emperor followed the traditional ancient route, "past the ruins of the triumphal arches of the soldier-emperors of Rome", where "actors dressed as ancient senators hailed the return of the new Caesar as
1334:, and the city gave him a Roman-style triumph. The procession was led by his Florentine captives, made to carry candles in honour of Lucca's patron saint. Castracani followed, standing in a decorative chariot. His booty included the Florentines' portable, wheeled altar, the
2777:
Already in his Imperial Triumphal Entry into Rome (1536) the Emperor appeared as a triumphant Roman Imperator: mounted on a white horse and wearing a purple cape, he embodied the figure of the ancient conqueror. At the head of a procession marching along the ancient
186:: the purple and gold "toga picta", laurel crown, red boots and, again possibly, the red-painted face of Rome's supreme deity. He was drawn in procession through the city in a four-horse chariot, under the gaze of his peers and an applauding crowd, to the
272:
triumphs of Rome's regal era, when the king functioned as Rome's highest magistrate and war-leader. As Rome's population, power, influence, and territory increased, so did the scale, length, variety, and extravagance of its triumphal processions.
145:
era, triumphs were drawn out and extravagant, motivated by increasing competition among the military-political adventurers who ran Rome's nascent empire. Some triumphs were prolonged by several days of public games and entertainments. From the
287:
curious or exotic treasures were carted behind them, along with paintings, tableaux, and models depicting significant places and episodes of the war. Next in line, all on foot, came Rome's senators and magistrates, followed by the general's
984:'s. Pliny's narrative of this triumph dwells with ominous hindsight upon a gigantic portrait-bust of the triumphant general, a thing of "eastern splendor" entirely covered with pearls, anticipating his later humiliation and decapitation.
925:
remarked that, in the race for power and influence, some individuals were not above vesting an inconveniently ordinary ancestor with triumphal grandeur and dignity, distorting an already fragmentary and unreliable historical tradition.
1929:'s "triumphal laws" hark back to earlier, traditional but probably reinvented triumphs of Republican Rome's expansion to Empire and its defeat of foreign kings; his notion was that triumphal generals must possess the highest level of
2882:
Bastien J-L, Le triomphe à Rome sous la République, un rite monarchique dans une cité aristocratique (IVe-Ier siècle av. notre ère) dans Guisard P. et Laizé C. (dir.), La guerre et la paix, coll. Cultures antiques, Ellipses, 2014,
2311:
Beard, 39–40, notes that the introduction of such vast sums into the Roman economy would have left substantial traces, but none are evidenced (citing Brunt (1971), 459–460; Scheidel (1996); Duncan-Jones (1990), 43, & (1994),
556:
claimed Venus as both patron and divine ancestress; he funded a new temple to her and dedicated it during his quadruple triumph of 46 BCE. He thus wove his patron goddess and putative ancestress into his triumphal anniversary.
92:, held to publicly celebrate and sanctify the success of a military commander who had led Roman forces to victory in the service of the state or, in some historical traditions, one who had successfully completed a foreign war.
1596:, 85–87: see also Polybius, 10.2.20, who suggests that Scipio's assumption of divine connections (and the personal favour of divine guidance) was unprecedented and seemed suspiciously "Greek" to his more conservative peers.
515:
with Sulla's legend and the general partially visible in his chariot. This established a precedent for the Imperial period, where coins often depicted triumphal arches erected by emperors to commemorate their victories.
1085:, the formal "triumphal" arrival of an emperor in the various capitals of the Empire in his progress through the provinces. Some emperors were perpetually on the move and seldom or never went to Rome. Christian emperor
916:
In the Middle to Late Republic, Rome's expansion through conquest offered her political-military adventurers extraordinary opportunities for self-publicity; the long-drawn series of wars between Rome and Carthage – the
230:
Religious dimensions aside, the focus of the triumph was the general himself. The ceremony promoted him – however temporarily – above every mortal Roman. This was an opportunity granted to very few. From the time of
1459:
in 1550 was not "less pleasing and delectable than the third triumph of Pompey ... magnificent in riches and abounding in the spoils of foreign nations". A triumphal arch made for the Royal entry into Paris of
393:
In most triumphs, the general funded any post-procession banquets from his share of the loot. There were feasts for the people and separate, much richer feasts for the elite; some went on for most of the night.
2543:
After the retreat of the barbarians, Honorius was directed to accept the dutiful invitation of the senate, and to celebrate, in the Imperial city, the auspicious aera of the Gothic victory, and of his sixth
571:
of captured Egyptian warships projected from its seaward wall. Imperial iconography increasingly identified Emperors with the gods, starting with the Augustan reinvention of Rome as a virtual monarchy (the
422:
as fulfillment of the general's vow to a god or goddess, made before battle or during its heat, in return for their help in securing victory. In the Republic, they were paid for by the triumphing general.
1876:, American Philological Association, 1931 (reprinted by Arno Press, 1975), p. 57, citing Cicero, To Atticus, 1.18.6, and Velleius Paterculus, 2.40.4. Faced with this reaction, Pompey never tried it again.
178:) to Rome's mythical and semi-mythical past. In effect, the general was close to being "king for a day", and possibly close to divinity. He wore the regalia traditionally associated both with the ancient
1029:, despite the latter's acclamation in the field as Imperator and his fulfillment of all traditional, Republican qualifying criteria except full consulship. Technically, generals in the Imperial era were
629:
and from case to case – or the Senate would pay for the official procession, at least. Most Roman historians rest the outcome on an open Senatorial debate and vote, its legality confirmed by one of the
913:
Republican general, and the symbols he employed in his triumph, would have been closely scrutinised by his aristocratic peers, alert for any sign that he might aspire to be more than "king for a day".
904:. In the Republic, the highest possible magistracy was an elected consulship, which could be held for no more than a year at a time. In times of crisis or emergency, the Senate might appoint a
900:
Rome's aristocrats expelled their last king as a tyrant and legislated the monarchy out of existence. They shared among themselves the kingship's former powers and authority in the form of
728:
tentative and generalised (and possibly misleading) reconstruction of triumphal ceremony, based on the combination of various incomplete accounts from different periods of Roman history.
1738:
are among the most uncertain and disputed aspects of the triumphal route; some sources imply a gate exclusively dedicated to official processions, others a free-standing arch, or the
101:("painted" toga), regalia that identified him as near-divine or near-kingly. In some accounts, his face was painted red, perhaps in imitation of Rome's highest and most powerful god,
2379:
385:. Once the sacrifice and dedications were completed, the procession and spectators dispersed to banquets, games, and other entertainments sponsored by the triumphing general.
1623:
Various Roman sources describe the different charms employed against envy during triumphs, not necessarily at the same event; they include an assemblage of miniature bells (
884:, in which the arms and armour were stripped off a defeated foe, then dedicated to Jupiter. Plutarch gives him one, complete with chariot. Tarquin has two triumphs in the
150:
onwards, the triumph reflected the Imperial order and the pre-eminence of the Imperial family. The triumph was consciously imitated by medieval and later states in the
2563:
647:
A general might be granted a "lesser triumph", known as an Ovation. He entered the city on foot, minus his troops, in his magistrate's toga and wearing a wreath of
3157:
2060:
Versnel considers it an invocation for divine help and manifestation, derived via an unknown pre-Greek language through Etruria and Greece. He cites the chant of "
124:
could grant a triumph. The origins and development of this honour are obscure: Roman historians themselves placed the first triumph in the mythic past. Republican
2321:
Beard, 9, cites Appian's very doubtful "75,100,000" drachmae carried in the procession as 1.5 times his own estimate of Rome's total annual tax revenue (Appian,
1076:. The senate still debated and voted on such matters, though the outcome was probably already decided. In the Imperial era, the number of triumphs fell sharply.
3029:
Schmidt-Hofner, Sebastian, "Trajan und die symbolische Kommunikation bei kaiserlichen Rombesuchen in der Spätantike", in R. Behrwald & C. Witschel (eds.)
2427:
2034:, not a "triumph". Neither author mentions the two triumphs attributed by the Fasti to the last king of Rome, Tarquin. See Beard, 74 and endnotes 1 &2.
1647:
general was publicly reminded of his mortal nature, whatever his kingly appearance, temporary godlike status, or divine associations. See Beard, pp. 85–92.
1529:
2725:
992:
2576:
The customary games took place with great magnificence, and on this occasion St. Telemachus sacrificed himself by attempting to separate the gladiators.
1079:
Imperial panegyrics of the later Imperial era combine triumphal elements with Imperial ceremonies such as the consular investiture of Emperors, and the
767:
The origins and development of this honour are obscure. Roman historians placed the first triumph in the mythical past; some thought that it dated from
532:
of his ancestors; another actor represented the general himself and his highest achievement in life by wearing his funeral mask, triumphal laurels, and
2769:
1677:'s triumphal "extravaganza" of 167 BCE is wild exaggeration. Some modern scholarship suggests a procession 7 km long as plausible. See Beard, p. 102.
1364:) represented the triumphal themes and biographies of ancient Roman texts as ideals for cultured, virtuous rule; it was influential and widely read.
2611:
When the admirable emperor was informed of this he numbered Telemachus in the array of victorious martyrs, and put an end to that impious spectacle.
105:. The general rode in a four-horse chariot through the streets of Rome in unarmed procession with his army, captives, and the spoils of his war. At
479:(a gold coin) that has a laurel-wreathed border enclosing a head which personifies Africa; beside it, Pompey's title "Magnus" ("The Great"), with
2423:. Claudius was "granted" a triumph by the Senate and gave "triumphal regalia" to his prospective son-in-law, who was still "only a boy." Thayer:
2391:
1954:
The tradition was probably an indication of esteem and popularity that triumphal generals in the Republic had been spontaneously proclaimed as
2141:
Bosworth, 67–79, notes that Arrian's attributions here are non-historic and their details almost certainly apocryphal: see Arrian, 6, 28, 1–2.
2815:
630:
3081:
Wienand, Johannes, "O tandem felix civili, Roma, victoria! Civil War Triumphs From Honorius to Constantine and Back", in J. Wienand (ed.)
2559:
Dictionary of Christian Biography and Literature to the End of the Sixth Century A.D., with an Account of the Principal Sects and Heresies
832:. Like much in Roman culture, elements of the triumph were based on Etruscan and Greek precursors; in particular, the purple, embroidered
443:
596:, with a triumphal procession of captives and treasures seized from the temple of Jerusalem – some of which funded the building of the
2879:
Bastien J-L, Le triomphe romain et son utilisation politique à Rome aux trois derniers siècles de la République, CEFR 392, Rome, 2007
1350:(1459) claimed the ancient Roman triumph, divested of its pagan rites, as a rightful inheritance of Holy Roman Emperors. Italian poet
543:
The building and dedication of monumental public works offered local, permanent opportunities for triumphal commemoration. In 55 BCE,
1227:
in 455; then it was taken from them in Belisarius' campaign. The objects themselves might well have recalled the ancient triumphs of
674:
revolt, and increased his honours by wearing a crown of Jupiter's "triumphal" laurel. Ovations are listed along with triumphs on the
605:
202:
1033:
of the ruling Emperor (Imperator). Augustus claimed the victory as his own but permitted Crassus a second, which is listed on the
190:. His spoils and captives led the way; his armies followed behind. Once at the Capitoline temple, he sacrificed two white oxen to
980:
that this triumph represented Pompey's domination over the entire world – on Rome's behalf – and an achievement to outshine even
424:
194:, and laid tokens of victory at the feet of Jupiter's statue, thus dedicating the triumph to the Roman Senate, people, and gods.
1605:
See also Galinsky, 106, 126–149, for Heraklean/Herculean associations of Alexander, Scipio, and later triumphing Roman generals.
1199:, an eyewitness who had previously been in Belisarius's service, describes the procession's display of the loot seized from the
1026:
3117:
3090:
3038:
2904:
2809:
2666:
2526:
1844:
2557:
2493:
2451:
On triumphal entrances to Rome in the fourth century, see discussion in Schmidt-Hofner, pp. 33–60, and Wienand, pp. 169–197.
1007:
3172:
2630:
2214:
Beard, 79, notes at least one ancient case of what seems blatant fabrication, in which two ancestral triumphs became three.
942:
2478:
1674:
717:
3001:
Lemosse, M., "Les éléments techniques de l'ancien triomphe romain et le probleme de son origine", in H. Temporini (ed.)
2424:
3141:
Fasti Triumphales at attalus.org. Partial, annotated English translation. From A. Degrassi's "Fasti Capitolini", 1954.
2863:
3069:
3052:
2982:
2968:
2940:
2922:
1244:
951:
800:
and Bacchic processions. Plutarch and some Roman sources traced the first Roman triumph and the "kingly" garb of the
187:
170:
In Republican Rome, truly exceptional military achievement merited the highest possible honours, which connected the
106:
2739:
Beard, p. 53; in preparation, Pope Paul III arranged the clearance of any buildings that obstructed the traditional
2598:
2348:
142:
1581:
1392:
720:(19 BCE). Fragments of similar date and style from Rome and provincial Italy appear to be modeled on the Augustan
3162:
1037:
for 27 BCE. Crassus was also denied the rare (and technically permissible, in his case) honour of dedicating the
412:
1289:
243:, who had laboured selflessly for the benefit of all mankind. His sumptuous triumphal chariot was bedecked with
2087:
Beard et al, vol. 1, 44–45, 59–60: see also Plutarch, Romulus (trans. Dryden) at The Internet Classics Archive
1673:
The "2,700 wagonloads of captured weapons alone, never mind the soldiers and captives and booty" on one day of
609:
17:
529:
2801:
1436:
1293:
552:("Victorious Venus"); the year before, he had issued a coin which showed her crowned with triumphal laurels.
382:
53:
2754:
95:
On the day of his triumph, the general wore a crown of laurel and an all-purple, gold-embroidered triumphal
2960:
1994:
1785:
1625:
1327:
1248:
1055:
760:
537:
908:
to serve a longer term; but this could seem perilously close to the lifetime power of kings. The dictator
30:
2681:
Beard, 318–321. Procopius' account is the source for a "marvelous set piece" of Belisarius' triumph, in
3135:
2914:
930:
871:
862:
395:
212:
929:
To Roman historians, the growth of triumphal ostentation undermined Rome's ancient "peasant virtues".
838:
worn by the triumphal general was thought to be derived from the royal toga of Rome's Etruscan kings.
2420:
652:
458:
223:
postponed his third and most magnificent triumph for several months to make it coincide with his own
3110:
Imago Triumphalis: The Function and Significance of Triumphal Imagery for Italian Renaissance Rulers
1958:
by their troops in the field; it was not an absolute requirement (see Beard, p. 275). Taking divine
48:
3167:
2896:
1440:
1180:
771:; others thought it more ancient than that. Roman etymologists thought that the soldiers' chant of
89:
1528:
A summary of disparate viewpoints regarding the Triumph is in Versnel, 56–93: limited preview via
888:
but none in Dionysius. No ancient source gives a triumph to Romulus' successor, the peaceful king
2975:
The Herakles theme: the adaptations of the hero in literature from Homer to the twentieth century
2932:
2886:
1504:
1316:
1278:
1058:
system, in which only the emperor would be accorded such a supreme honour, as he was the supreme
667:
593:
467:
3022:
Richardson, J. S., "The Triumph, the Praetors and the Senate in the early Second Century B.C.",
2130:
1251:
with a recitation of Christian prayer and the triumphant generals prostrate before the emperor.
563:, Caesar's heir and Rome's first emperor, built a vast triumphal monument on the Greek coast at
1755:
1175:
and Byzantine elements. Belisarius successfully campaigned against his adversary Vandal leader
1130:
909:
659:. His ovation was of triumphal proportions. It included a large painting, showing his siege of
508:
400:
2755:"Imperial Ideology in the Triumphal Entry into Lille of Charles V and the Crown Prince (1549)"
1744:
by another name, or any convenient gate in the vicinity. See discussion in Beard, pp. 97–101.
1312:
1212:
976:
to each soldier (about six times their annual pay) and about 5 million to each officer.
2797:
Chivalry & the Perfect Prince: Tournaments, Art, and Armor at the Spanish Habsburg Court
1109:
records the last known official triumph in the city of Rome and the western Empire. Emperor
1089:
entered Rome for the first time in his life in 357, several years after defeating his rival
820:/Dionysus from his conquest of India, drawn in a golden chariot by tigers and surrounded by
2643:
rom the day Telemachus fell dead ... no other fight of gladiators was ever held there.
1461:
1384:
1375:
1323:
1319:
1022:
756:
496:
2183:
Beard, p. 42; four were clustered in one year (71 BCE), including Pompey's second triumph.
1660:
regretted his triumph because its vast length and slow movement bored him; see Suetonius,
8:
3008:
MacCormack, Sabine, Change and Continuity in Late Antiquity: the ceremony of "Adventus",
2957:
Transitions to Empire. Essays in Greco-Roman History, 360–146 B.C., in honor of E. Badian
2828:
Beard, 31. See 32, Fig. 7 for a contemporary depiction of Henri's "Romanised" procession.
1481:
1200:
1126:
1081:
1044:
1013:
Following Caesar's murder, his adopted son Gaius Octavian assumed the permanent title of
981:
829:
236:
191:
102:
1716:
treated their soldiers to a very early, and possibly traditional "triumphal breakfast".
1456:
1433:
1389:
1370:
1224:
1110:
1106:
961:
were lavish and controversial. The first in 80 or 81 BCE was for his victory over King
854:
40:
3098:
Der römische Triumph in Prinzipat und Spätantike. Probleme – Paradigmen – Perspektiven
235:, the triumphal general was linked (at least for historians during the Principate) to
3113:
3086:
3065:
3048:
3034:
2978:
2964:
2936:
2918:
2900:
2891:
2859:
2805:
2662:
2043:
Beard, 61–62, 66–67. The standard modern edition of the Fasti Triumphales is that of
1840:
1740:
1412:
776:
741:
703:
648:
549:
129:
1396:
215:(504 BCE), of six other Republican triumphs, and of the very first Roman triumph by
3076:
Triumphus: An Inquiry into the Origin, Development and Meaning of the Roman Triumph
2952:
2782:
Charles had re-established himself as the legitimate successor to the Roman Empire.
2686:
2071:
2044:
1934:
1832:
1828:
Picturing Roman Belief Systems: The iconography of coins in the Republic and Empire
1417:
1379:
1282:
1208:
1184:
1160:
1138:
958:
901:
768:
660:
342:
232:
208:
63:
2955:: "Triumphus in Monte Albano", 315–337 in R. W. Wallace & E. M. Harris (eds.)
1113:
celebrated it conjointly with his sixth consulship on January 1, 404; his general
686:
2949:
ed. N. Hopkinson, Cambridge Philosophical Society, suppl. Vol. 17, 1994, 156–166.
2853:
2795:
2656:
1903:
Fergus Millar, "Last Year in Jerusalem: Monuments of the Jewish War in Rome", in
1784:
Beard, pp. 258–259; cf Livy's "soldiers feasting as they went" at the triumph of
1365:
1153:
858:
695:
567:, overlooking the scene of his decisive sea-battle against Antony and Egypt; the
432:
378:
254:
137:
110:
59:
35:
2624:
2088:
1156:
found cause to repeat the ban, which indicates that it was not always enforced.
941:
display and shallow novelty. Livy traces the start of the rot to the triumph of
484:
2343:
Beard, 16. For further elaboration on Pompey's 3rd triumph, see also Plutarch,
1634:
1509:
1499:
1331:
1192:
1098:
1086:
1069:
996:
962:
905:
889:
809:
621:
359:
280:
198:
179:
128:
required that the general conduct himself with dignified humility, as a mortal
117:
85:
3142:
3130:
2470:
197:
Triumphs were tied to no particular day, season, or religious festival of the
78:
3151:
2682:
2592:
2431:
2066:
1772:
1489:
1343:
1297:
1216:
850:
828:
attributed similar Dionysian and "Roman" elements to a victory procession of
816:
projected a fabulous and poetic triumphal precedent in the return of the god
780:
712:
577:
553:
463:
448:
408:
353:
1826:
1025:. Only the year before, he had blocked the senatorial award of a triumph to
2030:
1836:
1494:
1308:, kings and magnates sought ennobling connections with the classical past.
1188:
1172:
1094:
1039:
1003:
880:
752:
625:
334:
259:
121:
3064:(Oxford University Press, 1986; Clarendon reprint with corrections, 1989)
2623:
Foxe, John (1563). "Chapter III, section on "The Last Roman 'Triumph.'"".
1269:
874:, for example, gives Romulus three triumphs, the same number given in the
3057:
2173:
2168:
Flower, Harriet, "Augustus, Tiberius, and the End of the Roman Triumph",
1429:
1305:
1264:
1164:
1134:
656:
374:
338:
151:
125:
1054:
is for 19 BCE. By then, the triumph had been absorbed into the Augustan
2556:
Wace, Henry (1911). "Entry for "Honorius, Flavius Augustus, emperor"".
1309:
1168:
1090:
1018:
918:
601:
573:
517:
404:
147:
97:
3083:
Contested Monarchy: Integrating the Roman Empire in the 4th Century AD
1215:
after its display in Titus' own triumphal parade and its depiction on
1152:) were banned in consequence. In 438 CE, however, the western emperor
2588:
1967:, (The Johns Hopkins University Press), 96, 4, 2003, p. 371, note 39.
1713:
1657:
1336:
1228:
1196:
1142:
1118:
1060:
972:
845:
are incomplete. After three entries for the city's legendary founder
784:
671:
597:
589:
568:
492:
369:
364:
2730:, Giacomo Strada, Venice, 1557 (Latin text, accessed 22 August 2013)
520:' achievements in Germany in 15-16 CE are depicted on coins showing
2402:
Very occasionally, a close relative who had glorified the Imperial
1959:
1938:
1768:
1630:
1356:
1351:
1274:
1122:
1114:
1102:
1073:
999:
797:
581:
560:
521:
512:
500:
363:, perhaps dropping off any prisoners destined for execution at the
347:
329:
315:
301:
244:
240:
113:, he offered sacrifice and the tokens of his victory to Jupiter.
2223:
Beard, 67: citing Valerius Maximus, 4.4.5., and Apuleius, Apol.17
1400:
1260:
1240:
1236:
1220:
1176:
1030:
966:
946:
846:
821:
817:
805:
747:
642:
249:
216:
2947:"Dionysus as an Epic Hero," Studies in the Dionysiaca of Nonnos,
1907:, J. C. Edmondson, Steve Mason, J. B. Rives (eds.), pp. 101–124.
1942:
1831:. British Archaeological Reports (Oxford) Ltd. pp. 70–71.
1404:
922:
825:
564:
544:
480:
476:
292:
288:
220:
2929:
From Arrian to Alexander: Studies in Historical Interpretation
1093:, standing in his triumphal chariot "as if he were a statue".
878:. Livy gives him none, and credits him instead with the first
2122:
2075:
1709:
1569:
Caesar's Calendar: Ancient Time and the Beginnings of History
1452:
1232:
1204:
1141:
was martyred by a mob while attempting to stop the customary
1017:
and became the permanent head of the Senate from 27 BCE (see
849:, eleven lines of the list are missing. Next in sequence are
793:
585:
504:
488:
320:
1629:) and a whip on the chariot's dashboard. In Pliny, a sacred
841:
For triumphs of the Roman regal era, the surviving Imperial
345:, skirting the southern base of the Capitoline Hill and the
253:) and malice of onlookers. In some accounts, a companion or
3005:
I.2 (Berlin, 1972). Includes a comprehensive bibliography.
2020:
Romulus' three triumphs are in Dionysius of Halicarnassus (
1989:
1926:
1403:
of an imaginary triumph of his own that could be hung as a
1145:
834:
813:
419:
257:
would remind him from time to time of his own mortality (a
2727:
De fasti et triumphi Romanorum a Romulo usque ad Carolum V
1637:
is slung between the chariot wheels; see Beard, pp. 83–85.
211:, was the traditional anniversary of the first triumph by
2121:
Pliny attributes the invention of the triumph to "Father
1708:
Beard, pp. 93–95, 258. For their joint triumph of 71 CE,
612:
to celebrate or commemorate the same victory or triumph.
1725:
See map, in Beard, p. 334, and discussion on pp. 92–105.
1428:
left off. The last triumph recorded by Panvinio was the
1378:) became immediately famous and was endlessly copied in
1300:, as imagined in an anonymous sixteenth century tapestry
313:
Campus Martius) lay outside the city's sacred boundary (
34:
Panel from a representation of a triumph of the Emperor
2078:. Versnel, pp. 39–55 (conclusion and summary on p. 55).
1191:. The triumph was held in the Eastern Roman capital of
716:
triumphs of Romulus in 753 BCE and ending with that of
2070:, a now-obscure prayer for the help and protection of
1861:
Ancestor Masks and Aristocratic Power in Roman Culture
812:
was thought coeval with Rome's foundation in 753 BCE.
388:
300:
sums into the Roman economy; the amount brought in by
1753:
Sometimes thought to be the same route as the modern
3095:
Wienand, Johannes; Goldbeck, Fabian; Börm, Henning:
2855:
Rome alive : a source-guide to the ancient city
2024:, 2.54.2 & 2.55.5). Dionysius may have seen the
1471:
2989:
De triumphi Romani origine, permissu, apparatu, via
2899:, Cambridge, Mass., and London, 2007. (hardcover).
2626:
Actes and Monuments (a.k.a. Foxe's Book of Martyrs)
333:, where the general surrendered his command to the
2267:Beard, 16; he was aged 25 or 26 in some accounts.
945:in 186, which introduced ordinary Romans to such
3149:
3103:Der römische Triumph in Prinzipat und Spätantike
2360:Beard, 35: Pliny, Historia Naturalis, 37, 14–16.
1580:Beard, 72–75. See also Diodorus, 4.5 at Thayer:
3158:Military awards and decorations of ancient Rome
1925:See discussion in Beard, pp. 199–206, 209–210.
1571:, University of California Press (2008) p. 148.
1247:with a sacrifice to Jupiter, but terminated at
724:, and have been used to fill some of its gaps.
435:and paid for ten days of games at his triumph.
2495:Panegyricus de Sexto Consulatu Honorii Augusti
2654:
2334:Beard, 15–16, citing Plutarch, Pompey, 45, 5.
2064:", repeated five times, which terminates the
1976:Beard, pp. 206–211, citing Valerius Maximus,
1171:a triumph that included some "radically new"
711:) are stone tablets that were erected in the
651:' myrtle. In 211 BCE, the Senate turned down
608:Titus. Prior to this, the senate voted Titus
2587:
1395:(1512–19) from a group of artists including
323:. The procession entered the city through a
157:
2524:
76:
3108:Zaho, Margaret A, and Bernstein, Eckhard,
694:, a portion recording triumphs during the
27:Ancient Roman ceremony of military success
3047:, illustrated, reprint, Routledge, 1998.
2125:" (identified with Dionysus): see Pliny,
1211:. The treasure had been stored in Rome's
1148:at this triumph, and gladiatorial games (
592:'s joint triumph over the Jews after the
2531:The Decline and Fall of the Roman Empire
1288:
1273:Miniature representation of the emperor
1268:
1097:celebrated his victory over the usurper
991:
740:
736:
685:
457:
442:
399:triumphal banquet along the same lines.
47:
29:
3105:(Berlin/New York, 2017), pp. 1–26.
2793:
2716:Zaho and Bernstein, 2004, pp. 4, 31 ff.
2491:
1933:(Livy, 38.38.4, in the 206 BCE case of
1863:, Oxford University Press, 1999, p. 33.
1464:in 1628 carried a depiction of Pompey.
1416:were unearthed and partially restored.
1243:. The procession did not end at Rome's
466:showing his triumph held in 71 for his
341:. It continued through the site of the
14:
3150:
2911:Religions of Rome: Volume 1, a History
2851:
2752:
2601:from the original on 20 September 2013
1824:
1695:Beard, pp. 159–161, citing Suetonius,
1439:into Rome on April 5, 1536, after his
600:. Another panel shows the funeral and
162:
3101:, in F. Goldbeck, J. Wienand (eds.):
2858:. Wauconda, Ill.: Bolchazy-Carducci.
2351:: Cicero, Man. 61: Pliny, Nat. 7, 95.
2028:. Livy (1.10.5–7) allows Romulus the
1451:The extravagant triumphal entry into
615:
319:), bordering the eastern bank of the
2622:
2566:from the original on 21 October 2014
2555:
1686:Summary based on Versnel, pp. 95–96.
1368:'s series of large paintings on the
1277:'s triumphal procession through the
808:, whose defeat of King Acron of the
279:) mustered in the open space of the
174:("man of triumph", later known as a
3112:, Peter Lang Publishing Inc, 2004,
1296:announcing the capture of Tunis to
1027:Marcus Licinius Crassus the Younger
759:, dated 3rd century CE, now in the
670:earned an ovation for quashing the
610:a triple-arch at the Circus Maximus
495:in a triumphal chariot attended by
403:claims that his aunt earned 20,000
389:Banquets, games, and entertainments
24:
1008:Palace of the Marqués de Dos Aguas
824:, satyrs, and assorted drunkards.
507:, references Sulla's victory over
327:(Triumphal Gate), and crossed the
25:
3184:
3124:
2909:Beard, M., Price, S., North, J.,
2818:from the original on 10 May 2017.
2775:from the original on 2014-02-23.
2655:Dell'Orto, Luisa Franchi (1983).
2591:(449–450). "Book V, chapter 26".
2129:, 7.57 (ed. Bostock) at Perseus:
2051:, vol. XIII, fasc. 1 (Rome, 1947)
1905:Flavius Josephus and Flavian Rome
1874:The Divinity of the Roman Emperor
266:
3085:(Oxford, 2015) pp. 169–197
3033:(Steiner, 2012) pp. 33–60.
2698:Zaho and Bernstein, 2004, p. 47.
2633:from the original on 30 May 2013
2481:from the original on 2015-04-29.
2419:, Claudius, 24.3: given for the
1474:
491:. The reverse identifies him as
438:
3017:Fasti Triumphales Populi Romani
2844:
2831:
2822:
2787:
2746:
2733:
2719:
2710:
2701:
2692:
2675:
2648:
2616:
2581:
2549:
2518:
2509:
2485:
2463:
2454:
2445:
2436:
2409:
2396:
2384:
2372:
2363:
2354:
2337:
2328:
2315:
2305:
2296:
2279:
2270:
2261:
2252:
2239:
2226:
2217:
2208:
2199:
2186:
2177:
2162:
2153:
2144:
2135:
2115:
2102:
2093:
2081:
2054:
2037:
2014:
2005:
1983:
1970:
1948:
1945:'s status at his first triumph.
1937:), but this is contradicted in
1919:
1910:
1897:
1888:
1879:
1866:
1853:
1818:
1809:
1800:
1791:
1778:
1761:
1747:
1734:The location and nature of the
1728:
1719:
1702:
1689:
1680:
1667:
1650:
1640:
1617:
1050:The last triumph listed on the
987:
895:
431:in return for victory over the
2762:Assaph: Studies in Art History
1608:
1599:
1586:
1574:
1561:
1552:
1543:
1534:
1522:
1410:In the 1550s, the fragmentary
1407:54 metres (177 ft) long.
957:The three triumphs awarded to
291:in their red war-robes, their
90:religious rite of ancient Rome
13:
1:
2802:Truman State University Press
1825:Eiland, Murray (2023-04-30).
1515:
934:
383:Temple of Jupiter Capitolinus
154:and other ceremonial events.
2961:University of Oklahoma Press
2525:Gibbon, Edward (1776–1789).
2112:, 1.2.19–52. Trans P. Green.
1424:continued where the ancient
1254:
1249:Hippodrome of Constantinople
1219:; then it was seized by the
954:for his triumph of 189 BCE.
761:Sousse Archaeological Museum
731:
357:(Triumphal Way) towards the
307:
188:temple of Capitoline Jupiter
7:
3173:Processions in ancient Rome
2661:. Scala Books. p. 52.
2232:Dionysus of Halicarnassus,
1978:Memorable Facts and Sayings
1467:
1315:defeated the forces of the
1021:) under the title and name
377:. Finally, it ascended the
247:against the possible envy (
10:
3189:
3136:World History Encyclopedia
2915:Cambridge University Press
2658:Ancient Rome: Life and Art
1448:," (a soldier of Christ).
1258:
1203:in 70 CE by Roman Emperor
931:Dionysius of Halicarnassus
870:else debate their merits.
681:
640:
636:
576:). Sculpted panels on the
2852:Aicher, Peter J. (2004).
1771:was starved to death and
1101:in Rome on June 13, 389.
1068:) or an ovation, such as
158:Background and ceremonies
3062:The Augustan Aristocracy
3012:21, 4, 1972, pp 721–752.
2931:, illustrated, reprint,
2897:Harvard University Press
2837:Beard, 343, footnote 65.
2794:Frieder, Braden (2016).
2406:might receive the honor.
2245:Livy, 39.6–7: cf Pliny,
1181:Roman province of Africa
1105:'s panegyric to Emperor
796:and other attendants in
509:Mithridates VI of Pontus
2933:Oxford University Press
2895:, The Belknap Press of
2471:"Theodosius I – Livius"
1998:, 26, 21; cf. Plutarch
1505:Roman triumphal honours
1279:Forum of Constantinople
718:Lucius Cornelius Balbus
475:are typical. One is an
425:Marcus Fulvius Nobilior
418:Some triumphs included
182:and with the statue of
3163:Ancient Roman religion
2594:Ecclesiastical History
2172:, 2020, 39 (1): 1–28
1837:10.30861/9781407360713
1756:Via dei Fori Imperiali
1301:
1286:
1179:to restore the former
1159:In 534, well into the
1010:
764:
698:
511:. This coin depicts a
471:
455:
415:'s triumph of 71 BCE.
77:
67:
45:
3031:Rom in der Spätantike
2753:Pinson, Yona (2001).
2276:Dio Cassius, 42.18.3.
2205:See also Livy, 8, 40.
2099:Bowersock, 1994, 157.
2049:Inscriptiones Italiae
1326:. Holy Roman Emperor
1313:Castruccio Castracani
1292:
1272:
1235:; but Belisarius and
1066:Ornamenta triumphalia
995:
865:, the last king. The
804:to Rome's first king
744:
737:Origins and Regal era
689:
528:his bier wearing the
461:
446:
51:
44:hovers above his head
33:
2996:Der römische Triumph
2945:Bowersock, Glen W.,
2022:Antiquitates Romanae
1859:Flower, Harriet I.,
1462:Louis XIII of France
1385:Triumphal Procession
1376:Hampton Court Palace
1324:Battle of Altopascio
1043:of this campaign to
943:Gnaeus Manlius Vulso
775:was a borrowing via
757:Africa Proconsolaris
624:tradition, only the
120:tradition, only the
2973:Galinsky, G. Karl,
2685:' historical novel
2421:conquest of Britain
2392:Google Books Search
2380:Google Books Search
2369:Beard, pp. 297–298.
2347:, 18, 2, at Thayer
2170:Classical Antiquity
1965:The Classical World
1872:Taylor, Lily Ross,
1806:Beard, pp. 263–264.
1482:Ancient Rome portal
1201:Temple of Jerusalem
863:Tarquin "the proud"
830:Alexander the Great
631:people's assemblies
407:by supplying 5,000
184:Jupiter Capitolinus
2460:Beard pp. 322–323.
2287:Historia Naturalis
2247:Historia Naturalis
2127:Historia Naturalis
1457:Henri II of France
1434:Holy Roman Emperor
1390:Holy Roman Emperor
1371:Triumphs of Caesar
1302:
1287:
1217:his triumphal arch
1183:to the control of
1150:munera gladiatoria
1125:at the battles of
1011:
855:Tarquinius Priscus
765:
699:
690:Segment XX of the
616:Awarding a triumph
594:siege of Jerusalem
487:as symbols of his
472:
456:
413:Caecilius Metellus
68:
55:Triumphs of Caesar
46:
3118:978-0-8204-6235-6
3091:978-0-19-976899-8
3039:978-3-515-09445-0
2953:Brennan, T. Corey
2927:Bosworth, A. B.,
2905:978-0-674-02613-1
2892:The Roman Triumph
2811:978-1-931112-69-7
2668:978-0-935748-46-8
2289:, 8.4: Plutarch,
2234:Roman Antiquities
1894:Beard, pp. 22–23.
1885:Beard, pp. 23–25.
1846:978-1-4073-6071-3
1741:Porta Carmentalis
1736:Porta Triumphalis
1441:conquest of Tunis
1413:Fasti Triumphales
1245:Capitoline Temple
1239:walked, as in an
1052:Fasti Triumphales
1045:Jupiter Feretrius
843:Fasti Triumphales
769:Rome's foundation
704:Fasti Triumphales
692:Fasti triumphales
676:Fasti Triumphales
468:Sack of Jerusalem
451:showing Titus as
367:. It entered the
325:Porta Triumphalis
239:and the demi-god
16:(Redirected from
3180:
3026:65 (1975), 50–63
2977:(Oxford, 1972).
2883:pp. 509–526
2876:
2874:
2872:
2838:
2835:
2829:
2826:
2820:
2819:
2791:
2785:
2784:
2780:Via Triumphalis,
2774:
2759:
2750:
2744:
2737:
2731:
2723:
2717:
2714:
2708:
2705:
2699:
2696:
2690:
2687:Count Belisarius
2679:
2673:
2672:
2652:
2646:
2645:
2640:
2638:
2620:
2614:
2613:
2608:
2606:
2585:
2579:
2578:
2573:
2571:
2553:
2547:
2546:
2540:
2538:
2533:. pp. 39–41
2522:
2516:
2513:
2507:
2506:
2504:
2502:
2492:Claudian (404).
2489:
2483:
2482:
2467:
2461:
2458:
2452:
2449:
2443:
2440:
2434:
2413:
2407:
2400:
2394:
2388:
2382:
2376:
2370:
2367:
2361:
2358:
2352:
2341:
2335:
2332:
2326:
2319:
2313:
2309:
2303:
2300:
2294:
2283:
2277:
2274:
2268:
2265:
2259:
2256:
2250:
2243:
2237:
2230:
2224:
2221:
2215:
2212:
2206:
2203:
2197:
2190:
2184:
2181:
2175:
2166:
2160:
2157:
2151:
2148:
2142:
2139:
2133:
2119:
2113:
2110:The Erotic Poems
2106:
2100:
2097:
2091:
2085:
2079:
2058:
2052:
2045:Attilio Degrassi
2041:
2035:
2018:
2012:
2009:
2003:
1987:
1981:
1974:
1968:
1952:
1946:
1935:Scipio Africanus
1923:
1917:
1914:
1908:
1901:
1895:
1892:
1886:
1883:
1877:
1870:
1864:
1857:
1851:
1850:
1822:
1816:
1815:Beard pp. 19–21,
1813:
1807:
1804:
1798:
1795:
1789:
1782:
1776:
1765:
1759:
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1687:
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1678:
1671:
1665:
1654:
1648:
1644:
1638:
1621:
1615:
1614:Versnel, p. 380.
1612:
1606:
1603:
1597:
1590:
1584:
1578:
1572:
1565:
1559:
1556:
1550:
1547:
1541:
1540:Versnel, p. 386.
1538:
1532:
1530:Books.Google.com
1526:
1484:
1479:
1478:
1477:
1418:Onofrio Panvinio
1399:was a series of
1388:commissioned by
1283:Madrid Skylitzes
1207:, including the
1167:awarded general
1139:Saint Telemachus
959:Pompey the Great
952:Scipio Asiaticus
939:
936:
792:), cried out by
709:Acta Triumphalia
653:Marcus Marcellus
462:Detail from the
447:Detail from the
343:Circus Flaminius
275:The procession (
233:Scipio Africanus
107:Jupiter's temple
82:
64:Royal Collection
21:
3188:
3187:
3183:
3182:
3181:
3179:
3178:
3177:
3168:Victory parades
3148:
3147:
3127:
3122:
3043:Southern, Pat,
2991:(Schleiz, 1854)
2913:, illustrated,
2870:
2868:
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2841:
2836:
2832:
2827:
2823:
2812:
2792:
2788:
2772:
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2751:
2747:
2741:Via Triumphalis
2738:
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2389:
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2378:Syme, 272–275:
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2019:
2015:
2010:
2006:
1995:Ab Urbe Condita
1988:
1984:
1975:
1971:
1953:
1949:
1924:
1920:
1916:Beard, 196−201.
1915:
1911:
1902:
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1366:Andrea Mantegna
1348:Roma Triumphans
1267:
1259:Main articles:
1257:
1213:Temple of Peace
1187:in the 533–534
1154:Valentinian III
1133:. In Christian
990:
937:
898:
859:Servius Tullius
746:The Triumph of
739:
734:
696:First Punic War
684:
645:
639:
618:
524:in a quadriga.
441:
433:Aetolian League
391:
379:Capitoline Hill
354:Via Triumphalis
310:
269:
207:of the war god
172:vir triumphalis
168:
165:vir triumphalis
160:
143:Late Republican
138:Roman festivals
111:Capitoline Hill
60:Andrea Mantegna
52:Scene from the
36:Marcus Aurelius
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
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3125:External links
3123:
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3078:(Leiden, 1970)
3074:Versnel, H S:
3072:
3055:
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2998:(Münich, 1988)
2992:
2987:Goell, H. A.,
2985:
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2925:
2907:
2884:
2880:
2877:
2865:978-0865164734
2864:
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2804:. p. 80.
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2408:
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2336:
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2314:
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2302:Beard, 16, 17.
2295:
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2258:Beard, p. 162.
2251:
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2159:Beard, p. 235.
2152:
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2101:
2092:
2080:
2053:
2036:
2013:
2011:Beard, p. 265.
2004:
1982:
1969:
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1909:
1896:
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1878:
1865:
1852:
1845:
1817:
1808:
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1775:was strangled.
1767:This is where
1760:
1746:
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1649:
1639:
1635:Vestal Virgins
1633:loaned by the
1616:
1607:
1598:
1585:
1573:
1567:Denis Feeney,
1560:
1551:
1542:
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1520:
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1513:
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1510:Victory parade
1507:
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1500:Triumphal arch
1497:
1492:
1486:
1485:
1469:
1466:
1397:Albrecht Dürer
1374:(1484–92, now
1256:
1253:
1209:Temple Menorah
1193:Constantinople
1099:Magnus Maximus
1087:Constantius II
1070:Aulus Plautius
989:
986:
897:
894:
861:, and finally
738:
735:
733:
730:
683:
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641:Main article:
638:
635:
617:
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499:. A triumphal
440:
437:
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360:Circus Maximus
309:
306:
281:Campus Martius
268:
267:The procession
265:
199:Roman calendar
180:Roman monarchy
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86:civil ceremony
26:
18:Roman triumphs
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2707:Beard, p. 54.
2704:
2695:
2688:
2684:
2683:Robert Graves
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2527:"Chapter XXX"
2521:
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2497:
2496:
2488:
2480:
2476:
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2457:
2448:
2442:Beard, 61–71.
2439:
2433:
2432:archive.today
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2150:Beard, p. 74.
2147:
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1797:Beard, p. 49.
1794:
1787:
1781:
1774:
1773:Vercingetorix
1770:
1764:
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1757:
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1620:
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1589:
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1549:Beard, p. 77.
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1521:
1511:
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1488:
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1223:during their
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1128:
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1120:
1117:had defeated
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1056:imperial cult
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713:Forum Romanum
710:
707:(also called
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673:
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623:
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583:
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578:arch of Titus
575:
570:
566:
562:
558:
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554:Julius Caesar
551:
550:Venus Victrix
546:
541:
539:
538:Imperial cult
535:
531:
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519:
514:
510:
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502:
498:
494:
490:
486:
482:
478:
469:
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464:Arch of Titus
460:
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449:Arch of Titus
445:
439:Commemoration
436:
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73:
72:Roman triumph
65:
61:
57:
56:
50:
43:
42:
37:
32:
19:
3134:
3109:
3102:
3096:
3082:
3075:
3061:
3058:Syme, Ronald
3044:
3030:
3023:
3019:(Rome, 1920)
3016:
3009:
3002:
2995:
2988:
2974:
2956:
2946:
2928:
2910:
2890:
2869:. Retrieved
2854:
2845:Bibliography
2833:
2824:
2796:
2789:
2779:
2776:
2765:
2761:
2748:
2740:
2735:
2726:
2721:
2712:
2703:
2694:
2677:
2657:
2650:
2642:
2635:. Retrieved
2625:
2618:
2610:
2603:. Retrieved
2593:
2583:
2575:
2568:. Retrieved
2558:
2551:
2542:
2535:. Retrieved
2530:
2520:
2511:
2499:. Retrieved
2494:
2487:
2474:
2465:
2456:
2447:
2438:
2425:Uchicago.edu
2416:
2411:
2403:
2398:
2386:
2374:
2365:
2356:
2349:Uchicago.edu
2344:
2339:
2330:
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2317:
2307:
2298:
2290:
2286:
2281:
2272:
2263:
2254:
2246:
2241:
2233:
2228:
2219:
2210:
2201:
2193:
2188:
2179:
2169:
2164:
2155:
2146:
2137:
2126:
2117:
2109:
2104:
2095:
2083:
2065:
2061:
2056:
2048:
2039:
2031:spolia opima
2029:
2025:
2021:
2016:
2007:
1999:
1993:
1985:
1977:
1972:
1964:
1955:
1950:
1941:11.33.7 and
1930:
1921:
1912:
1904:
1899:
1890:
1881:
1873:
1868:
1860:
1855:
1827:
1820:
1811:
1802:
1793:
1780:
1763:
1754:
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1735:
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1704:
1696:
1691:
1682:
1669:
1661:
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1642:
1624:
1619:
1610:
1601:
1593:
1588:
1582:Uchicago.edu
1576:
1568:
1563:
1558:Beard, p. 7.
1554:
1545:
1536:
1524:
1495:Joyous Entry
1450:
1445:
1425:
1421:
1411:
1409:
1393:Maximilian I
1383:
1369:
1361:
1355:
1347:
1342:
1335:
1322:in the 1325
1303:
1281:, from the (
1231:and his son
1225:sack of Rome
1195:. Historian
1189:Vandalic War
1158:
1149:
1143:gladiatorial
1095:Theodosius I
1080:
1078:
1065:
1059:
1051:
1049:
1040:spolia opima
1038:
1034:
1014:
1012:
1004:smoking room
988:Imperial era
978:
971:
956:
928:
915:
902:magistracies
899:
896:The Republic
885:
881:spolia opima
879:
875:
866:
842:
840:
833:
801:
789:
783:
772:
766:
753:Roman mosaic
745:
726:
721:
708:
702:
700:
691:
675:
665:
646:
619:
584:) celebrate
569:bronze beaks
559:
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328:
324:
314:
311:
298:
285:
276:
274:
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260:memento mori
258:
255:public slave
248:
229:
227:(birthday).
225:dies natalis
224:
204:dies natalis
203:
196:
183:
175:
171:
169:
164:
135:
115:
96:
94:
75:
71:
69:
54:
39:
3143:Attalus.org
2994:Künzl, E.,
2887:Beard, Mary
2544:consulship.
2515:Beard, 326.
2415:Suetonius,
2323:Mithradates
1963:Disaster",
1786:Cincinnatus
1430:Royal Entry
1306:Renaissance
1304:During the
1265:Royal entry
1165:Justinian I
1135:martyrology
950:earlier by
810:Caeninenses
802:triumphator
666:In 71 BCE,
657:Alban Mount
453:triumphator
339:magistrates
176:triumphator
152:royal entry
38:; a winged
3152:Categories
3015:Pais, E.,
2871:19 October
1980:, 2. 8. 1.
1788:(458 BCE).
1516:References
1382:form. The
1310:Ghibelline
1169:Belisarius
1119:Visigothic
1091:Magnentius
1019:principate
919:Punic Wars
835:toga picta
622:Republican
602:apotheosis
580:(built by
574:principate
534:toga picta
518:Germanicus
351:, along a
148:Principate
118:Republican
98:toga picta
62:(1482–94,
3010:Historia,
2963:, 1996)
2637:21 August
2605:21 August
2589:Theodoret
2570:21 August
2537:21 August
2501:21 August
2345:Sertorius
2236:, 2.34.3.
2131:Tufts.edu
2000:Marcellus
1956:imperator
1714:Vespasian
1662:Vespasian
1658:Vespasian
1437:Charles V
1362:I triomfi
1337:carroccio
1330:made him
1294:Charles V
1255:Influence
1229:Vespasian
1197:Procopius
1185:Byzantium
1173:Christian
1127:Pollentia
1061:Imperator
1015:imperator
982:Alexander
973:sesterces
872:Dionysius
798:Dionysian
785:thriambus
763:, Tunisia
732:Evolution
672:Spartacus
598:Colosseum
590:Vespasian
493:proconsul
405:sesterces
396:Dionysius
373:then the
370:Via Sacra
365:Tullianum
308:The route
237:Alexander
213:Publicola
79:triumphus
3045:Augustus
2935:, 1988.
2917:, 1998.
2816:Archived
2770:Archived
2631:Archived
2599:Archived
2564:Archived
2479:Archived
2428:Archived
2249:, 34.14.
2192:Cicero,
2074:and the
1960:auspices
1939:Polybius
1931:imperium
1769:Jugurtha
1697:Augustus
1656:Emperor
1468:See also
1401:woodcuts
1357:Triumphs
1352:Petrarch
1328:Louis IV
1320:Florence
1275:Basil II
1115:Stilicho
1111:Honorius
1107:Honorius
1103:Claudian
1082:adventus
1074:Claudius
1023:Augustus
1000:tapestry
947:Galatian
910:Camillus
906:dictator
790:θρίαμβος
777:Etruscan
661:Syracuse
582:Domitian
561:Augustus
548:goddess
522:Tiberius
513:quadriga
501:denarius
409:thrushes
348:Velabrum
330:pomerium
316:pomerium
302:Octavian
241:Hercules
126:morality
84:) was a
2768:: 212.
2325:, 116).
2293:, 14.4.
2285:Pliny,
2089:MIT.edu
2062:Triumpe
1699:, 41.1.
1631:phallos
1261:Trionfo
1241:ovation
1237:Gelimer
1221:Vandals
1177:Gelimer
1031:legates
1006:of the
1002:in the
997:Flemish
967:Numidia
963:Hiarbas
847:Romulus
822:maenads
818:Bacchus
806:Romulus
779:of the
773:triumpe
748:Bacchus
682:Sources
668:Crassus
643:Ovation
637:Ovation
606:deified
604:of the
497:Victory
381:to the
289:lictors
250:invidia
217:Romulus
192:Jupiter
141:By the
130:citizen
109:on the
103:Jupiter
3116:
3089:
3068:
3051:
3037:
2981:
2967:
2939:
2921:
2903:
2862:
2808:
2665:
2291:Pompey
2194:Brutus
2108:Ovid,
2002:19–22.
1943:Pompey
1843:
1592:Beard
1405:frieze
1317:Guelph
1131:Verona
1123:Alaric
1072:under
923:Cicero
826:Arrian
794:satyrs
626:Senate
588:' and
565:Actium
545:Pompey
489:augury
477:aureus
427:vowed
335:senate
293:fasces
245:charms
221:Pompey
122:Senate
41:genius
2773:(PDF)
2758:(PDF)
2417:Lives
2312:253).
2196:, 62.
2123:Liber
2076:Lares
2047:, in
2026:Fasti
1710:Titus
1664:, 12.
1594:et al
1453:Rouen
1426:Fasti
1422:Fasti
1380:print
1233:Titus
1205:Titus
1146:games
1121:King
1035:Fasti
886:Fasti
876:Fasti
867:Fasti
781:Greek
755:from
722:Fasti
649:Venus
586:Titus
530:masks
505:Sulla
401:Varro
375:Forum
321:Tiber
277:pompa
136:Most
3114:ISBN
3087:ISBN
3066:ISBN
3049:ISBN
3035:ISBN
3003:ANRW
2979:ISBN
2965:ISBN
2937:ISBN
2919:ISBN
2901:ISBN
2873:2015
2860:ISBN
2806:ISBN
2663:ISBN
2639:2013
2607:2013
2572:2013
2539:2013
2503:2013
2404:gens
2072:Mars
1990:Livy
1927:Livy
1841:ISBN
1712:and
1263:and
1129:and
890:Numa
814:Ovid
751:, a
701:The
483:and
481:wand
429:ludi
420:ludi
411:for
337:and
209:Mars
163:The
88:and
70:The
3133:on
3024:JRS
1833:doi
1455:of
1432:of
1420:'s
1354:'s
1346:'s
965:of
620:In
485:jug
263:).
116:In
58:by
3154::
3060:,
2889::
2814:.
2800:.
2764:.
2760:.
2641:.
2629:.
2609:.
2597:.
2574:.
2562:.
2541:.
2529:.
2477:.
2473:.
1992:,
1839:.
1340:.
1163:,
1137:,
1047:.
935:c.
892:.
857:,
853:,
678:.
540:.
219:.
2959:(
2875:.
2766:6
2743:.
2689:.
2671:.
2505:.
1849:.
1835::
1360:(
1285:)
933:(
788:(
470:.
74:(
66:)
20:)
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