361:, a renowned astrophysicist with broad experience in spaceflight dynamics. Amalia has so far demonstrated drilling soil samples down to 1.7 meters and operating all the instruments while sending scientific data to the Rover Operations Control Centre (ROCC), the operational hub that will orchestrate the roaming of the European-built rover on Mars. It is currently in a Mars terrain simulator at the ALTEC premises in Turin. Engineers are using the Amalia rover to recreate different scenarios and help them take decisions that will keep Rosalind safe in the challenging environment of Mars and to run risky operations, from driving around martian slopes seeking the best path for science operations to drilling and analyzing rocks.
854:(0.4 in) in diameter by 3 cm (1.2 in) in length, extract it and deliver it to the sample container of the ALD's Core Sample Transport Mechanism (CSTM). The CSTM drawer is then closed and the sample dropped into a crushing station. The resulting powder is fed by a dosing station into receptacles on the ALD's sample carousel: either the refillable container - for examination by MicrOmega, RLS and MOMA-LDMS - or a MOMA-GC oven. The system will complete experiment cycles and at least two vertical surveys down to 2 m (with four sample acquisitions each). This means that a minimum number of 17 samples shall be acquired and delivered by the drill for subsequent analysis.
748:. Ma_MISS will observe the lateral wall of the borehole created by the drill to study the subsurface stratigraphy, to understand the distribution and state of water-related minerals, and to characterise the geophysical environment. The analyses of unexposed material by Ma_MISS, together with data obtained with the spectrometers located inside the rover, will be crucial for the unambiguous interpretation of the original conditions of Martian rock formation. The composition of the regolith and crustal rocks provides important information about the geologic evolution of the near-surface crust, the evolution of the atmosphere and climate, and the existence of past life.
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stereoscopic panoramic imaging, and a high resolution camera (HRC) for high-resolution colour imaging. PanCam will also support the scientific measurements of other instruments by taking high-resolution images of locations that are difficult to access, such as craters or rock walls, and by supporting the selection of the best sites to carry out exobiology studies. In addition to the OB, PanCam includes a calibration target (PCT), Fiducial
Markers (FidMs) and Rover Inspection Mirror (RIM). The PCT's
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would have determined the composition of crystalline minerals. This instrument includes also an X-ray fluorescence capability that can provide useful atomic composition information. The identification of concentrations of carbonates, sulphides or other aqueous minerals may be indicative of a
Martian
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PanCam has been designed to perform digital terrain mapping for the rover and to search for morphological signatures of past biological activity preserved on the texture of surface rocks. The PanCam
Optical Bench (OB) mounted on the Rover mast includes two wide angle cameras (WACs) for multi-spectral
373:, began procuring critical components in March 2014. In December 2014, ESA member states approved the funding for the rover, to be sent on the second launch in 2018, but insufficient funds had already started to threaten a launch delay until 2020. The wheels and suspension system were paid for by the
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housed within the Rover's ALD that can analyse the powder material derived from crushing samples collected by the core drill. Its objective is to study mineral grain assemblages in detail to try to unravel their geological origin, structure, and composition. These data will be vital for interpreting
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mounted on the aft section of the rover, with electronics inside the Rover. Electromagnetic waves penetrating into the ground are reflected at places where there is a sudden transition in the electrical parameters of the soil. By studying these reflections it is possible to construct a stratigraphic
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was fabricated in Italy with heritage from the earlier DeeDri development, and incorporates the Ma_MISS instrument (see above). It is designed to acquire soil samples down to a maximum depth of 2 metres (6 ft 7 in) in a variety of soil types. The drill will acquire a core sample 1 cm
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CLUPI, mounted on the drill box, will visually study rock targets at close range (50 cm/20 in) with sub-millimetre resolution. This instrument will also investigate the fines produced during drilling operations, and image samples collected by the drill. CLUPI has variable focusing and can
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heritage for elements of its entry, descent and landing systems). In March 2020, ESA delayed the launch to August–October 2022 due to parachute testing issues. This was later refined to a twelve-day launch window starting on 20 September until 1 October 2022, with a scheduled landing around 10 June
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has caused an indefinite delay of the programme, as the member states of the ESA voted to suspend the joint mission with Russia; in July 2022, ESA terminated its cooperation on the project with Russia. As of May 2022, the launch of the rover is not expected to occur before 2028 due to the need
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Goesmann, Fred; Brinckerhoff, William B.; Raulin, François; Goetz, Walter; Danell, Ryan M.; Getty, Stephanie A.; Siljeström, Sandra; Mißbach, Helge; Steininger, Harald; Arevalo, Ricardo D.; Buch, Arnaud; Freissinet, Caroline; Grubisic, Andrej; Meierhenrich, Uwe J.; Pinnick, Veronica T.; Stalport,
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rover is therefore designed to navigate autonomously across the
Martian surface. Two stereo camera pairs (NavCam and LocCam) allow the rover to build up a 3D map of the terrain, which the navigation software then uses to assess the terrain around the rover so that it avoids obstacles and finds an
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The ISEM optical box will be installed on the rover's mast, below PanCam's HRC, with an electronics box inside the Rover. It will be used to assess bulk mineralogy characterization and remote identification of water-related minerals. Working with PanCam, ISEM will contribute to the selection of
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By March 2013, the spacecraft was scheduled to launch in 2018 with a Mars landing in early 2019. Delays in
European and Russian industrial activities and deliveries of scientific payloads forced the launch to be pushed back. In May 2016, ESA announced that the mission had been moved to the next
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The rover will search for two types of subsurface life signatures, morphological and chemical. It will not analyse atmospheric samples, and it has no dedicated meteorological station. The 26 kg (57 lb) scientific payload comprises the following survey and analytical instruments:
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provides the mineralogical composition of iron-bearing surface rocks, sediments and soils. Their identification was to aid in understanding water and climate evolution and search for biomediated iron-sulfides and magnetites, which could provide evidence for former life on
568:, UK, to facilitate the development and testing of the rover's autonomous navigation system. The yard is 30 by 13 m (98 by 43 ft) and contains 300 tonnes (330 short tons; 300 long tons) of sand and rocks designed to mimic the terrain of the Martian environment.
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housed within the ALD that will provide geological and mineralogical context information complementary to that obtained by MicrOmega. It is a very fast and useful technique employed to identify mineral phases produced by water-related processes. It will help to identify
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makes it possible to identify amino acids. The detection would have been done by laser-induced fluorescence, a highly sensitive technique, capable of parts-per-trillion sensitivity. These measurements were to be made at a thousand times greater sensitivity than the
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Bellucci, G.; Saggin, B.; Fonti, S.; et al. (2007). "MIMA, a miniaturized
Fourier infrared spectrometer for Mars ground exploration: Part I. Concept and expected performance". In Meynart, Roland; Neeck, Steven P.; Shimoda, Haruhisa; Habib, Shahid (eds.).
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as backup options. In March 2017 the
Landing Site Selection Working Group narrowed the choice to Oxia Planum and Mawrth Vallis, and in November 2018, Oxia Planum was once again chosen, pending sign-off by the heads of the European and Russian space agencies.
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past and present geological processes and environments on Mars. Because MicrOmega is an imaging instrument, it can also be used to identify grains that are particularly interesting, and assign them as targets for Raman and MOMA-LDMS observations.
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was planned to search for organic compounds in
Martian rocks and soils as evidence for past life and/or prebiotic chemistry. Starting with a hot water extraction, only soluble compounds are left for further analysis. Sublimation, and
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cast doubt over a 2022 launch, due to the plan to use
Russian launch and landing hardware. On 17 March 2022, the ESA announced that the launch of the rover has been suspended, with the earliest new date being sometime in late 2024.
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MOMA is the rover's largest instrument, housed within the ALD. It will conduct a broad-range, very-high sensitivity search for organic molecules in the collected sample. It includes two different ways for extracting organics:
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After a review by an ESA-appointed panel, a short list of four sites was formally recommended in
October 2014 for further detailed analysis. These landing sites exhibit evidence of a complex aqueous history in the past.
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Aubrey, Andrew D.; Chalmers, John H.; Bada, Jeffrey L.; Grunthaner, Frank J.; Amashukeli, Xenia; et al. (June 2008). "The Urey Instrument: An Advanced In Situ Organic and Oxidant Detector for Mars Exploration".
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reach of the rover's drill. These data, combined with those produced by the other survey instruments and by the analyses carried out on previously collected samples, will be used to support drilling activities.
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The rover will carry a 2-metre (6 ft 7 in) sub-surface sampling drill and Analytical Laboratory Drawer (ALD), supporting the nine 'Pasteur payload' science instruments. The rover will search for
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ESA's member states also approved funding to upgrade the smaller Vega launch vehicle, continue participating in the International Space Station, and proceed with the second part of its ExoMars mission.
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The proposed payload has changed several times. The last major change was after the program switched from the larger rover concept back to the previous 300 kg (660 lb) rover design in 2012.
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system capable of preserving traces of life. In other words, it would have examined the past Martian environmental conditions, and more specifically the identification of conditions related to life.
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that will explore the subsurface of Mars to identify layering and help select interesting buried formations from which to collect samples for analysis. It can transmit and receive signals using two
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Fabien; Szopa, Cyril; Vago, Jorge L.; Lindner, Robert; Schulte, Mitchell D.; Brucato, John Robert; Glavin, Daniel P.; Grand, Noel; Li, Xiang; Van Amerom, Friso H. W.; The Moma Science Team (2017).
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Sims, Mark R.; Cullen, David C.; Rix, Catherine S.; Buckley, Alan; Derveni, Mariliza; et al. (November 2012). "Development status of the life marker chip instrument for ExoMars".
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552:(TGO), and the orbiter only passes over the rover approximately twice per sol, the ground controllers will not be able to actively guide the rover across the surface. The
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545:(Martian day) to enable it to meet its science objectives. The rover is designed to operate for at least seven months and drive 4 km (2.5 mi), after landing.
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Corbel, C.; Hamram, S.; Ney, R.; Plettemeier, D.; Dolon, F.; Jeangeot, A.; Ciarletti, V.; Berthelier, J. (December 2006). "WISDOM: An UHF GPR on the Exomars Mission".
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329:, launched in 2020. ESA returned to this original rover design after NASA descoped its involvement in a joint rover mission that was studied from 2009 to 2012.
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947:, a Fourier IR spectrometer operating in the 2-25 μm range that was to be mounted on the rover's mast to investigate the martian surface and atmosphere.
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calibration targets will provide a UV-stable reflectance and colour reference for PanCam and ISEM, allowing for the generation of calibrated data products.
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In July 2018, the European Space Agency launched a public outreach campaign to choose a name for the rover. On 7 February 2019, the ExoMars rover was named
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rover to the surface. The lander would have remained stationary and started a two-year mission to investigate the surface environment at the landing site.
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Daniel Rodionov, Lev Zelenyi, Oleg Korablev, Ilya Chuldov and Jorge Vago. EPSC Abstracts. Vol. 12, EPSC2018-732, European Planetary Science Congress 2018.
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and scheduled for 2028. In May 2024, after the program was restarted, ESA signed an agreement with NASA to procure a US launch vehicle for the mission.
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and scheduled for 2028. In May 2024, after the program was restarted, ESA signed an agreement with NASA to procure a US launch vehicle for the mission.
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1876:"Meet 'Kazachok': Landing Platform for ExoMars Rover Gets a Name - In 2021, Rosalind Franklin will roll off Kazachok onto the red dirt of Mars"
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2606:. 12th Symposium on Advanced Space Technologies in Robotics and Automation. 15–17 May 2013. Noordwijk, the Netherlands. European Space Agency.
2541:. 12th Symposium on Advanced Space Technologies in Robotics and Automation. 15–17 May 2013. Noordwijk, the Netherlands. European Space Agency.
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In 2018, a Russian-built radioactive heat generator would be installed on the ExoMars rover, along with possible suit of Russian instruments.
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solution to extract organic matter from samples of martian rock and soil, then detect the presence of specific organic compounds using an
385:(RHU) for the rover to keep its electronic components warm at night. The rover was assembled by Airbus DS in the UK during 2018 and 2019.
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De Sanctis, Maria Cristina; et al. (July 2017). "Ma_MISS on ExoMars: Mineralogical Characterization of the Martian Subsurface".
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obtain high-resolution images at longer distances. The CLUPI imaging unit is complemented by two mirrors and a calibration target.
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1995:. 20th Mars Exploration Program Analysis Group Meeting. 3–4 March 2009. Arlington, Virginia. European Space Agency. Archived from
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Skelley, Alison M.; Scherer, James R.; Aubrey, Andrew D.; Grover, William H.; Ivester, Robin H. C.; et al. (January 2005).
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rover is an autonomous six-wheeled vehicle with mass approximately 300 kg (660 lb), about 60% more than NASA's 2004
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Sampling from beneath the Martian surface with the intent to reach and analyze material unaltered or minimally affected by
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map of the subsurface and identify underground targets down to 2 to 3 m (7 to 10 ft) in depth, comparable to the
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The ExoMars mission requires the rover to be capable of driving across the Martian terrain at 70 m (230 ft) per
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is provided by the two French institutes LISA and LATMOS. The UV-Laser is being developed by the Laser Zentrum Hannover.
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Leinse, A.; Leeuwis, H.; Prak, A.; Heideman, R. G.; Borst, A. (2011). "The life marker chip for the Exomars mission".
2975:"The WISDOM Radar: Unveiling the Subsurface Beneath the ExoMars Rover and Identifying the Best Locations for Drilling"
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Griffiths, A. D.; Coates, A. J.; Jaumann, R.; Michaelis, H.; Paar, G.; Barnes, D.; Josset, J.-L.; Pancam Team (2006).
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Vago, Jorge; Witasse, Olivier; Baglioni, Pietro; Haldemann, Albert; Gianfiglio, Giacinto; et al. (August 2013).
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2521:. 8th Int'l ESA Conference on Guidance & Navigation Control Systems. 5–10 June 2011. Carlsbad, Czech Republic.
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3317:"The Mars Organic Molecule Analyzer (MOMA) Instrument: Characterization of Organic Material in Martian Sediments"
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In 2024, the mission received additional funding to restart and deliver complete the mission. The award went to
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Missions are ordered by launch date. Sign indicates failure en route or before intended mission data returned.
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Missions are ordered by launch date. Sign indicates failure en route or before intended mission data returned.
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Geological morphology of Oxia Planum, chosen for its potential to preserve biosignatures and its smooth surface
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to study the subsurface beneath the rover and to search for optimal sites for drilling and sample collection.
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3639:. 2011 ICO International Conference on Information Photonics. 18–20 May 2011. Ottawa, Ontario. pp. 1–2.
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is leading the development. International partners include NASA. The mass spectrometer is provided from the
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Like all other martian rovers the ExoMars team also built a twin rover for Rosalind Franklin, known as the
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456:, the radioisotope used to power NASA's Perseverance and Curiosity rovers. However, as a consequence, the
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mission, which had crashed after its atmospheric entry and parachute descent (the 2020 mission drawing on
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The original plan called for a Russian launch vehicle, an ESA carrier model, and a Russian lander named
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The mission received additional funding to restart and deliver complete the mission. The award went to
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3532:"Development and evaluation of a microdevice for amino acid biomarker detection and analysis on Mars"
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3025:"The ExoMars Rover Instrument Suite: WISDOM - Water Ice and Subsurface Deposit Observation on Mars"
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Mitrofanov, I. G.; et al. (July 2017). "The ADRON-RM Instrument Onboard the ExoMars Rover".
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3149:"The ExoMars Rover Instrument Suite: Ma_MISS - Mars Multispectral Imager for Subsurface Studies"
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and search for life by identifying the mineral products and indicators of biologic activities (
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2493:"The Rosalind Franklin Papers, The Holes in Coal: Research at BCURA and in Paris, 1942–1951"
476:(1920–1958), who made key contributions to the understanding of the molecular structures of
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1576:"Saft Li-ion Battery to Power the ExoMars Rover as it Searches for Life on the Red Planet"
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of July 2020. ESA ministerial meetings in December 2016 reviewed mission issues including
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2374:"European Space Agency claims joint Russian Mars rover probably won't launch this year"
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in Canada. Each wheel is 25 cm (9.8 in) in diameter. Roscosmos will provide
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was for some time part of the planned payload. This instrument was intended to use a
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1518:"Habitability on Early Mars and the Search for Biosignatures with the ExoMars Rover"
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Popp, J.; Schmitt, M. (2006). "Raman spectroscopy breaking terrestrial barriers!".
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239:. The mission was scheduled to launch in July 2020, but was postponed to 2022. The
202:
3488:
International Union of Crystallography Commission on Powder Diffraction Newsletter
3451:
International Union of Crystallography Commission on Powder Diffraction Newsletter
817:
columns. The identification of the evolved organic molecules is performed with an
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3481:"Mars-XRD: the X-ray Diffractometer for Rock and Soil Analysis on Mars in 2011"
2412:
1393:
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253:, that would deploy the rover to Mars' surface. Once it had safely landed, the
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2924:
2818:"Context for the ESA ExoMars rover: the Panoramic Camera (PanCam) instrument"
2535:
ExoMars Rover Vehicle Mobility Functional Architecture and Key Design Drivers
1368:
1027:
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729:
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457:
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445:
395:
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3556:
3164:"Infrared Spectrometer for ExoMars: A Mast-Mounted Instrument for the Rover"
2690:"Infrared Spectrometer for ExoMars: A Mast-Mounted Instrument for the Rover"
2300:
1078:. Coloring of the base map indicates relative elevations of Martian surface.
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4495:
4230:
1840:"The long-awaited mission that could transform our understanding of Mars"
1607:"NASA, European Space Agency Unite to Land Europe's Rover on Mars - NASA"
1019:
1002:
704:. It is housed inside the Rover and will be used in combination with the
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2687:
2600:
ExoMars Rover Vehicle Perception System Architecture and Test Results
1880:
1816:
1485:
1406:
1063:
584:
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of a Am-based RHU is considerably lower than that of a Pu-based RHU.
449:
437:
269:(TGO), launched in 2016, will operate as the data-relay satellite of
7960:
3990:
3479:
Delhez, Rob; Marinangeli, Lucia; van der Gaast, Sjerry (June 2005).
1477: – Scientific assessments on the microbial habitability of Mars
444:(RHU), to heat the lander components. It will be the first usage of
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4930:
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4150:
4132:
3894:
2803:"The ExoMars Rover Instrument Suite: PanCam - the Panoramic Camera"
2268:"ExoMars rover leaves British factory, heads for testing in France"
1633:
1449:
1444:
1431:
1424:
1138:
1133:
1036:
934:
687:
493:
249:
1797:"Europe ending cooperation with Russia on life-hunting Mars rover"
534:
Another early test model of the rover from the Paris Air Show 2007
10315:
10279:
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6043:
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5073:
4899:
4467:
4021:
1721:"Second ExoMars mission moves to next launch opportunity in 2020"
1194:
1189:
548:
Since the rover communicates with the ground controllers via the
485:
228:
188:
89:
3812:"Recommendation for the Narrowing of ExoMars 2018 Landing Sites"
2948:
Proceedings of the American Geophysical Union, Fall Meeting 2006
2221:
ESA Prepares for ExoMars Rover 2020 Launch at Mars and on Earth.
650:
suitable samples for further analysis by the other instruments.
557:
efficient route to the ground controller specified destination.
10285:
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4859:
4849:
4809:
4533:
4318:
4190:
3313:
2815:
2443:"Want to Name the Next European Mars Rover? Here's Your Chance"
1962:"ESA awards contract to Thales Alenia Space to restart ExoMars"
1244:
1239:
1228:
1223:
1212:
1207:
625:
520:
4273:
3478:
3221:"The ExoMars Rover Instrument Suite: RLS - Raman Spectrometer"
1082:
813:
and thermal volatilisation, followed by separation using four
10248:
9689:
8565:
8027:
7566:
7237:
7153:
7102:
7048:
6206:
5488:
5232:
5104:
4155:
3517:"The ExoMars Rover Instrument Suite: Mars-XRD diffractometer"
2401:"Mars rover mission will use pioneering nuclear power source"
1022:
was chosen as the preferred landing site for the rover, with
938:
887:
814:
720:
315:, but about one third that of NASA's two most recent rovers:
3588:
3371:
2927:. Институт Космических Исследований Space Research Institute
1667:
9971:
9931:
8855:
7699:
7674:
7654:
5414:
5179:
4170:
3374:"Ma_MISS: Mars Multispectral Imager for Subsurface Studies"
2516:
1746:"N° 6–2020: ExoMars to take off for the Red Planet in 2022"
638:
489:
448:
on any spacecraft. Americium-241 has a considerably longer
400:
157:
3637:
2011 ICO International Conference on Information Photonics
3529:
2945:
2597:
McManamon, Kevin; Lancaster, Richard; Silva, Nuno (2013).
2517:
Lancaster, R.; Silva, N.; Davies, A.; Clemmet, J. (2011).
2142:"Facing funding gap, ExoMars rover is on schedule for now"
730:
Mars Multispectral Imager for Subsurface Studies (Ma_MISS)
654:
Water Ice Subsurface Deposits Observation on Mars (WISDOM)
405:
ExoMars funding and lessons learned from the ExoMars 2016
10344:
8104:
8047:
5275:
Astrobiology Science and Technology for Exploring Planets
3890:"ExoMars: Life-detecting robot to be sent to Oxia Planum"
3747:
3634:
2325:
2046:(Press release). Thales Group. 8 May 2012. Archived from
1749:
481:
477:
3268:
2072:. European Space Agency. 1 February 2008. Archived from
797:
3916:
ExoMars-2020 Surface Platform scientific investigation.
2596:
2348:"Europe's Mars rover 'very unlikely' to launch in 2022"
2287:"Mars lander crash complicates follow-up rover in 2020"
1629:"Rosalind Franklin: Mars rover named after DNA pioneer"
369:
The lead builder of the rover, the British division of
3835:"Scientists Want ExoMars Rover to Land at Oxia Planum"
2532:
Silva, Nuno; Lancaster, Richard; Clemmet, Jim (2013).
9594:
Potential cultural impact of extraterrestrial contact
2531:
2196:"Money Troubles May Delay Europe-Russia Mars Mission"
7883:
3710:
3269:
Rull Pérez, Fernando; Martinez-Frias, Jesus (2006).
2173:. Berlin, Germany. Associated Press. 2 December 2014
1933:"U.S., Europe Won't Go It Alone in Mars Exploration"
1040:
landed, it would have extended a ramp to deploy the
115:
1200 W·h/d solar array, 1142 W·h Lithium-ion battery
3751:
Sensors, Systems, and Next-Generation Satellites XI
3429:"Sample Preparation and Distribution System (SPDS)"
1812:"ExoMars official says launch unlikely before 2028"
1692:"2018 mission: Mars rover prototype unveiled in UK"
1471: – Science concerned with life in the universe
10496:Events affected by the Russian invasion of Ukraine
6332:Sample Collection for Investigation of Mars (SCIM)
6177:Mars Aerial and Ground Global Intelligent Explorer
3297:"European states accept Russia as ExoMars partner"
3063:
3061:
3059:
2322:"Joint Europe-Russia Mars rover project is parked"
2159:
1979:
1775:"Joint Europe-Russia Mars rover project is parked"
1723:(Press release). European Space Agency. 2 May 2016
357:. This test model borrows its name from Professor
8974:Habitability of F-type main-sequence star systems
8964:Habitability of K-type main-sequence star systems
8588:Soviet space exploration history on Soviet stamps
6248:
4795:Habitability of F-type main-sequence star systems
4785:Habitability of K-type main-sequence star systems
3781:
2574:. EADS Astrium. 14 September 2011. Archived from
2167:"Europe Agrees to Fund Ariane 6 Orbital Launcher"
2135:
2133:
2131:
1924:
1740:
1738:
1715:
1713:
770:
10452:
9261:Communication with extraterrestrial intelligence
6646:Space Applications and Telecommunications Centre
2122:"Steady Driving Towards Launch of ExoMars Rover"
1900:
1898:
736:Mars Multispectral Imager for Subsurface Studies
515:An early design ExoMars rover test model at the
5409:
4720:Search for extraterrestrial intelligence (SETI)
3790:"Four candidate landing sites for ExoMars 2018"
3536:Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences
3056:
3031:
2278:
1488: – Astrobiology Mars rover mission by NASA
1089:Clicking on the labels will open a new article.
416:2023. The worsening diplomatic crisis over the
6656:Space Telescope European Coordinating Facility
3441:
2128:
1735:
1710:
1670:"ExoMars: ESA's Next Step in Mars Exploration"
823:Max Planck Institute for Solar System Research
560:On 27 March 2014, a "Mars Yard" was opened at
261:) mission to search for the existence of past
9645:
8666:
7869:
6536:
5989:
5395:
4549:
4289:
4006:
3909:
3788:Bauer, Markus; Vago, Jorge (1 October 2014).
3670:"In situ biomarkers and the Life Marker Chip"
2973:Ciarletti, Valérie; et al. (July 2017).
2894:
2892:
2890:
2888:
2886:
2884:
2753:"The PanCam Instrument for the ExoMars Rover"
2746:
2744:
2681:
2188:
1906:"Russia and Europe Team Up for Mars Missions"
1895:
1601:
1599:
1597:
388:
16:Planned Mars rover, part of ExoMars programme
4700:List of microorganisms tested in outer space
3861:Bauer, Markus; Vago, Jorge (28 March 2017).
3444:"X-ray Powder Diffraction on the Red Planet"
3365:
3162:Korablev, Oleg I.; et al. (July 2017).
2688:Korablev, Oleg I.; et al. (July 2017).
2314:
1867:
836:
619:
596:ExoMars prototype rover being tested at the
9569:History of the extraterrestrial life debate
9266:Gauss's Pythagorean right triangle proposal
3826:
3233:
2919:
2917:
2636:
2610:
2554:"Smart UK navigation system for Mars rover"
2468:"Name of British built Mars rover revealed"
2062:
1803:
1620:
1582:(Press release). Business Wire. 8 July 2015
1511:
1509:
1507:
9652:
9638:
8884:Planetary habitability in the Solar System
8673:
8659:
7876:
7862:
6805:European Launcher Development Organisation
6543:
6529:
6258:Aerial Regional-scale Environmental Survey
5402:
5388:
5125:Enceladus Life Signatures and Habitability
4556:
4542:
4296:
4282:
4013:
3999:
3372:Coradini, A.; et al. (January 2001).
3112:
3067:
2881:
2741:
2088:
2036:
1930:
1683:
1594:
714:
8680:
8554:Pilot-Cosmonaut of the Russian Federation
6868:
6550:
6293:Mars Astrobiology Explorer-Cacher (MAX-C)
5312:European Astrobiology Network Association
4506:List of rovers on extraterrestrial bodies
3921:
3860:
3787:
3695:
3565:
3555:
3519:. European Space Agency. 1 December 2011.
3442:Wielders, Arno; Delhez, Rob (June 2005).
3431:. European Space Agency. 6 February 2013.
3348:
3008:
2998:
2972:
2869:. Aberystwyth University. 28 October 2017
2786:
2776:
2024:. European Space Agency. 18 December 2012
1851:
1551:
1516:Vago, Jorge L.; et al. (July 2017).
951:
9311:Search for extraterrestrial intelligence
8979:List of potentially habitable exoplanets
4805:List of potentially habitable exoplanets
3863:"Final two ExoMars landing sites chosen"
3832:
3161:
2914:
2751:Coates, A. J.; et al. (July 2017).
2519:ExoMars Rover GNC Design and Development
2485:
1504:
1047:
861:
857:
639:Infrared Spectrometer for ExoMars (ISEM)
603:
591:
583:
575:
244:for a new non-Russian landing platform.
9659:
9116:Living Interplanetary Flight Experiment
5223:Living Interplanetary Flight Experiment
3865:. European Space Agency. Archived from
3814:. European Space Agency. 1 October 2014
3667:
2202:. Agence France-Presse. 15 January 2016
1955:
1953:
1931:de Selding, Peter B. (3 October 2012).
1769:
1767:
1568:
431:
10453:
3417:. European Space Agency. 13 July 2012.
3223:. European Space Agency. 3 April 2013.
3151:. European Space Agency. 3 April 2013.
3027:. European Space Agency. 3 April 2013.
2805:. European Space Agency. 3 April 2013.
2750:
2645:"Mars yard ready for Red Planet rover"
2440:
2398:
1663:
1661:
1659:
1657:
1655:
1653:
1651:
10433:List of proposed missions to the Moon
9633:
9017:Biological Oxidant and Life Detection
8654:
7857:
6867:
6767:Space Situational Awareness Programme
6524:
6162:Biological Oxidant and Life Detection
5383:
5213:Biological Oxidant and Life Detection
4537:
4277:
4020:
3994:
3294:
2825:International Journal of Astrobiology
2642:
2284:
2265:
2139:
1959:
1837:
1831:
1809:
958:ExoMars § Landing site selection
798:Mars Organic Molecule Analyzer (MOMA)
280:, a British chemist and DNA pioneer.
257:rover would begin a seven-month (218-
10476:Proposed astrobiology space missions
10438:List of proposed space observatories
9805:Chinese Crewed Lunar Landing Mission
8969:Habitability of yellow dwarf systems
8954:Habitability of neutron star systems
8714:Viking lander biological experiments
7814:
6810:European Space Research Organisation
6626:Space Research and Technology Centre
5362:
4790:Habitability of yellow dwarf systems
4775:Habitability of neutron star systems
4256:
3887:
2902:. European Space Agency. August 2012
2619:"'Mars yard' to test European rover"
2616:
2551:
2097:"Europe still keen on Mars missions"
2094:
1985:
1950:
1873:
1764:
1689:
1679:(155). European Space Agency: 12–23.
1626:
1515:
1492:Timeline of Solar System exploration
608:ExoMars rover prototype at the 2015
8944:Habitability of binary star systems
8919:Catalog of Nearby Habitable Systems
8598:Monument to the Conquerors of Space
7838:
4765:Habitability of binary star systems
3980:Searching for Signs of Life on Mars
3833:Atkinson, Nancy (21 October 2015).
3753:. Vol. 6744. pp. 67441Q.
3295:Clark, Stephen (21 November 2012).
2669:. European Space Agency. 2 May 2016
2552:Amos, Jonathan (5 September 2011).
2236:
1648:
13:
10481:European Space Agency space probes
9579:Nexus for Exoplanet System Science
9422:Hypothetical types of biochemistry
8949:Habitability of natural satellites
8031:(incorporated into Salyut program)
5588:
5580:
5572:
5436:List of artificial objects on Mars
5327:Nexus for Exoplanet System Science
4770:Habitability of natural satellites
4695:Hypothetical types of biochemistry
3888:Amos, Jonathan (9 November 2018).
1844:Knowable Magazine | Annual Reviews
1627:Amos, Jonathan (7 February 2019).
571:
14:
10507:
10098:Nancy Grace Roman Space Telescope
8959:Habitability of red dwarf systems
6449:Mars Exploration Joint Initiative
5307:Center for Life Detection Science
5228:Mars Astrobiology Explorer-Cacher
4780:Habitability of red dwarf systems
3947:
3271:"Raman spectroscopy goes to Mars"
2399:Gibney, Elizabeth (21 May 2024).
2285:Clery, Daniel (25 October 2016).
2266:Clark, Stephen (28 August 2019).
1986:Vego, J. L.; et al. (2009).
764:infrared hyperspectral microscope
645:Infrared Spectrometer for ExoMars
9111:Life Investigation For Enceladus
8640:Russian Aerospace Defence Forces
7959:
7837:
7825:
7813:
7802:
7801:
6631:ESA Centre for Earth Observation
6137:Mars Sample Recovery Helicopters
5361:
5350:
5349:
5332:Ocean Worlds Exploration Program
5165:Life Investigation For Enceladus
4685:Extraterrestrial sample curation
4563:
4395:
4255:
4244:
4243:
4100:
4094:
3697:10.1111/j.1468-4004.2011.52134.x
2617:Amos, Jonathan (27 March 2014).
2572:"Mars rover Bruno goes it alone"
2095:Amos, Jonathan (15 March 2012).
1443:
1423:
1405:
1385:
1367:
1346:
1328:
1310:
1290:
1272:
1254:
1238:
1222:
1206:
1188:
1170:
1150:
1132:
1081:
1070:, overlaid with the position of
978:
966:
527:
508:
8603:Memorial Museum of Cosmonautics
6308:Mars Telecommunications Orbiter
6114:Martian Moons eXploration (MMX)
5270:Astrobiology Society of Britain
5145:Explorer of Enceladus and Titan
4800:Habitable zone for complex life
4303:
3929:"Exomars 2018 surface platform"
3881:
3854:
3804:
3741:
3704:
3661:
3628:
3582:
3523:
3509:
3472:
3435:
3421:
3407:
3307:
3288:
3262:
3227:
3213:
3155:
3141:
3106:
3017:
2966:
2939:
2859:
2809:
2795:
2667:"The enigma of methane on Mars"
2659:
2643:Bauer, Markus (27 March 2014).
2590:
2564:
2545:
2525:
2510:
2460:
2434:
2392:
2366:
2340:
2259:
2230:
2214:
2140:Clark, Stephen (3 March 2014).
2114:
2014:
1789:
1690:Katz, Gregory (27 March 2014).
364:
9101:Journey to Enceladus and Titan
7650:Columbus Man-Tended Free Flyer
5155:Journey to Enceladus and Titan
2441:Reints, Renae (20 July 2018).
845:is the strongest advantage of
804:Mars Organic Molecule Analyzer
771:Raman Laser Spectrometer (RLS)
1:
9234:Berkeley SETI Research Center
8934:Extraterrestrial liquid water
8549:Cosmonaut ranks and positions
6263:Astrobiology Field Laboratory
5203:Astrobiology Field Laboratory
4755:Extraterrestrial liquid water
3401:10.1016/S0273-1177(01)00283-6
3236:Journal of Raman Spectroscopy
2237:Zak, Anatoly (28 July 2016).
1960:Foust, Jeff (10 April 2024).
1497:
580:ExoMars prototype rover, 2009
499:
344:
9554:Extraterrestrials in fiction
9427:Interplanetary contamination
8924:Circumstellar habitable zone
8808:(unusual light fluctuations)
8800:(unusual light fluctuations)
8792:(unusual light fluctuations)
8089:Soviet crewed lunar programs
5337:Spanish Astrobiology Center
4745:Circumstellar habitable zone
2044:"Press Info: ExoMars Status"
1874:Wall, Mike (21 March 2019).
1838:Drahl, Carmen (3 May 2023).
751:
227:, part of the international
7:
9412:Extraterrestrial hypothesis
8149:International Space Station
6187:Mars Exploration Ice Mapper
6132:NASA-ESA Mars Sample Return
6108:Tera-hertz Explorer (TEREX)
5476:Mars Reconnaissance Orbiter
5322:NASA Astrobiology Institute
3714:Planetary and Space Science
3645:10.1109/ICO-IP.2011.5953740
1462:
945:Mars Infrared Mapper (MIMA)
827:Goddard Space Flight Center
681:
418:Russian invasion of Ukraine
241:Russian invasion of Ukraine
237:Roscosmos State Corporation
10:
10512:
10276:ISS Deorbit Vehicle (2030)
9126:Mars sample-return mission
7720:Mars sample return mission
7540:European Data Relay System
7220:Meteosat Second Generation
7133:James Webb Space Telescope
6995:Jupiter Icy Moons Explorer
6677:European Data Relay System
6651:Concurrent Design Facility
5170:Mars sample return mission
3675:Astronomy & Geophysics
3490:(30): 7–10. Archived from
3381:Advances in Space Research
2413:10.1038/d41586-024-01487-6
2022:"Rover surface operations"
1810:Foust, Jeff (3 May 2022).
955:
819:ion trap mass spectrometer
801:
774:
755:
733:
718:
685:
657:
642:
623:
610:Cambridge Science Festival
588:ExoMars rover design, 2010
389:Launch schedule and delays
290:
219:, previously known as the
10428:
10391:
10343:
10170:
10127:
10055:
9912:
9825:
9818:
9768:
9699:
9674:
9665:
9514:
9450:
9389:
9344:
9202:
9002:
8907:
8879:Earliest known life forms
8871:
8824:
8781:
8754:
8747:
8688:
8629:
8536:
8520:
8469:
8415:
8366:
8322:
8203:
8192:
8172:
8141:
8073:
8005:
7994:
7968:
7957:
7908:
7895:
7793:
7758:
7620:
7549:
7479:
7411:
7343:Meteosat Third Generation
7202:Meteosat First Generation
7188:
7037:
6932:
6883:
6876:
6863:
6851:Planetary Science Archive
6818:
6797:
6685:
6664:
6636:European Astronaut Centre
6613:
6585:
6562:
6558:
6511:
6462:
6431:
6365:
6356:
6244:
6154:
6072:
6065:
5985:
5948:
5883:
5785:
5676:
5606:
5599:
5570:
5517:
5494:ExoMars Trace Gas Orbiter
5451:
5444:
5421:
5345:
5260:
5248:Terrestrial Planet Finder
5193:
5092:
5054:
5038:
5006:
4923:
4832:
4823:
4733:
4670:Earliest known life forms
4637:
4571:
4524:
4478:
4453:
4404:
4393:
4311:
4239:
4213:
4143:
4116:
4109:
4092:
4059:
4036:
4029:
3735:10.1016/j.pss.2012.04.007
3453:(30): 6–7. Archived from
2845:10.1017/S1473550406003387
2070:"The ExoMars Instruments"
1853:10.1146/knowable-050323-1
1068:global topography of Mars
904:capillary electrophoresis
876:Mars X-Ray Diffractometer
837:Payload support functions
620:Panoramic Camera (PanCam)
550:ExoMars Trace Gas Orbiter
480:(deoxyribonucleic acid),
463:
383:radioisotope heater units
377:and were manufactured by
353:(GTM), with the nickname
295:
276:The rover is named after
186:
182:
172:
164:
156:
152:
148:
140:
132:
127:
123:
119:
111:
107:310 kg (680 lb)
103:
85:
80:
76:
72:
64:
52:
42:
32:
28:
10379:Uranus Orbiter and Probe
9244:Breakthrough Initiatives
8635:Space industry of Russia
6444:Mars Exploration Program
5426:List of missions to Mars
5280:Breakthrough Initiatives
4486:Rover embedded computers
3415:"The ExoMars drill unit"
1481:List of missions to Mars
777:Raman Laser Spectrometer
709:ground-penetrating radar
666:ground-penetrating radar
562:Airbus Defence and Space
442:radioisotope heater unit
371:Airbus Defence and Space
322:, launched in 2011, and
9348:extraterrestrial beings
8939:Galactic habitable zone
8157:Russian Orbital Segment
6762:Living Planet Programme
6621:Space Operations Centre
5534:Mars Science Laboratory
4941:Mars Science Laboratory
4760:Galactic habitable zone
4419:Mars Science Laboratory
3931:. European Space Agency
3792:. European Space Agency
3727:2012P&SS...72..129S
3688:2011A&G....52a..34M
3557:10.1073/pnas.0406798102
2647:. European Space Agency
2301:10.1126/science.aal0303
973:Location of Oxia Planum
715:Close-Up Imager (CLUPI)
472:in honour of scientist
436:The rover will have an
306:Mars Exploration Rovers
223:, is a planned robotic
144:U.S Commercial Vehicle.
9496:Planetarium hypothesis
9486:Hart–Tipler conjecture
9471:Dark forest hypothesis
9461:Aestivation hypothesis
9180:Venus In Situ Explorer
8984:Planetary habitability
8773:(misidentified quasar)
8765:(misidentified pulsar)
7073:Hubble Space Telescope
6641:Space Astronomy Centre
5903:Mars Exploration Rover
5593:
5585:
5577:
5120:Enceladus Life Finder
5100:Breakthrough Enceladus
4624:Planetary oceanography
4355:Mars Exploration Rover
3668:Martins, Zita (2011).
2925:"ExoMars 2018 mission"
2239:"ExoMars-2016 mission"
1129:
952:Landing site selection
927:Life Marker Chip (LMC)
917:Mössbauer Spectrometer
909:Viking GCMS experiment
867:
612:
601:
589:
581:
58:www.esa.int/...ExoMars
10471:Proposed space probes
10243:Venus Orbiter Mission
9599:Post-detection policy
9501:Rare Earth hypothesis
9326:Voyager Golden Record
9219:Allen Telescope Array
9054:Enceladus Life Finder
8989:Superhabitable planet
8682:Extraterrestrial life
7889:Russian space program
6870:Projects and missions
6552:European Space Agency
6098:(2024, flyby in 2025)
6090:(2024, flyby in 2025)
5669:(2023, flyby in 2026)
5660:Mars Cube One (MarCO)
5592:
5584:
5576:
5431:List of Mars orbiters
5295:Breakthrough Starshot
4895:Lunar Micro Ecosystem
4815:Superhabitable planet
4680:Extraterrestrial life
3965:6 August 2020 at the
3614:10.1089/ast.2007.0169
3341:10.1089/ast.2016.1551
3191:10.1089/ast.2016.1543
3135:10.1089/ast.2016.1541
3092:10.1089/ast.2016.1566
3039:"The ExoMars Project"
3000:10.1089/ast.2016.1532
2778:10.1089/ast.2016.1548
2719:10.1089/ast.2016.1543
2225:The Planetary Society
1544:10.1089/ast.2016.1533
1064:Interactive image map
1051:
865:
858:De-scoped instruments
742:infrared spectrometer
607:
595:
587:
579:
375:Canadian Space Agency
233:European Space Agency
231:programme led by the
81:Spacecraft properties
9589:Planetary protection
9476:Firstborn hypothesis
9466:Berserker hypothesis
9437:Mediocrity principle
9254:Breakthrough Message
8872:Life in the Universe
7951:Vostochny Cosmodrome
7470:European Robotic Arm
7314:Sentinel-5 Precursor
6454:Mars Next Generation
6413:Permanent settlement
6303:Mars Surveyor Lander
5769:Mars Climate Orbiter
5755:Mars Global Surveyor
5302:Carl Sagan Institute
5290:Breakthrough Message
5130:Enceladus Orbilander
4865:Biosatellite program
4715:Planetary protection
4599:Evolutionary biology
4589:Atmospheric sciences
4501:Lunar Roving Vehicle
2497:profiles.nlm.nih.gov
1018:On 21 October 2015,
698:subsurface water ice
694:neutron spectrometer
484:(ribonucleic acid),
432:Americium power unit
10491:2028 in spaceflight
10486:Attached spacecraft
9660:Future spaceflights
9402:Directed panspermia
9381:Reptilian humanoids
9249:Breakthrough Listen
9229:Arecibo Observatory
9175:Titan Mare Explorer
8748:Signals of interest
8708:Murchison meteorite
8696:Shergotty meteorite
8576:Veterok and Ugolyok
7943:Svobodny Cosmodrome
7938:Plesetsk Cosmodrome
7916:Baikonur Cosmodrome
7795:Future missions in
6841:European Space Camp
6572:Guiana Space Centre
5411:Spacecraft missions
5285:Breakthrough Listen
3759:2007SPIE.6744E..1QB
3606:2008AsBio...8..583K
3548:2005PNAS..102.1041S
3393:2001AdSpR..28.1203C
3333:2017AsBio..17..655G
3278:Spectroscopy Europe
3248:2004JRSp...35..429P
3183:2017AsBio..17..542K
3127:2017AsBio..17..612D
3084:2017AsBio..17..585M
3043:RussianSpaceWeb.com
2991:2017AsBio..17..565C
2960:2006AGUFM.P51D1218C
2837:2006IJAsB...5..269G
2769:2017AsBio..17..511C
2711:2017AsBio..17..542K
2243:Russianspaceweb.com
1536:2017AsBio..17..471V
1265:Mars Polar Lander ↓
1124:Mars Memorials list
744:located inside the
440:power unit, called
426:Thales Alenia Space
359:Amalia Ercoli Finzi
285:Thales Alenia Space
25:
9732:Boeing Starliner-1
9524:Ancient astronauts
9121:Mars Geyser Hopper
9049:Enceladus Explorer
8689:Events and objects
8622:(1997 documentary)
8614:(1995 documentary)
8611:Out of the Present
8544:List of cosmonauts
8521:Images and artwork
8461:Deep Space Network
8108:(Mars/Venus flyby)
7645:Ceres Polar Lander
7480:Telecommunications
6439:Mars Scout Program
6278:Mars 4NM & 5NM
6202:Mars Micro Orbiter
6192:Mars Geyser Hopper
5594:
5586:
5578:
5115:Enceladus Explorer
2867:"ExoMars Hardware"
2578:on 3 December 2013
2380:. 28 February 2022
2354:. 28 February 2022
2223:Emily Lakdawalla,
2124:. 18 January 2022.
2076:on 26 October 2012
2050:on 3 December 2013
1698:. Associated Press
1130:
884:Powder diffraction
868:
783:Raman spectrometer
613:
602:
590:
582:
21:
10446:
10445:
10387:
10386:
10253:Comet Interceptor
10217:Rosalind Franklin
9936:Lunar Trailblazer
9814:
9813:
9627:
9626:
9157:SpaceX Red Dragon
9072:Rosalind Franklin
8867:
8866:
8726:Allan Hills 84001
8720:Allan Hills 77005
8648:
8647:
8571:Belka and Strelka
8561:Soviet space dogs
8423:Sputnik programme
8411:
8410:
8344:
8299:
8278:
8257:
8188:
8187:
8153:
8109:
8101:
8093:
8085:
8057:
8044:
8032:
7996:Human spaceflight
7947:
7924:
7851:
7850:
7789:
7788:
7407:
7406:
7189:Earth observation
7019:Comet Interceptor
7010:Rosalind Franklin
6982:Trace Gas Orbiter
6933:Planetary science
6859:
6858:
6772:Science Programme
6518:
6517:
6507:
6506:
6478:The Case for Mars
6388:Atmospheric entry
6352:
6351:
6283:Mars 5M (Mars-79)
6240:
6239:
6217:Next Mars Orbiter
6125:Rosalind Franklin
6061:
6060:
5981:
5980:
5836:Mars Polar Lander
5568:
5567:
5462:2001 Mars Odyssey
5377:
5376:
5256:
5255:
5080:Rosalind Franklin
4993:Trace Gas Orbiter
4650:Allan Hills 84001
4629:Planetary science
4531:
4530:
4491:Crewed Mars rover
4462:Rosalind Franklin
4271:
4270:
4209:
4208:
4125:Rosalind Franklin
4090:
4089:
4051:Trace Gas Orbiter
3767:10.1117/12.737896
3654:978-1-61284-315-5
1748:(Press release).
1455:
1437:
1417:
1399:
1379:
1361:
1340:
1338:Rosalind Franklin
1322:
1304:
1284:
1266:
1248:
1232:
1216:
1200:
1182:
1164:
1144:
1087:Clickable image:
1042:Rosalind Franklin
866:Urey design, 2013
847:Rosalind Franklin
788:organic compounds
702:hydrated minerals
554:Rosalind Franklin
474:Rosalind Franklin
470:Rosalind Franklin
351:Ground Test Model
302:Rosalind Franklin
278:Rosalind Franklin
271:Rosalind Franklin
267:Trace Gas Orbiter
216:Rosalind Franklin
212:
211:
197:Trace Gas Orbiter
23:Rosalind Franklin
10503:
9823:
9822:
9672:
9671:
9654:
9647:
9640:
9631:
9630:
9604:San Marino Scale
9544:Brookings Report
9491:Neocatastrophism
9397:Cosmic pluralism
9371:Little green men
9346:Types of alleged
9271:Astrolinguistics
8860:
8852:
8851:(unknown origin)
8848:Fast radio burst
8844:
8836:
8817:
8816:(unknown origin)
8813:HD 164595 signal
8809:
8801:
8793:
8774:
8766:
8752:
8751:
8702:Nakhla meteorite
8675:
8668:
8661:
8652:
8651:
8593:Cosmonauts Alley
8456:Luch (satellite)
8342:
8314:
8297:
8276:
8255:
8201:
8200:
8151:
8107:
8099:
8091:
8083:
8055:
8042:
8030:
8003:
8002:
7963:
7945:
7918:
7878:
7871:
7864:
7855:
7854:
7841:
7840:
7829:
7817:
7816:
7805:
7804:
7781:Schiaparelli EDM
7640:Calathus Mission
7464:Georges Lemaître
7422:ISS contribution
6881:
6880:
6865:
6864:
6560:
6559:
6545:
6538:
6531:
6522:
6521:
6484:Inspiration Mars
6471:The Mars Project
6363:
6362:
6246:
6245:
6070:
6069:
5987:
5986:
5604:
5603:
5449:
5448:
5404:
5397:
5390:
5381:
5380:
5365:
5364:
5353:
5352:
4830:
4829:
4725:Yamato meteorite
4558:
4551:
4544:
4535:
4534:
4454:Planned missions
4405:Current missions
4399:
4298:
4291:
4284:
4275:
4274:
4259:
4258:
4247:
4246:
4226:Meridiani Planum
4114:
4113:
4104:
4098:
4034:
4033:
4015:
4008:
4001:
3992:
3991:
3981:
3941:
3940:
3938:
3936:
3925:
3919:
3913:
3907:
3906:
3904:
3902:
3885:
3879:
3878:
3876:
3874:
3858:
3852:
3851:
3849:
3847:
3830:
3824:
3823:
3821:
3819:
3808:
3802:
3801:
3799:
3797:
3785:
3779:
3778:
3745:
3739:
3738:
3708:
3702:
3701:
3699:
3682:(1): 1.34–1.35.
3665:
3659:
3658:
3632:
3626:
3625:
3586:
3580:
3579:
3569:
3559:
3542:(4): 1041–1046.
3527:
3521:
3520:
3513:
3507:
3506:
3504:
3502:
3496:
3485:
3476:
3470:
3469:
3467:
3465:
3459:
3448:
3439:
3433:
3432:
3425:
3419:
3418:
3411:
3405:
3404:
3387:(8): 1203–1208.
3378:
3369:
3363:
3362:
3352:
3327:(6–7): 655–685.
3311:
3305:
3304:
3292:
3286:
3285:
3275:
3266:
3260:
3259:
3256:10.1002/jrs.1198
3231:
3225:
3224:
3217:
3211:
3210:
3177:(6–7): 542–564.
3168:
3159:
3153:
3152:
3145:
3139:
3138:
3121:(6–7): 612–620.
3110:
3104:
3103:
3078:(6–7): 585–594.
3065:
3054:
3053:
3051:
3049:
3035:
3029:
3028:
3021:
3015:
3014:
3012:
3002:
2985:(6–7): 565–584.
2970:
2964:
2963:
2943:
2937:
2936:
2934:
2932:
2921:
2912:
2911:
2909:
2907:
2900:"Inside ExoMars"
2896:
2879:
2878:
2876:
2874:
2863:
2857:
2856:
2822:
2813:
2807:
2806:
2799:
2793:
2792:
2790:
2780:
2763:(6–7): 511–541.
2748:
2739:
2738:
2705:(6–7): 542–564.
2694:
2685:
2679:
2678:
2676:
2674:
2663:
2657:
2656:
2654:
2652:
2640:
2634:
2633:
2631:
2629:
2614:
2608:
2607:
2605:
2594:
2588:
2587:
2585:
2583:
2568:
2562:
2561:
2549:
2543:
2542:
2540:
2529:
2523:
2522:
2514:
2508:
2507:
2505:
2503:
2489:
2483:
2482:
2480:
2478:
2464:
2458:
2457:
2455:
2453:
2438:
2432:
2431:
2429:
2427:
2396:
2390:
2389:
2387:
2385:
2370:
2364:
2363:
2361:
2359:
2344:
2338:
2337:
2335:
2333:
2318:
2312:
2311:
2309:
2307:
2282:
2276:
2275:
2263:
2257:
2256:
2251:
2249:
2234:
2228:
2218:
2212:
2211:
2209:
2207:
2192:
2186:
2185:
2180:
2178:
2163:
2157:
2156:
2154:
2152:
2137:
2126:
2125:
2118:
2112:
2111:
2109:
2107:
2092:
2086:
2085:
2083:
2081:
2066:
2060:
2059:
2057:
2055:
2040:
2034:
2033:
2031:
2029:
2018:
2012:
2011:
2009:
2007:
2001:
1994:
1983:
1977:
1976:
1974:
1972:
1957:
1948:
1947:
1945:
1943:
1928:
1922:
1921:
1919:
1917:
1902:
1893:
1892:
1890:
1888:
1871:
1865:
1864:
1862:
1860:
1855:
1835:
1829:
1828:
1826:
1824:
1807:
1801:
1800:
1793:
1787:
1786:
1784:
1782:
1771:
1762:
1761:
1759:
1757:
1742:
1733:
1732:
1730:
1728:
1717:
1708:
1707:
1705:
1703:
1687:
1681:
1680:
1674:
1665:
1646:
1645:
1643:
1641:
1624:
1618:
1617:
1615:
1613:
1603:
1592:
1591:
1589:
1587:
1572:
1566:
1565:
1555:
1530:(6–7): 471–510.
1513:
1458:
1456:
1451:
1447:
1440:
1438:
1433:
1427:
1420:
1418:
1413:
1409:
1402:
1400:
1395:
1389:
1382:
1380:
1375:
1371:
1364:
1362:
1356:
1350:
1343:
1341:
1336:
1332:
1325:
1323:
1318:
1314:
1307:
1305:
1300:
1294:
1287:
1285:
1280:
1276:
1269:
1267:
1264:
1258:
1251:
1249:
1246:
1242:
1235:
1233:
1230:
1226:
1219:
1217:
1214:
1210:
1203:
1201:
1196:
1192:
1185:
1183:
1180:
1174:
1167:
1165:
1160:
1154:
1147:
1145:
1140:
1136:
1127:
1114:
1113:
1111:
1106:
1104:
1099:
1097:
1085:
1050:
982:
970:
843:cosmic radiation
811:laser desorption
762:MicrOmega is an
676:
670:Vivaldi-antennas
531:
512:
404:
341:from past life.
273:and the lander.
235:and the Russian
128:Start of mission
65:Mission duration
60:
26:
20:
10511:
10510:
10506:
10505:
10504:
10502:
10501:
10500:
10451:
10450:
10447:
10442:
10424:
10393:
10383:
10339:
10166:
10123:
10051:
9908:
9810:
9764:
9726:Axiom Mission 4
9695:
9661:
9658:
9628:
9623:
9619:Xenoarchaeology
9609:Technosignature
9510:
9446:
9432:Kardashev scale
9385:
9347:
9340:
9336:Xenolinguistics
9301:Project Phoenix
9291:Project Cyclops
9276:Lincos language
9239:Bracewell probe
9224:Arecibo message
9205:
9198:
9096:Icebreaker Life
8998:
8910:
8903:
8863:
8858:
8850:
8842:
8834:
8820:
8815:
8807:
8799:
8791:
8777:
8772:
8764:
8743:
8684:
8679:
8649:
8644:
8625:
8532:
8528:Mission patches
8516:
8465:
8407:
8362:
8318:
8312:
8196:
8184:
8168:
8137:
8069:
7998:
7990:
7969:Launch vehicles
7964:
7955:
7904:
7891:
7882:
7852:
7847:
7785:
7754:
7622:
7616:
7597:LISA Pathfinder
7554:
7552:
7545:
7475:
7458:Albert Einstein
7446:Johannes Kepler
7403:
7184:
7042:
7040:
7033:
6928:
6872:
6855:
6814:
6793:
6681:
6660:
6609:
6587:Launch vehicles
6581:
6554:
6549:
6519:
6514:
6503:
6458:
6427:
6348:
6250:
6236:
6182:Mars Base Alpha
6172:Icebreaker Life
6150:
6057:
6039:Mars 3MS No.170
5991:
5977:
5944:
5879:
5830:Mars Pathfinder
5781:
5672:
5631:Mariner 6 and 7
5595:
5587:
5579:
5564:
5513:
5440:
5417:
5408:
5378:
5373:
5341:
5262:
5252:
5195:
5189:
5150:Icebreaker Life
5088:
5050:
5034:
5008:
5002:
4919:
4825:
4819:
4736:
4729:
4633:
4609:Geomicrobiology
4567:
4562:
4532:
4527:
4520:
4474:
4449:
4400:
4391:
4334:Mars Pathfinder
4307:
4302:
4272:
4267:
4235:
4205:
4139:
4105:
4099:
4086:
4055:
4025:
4019:
3987:by NASA/Goddard
3979:
3967:Wayback Machine
3950:
3945:
3944:
3934:
3932:
3927:
3926:
3922:
3914:
3910:
3900:
3898:
3886:
3882:
3872:
3870:
3869:on 1 April 2017
3859:
3855:
3845:
3843:
3831:
3827:
3817:
3815:
3810:
3809:
3805:
3795:
3793:
3786:
3782:
3746:
3742:
3709:
3705:
3666:
3662:
3655:
3633:
3629:
3587:
3583:
3528:
3524:
3515:
3514:
3510:
3500:
3498:
3494:
3483:
3477:
3473:
3463:
3461:
3457:
3446:
3440:
3436:
3427:
3426:
3422:
3413:
3412:
3408:
3376:
3370:
3366:
3312:
3308:
3301:Spaceflight Now
3293:
3289:
3273:
3267:
3263:
3232:
3228:
3219:
3218:
3214:
3166:
3160:
3156:
3147:
3146:
3142:
3111:
3107:
3066:
3057:
3047:
3045:
3037:
3036:
3032:
3023:
3022:
3018:
2971:
2967:
2944:
2940:
2930:
2928:
2923:
2922:
2915:
2905:
2903:
2898:
2897:
2882:
2872:
2870:
2865:
2864:
2860:
2820:
2814:
2810:
2801:
2800:
2796:
2749:
2742:
2692:
2686:
2682:
2672:
2670:
2665:
2664:
2660:
2650:
2648:
2641:
2637:
2627:
2625:
2615:
2611:
2603:
2595:
2591:
2581:
2579:
2570:
2569:
2565:
2550:
2546:
2538:
2530:
2526:
2515:
2511:
2501:
2499:
2491:
2490:
2486:
2476:
2474:
2466:
2465:
2461:
2451:
2449:
2439:
2435:
2425:
2423:
2397:
2393:
2383:
2381:
2372:
2371:
2367:
2357:
2355:
2346:
2345:
2341:
2331:
2329:
2328:. 17 March 2022
2320:
2319:
2315:
2305:
2303:
2283:
2279:
2272:Spaceflight Now
2264:
2260:
2247:
2245:
2235:
2231:
2219:
2215:
2205:
2203:
2194:
2193:
2189:
2176:
2174:
2165:
2164:
2160:
2150:
2148:
2146:Spaceflight Now
2138:
2129:
2120:
2119:
2115:
2105:
2103:
2093:
2089:
2079:
2077:
2068:
2067:
2063:
2053:
2051:
2042:
2041:
2037:
2027:
2025:
2020:
2019:
2015:
2005:
2003:
2002:on 9 April 2009
1999:
1992:
1984:
1980:
1970:
1968:
1958:
1951:
1941:
1939:
1929:
1925:
1915:
1913:
1912:. 14 March 2013
1904:
1903:
1896:
1886:
1884:
1872:
1868:
1858:
1856:
1836:
1832:
1822:
1820:
1808:
1804:
1795:
1794:
1790:
1780:
1778:
1773:
1772:
1765:
1755:
1753:
1752:. 12 March 2020
1744:
1743:
1736:
1726:
1724:
1719:
1718:
1711:
1701:
1699:
1688:
1684:
1672:
1666:
1649:
1639:
1637:
1625:
1621:
1611:
1609:
1605:
1604:
1595:
1585:
1583:
1574:
1573:
1569:
1514:
1505:
1500:
1465:
1460:
1459:
1450:
1448:
1441:
1432:
1430:
1428:
1421:
1412:
1410:
1403:
1394:
1392:
1390:
1383:
1374:
1372:
1365:
1355:
1353:
1351:
1344:
1335:
1333:
1326:
1317:
1315:
1308:
1299:
1297:
1295:
1288:
1279:
1277:
1270:
1263:
1261:
1259:
1252:
1245:
1243:
1236:
1229:
1227:
1220:
1213:
1211:
1204:
1195:
1193:
1186:
1179:
1177:
1175:
1168:
1159:
1157:
1155:
1148:
1139:
1137:
1128:
1117:
1115:
1109:
1108:
1102:
1101:
1095:
1094:
1093:
1090:
1079:
1062:
1048:
990:
989:
988:
987:
986:
983:
975:
974:
971:
960:
954:
860:
839:
806:
800:
779:
773:
760:
754:
738:
732:
723:
717:
690:
684:
674:
662:
656:
647:
641:
628:
622:
574:
572:Pasteur payload
539:
538:
537:
536:
535:
532:
524:
523:
513:
502:
466:
434:
399:
391:
379:MDA Corporation
367:
347:
298:
293:
208:
207:
199:
192:
56:
17:
12:
11:
5:
10509:
10499:
10498:
10493:
10488:
10483:
10478:
10473:
10468:
10463:
10444:
10443:
10441:
10440:
10435:
10429:
10426:
10425:
10423:
10422:
10421:(28 September)
10416:
10415:(11 September)
10410:
10409:(10 September)
10404:
10397:
10395:
10389:
10388:
10385:
10384:
10382:
10381:
10376:
10370:
10365:
10360:
10355:
10349:
10347:
10341:
10340:
10338:
10337:
10331:
10325:
10319:
10313:
10307:
10301:
10295:
10289:
10283:
10277:
10274:
10268:
10262:
10256:
10246:
10240:
10234:
10228:
10222:
10213:
10207:
10201:
10195:
10189:
10183:
10176:
10174:
10168:
10167:
10165:
10164:
10159:
10150:
10144:
10139:
10133:
10131:
10125:
10124:
10122:
10121:
10116:
10111:
10106:
10101:
10095:
10090:
10085:
10080:
10071:
10061:
10059:
10053:
10052:
10050:
10049:
10043:
10037:
10032:
10022:
10017:
10012:
10007:
10002:
9997:
9992:
9986:
9980:
9974:
9969:
9964:
9959:
9954:
9949:
9939:
9929:
9924:
9918:
9916:
9910:
9909:
9907:
9906:
9900:
9894:
9880:
9875:
9870:
9865:
9860:
9857:Europa Clipper
9854:
9849:
9843:
9837:
9831:
9829:
9820:
9816:
9815:
9812:
9811:
9809:
9808:
9802:
9796:
9790:
9785:
9779:
9772:
9770:
9766:
9765:
9763:
9762:
9757:
9752:
9747:
9741:
9735:
9729:
9723:
9718:
9712:
9709:SpaceX Crew-10
9705:
9703:
9697:
9696:
9694:
9693:
9687:
9680:
9678:
9669:
9663:
9662:
9657:
9656:
9649:
9642:
9634:
9625:
9624:
9622:
9621:
9616:
9611:
9606:
9601:
9596:
9591:
9586:
9581:
9576:
9571:
9566:
9561:
9556:
9551:
9546:
9541:
9536:
9531:
9526:
9520:
9518:
9516:Related topics
9512:
9511:
9509:
9508:
9506:Zoo hypothesis
9503:
9498:
9493:
9488:
9483:
9478:
9473:
9468:
9463:
9457:
9455:
9448:
9447:
9445:
9444:
9439:
9434:
9429:
9424:
9419:
9414:
9409:
9407:Drake equation
9404:
9399:
9393:
9391:
9387:
9386:
9384:
9383:
9378:
9373:
9368:
9363:
9358:
9352:
9350:
9342:
9341:
9339:
9338:
9333:
9328:
9323:
9318:
9313:
9308:
9303:
9298:
9293:
9288:
9286:Pioneer plaque
9283:
9278:
9273:
9268:
9263:
9258:
9257:
9256:
9251:
9241:
9236:
9231:
9226:
9221:
9216:
9210:
9208:
9200:
9199:
9197:
9196:
9189:
9182:
9177:
9172:
9167:
9159:
9154:
9146:
9138:
9136:Northern Light
9133:
9128:
9123:
9118:
9113:
9108:
9103:
9098:
9093:
9088:
9083:
9078:
9077:
9076:
9063:
9060:Europa Clipper
9056:
9051:
9046:
9039:
9032:
9024:
9019:
9014:
9008:
9006:
9004:Space missions
9000:
8999:
8997:
8996:
8991:
8986:
8981:
8976:
8971:
8966:
8961:
8956:
8951:
8946:
8941:
8936:
8931:
8926:
8921:
8915:
8913:
8905:
8904:
8902:
8901:
8896:
8891:
8886:
8881:
8875:
8873:
8869:
8868:
8865:
8864:
8862:
8861:
8859:(radio signal)
8853:
8845:
8843:(inconclusive)
8837:
8835:(radio source)
8828:
8826:
8822:
8821:
8819:
8818:
8810:
8802:
8797:EPIC 204278916
8794:
8785:
8783:
8779:
8778:
8776:
8775:
8767:
8758:
8756:
8749:
8745:
8744:
8742:
8741:
8735:
8729:
8723:
8717:
8711:
8705:
8699:
8692:
8690:
8686:
8685:
8678:
8677:
8670:
8663:
8655:
8646:
8645:
8643:
8642:
8637:
8630:
8627:
8626:
8624:
8623:
8619:Mission to Mir
8615:
8607:
8606:
8605:
8595:
8590:
8585:
8583:Ivan Ivanovich
8580:
8579:
8578:
8573:
8568:
8558:
8557:
8556:
8546:
8540:
8538:
8534:
8533:
8531:
8530:
8524:
8522:
8518:
8517:
8515:
8514:
8509:
8504:
8499:
8494:
8489:
8484:
8479:
8473:
8471:
8467:
8466:
8464:
8463:
8458:
8453:
8452:
8451:
8446:
8441:
8436:
8431:
8419:
8417:
8416:Communications
8413:
8412:
8409:
8408:
8406:
8405:
8400:
8393:
8392:
8391:
8386:
8381:
8370:
8368:
8367:In development
8364:
8363:
8361:
8360:
8355:
8350:
8345:
8337:
8332:
8326:
8324:
8320:
8319:
8317:
8316:
8307:
8301:
8292:
8286:
8283:Resurs-DK No.1
8280:
8271:
8265:
8259:
8253:Phobos program
8250:
8244:
8238:
8232:
8226:
8223:Luna programme
8220:
8214:
8207:
8205:
8198:
8190:
8189:
8186:
8185:
8183:
8182:
8176:
8174:
8173:In development
8170:
8169:
8167:
8166:
8161:
8160:
8159:
8145:
8143:
8139:
8138:
8136:
8135:
8130:
8125:
8120:
8115:
8110:
8102:
8094:
8092:(Moon landing)
8086:
8077:
8075:
8071:
8070:
8068:
8067:
8058:
8050:
8045:
8037:
8025:
8020:
8015:
8009:
8007:
8000:
7992:
7991:
7989:
7988:
7983:
7978:
7972:
7970:
7966:
7965:
7958:
7956:
7954:
7953:
7948:
7940:
7935:
7930:
7925:
7912:
7910:
7906:
7905:
7903:
7902:
7896:
7893:
7892:
7881:
7880:
7873:
7866:
7858:
7849:
7848:
7846:
7845:
7835:
7823:
7811:
7794:
7791:
7790:
7787:
7786:
7784:
7783:
7778:
7773:
7768:
7762:
7760:
7756:
7755:
7753:
7752:
7747:
7742:
7737:
7732:
7727:
7722:
7717:
7712:
7707:
7702:
7697:
7692:
7687:
7682:
7677:
7672:
7667:
7662:
7660:Darwin Mission
7657:
7652:
7647:
7642:
7637:
7632:
7626:
7624:
7618:
7617:
7615:
7614:
7606:
7605:(2019–present)
7600:
7594:
7588:
7587:(2013–present)
7582:
7581:(2009–present)
7576:
7570:
7569:(2001–present)
7564:
7557:
7555:
7550:
7547:
7546:
7544:
7543:
7542:(2016–present)
7537:
7532:
7531:(2014–present)
7526:
7525:(2011–present)
7520:
7519:(2010–present)
7514:
7513:(2008–present)
7508:
7507:(2005–present)
7502:
7501:(2001–present)
7496:
7490:
7483:
7481:
7477:
7476:
7474:
7473:
7467:
7461:
7455:
7452:Edoardo Amaldi
7449:
7443:
7442:(2010–present)
7437:
7431:
7430:(2008–present)
7425:
7424:(1998–present)
7418:
7416:
7409:
7408:
7405:
7404:
7402:
7401:
7393:
7385:
7377:
7369:
7361:
7353:
7339:
7331:
7323:
7322:(2018–present)
7317:
7316:(2017–present)
7311:
7310:(2016–present)
7297:
7296:(2015–present)
7279:
7278:(2014–present)
7265:
7264:(2013–present)
7259:
7258:(2010–present)
7253:
7252:(2009–present)
7247:
7241:
7240:(2006–present)
7235:
7229:
7223:
7222:(2002–present)
7217:
7211:
7205:
7199:
7198:(1988–present)
7192:
7190:
7186:
7185:
7183:
7182:
7174:
7166:
7158:
7150:
7142:
7141:(2023–present)
7136:
7135:(2021–present)
7130:
7129:(2019–present)
7124:
7123:(2013–present)
7118:
7112:
7106:
7100:
7099:(2002–present)
7094:
7093:(1999–present)
7088:
7082:
7076:
7075:(1990–present)
7070:
7064:
7058:
7052:
7045:
7043:
7038:
7035:
7034:
7032:
7031:
7023:
7015:
7006:
6998:
6992:
6991:(2018–present)
6986:
6985:(2016–present)
6977:
6971:
6961:
6960:(2003–present)
6955:
6949:
6943:
6936:
6934:
6930:
6929:
6927:
6926:
6918:
6917:(2020–present)
6912:
6906:
6905:(1995–present)
6900:
6894:
6887:
6885:
6878:
6874:
6873:
6861:
6860:
6857:
6856:
6854:
6853:
6848:
6843:
6838:
6833:
6831:ESA Television
6828:
6822:
6820:
6819:Related topics
6816:
6815:
6813:
6812:
6807:
6801:
6799:
6795:
6794:
6792:
6791:
6786:
6785:
6784:
6779:
6769:
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6666:
6665:Communications
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6489:Mars Institute
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6360:
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6319:Northern Light
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6088:Europa Clipper
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6063:
6062:
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6024:Mars 2M No.521
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5983:
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5238:Northern Light
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5194:Cancelled and
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5069:Europa Clipper
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4665:Drake equation
4662:
4657:
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4641:
4639:
4635:
4634:
4632:
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4626:
4621:
4616:
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4606:
4604:Exoplanetology
4601:
4596:
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4581:
4579:Astrochemistry
4575:
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3949:
3948:External links
3946:
3943:
3942:
3920:
3908:
3880:
3853:
3840:Universe Today
3825:
3803:
3780:
3740:
3721:(1): 129–137.
3703:
3660:
3653:
3627:
3600:(3): 583–595.
3581:
3522:
3508:
3497:on 14 May 2011
3471:
3460:on 14 May 2011
3434:
3420:
3406:
3364:
3306:
3287:
3261:
3226:
3212:
3154:
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3105:
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3016:
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2913:
2880:
2858:
2831:(3): 269–275.
2808:
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2229:
2227:. 30 May 2019.
2213:
2187:
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2127:
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2087:
2061:
2035:
2013:
1989:ExoMars Status
1978:
1949:
1923:
1894:
1866:
1830:
1802:
1788:
1763:
1734:
1709:
1682:
1647:
1619:
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1580:Saft Batteries
1567:
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1116:
1112: Planned)
1105: Inactive
1091:
1080:
1072:Martian rovers
1052:
1046:
1016:
1015:
1010:
1008:Hypanis Vallis
1005:
1000:
984:
977:
976:
972:
965:
964:
963:
962:
961:
956:Main article:
953:
950:
949:
948:
942:
923:
912:
892:
859:
856:
849:. The ExoMars
838:
835:
802:Main article:
799:
796:
775:Main article:
772:
769:
756:Main article:
753:
750:
740:Ma_MISS is an
734:Main article:
731:
728:
719:Main article:
716:
713:
696:to search for
692:Adron-RM is a
686:Main article:
683:
680:
660:WISDOM (radar)
658:Main article:
655:
652:
643:Main article:
640:
637:
624:Main article:
621:
618:
598:Atacama Desert
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10419:SpaceX Crew-9
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10353:Europa Lander
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10231:Solar-C EUVST
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9452:Fermi paradox
9449:
9443:
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9417:Fermi paradox
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9408:
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9376:Nordic aliens
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9356:Energy beings
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8906:
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8899:Life on Titan
8897:
8895:
8892:
8890:
8889:Life on Venus
8887:
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8771:
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8759:
8757:
8755:Misidentified
8753:
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8746:
8739:
8736:
8733:
8732:Yamato 000593
8730:
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8612:
8608:
8604:
8601:
8600:
8599:
8596:
8594:
8591:
8589:
8586:
8584:
8581:
8577:
8574:
8572:
8569:
8567:
8564:
8563:
8562:
8559:
8555:
8552:
8551:
8550:
8547:
8545:
8542:
8541:
8539:
8535:
8529:
8526:
8525:
8523:
8519:
8513:
8510:
8508:
8505:
8503:
8500:
8498:
8495:
8493:
8490:
8488:
8485:
8483:
8480:
8478:
8477:Baikal-Angara
8475:
8474:
8472:
8468:
8462:
8459:
8457:
8454:
8450:
8447:
8445:
8442:
8440:
8437:
8435:
8432:
8430:
8427:
8426:
8425:(begun 1957)
8424:
8421:
8420:
8418:
8414:
8404:
8401:
8399:
8398:
8394:
8390:
8387:
8385:
8382:
8380:
8377:
8376:
8375:
8372:
8371:
8369:
8365:
8359:
8356:
8354:
8351:
8349:
8346:
8341:
8338:
8336:
8333:
8331:
8328:
8327:
8325:
8321:
8311:
8308:
8305:
8302:
8296:
8293:
8290:
8289:Koronas-Foton
8287:
8284:
8281:
8275:
8272:
8269:
8266:
8263:
8260:
8254:
8251:
8248:
8245:
8242:
8239:
8236:
8233:
8230:
8227:
8224:
8221:
8218:
8215:
8212:
8209:
8208:
8206:
8202:
8199:
8195:
8191:
8181:
8178:
8177:
8175:
8171:
8165:
8162:
8158:
8155:
8154:
8150:
8147:
8146:
8144:
8140:
8134:
8131:
8129:
8126:
8124:
8121:
8119:
8116:
8114:
8111:
8106:
8103:
8098:
8095:
8090:
8087:
8082:
8079:
8078:
8076:
8072:
8066:
8062:
8059:
8054:
8051:
8049:
8046:
8041:
8038:
8036:
8029:
8026:
8024:
8021:
8019:
8016:
8014:
8011:
8010:
8008:
8004:
8001:
7997:
7993:
7987:
7984:
7982:
7979:
7977:
7974:
7973:
7971:
7967:
7962:
7952:
7949:
7944:
7941:
7939:
7936:
7934:
7931:
7929:
7926:
7922:
7917:
7914:
7913:
7911:
7907:
7901:
7898:
7897:
7894:
7890:
7886:
7879:
7874:
7872:
7867:
7865:
7860:
7859:
7856:
7844:
7836:
7834:
7833:
7828:
7824:
7822:
7821:
7812:
7810:
7809:
7800:
7799:
7798:
7792:
7782:
7779:
7777:
7774:
7772:
7769:
7767:
7764:
7763:
7761:
7757:
7751:
7748:
7746:
7743:
7741:
7738:
7736:
7733:
7731:
7728:
7726:
7723:
7721:
7718:
7716:
7713:
7711:
7708:
7706:
7703:
7701:
7698:
7696:
7693:
7691:
7688:
7686:
7683:
7681:
7678:
7676:
7673:
7671:
7668:
7666:
7663:
7661:
7658:
7656:
7653:
7651:
7648:
7646:
7643:
7641:
7638:
7636:
7633:
7631:
7628:
7627:
7625:
7619:
7612:
7611:
7607:
7604:
7601:
7598:
7595:
7592:
7589:
7586:
7583:
7580:
7577:
7574:
7571:
7568:
7565:
7562:
7559:
7558:
7556:
7553:demonstrators
7548:
7541:
7538:
7536:
7533:
7530:
7527:
7524:
7521:
7518:
7515:
7512:
7509:
7506:
7503:
7500:
7497:
7494:
7491:
7488:
7485:
7484:
7482:
7478:
7471:
7468:
7465:
7462:
7459:
7456:
7453:
7450:
7447:
7444:
7441:
7438:
7435:
7432:
7429:
7426:
7423:
7420:
7419:
7417:
7414:
7410:
7399:
7398:
7394:
7391:
7390:
7386:
7383:
7382:
7378:
7375:
7374:
7370:
7367:
7366:
7362:
7359:
7358:
7354:
7351:
7350:
7345:
7344:
7340:
7337:
7336:
7332:
7329:
7328:
7324:
7321:
7318:
7315:
7312:
7309:
7305:
7301:
7298:
7295:
7291:
7287:
7283:
7280:
7277:
7273:
7269:
7266:
7263:
7260:
7257:
7254:
7251:
7248:
7245:
7242:
7239:
7236:
7233:
7230:
7227:
7224:
7221:
7218:
7215:
7212:
7209:
7206:
7203:
7200:
7197:
7194:
7193:
7191:
7187:
7180:
7179:
7175:
7172:
7171:
7167:
7164:
7163:
7159:
7156:
7155:
7151:
7148:
7147:
7143:
7140:
7137:
7134:
7131:
7128:
7125:
7122:
7119:
7116:
7113:
7110:
7107:
7104:
7101:
7098:
7095:
7092:
7089:
7086:
7083:
7080:
7077:
7074:
7071:
7068:
7065:
7062:
7059:
7056:
7053:
7050:
7047:
7046:
7044:
7039:Astronomy and
7036:
7029:
7028:
7024:
7021:
7020:
7016:
7013:
7011:
7007:
7004:
7003:
6999:
6996:
6993:
6990:
6987:
6984:
6983:
6978:
6975:
6974:Venus Express
6972:
6969:
6965:
6962:
6959:
6956:
6953:
6950:
6947:
6944:
6941:
6938:
6937:
6935:
6931:
6924:
6923:
6919:
6916:
6915:Solar Orbiter
6913:
6910:
6907:
6904:
6901:
6898:
6895:
6892:
6889:
6888:
6886:
6884:Solar physics
6882:
6879:
6875:
6871:
6866:
6862:
6852:
6849:
6847:
6844:
6842:
6839:
6837:
6834:
6832:
6829:
6827:
6824:
6823:
6821:
6817:
6811:
6808:
6806:
6803:
6802:
6800:
6796:
6790:
6787:
6783:
6782:Cosmic Vision
6780:
6778:
6775:
6774:
6773:
6770:
6768:
6765:
6763:
6760:
6758:
6755:
6753:
6750:
6748:
6745:
6743:
6740:
6738:
6735:
6733:
6730:
6728:
6725:
6721:
6718:
6717:
6716:
6713:
6711:
6708:
6706:
6703:
6699:
6696:
6695:
6694:
6691:
6690:
6688:
6684:
6678:
6675:
6673:
6670:
6669:
6667:
6663:
6657:
6654:
6652:
6649:
6647:
6644:
6642:
6639:
6637:
6634:
6632:
6629:
6627:
6624:
6622:
6619:
6618:
6616:
6612:
6606:
6603:
6601:
6598:
6596:
6593:
6592:
6590:
6588:
6584:
6578:
6575:
6573:
6570:
6569:
6567:
6565:
6561:
6557:
6553:
6546:
6541:
6539:
6534:
6532:
6527:
6526:
6523:
6510:
6500:
6497:
6495:
6492:
6490:
6487:
6485:
6482:
6480:
6479:
6475:
6473:
6472:
6468:
6467:
6465:
6461:
6455:
6452:
6450:
6447:
6445:
6442:
6440:
6437:
6436:
6434:
6430:
6424:
6421:
6419:
6416:
6414:
6411:
6409:
6408:Human mission
6406:
6404:
6403:Sample return
6401:
6399:
6396:
6394:
6391:
6389:
6386:
6384:
6381:
6379:
6376:
6374:
6371:
6370:
6368:
6364:
6361:
6359:
6355:
6345:
6342:
6340:
6339:
6335:
6333:
6330:
6328:
6327:
6323:
6321:
6320:
6316:
6314:
6311:
6309:
6306:
6304:
6301:
6299:
6296:
6294:
6291:
6289:
6286:
6284:
6281:
6279:
6276:
6274:
6271:
6269:
6266:
6264:
6261:
6259:
6256:
6255:
6253:
6247:
6243:
6233:
6230:
6228:
6225:
6223:
6220:
6218:
6215:
6213:
6210:
6208:
6205:
6203:
6200:
6198:
6195:
6193:
6190:
6188:
6185:
6183:
6180:
6178:
6175:
6173:
6170:
6168:
6165:
6163:
6160:
6159:
6157:
6153:
6147:
6146:
6142:
6138:
6135:
6134:
6133:
6130:
6127:
6126:
6121:
6118:
6115:
6112:
6109:
6106:
6103:
6100:
6097:
6096:
6092:
6089:
6086:
6083:
6082:
6078:
6077:
6075:
6071:
6068:
6064:
6054:
6050:
6047:
6045:
6042:
6040:
6037:
6035:
6032:
6030:
6027:
6025:
6022:
6020:
6017:
6015:
6012:
6010:
6007:
6005:
6002:
6000:
5997:
5996:
5994:
5988:
5984:
5972:
5969:
5967:
5964:
5963:
5962:
5960:
5956:
5955:
5953:
5951:
5947:
5941:
5940:
5936:
5930:
5927:
5926:
5925:
5924:
5920:
5916:
5913:
5912:
5911:
5910:
5906:
5905:
5904:
5901:
5899:
5898:
5894:
5892:
5889:
5888:
5886:
5882:
5876:
5874:
5870:
5868:
5867:
5863:
5861:
5860:
5855:
5853:
5852:
5848:
5846:
5843:
5841:
5837:
5834:
5832:
5831:
5827:
5825:
5824:
5820:
5818:
5817:
5813:
5811:
5808:
5806:
5803:
5801:
5798:
5796:
5793:
5792:
5790:
5788:
5784:
5778:
5777:
5773:
5771:
5770:
5766:
5764:
5763:
5759:
5757:
5756:
5752:
5750:
5749:
5748:Mars Observer
5745:
5741:
5738:
5736:
5733:
5732:
5731:
5728:
5724:
5723:
5719:
5717:
5716:
5712:
5711:
5710:
5707:
5705:
5702:
5700:
5697:
5695:
5692:
5690:
5687:
5685:
5682:
5681:
5679:
5675:
5668:
5667:
5663:
5661:
5658:
5656:
5655:
5651:
5649:
5648:
5644:
5642:
5639:
5637:
5634:
5632:
5629:
5627:
5624:
5622:
5619:
5617:
5614:
5613:
5611:
5609:
5605:
5602:
5598:
5591:
5583:
5575:
5559:
5556:
5554:
5551:
5550:
5549:
5548:
5544:
5540:
5537:
5535:
5532:
5531:
5530:
5529:
5525:
5524:
5522:
5520:
5516:
5510:
5508:
5504:
5502:
5501:
5497:
5495:
5492:
5490:
5487:
5483:
5480:
5479:
5478:
5477:
5473:
5471:
5470:
5466:
5464:
5463:
5459:
5458:
5456:
5454:
5450:
5447:
5443:
5437:
5434:
5432:
5429:
5427:
5424:
5423:
5420:
5416:
5412:
5405:
5400:
5398:
5393:
5391:
5386:
5385:
5382:
5370:
5369:
5360:
5358:
5357:
5348:
5347:
5344:
5338:
5335:
5333:
5330:
5328:
5325:
5323:
5320:
5318:
5315:
5313:
5310:
5308:
5305:
5303:
5300:
5296:
5293:
5291:
5288:
5286:
5283:
5282:
5281:
5278:
5276:
5273:
5271:
5268:
5267:
5265:
5259:
5249:
5246:
5244:
5241:
5239:
5236:
5234:
5231:
5229:
5226:
5224:
5221:
5219:
5216:
5214:
5211:
5209:
5206:
5204:
5201:
5200:
5198:
5192:
5186:
5183:
5181:
5178:
5176:
5173:
5171:
5168:
5166:
5163:
5161:
5158:
5156:
5153:
5151:
5148:
5146:
5143:
5141:
5138:
5136:
5135:Europa Lander
5133:
5131:
5128:
5126:
5123:
5121:
5118:
5116:
5113:
5111:
5108:
5106:
5103:
5101:
5098:
5097:
5095:
5091:
5083:
5081:
5077:
5076:
5075:
5072:
5070:
5067:
5065:
5064:
5060:
5059:
5057:
5053:
5047:
5044:
5043:
5041:
5037:
5031:
5030:
5026:
5024:
5021:
5019:
5018:
5014:
5013:
5011:
5005:
4999:
4996:
4994:
4991:
4987:
4985:
4981:
4980:
4979:
4976:
4974:
4973:
4969:
4965:
4963:
4959:
4958:
4957:
4954:
4950:
4948:
4944:
4943:
4942:
4939:
4937:
4934:
4932:
4929:
4928:
4926:
4922:
4916:
4913:
4911:
4908:
4906:
4903:
4901:
4898:
4896:
4893:
4891:
4888:
4886:
4883:
4881:
4878:
4876:
4873:
4871:
4868:
4866:
4863:
4861:
4858:
4856:
4853:
4851:
4848:
4846:
4843:
4841:
4838:
4837:
4835:
4831:
4828:
4822:
4816:
4813:
4811:
4808:
4806:
4803:
4801:
4798:
4796:
4793:
4791:
4788:
4786:
4783:
4781:
4778:
4776:
4773:
4771:
4768:
4766:
4763:
4761:
4758:
4756:
4753:
4751:
4748:
4746:
4743:
4742:
4740:
4738:
4732:
4726:
4723:
4721:
4718:
4716:
4713:
4711:
4708:
4706:
4703:
4701:
4698:
4696:
4693:
4691:
4690:Extremophiles
4688:
4686:
4683:
4681:
4678:
4676:
4673:
4671:
4668:
4666:
4663:
4661:
4658:
4656:
4653:
4651:
4648:
4646:
4643:
4642:
4640:
4636:
4630:
4627:
4625:
4622:
4620:
4617:
4615:
4612:
4610:
4607:
4605:
4602:
4600:
4597:
4595:
4592:
4590:
4587:
4585:
4582:
4580:
4577:
4576:
4574:
4570:
4566:
4559:
4554:
4552:
4547:
4545:
4540:
4539:
4536:
4523:
4517:
4514:
4512:
4509:
4507:
4504:
4502:
4499:
4497:
4494:
4492:
4489:
4487:
4484:
4483:
4481:
4477:
4469:
4466:
4465:
4464:
4463:
4459:
4458:
4456:
4452:
4444:
4441:
4439:
4436:
4435:
4434:
4433:
4429:
4425:
4422:
4420:
4417:
4416:
4415:
4414:
4410:
4409:
4407:
4403:
4398:
4386:
4383:
4382:
4381:
4380:
4376:
4372:
4371:
4366:
4364:
4363:
4358:
4356:
4353:
4352:
4351:
4350:
4345:
4344:
4340:
4336:
4335:
4331:
4330:
4329:
4328:
4324:
4323:
4320:
4317:
4316:
4314:
4312:Past missions
4310:
4306:
4299:
4294:
4292:
4287:
4285:
4280:
4279:
4276:
4264:
4263:
4254:
4252:
4251:
4242:
4241:
4238:
4232:
4229:
4227:
4224:
4222:
4219:
4218:
4216:
4212:
4202:
4199:
4197:
4194:
4192:
4189:
4187:
4184:
4182:
4179:
4177:
4174:
4172:
4169:
4167:
4164:
4162:
4159:
4157:
4154:
4152:
4149:
4148:
4146:
4142:
4135:
4134:
4130:
4128:
4126:
4122:
4121:
4119:
4115:
4112:
4108:
4103:
4097:
4083:
4080:
4078:
4075:
4073:
4070:
4068:
4065:
4064:
4062:
4058:
4052:
4049:
4047:
4046:
4042:
4041:
4039:
4035:
4032:
4028:
4023:
4016:
4011:
4009:
4004:
4002:
3997:
3996:
3993:
3986:
3982:
3977:
3974:
3973:ExoMars rover
3971:
3968:
3964:
3961:
3960:ExoMars rover
3958:
3955:
3954:ExoMars rover
3952:
3951:
3930:
3924:
3917:
3912:
3897:
3896:
3891:
3884:
3868:
3864:
3857:
3842:
3841:
3836:
3829:
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2255:
2244:
2240:
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2226:
2222:
2217:
2201:
2200:Industry Week
2197:
2191:
2184:
2172:
2168:
2162:
2147:
2143:
2136:
2134:
2132:
2123:
2117:
2102:
2098:
2091:
2075:
2071:
2065:
2049:
2045:
2039:
2023:
2017:
1998:
1991:
1990:
1982:
1967:
1963:
1956:
1954:
1938:
1934:
1927:
1911:
1907:
1901:
1899:
1883:
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1293:
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1275:
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1250:
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1234:
1225:
1218:
1209:
1202:
1199:
1191:
1184:
1173:
1166:
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1146:
1143:
1135:
1125:
1121:
1088:
1084:
1077:
1073:
1069:
1065:
1060:
1056:
1045:
1043:
1039:
1038:
1032:
1029:
1028:Mawrth Vallis
1025:
1021:
1014:
1011:
1009:
1006:
1004:
1001:
999:
998:Mawrth Vallis
996:
995:
994:
981:
969:
959:
946:
943:
940:
936:
932:
928:
924:
920:
918:
915:Miniaturised
913:
910:
905:
900:
898:
893:
889:
885:
881:
878:
877:
873:
872:
871:
864:
855:
852:
848:
844:
834:
832:
828:
824:
820:
816:
812:
805:
795:
793:
792:biosignatures
789:
784:
778:
768:
765:
759:
749:
747:
743:
737:
727:
722:
712:
710:
707:
703:
699:
695:
689:
679:
671:
667:
661:
651:
646:
636:
634:
633:stained glass
627:
617:
611:
606:
599:
594:
586:
578:
569:
567:
563:
558:
555:
551:
546:
544:
530:
522:
518:
511:
497:
495:
491:
487:
483:
479:
475:
471:
461:
459:
458:power density
455:
454:Plutonium-238
451:
447:
446:americium-241
443:
439:
429:
427:
422:
419:
414:
410:
409:
402:
397:
396:launch window
386:
384:
380:
376:
372:
362:
360:
356:
352:
342:
340:
339:biosignatures
336:
330:
328:
326:
321:
319:
314:
310:
307:
303:
288:
286:
281:
279:
274:
272:
268:
264:
260:
256:
255:solar powered
252:
251:
245:
242:
238:
234:
230:
226:
222:
221:ExoMars rover
218:
217:
205:
204:
198:
195:←
190:
185:
181:
178:
175:
171:
167:
163:
159:
155:
151:
147:
143:
139:
135:
131:
126:
122:
118:
114:
110:
106:
102:
99:
95:
91:
88:
84:
79:
75:
71:
67:
63:
59:
55:
51:
48:
45:
41:
38:
35:
31:
27:
24:
19:
10448:
10407:Polaris Dawn
10368:Nano-JASMINE
10216:
10215:
10204:MBR Explorer
10147:NEO Surveyor
9778:(March 2026)
9614:UFO religion
9559:Extremophile
9539:Biosignature
9534:Astroecology
9529:Astrobiology
9481:Great Filter
9296:Project Ozma
9204:Interstellar
9191:
9184:
9162:
9150:Perseverance
9149:
9141:
9071:
9070:
9058:
9041:
9034:
9027:
8929:Earth analog
8911:habitability
8894:Life on Mars
8617:
8609:
8395:
8247:Vega program
8235:Zond program
8084:(Moon flyby)
8081:Zond (7K-L1)
8040:Soyuz-Apollo
7933:Kapustin Yar
7909:Launch sites
7830:
7819:
7806:
7796:
7705:Lunar Lander
7623:and proposed
7608:
7395:
7387:
7379:
7371:
7363:
7355:
7347:
7341:
7333:
7325:
7176:
7168:
7160:
7152:
7144:
7025:
7017:
7009:
7008:
7000:
6981:
6958:Mars Express
6920:
6798:Predecessors
6777:Horizon 2000
6494:Mars Society
6476:
6469:
6423:Terraforming
6418:Colonization
6344:Voyager Mars
6336:
6324:
6317:
6143:
6124:
6123:
6094:
6081:Mangalyaan-2
6080:
5999:Mars 1M No.1
5958:
5938:
5922:
5908:
5896:
5872:
5865:
5859:Schiaparelli
5858:
5850:
5840:Deep Space 2
5829:
5822:
5815:
5775:
5767:
5760:
5753:
5746:
5720:
5713:
5665:
5652:
5645:
5547:Perseverance
5546:
5527:
5506:
5499:
5474:
5469:Mars Express
5467:
5460:
5366:
5354:
5263:and programs
5261:Institutions
5079:
5078:
5061:
5039:Heliocentric
5027:
5015:
4983:
4970:
4962:Perseverance
4961:
4946:
4750:Earth analog
4737:habitability
4705:Ocean planet
4675:Earth analog
4660:Biosignature
4619:Paleontology
4614:Microbiology
4594:Biochemistry
4584:Astrophysics
4565:Astrobiology
4511:Mars landing
4461:
4460:
4432:Perseverance
4430:
4411:
4377:
4369:
4368:Timeline of
4361:
4360:Timeline of
4347:
4341:
4332:
4325:
4261:
4248:
4181:MicrOmega-IR
4131:
4124:
4123:
4045:Schiaparelli
4043:
4030:ExoMars 2016
3933:. Retrieved
3923:
3911:
3899:. Retrieved
3893:
3883:
3871:. Retrieved
3867:the original
3856:
3844:. Retrieved
3838:
3828:
3816:. Retrieved
3806:
3794:. Retrieved
3783:
3750:
3743:
3718:
3712:
3706:
3679:
3673:
3663:
3636:
3630:
3597:
3593:Astrobiology
3591:
3584:
3539:
3535:
3525:
3511:
3499:. Retrieved
3492:the original
3487:
3474:
3462:. Retrieved
3455:the original
3450:
3437:
3423:
3409:
3384:
3380:
3367:
3324:
3321:Astrobiology
3320:
3309:
3300:
3290:
3281:
3277:
3264:
3242:(6): 18–21.
3239:
3235:
3229:
3215:
3199:10261/362142
3174:
3171:Astrobiology
3170:
3157:
3143:
3118:
3115:Astrobiology
3114:
3108:
3075:
3071:Astrobiology
3069:
3046:. Retrieved
3042:
3033:
3019:
2982:
2979:Astrobiology
2978:
2968:
2962:. P51D–1218.
2951:
2947:
2941:
2929:. Retrieved
2904:. Retrieved
2871:. Retrieved
2861:
2828:
2824:
2811:
2797:
2760:
2757:Astrobiology
2756:
2727:10261/362142
2702:
2698:Astrobiology
2696:
2683:
2671:. Retrieved
2661:
2649:. Retrieved
2638:
2626:. Retrieved
2622:
2612:
2599:
2592:
2580:. Retrieved
2576:the original
2566:
2557:
2547:
2534:
2527:
2518:
2512:
2500:. Retrieved
2496:
2487:
2475:. Retrieved
2471:
2462:
2450:. Retrieved
2446:
2436:
2424:. Retrieved
2404:
2394:
2382:. Retrieved
2377:
2368:
2356:. Retrieved
2351:
2342:
2330:. Retrieved
2316:
2304:. Retrieved
2290:
2280:
2271:
2261:
2253:
2246:. Retrieved
2242:
2232:
2224:
2216:
2204:. Retrieved
2199:
2190:
2182:
2175:. Retrieved
2170:
2161:
2149:. Retrieved
2145:
2116:
2104:. Retrieved
2100:
2090:
2078:. Retrieved
2074:the original
2064:
2052:. Retrieved
2048:the original
2038:
2026:. Retrieved
2016:
2004:. Retrieved
1997:the original
1988:
1981:
1969:. Retrieved
1965:
1940:. Retrieved
1936:
1926:
1914:. Retrieved
1909:
1885:. Retrieved
1879:
1869:
1857:. Retrieved
1843:
1833:
1821:. Retrieved
1815:
1805:
1799:. Space.com.
1791:
1779:. Retrieved
1754:. Retrieved
1725:. Retrieved
1700:. Retrieved
1695:
1685:
1676:
1638:. Retrieved
1632:
1622:
1610:. Retrieved
1584:. Retrieved
1579:
1570:
1527:
1523:Astrobiology
1521:
1475:Life on Mars
1469:Astrobiology
1452:
1434:
1414:
1396:
1376:
1358:Schiaparelli
1357:
1337:
1334:
1319:
1302:Perseverance
1301:
1281:
1197:
1181:Deep Space 2
1161:
1141:
1098: Active
1086:
1041:
1035:
1033:
1017:
991:
944:
926:
914:
896:
879:
874:
869:
846:
840:
829:, while the
807:
780:
761:
758:MicrOmega-IR
739:
724:
691:
664:WISDOM is a
663:
648:
629:
614:
559:
553:
547:
540:
469:
467:
435:
423:
413:Schiaparelli
412:
408:Schiaparelli
407:
392:
368:
365:Construction
354:
350:
348:
335:biomolecules
331:
325:Perseverance
324:
317:
312:
308:
301:
299:
282:
275:
270:
263:life on Mars
248:
246:
220:
215:
214:
213:
203:Schiaparelli
201:
173:Landing site
165:Landing date
93:
86:Manufacturer
33:Mission type
22:
18:
10466:Mars rovers
10413:Soyuz MS-26
10375:(mid 2020s)
10318:(2031–2032)
10273:(2029–2031)
10162:Superbird-9
10149:(September)
10100:(2026–2027)
10015:Space Rider
9957:Gaganyaan-3
9952:Gaganyaan-2
9899:(September)
9878:Hakuto-R M2
9863:Gaganyaan-1
9842:(September)
9840:Bion-M No.2
9788:Gaganyaan-5
9782:Artemis III
9776:Soyuz MS-29
9760:Gaganyaan-4
9755:Shenzhou 21
9746:(September)
9740:(September)
9738:Soyuz MS-28
9721:Shenzhou 20
9715:Soyuz MS-27
9692:(late 2024)
9684:Shenzhou 19
9549:Exotheology
9361:Grey aliens
9214:Active SETI
9142:Opportunity
9022:BioSentinel
8840:Wow! signal
8789:KIC 8462852
8738:CI1 fossils
8306:(2011–2019)
8295:Fobos-Grunt
8285:(2006-2016)
8270:(1990-1992)
8264:(1989-1998)
8258:(1988-1989)
8249:(1984-1987)
8243:(1983-1991)
8237:(1964–1970)
8231:(1961–1985)
8225:(1958–1976)
8219:(1972–1996)
8213:(1961–1982)
8053:Shuttle–Mir
7928:Dombarovsky
7843:WikiProject
7715:MarcoPolo-R
7665:Don Quijote
7635:Ariane 5 ME
7599:(2015–2017)
7529:Galileo FOC
7523:Galileo IOV
7495:(1989–1993)
7434:Jules Verne
7415:spaceflight
7246:(2009–2013)
7234:(2003–2007)
7232:Double Star
7228:(2002–2012)
7216:(1995–2011)
7210:(1991–2000)
7204:(1977–1997)
7117:(2009–2013)
7111:(2009–2013)
7087:(1995–1998)
7069:(1989–1993)
7063:(1983–1986)
7057:(1978–1996)
7051:(1975–1982)
6989:BepiColombo
6976:(2005–2014)
6970:(2004–2016)
6954:(2003–2006)
6948:(1997–2005)
6942:(1985–1992)
6911:(2000–2024)
6899:(1990–2009)
6893:(1977–1987)
6826:Arianespace
6358:Exploration
6207:MELOS rover
6110:(mid 2020s)
6049:Fobos-Grunt
5923:Opportunity
5196:undeveloped
5046:BioSentinel
4936:Fobos-Grunt
4833:Earth orbit
4655:Biomolecule
4645:Abiogenesis
4638:Main topics
4572:Disciplines
4496:Lunar rover
4362:Opportunity
4349:Opportunity
4305:Mars rovers
4231:Oxia Planum
4221:MAX-C rover
4144:Instruments
4136:(cancelled)
4110:2028 launch
4060:Instruments
3975:at NASA.gov
3873:8 September
3501:30 November
3464:30 November
3284:(1): 18–21.
2788:10023/10873
2502:13 November
2006:15 November
1282:Opportunity
1118:(See also:
1024:Aram Dorsum
1020:Oxia Planum
1013:Aram Dorsum
1003:Oxia Planum
403:300 million
313:Opportunity
177:Oxia Planum
133:Launch date
104:Launch mass
10455:Categories
10401:Türksat 6A
10035:SSC Demo-1
10031:(February)
9979:(February)
9905:(November)
9846:Blue Ghost
9793:Artemis IV
9744:Artemis II
9711:(February)
9686:(November)
9584:Noogenesis
9564:Hemolithin
9442:Panspermia
9390:Hypotheses
9366:Insectoids
9331:Water hole
8832:SHGb02+14a
8805:VVV-WIT-07
8633:See also:
8487:Mars-Grunt
8449:Sputnik 99
8444:Sputnik 41
8100:(moonbase)
7921:Kazakhstan
7730:Phootprint
7710:Marco Polo
7551:Technology
7381:MetOp-SG-B
7373:MetOp-SG-A
7349:Sentinel-4
7320:ADM-Aeolus
7300:Sentinel-3
7282:Sentinel-2
7268:Sentinel-1
7196:Copernicus
7091:XMM-Newton
6909:Cluster II
6715:Copernicus
6686:Programmes
6614:Facilities
6564:Spaceports
6432:Strategies
6326:Red Dragon
6288:Mars-Aster
6232:Sky-Sailor
6227:Phootprint
6197:Mars-Grunt
6014:2MV-3 No.1
6009:2MV-4 No.1
5961:helicopter
5776:Mangalyaan
5243:Red Dragon
5023:OSIRIS-REx
5007:Comets and
4710:Panspermia
4117:Spacecraft
4037:Spacecraft
3969:at CNES.fr
3956:at ESA.int
3846:22 October
3048:22 October
2673:13 January
2477:7 February
2306:4 November
2206:16 January
2177:2 December
1942:28 January
1937:Space News
1916:24 January
1777:. BBC. BBC
1696:Excite.com
1640:7 February
1498:References
931:surfactant
919:(MIMOS-II)
899:instrument
880:(Mars-XRD)
851:core drill
746:core drill
500:Navigation
394:available
345:Twin rover
225:Mars rover
68:≥ 7 months
37:Mars rover
10292:Spektr-UV
10286:SAOCOM-2B
10265:Tianwen-4
10237:Tianwen-3
10225:SAOCOM-2A
10186:Dragonfly
10180:Chang'e 8
10083:ispace M3
10074:Chang'e 7
10040:Tianwen-2
9962:Garatéa-L
9938:(January)
9893:(October)
9859:(October)
9799:Artemis V
9454:solutions
9321:setiQuest
9316:SETI@home
9131:Mars 2020
9106:Laplace-P
9043:Dragonfly
9028:Curiosity
8909:Planetary
8492:Mercury-P
8482:Laplace-P
8439:Sputnik 3
8434:Sputnik 2
8429:Sputnik 1
8403:Spektr-UV
8374:Luna-Glob
8358:Spektr-RG
8335:Elektro–L
8074:Cancelled
7946:(defunct)
7900:Roscosmos
7771:CryoSat-1
7745:STE-QUEST
7680:Eddington
7670:e.Deorbit
7621:Cancelled
7493:Olympus-1
7335:EarthCARE
7256:CryoSat-2
7105:(2006–13)
7081:(1992–93)
7067:Hipparcos
7041:cosmology
6499:Mars race
6313:NetLander
6273:Marsokhod
6251:proposals
6249:Cancelled
6053:Yinghuo-1
6034:Mariner 8
6029:2M No.522
6019:Mariner 3
5971:Mars 2020
5959:Ingenuity
5897:Sojourner
5873:Tianwen-1
5694:Mariner 9
5621:Mariner 4
5553:Mars 2020
5528:Curiosity
5507:Tianwen-1
5160:Laplace-P
5063:Dragonfly
5017:Hayabusa2
5009:asteroids
4978:Tianwen-1
4956:Mars 2020
4947:Curiosity
4880:Eu:CROPIS
4735:Planetary
4516:Sky crane
4438:Mars 2020
4413:Curiosity
4385:Tianwen-1
4327:Sojourner
4024:programme
3818:1 October
3775:128494222
2378:The Verge
1966:SpaceNews
1910:Space.com
1881:Space.com
1817:SpaceNews
1486:Mars 2020
1377:Sojourner
1162:Curiosity
781:RLS is a
752:MicrOmega
566:Stevenage
450:half-life
438:Americium
318:Curiosity
191:programme
10403:(8 July)
10394:launched
10392:Recently
10322:LiteBIRD
10304:EnVision
10298:Spektr-M
10271:Venera-D
10114:ULTRASAT
10078:Rashid 2
9991:Series B
9989:MetOp-SG
9985:Series A
9983:MetOp-SG
9927:ESCAPADE
9891:Juventas
9868:GOSAT-GW
9819:Uncrewed
9734:(August)
9728:(Spring)
9306:SERENDIP
9281:NIROSETI
9193:Viking 2
9186:Viking 1
9091:Foton-M3
9081:ExoLance
9012:Beagle 2
8507:Venera-D
8502:Spektr-M
8470:Concepts
8397:Kazachok
8353:Resurs-P
8348:Meteor-M
8313:(failed)
8304:Spektr-R
8298:(failed)
8277:(failed)
8256:(failed)
8197:programs
7999:programs
7832:Wikinews
7808:Category
7428:Columbus
7352:) (2024)
7162:ARRAKIHS
7115:Herschel
7097:INTEGRAL
7027:EnVision
6980:ExoMars
6836:EUMETSAT
6727:Columbus
6720:Sentinel
6600:Ariane 6
6595:Ariane 5
6463:Advocacy
6398:Aircraft
6366:Concepts
6298:Mars One
6268:Beagle 3
6155:Proposed
6145:Kazachok
6128:) (2028)
6102:EscaPADE
5992:launches
5950:Aircraft
5929:timeline
5915:timeline
5857:ExoMars
5845:Beagle 2
5823:Viking 2
5816:Viking 1
5740:Phobos 2
5735:Phobos 1
5722:Viking 2
5715:Viking 1
5677:Orbiters
5558:timeline
5539:timeline
5482:timeline
5453:Orbiters
5356:Category
5218:Kazachok
5208:Beagle 3
5140:ExoLance
5093:Proposed
4931:Beagle 2
4905:OREOcube
4885:EXOSTACK
4826:missions
4443:timeline
4424:timeline
4250:Category
4151:ADRON-RM
4133:Kazachok
3963:Archived
3935:14 March
3901:12 March
3895:BBC News
3796:20 April
3622:18680409
3576:15657130
3359:31067288
3207:28731817
3100:28731818
2954:: 1218.
2931:15 March
2906:4 August
2853:18169420
2735:28731817
2651:29 March
2628:29 March
2623:BBC News
2558:BBC News
2421:38773308
2352:BBC News
2332:17 March
2171:ABC News
2106:16 March
2101:BBC News
2028:16 March
1971:11 April
1887:21 March
1781:17 March
1756:12 March
1702:29 March
1677:Bulletin
1634:BBC News
1562:31067287
1463:See also
1453:Viking 2
1435:Viking 1
1142:Beagle 2
1120:Mars map
1037:Kazachok
935:antibody
688:ADRON-RM
682:Adron-RM
519:2006 in
494:graphite
250:Kazachok
168:NET 2029
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10461:ExoMars
10373:TEREX-1
10316:DAVINCI
10310:VERITAS
10300:(2030+)
10280:Luna 28
10259:Harmony
10198:Luna 27
10192:JASMINE
10142:Luna 26
10104:Xuntian
10048:(April)
10046:TRACERS
10025:SPHEREx
9977:LOXSAT1
9948:(April)
9946:SWFO-L1
9922:DESTINY
9897:PROBA-3
9873:GSAT-20
9835:Biomass
9807:(~2030)
9717:(March)
9170:Tanpopo
9066:ExoMars
8770:CTA-102
8762:CP 1919
8537:Related
8389:Luna 28
8384:Luna 27
8379:Luna 26
8343:(joint)
8340:ExoMars
8310:Luna 25
8274:Mars 96
8217:Prognoz
8194:Robotic
8152:(joint)
8061:Energia
8056:(joint)
8043:(joint)
8018:Voskhod
7820:Commons
7797:italics
7766:Cluster
7750:THESEUS
7735:SOLARIS
7610:PROBA-3
7603:OPS-SAT
7585:PROBA-V
7579:PROBA-2
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7511:GIOVE-B
7505:GIOVE-A
7499:Artemis
7327:Biomass
7226:Envisat
7165:(2030s)
6964:Rosetta
6952:SMART-1
6946:Huygens
6897:Ulysses
6877:Science
6752:ExoMars
6742:GALILEO
6732:CryoSat
6693:Artemis
6672:ESTRACK
6577:Esrange
6383:Landing
6378:Orbiter
6167:DePhine
6120:ExoMars
6073:Planned
6044:Mars 96
6004:1M No.2
5966:flights
5939:Zhurong
5866:InSight
5851:Phoenix
5787:Landers
5647:Rosetta
5509:orbiter
5368:Commons
5185:Trident
5175:Oceanus
5074:ExoMars
5055:Planned
5029:Rosetta
4984:Zhurong
4972:Phoenix
4910:Tanpopo
4900:O/OREOS
4845:BIOCORE
4479:Related
4468:ExoMars
4379:Zhurong
4262:Commons
4214:Related
4176:MA-MISS
4072:Electra
4022:ExoMars
3985:YouTube
3755:Bibcode
3723:Bibcode
3684:Bibcode
3602:Bibcode
3544:Bibcode
3389:Bibcode
3350:5685156
3329:Bibcode
3244:Bibcode
3179:Bibcode
3123:Bibcode
3080:Bibcode
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2987:Bibcode
2956:Bibcode
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2833:Bibcode
2765:Bibcode
2707:Bibcode
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2447:Fortune
2384:1 March
2358:1 March
2292:Science
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1553:5685153
1532:Bibcode
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1059:discuss
937:-based
486:viruses
291:History
229:ExoMars
189:ExoMars
90:Astrium
53:Website
10336:(2035)
10330:(2035)
10328:Athena
10324:(2032)
10312:(2031)
10306:(2031)
10294:(2030)
10288:(2030)
10282:(2030)
10267:(2029)
10261:(2029)
10255:(2029)
10245:(2028)
10239:(2028)
10233:(2028)
10227:(2028)
10221:(2028)
10212:(2028)
10206:(2028)
10200:(2028)
10194:(2028)
10188:(2028)
10182:(2028)
10065:ALTIUS
10020:SPARCS
10005:PETREL
9967:HTV-X1
9887:Milani
9801:(2030)
9795:(2028)
9784:(2026)
9750:Vast-1
9667:Crewed
9574:MERMOZ
9163:Spirit
9086:EXPOSE
9036:Darwin
8994:Tholin
8740:(2011)
8734:(2000)
8728:(1984)
8722:(1977)
8716:(1976)
8710:(1969)
8704:(1911)
8698:(1865)
8330:Bion-M
8323:Active
8315:(2023)
8300:(2011)
8291:(2009)
8279:(1996)
8262:Granat
8241:Astron
8229:Venera
8142:Active
8133:Kliper
8118:Zvezda
8113:Spiral
8097:Zvezda
8023:Salyut
8013:Vostok
7981:Proton
7976:Angara
7885:Soviet
7776:GEOS 1
7759:Failed
7725:ODINUS
7695:Hopper
7690:Hermes
7685:EXPERT
7613:(2024)
7593:(2015)
7575:(2007)
7563:(1998)
7489:(1978)
7487:GEOS 2
7472:(2021)
7466:(2014)
7460:(2013)
7454:(2012)
7448:(2011)
7440:Cupola
7436:(2008)
7400:(2027)
7392:(2025)
7384:(2025)
7376:(2025)
7368:(2025)
7360:(2025)
7357:ALTIUS
7338:(2024)
7330:(2024)
7181:(2035)
7173:(2035)
7170:Athena
7157:(2029)
7149:(2026)
7139:Euclid
7127:CHEOPS
7109:Planck
7079:Eureca
7061:EXOSAT
7030:(2031)
7022:(2029)
7014:(2028)
7005:(2024)
6997:(2023)
6968:Philae
6940:Giotto
6925:(2031)
6891:ISEE-2
6705:Aurora
6212:MetNet
6116:(2026)
6104:(2024)
6084:(2024)
6066:Future
5990:Failed
5909:Spirit
5891:PrOP-M
5884:Rovers
5875:lander
5810:Mars 7
5805:Mars 6
5800:Mars 3
5795:Mars 2
5762:Nozomi
5704:Mars 5
5699:Mars 4
5689:Mars 3
5684:Mars 2
5666:Psyche
5641:Mars 7
5636:Mars 6
5626:Zond 2
5616:Mars 1
5608:Flybys
5519:Rovers
5445:Active
5317:MERMOZ
5110:CAESAR
4998:Viking
4915:VEGGIE
4890:EXPOSE
4870:E-MIST
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4850:Biolab
4810:Tholin
4370:Spirit
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4319:PrOP-M
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4191:PanCam
3773:
3651:
3620:
3574:
3567:545824
3564:
3357:
3347:
3205:
3098:
3007:
2851:
2733:
2582:7 June
2472:GOV.UK
2426:22 May
2419:
2405:Nature
2248:15 May
1612:17 May
1586:8 July
1560:
1550:
1397:Spirit
1247:Mars 6
1231:Mars 3
1215:Mars 2
1110:
1103:
1096:
1034:After
888:X-rays
821:. The
706:WISDOM
626:PanCam
600:, 2013
521:Berlin
492:, and
464:Naming
355:Amalia
309:Spirit
296:Design
265:. The
206:lander
141:Rocket
98:Airbus
94:·
92:
10363:MOM 2
10358:Janus
10249:ARIEL
10219:rover
10172:2028+
10137:FORUM
10119:VOICE
10109:PLATO
10088:LUPEX
10042:(May)
10029:PUNCH
10010:SMILE
10000:NISAR
9852:DISHA
9769:2026+
9690:Fram2
9165:rover
9152:rover
9144:rover
9074:rover
9030:rover
8825:Other
8782:Stars
8566:Laika
8512:Sfera
8497:OPSEK
8268:Gamma
8164:Soyuz
8123:Zarya
8065:Buran
8028:Almaz
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7740:SPICA
7535:EGNOS
7397:FORUM
7389:SMILE
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7238:MetOp
7214:ERS-2
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7103:CoRoT
7049:Cos-B
7012:rover
6922:Vigil
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6373:Flyby
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4986:rover
4964:rover
4949:rover
4824:Space
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4077:FREND
3771:S2CID
3495:(PDF)
3484:(PDF)
3458:(PDF)
3447:(PDF)
3377:(PDF)
3274:(PDF)
3167:(PDF)
2849:S2CID
2821:(PDF)
2693:(PDF)
2604:(PDF)
2539:(PDF)
2080:8 May
2054:8 May
2000:(PDF)
1993:(PDF)
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1823:5 May
1727:2 May
1673:(PDF)
939:assay
922:Mars.
815:GC-MS
721:CLUPI
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327:rover
320:rover
160:rover
112:Power
96:
10334:LISA
10157:HALO
10129:2027
10069:FLEX
10057:2026
9995:MULA
9972:IM-3
9942:IMAP
9932:IM-2
9914:2025
9883:Hera
9827:2024
9701:2025
9676:2024
8856:BLC1
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7121:Gaia
7002:Hera
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3937:2016
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2008:2009
1973:2024
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1918:2016
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10345:TBA
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8035:TKS
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7561:ARD
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6710:ATV
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3641:doi
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3397:doi
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3337:doi
3252:doi
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3187:doi
3131:doi
3088:doi
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2995:doi
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564:in
543:sol
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478:DNA
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