324:. Sharples was promoted as the first English woman to speak about religion and politics in public. Her real name was kept secret and she was known only as the "Lady of the Rotunda" or "Isis". She attacked both government and the established church along similar lines to Taylor and Ward. She also advocated women's rights within marriage and defended Eve against the Christian doctrine of
266:(NPU), with the aim of winning moderate working-class support for the Bill. Place ensured that the NPU council was dominated by "respectable working men untainted with the Rotunda heresy" and attempts at NPU meetings to advocate universal suffrage were shouted down. This strategy had some success and the NUWC lost members to the new union.
88:. He was nicknamed the "Devil's Chaplain" and, in one of his most dramatic performances, he used stage props and lighting to "raise" the Devil, who would then be transformed into an "angel of light". Taylor continued to deliver sermons, as well as political melodramas and satires, until July 1831, when he was imprisoned for
332:
246:
in March 1831, divided the NUWC and other radical opinion. Although it denied the vote to working-class people, many
Rotunda radicals, including Carlile and Cobbett, supported it as a stepping stone to full democracy. Others, such as Hunt and Hetherington, argued that its rejection was the only way
922:
We find a verdict of justifiable homicide on these grounds; that no riot act was read, nor any proclamation advising the people to disperse, that the
Government did not take the proper precautions to prevent the meeting from assembling; and we moreover express our anxious hope that the Government
182:
Wellington resigned a few days later, but the RRA did not survive for much longer. Hunt tried to distance himself from the demonstration and tempers became frayed when he objected to a tricolour and accused
Carlile of being a police spy. This caused a split in the RRA and the group was unable to
974:
In 1833, nearly half the police force, or about 1,700 men, were deployed to a demonstration of as many as 4,000 people called by the
National Union of the Working Classes. The event devolved into violence on both sides, and one constable was killed. Assigned to keep order in such a charged
344:
The
Rotunda did not entirely lose its radical connections after Carlile's departure. In August 1832 it was used by the Owenite Surrey and Southwark Equitable Exchange Bank, where workers exchanged goods which were valued according to the amount of labour required to make them. Its manager,
371:
met at the
Rotunda throughout 1843, with speakers including Bronterre O'Brien, and another Owenite organisation, the Rational Society, opened the South London Rational School there. The Rational Society lacked funds to maintain the building and vacated it in 1844. The Society's secretary,
975:
environment, the police were inevitably viewed as political. Peel and his two police commissioners, Lt. Col. Charles Rowan and
Barrister Richard Mayne, understood that the success of this new order-keeping force depended on the impression that this was not the case.
772:
36:. During this period almost every well-known radical in London spoke there at meetings which were often rowdy. The Home Office regarded the Rotunda as a centre of violence, sedition and blasphemy, and regularly spied on its meetings.
380:. Martin was well known for her militant socialist, feminist and atheist speeches and pamphlets. The landlord refused to allow the Rotunda to be used for "atheistical purposes" and its association with radical causes came to an end.
293:
had not been read. The coroner wanted ‘murdered by the mob’ and pressed them to change the verdict. Medals commemorated their decision and the jurors were treated to a riverboat cruise, they were celebrated with canons at
Twickenham
289:. PC Robert Culley was stabbed to death in the riot. The coroner's 17-person jury, mostly bakers from the Grays Inn Road area, hearing from 10 am to 11pm, returned a verdict of justifiable homicide after just half an hour, since the
117:, Carlile was more interested in religious than parliamentary reform. However, in July 1830 he rented out the Rotunda to two political reform groups: the Radical Reform Association (RRA) and the Metropolitan Political Union (MPU).
220:(NUWC), to use the Rotunda free of charge in return for all the entry proceeds. Many of the NUWC's leaders, including Lovett, Hetherington, Watson and Cleave, had been active in both the RRA and the
405:
since its formation in 1829. The first was Police
Constable Robert Culley in 1833. The second was Station Sergeant Thomas Green in 1919 and the third was Police Constable Keith Blakelock in 1985."
328:. At first, Sharples' novelty value drew the crowds, but her inexperience and diffidence as a speaker soon led to dwindling audiences and in April 1832 Carlile gave up the lease of the Rotunda.
216:
When Taylor was imprisoned in July 1831, Carlile's financial situation became desperate. Setting aside his differences with the radical political groups, he allowed a new organisation, the
317:
sermons, prophesying the overthrow of the established church. He drew crowds of up to 2000 at the
Rotunda but, unfortunately for Carlile, he soon left London in order to tour the country.
1294:
McCalman, I. D., 'Popular irreligion in early Victorian England: infidel preachers and radical theatricality in 1830s London', in Richard W. Davis, Richard J. Helmstadter (editors),
479:
McCalman, I. D., 'Popular irreligion in early Victorian England: infidel preachers and radical theatricality in 1830s London', in Richard W. Davis, Richard J. Helmstadter (editors),
801:
224:
1277:
144:. The MPU was a more moderate organisation which sought an alliance between middle and working-class radicals to achieve parliamentary reform. Its members included the MPs
44:
When Carlile took over its lease in May 1830 the building was in a poor state of repair. He announced that the Rotunda would regain the prestige it had in its days as the
302:
Carlile needed more than just the NUWC to keep the Rotunda solvent and he allowed it to be used for popular entertainment, such as a circus, concerts and a freak show.
156:, several of its leaders claimed that Hetherington, Lovett and others had made seditious speeches and refused to work with them. The MPU lost momentum and soon folded.
167:
flags on display. In early November, after Hunt and others had addressed a crowd of 2000, with several thousand more outside, 1500 people marched towards the
1131:
Rogers. Helen, "The prayer, the passion and the reason' of Eliza Sharples: freethought, women's rights and republicanism, 1832-52" in Yeo, Eileen (editor),
1219:
364:
and that true Christianity could only be established under a system of complete equality and community of goods, as practised in the Owenite communities.
1322:
349:, also gave lectures on financial reform, the superstition of the church and a woman's right to full equality. The Exchange Bank ceased trading in 1834.
1312:
1020:
56:
had spoken, and would become a forum of free speech against political and religious despotism. Using money from wealthy radical patrons such as
773:"LOT:116 | Broadsides.- Coldbath Fields Riot.- Authentic account (An) of the riotous meeting near Gray's Inn Road..., [1833]"
152:, as well as Hunt and others from the RRA. The alliance was short lived. Following an MPU meeting at the Rotunda in support of the French
453:
262:, feared that the militancy of the NUWC would prompt the government into watering-down the Bill. They set up a rival organisation, the
952:
After Pc Robert Culley was stabbed to death at a riot in Holborn in 1833 a coroner's jury returned a verdict of 'justifiable homicide'
254:, which had rejected the Bill in October. Rotunda meetings became more violent in tone, and some of its more extreme members, such as
227:(BAPCK). The NUWC combined the RRA's campaign for universal suffrage, ballots and annual parliaments with the BAPCK's support for the
160:
1284:
202:
and imprisoned for over two years, and for the next few months Taylor's performances provided almost all of the Rotunda's income.
1213:
168:
84:, Taylor gave theatrical sermons which mocked the rituals of the established church and claimed that Christianity was based on
787:
60:
and Julian Hibbert, he spent £1300 on refurbishments and offered its two auditoriums for hire by radical groups and speakers.
217:
105:
Carlile's occupancy of the Rotunda coincided with a period of intense political agitation, which preceded the passing of the
934:
320:
In a final attempt to revive the Rotunda's fortunes Carlile evicted the NUWC in January 1832 and brought in a new speaker,
989:
728:
1065:
590:(Clarendon, 1985. ISBN 0-19-822759-0. Republished by Breviary Stuff Publications, 2012. ISBN 978-0-9564827-8-5) p. 163.
263:
463:
923:
will in future take better precautions to prevent the recurrence of such disgraceful transactions in the metropolis.
1001:
868:
243:
335:
Page of ephemera from Wellcome Collection, concerning the use of the Rotunda for an "Equitable Exchange Bank".
171:
but were dispersed following clashes with the police. Fearing a repetition of such events, the police advised
120:
The RRA campaigned for universal manhood suffrage, annual parliaments and elections by ballot. Its leader was
402:
269:
On Monday, 13 May 1833, at 2 p.m., The National Union of the Working Classes organised a public meeting on
163:, declared his complete opposition to parliamentary reform. RRA meetings became crowded and volatile, with
1047:
815:
802:"Today in London legal history: a jury finds the killing of a copper to be 'Justifiable Homicide', 1833"
141:
965:
563:
639:
900:
754:
28:, were a diverse group of social, political and religious radical reformers who gathered around the
1317:
57:
377:
121:
69:
49:
137:
258:, advocated arming the people and calling a general strike. Middle-class reformers, including
887:
85:
353:
211:
839:
8:
306:
145:
29:
194:
and Carlile himself, who reviewed parliamentary speeches and expressed sympathy for the
274:
228:
125:
45:
729:
https://turbulentlondon.files.wordpress.com/2017/04/coldbath-fields-meeting-poster.jpg
1095:(Victor Gollancz, 1963. Republished by Pelican, 1968, ISBN 0 1402 1000 8) pp. 879/80.
459:
427:
Radicalism and Freethought in Nineteenth-Century Britain: The Life of Richard Carlile
376:, raised funds to convert the Rotunda into a "Philosophical Institute", to be run by
89:
198:. In January 1831 Carlile's support for the rioters led to him being prosecuted for
1224:
310:
110:
1236:
915:
657:
360:, in which he argued that the existing Christianity of the rich would lead to the
947:
864:
740:
440:
Artisans and Politics in Early Nineteenth-Century London: John Gast and his Times
373:
286:
239:
199:
191:
187:
153:
106:
53:
33:
1273:
1228:
346:
321:
314:
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251:
176:
164:
133:
80:. Dressed in ecclesiastical clothes, in a room decorated with the signs of the
1208:
100:
1306:
270:
259:
159:
In the autumn of 1830, following a general election, the Prime Minister, the
68:
During Carlile's first year at the Rotunda, the most popular attraction was
1296:
Religion and Irreligion in Victorian Society: essays in honor of R. K. Webb
1164:
Eve and the New Jerusalem: Socialism and Feminism in the Nineteenth Century
481:
Religion and Irreligion in Victorian Society: essays in honor of R. K. Webb
401:
Tony Moore (2015): "Three police officers have been killed in riots in the
325:
114:
367:
The final radical activity took place in the early 1840s. A branch of the
331:
278:
195:
149:
129:
73:
835:
361:
172:
32:, London, between 1830 and 1832, while it was under the management of
1021:"Inquest On Culley - Thursday 13 June 1833 - Hansard - UK Parliament"
658:"National Union of the Working Classes [WorldCat Identities]"
368:
282:
1133:
Radical Femininity: Women's Self-representation in the Public Sphere
305:
In September 1831 he found a dissenting preacher to replace Taylor.
937:
International Centre for the History of Crime, Policing and Justice
290:
1266:
The Killing of Constable Keith Blakelock: The Broadwater Farm Riot
719:
Vol. 13, No. 1 (Mar., 1970, Cambridge University Press) pp. 37-40.
221:
77:
231:, as well as other radical causes, such as such as abolition of
225:
British Association for the Promotion of Co-operative Knowledge
81:
1135:(Manchester University Press, 1998, ISBN 0 7190 5244 0) p. 59.
907:
715:
Rowe D. J., Class and Political Radicalism in London, 1831-2,
640:"Papers relating to the National Union of the Working Classes"
553:(Manchester University Press, 1989, ISBN 0 7190 2173 1) p. 22.
232:
1179:(Routledge and Kegan Paul, 1969, ISBN 0 415 55769 0) p. 205.
588:
Orator Hunt: Henry Hunt and English Working-Class Radicalism
183:
continue after Carlile doubled the cost of their room hire.
101:
Radical Reform Association and Metropolitan Political Union
250:
Whatever its divisions, the NUWC united in condemning the
309:, who claimed to be both Jesus and the spiritual heir to
205:
190:, who gave a series of lectures on the July Revolution,
634:
632:
935:
Heavy-Handed Policing: The Killing of Constable Culley
788:"On This Day: The Coldbath Fields Riot, 13th May 1833"
113:. c. 45). Although he was a republican, influenced by
917:
The Clerkenwell Riot: The Killing of Constable Culley
816:"SOME POLITICAL ISSUES IN NINETEENTH-CENTURY BRITAIN"
629:
1209:"Martin [née Bullock], Emma (1811/12–1851)"
1177:
Robert Owen and the Owenites in Britain and America
857:
429:(Greenwood Press, 1983, ISBN 0 313 23532 5) p. 169.
339:
1283:. Police Foundation Annual Lecture. Archived from
568:(New York, 1920) pp. 57/8. Retrieved 7 April 2021.
455:Venues of popular politics in London, 1790–c. 1845
1298:(Routledge, 1992, ISBN 0 415 07625 0) p. 52.
990:"COLDBATH-FIELDS MEETING. (Hansard, 16 May 1833)"
1304:
950:. 29 September 2004 – via news.bbc.co.uk.
1206:
297:
840:"Broadside entitled 'Dreadful Riot in London'"
527:
525:
1278:"Police-Public Relations: The Pace of Change"
445:
186:Other Rotunda speakers at this time included
1223:(online ed.). Oxford University Press.
1002:"INQUEST ON CULLEY. (Hansard, 13 June 1833)"
483:(Routledge, 1992, ISBN 0 415 07625 0) p. 52.
846:, National Library of Scotland, citing the
522:
1323:History of the London Borough of Southwark
920:. London: Allen & Unwin. p. 104.
442:(Dawson, 1979, ISBN 0 7129 0826 9) p. 278.
95:
1166:(Virago, 1983, ISBN 0 86068 258 7) p. 71.
1048:"Police officer killed in union protest!"
913:
330:
1313:Political history of the United Kingdom
1220:Oxford Dictionary of National Biography
1214:Oxford Dictionary of National Biography
1093:The Making of the English Working Class
451:
63:
1305:
1272:
948:"Met celebrates 175 years on the beat"
851:
785:
39:
1263:
963:
863:
831:
218:National Union of the Working Classes
206:National Union of the Working Classes
565:Life and Struggles of William Lovett
1066:"Reading the Riot Act 100 years on"
13:
834:, p. 19; for Green, see 1919
14:
1334:
741:"Gray's Inn | Hidden London"
242:, which had been proposed by the
179:, planned for the following day.
358:Lecture on a Christian Community
340:Rotunda radicalism after Carlile
247:to achieve more radical reform.
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964:Pinto, Nick (13 January 2015).
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786:Awcock, Hannah (13 May 2017).
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432:
419:
1:
412:
1237:UK public library membership
403:Metropolitan Police District
298:Zion Ward and Eliza Sharples
7:
1113:Parolin 2010, pp. 244; 249.
679:Prothero 1979, pp. 281-285.
452:Parolin, Christina (2010).
10:
1339:
1268:. London: Waterside Press.
1197:Parolin 2010, pp. 268-270.
1188:Harrison 1969, pp.119/120.
706:Prothero 1979, pp. 286-288
688:Parolin 2010, pp. 231-233.
519:Weiner 1983, pp. 101; 171.
383:
209:
697:Prothero 1979, pp. 282/3.
626:Weiner 1983, pp. 174-177.
599:Parolin 2010, pp. 229/30.
577:Parolin 2010, pp. 179/80.
540:Prothero 1979, pp. 275/6.
510:McCalman 1992, pp. 57-59.
458:. Canberra: ANU E Press.
352:In 1833 another Owenite,
273:'s Calthorpe Estate near
175:to cancel a visit to the
1207:Taylor, Barbara (2004).
1153:Parolin 2010, pp. 267/8.
1144:Parolin 2010, pp. 265/6.
914:Thurston, Gavin (1967).
869:"Niles' Weekly Register"
850:, 16 May 1833. Also see
501:McCalman 1992, pp. 55/6.
388:
264:National Political Union
58:William Devonshire Saull
142:James Bronterre O'Brien
96:Political reform groups
50:Samuel Taylor Coleridge
20:, known at the time as
1229:10.1093/ref:odnb/45460
895:Cite journal requires
844:The Word on the Street
759:British History Online
755:"The Calthorpe Estate"
717:The Historical Journal
670:Prothero 1979, p. 284.
644:British History Online
608:Prothero 1979, p. 276.
531:Prothero 1979, p. 277.
336:
277:in Coldbath Fields in
1104:Parolin 2010, p. 244.
1082:Parolin 2010, p. 243.
1025:hansard.parliament.uk
492:McCalman 1992, p. 51.
334:
124:and members included
86:astrological allegory
1264:Moore, Tony (2015).
1175:Harrison, J. F. C.,
1122:Weiner 1983, p. 181.
966:"The Point of Order"
617:Parolin 210, p. 215.
354:James Elishama Smith
212:Coldbath Fields riot
64:The Devil's Chaplain
1249:Parolin 2010, p270.
438:Prothero, Iowerth,
40:Carlile's occupancy
30:Blackfriars Rotunda
970:The New York Times
848:Caledonian Mercury
838:; for Culley, see
337:
161:Duke of Wellington
126:Henry Hetherington
46:Surrey Institution
1235:(Subscription or
1162:Taylor, Barbara,
1052:Islington Tribune
1006:api.parliament.uk
994:api.parliament.uk
562:Lovett, William,
425:Weiner, Joel H.,
111:2 & 3 Will. 4
90:blasphemous libel
1330:
1291:
1290:on 21 July 2011.
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307:John "Zion" Ward
169:House of Commons
146:Daniel O'Connell
18:Rotunda radicals
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287:Reform Act 1832
275:Gray's Inn Road
229:unstamped press
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200:seditious libel
192:John Gale Jones
188:William Cobbett
173:King William IV
154:July Revolution
107:Reform Act 1832
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76:cleric, turned
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54:William Hazlitt
42:
34:Richard Carlile
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804:. 15 May 2017.
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549:Weiner, Joel,
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252:House of Lords
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134:William Lovett
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1276:(July 1986).
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