630:
459:
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559:. On February 26, 1905, the commission published its report. It criticized Rozhestvensky for allowing his ships to fire upon the British ships, but noted that "as each vessel swept the horizon in every direction with her searchlights to avoid being taken by surprise, it was difficult to prevent confusion". The report also concluded that once the mistake was known "Admiral Rozhestvensky personally did everything he could, from beginning to end of the incident, to prevent from being fired upon by the squadron". Russia eventually paid £66,000 (£5.8m today) in compensation.
501:; and that both the shakedown testing of the new battleships and the gunnery practice/training would have to occur during the voyage. Also, re-coaling would have to be done at sea, instead of in port as with most other navies. As a consequence of these circumstances, the mission-minded commander would sometimes fire service ammunition (live gunfire) across the bows of an errant warship, and in a fiery moment fling his binoculars from the bridge into the sea. When his battleship fleet set sail in 1904, Rozhestvensky's staff ensured that his flagship,
757:
746:
65:
735:
142:
626:). With only most of his bow guns to use, Rozhestvensky's main batteries were "thrown successively out of bearing" as he continued to advance. Other than surrender or retreat, Rozhestvensky had but two choices; fight a pitched battle or charge Togo's battleline. He chose the former, and by the evening of 27 May 1905, Rozhestvensky's flagship and the majority of his fleet were on the bottom of the Tsushima Straits. The Russians had lost 5,000 sailors.
122:
555:. On arrival in Spain, Rozhestvensky left behind those officers he considered responsible for the incident (as well as at least one officer who had been critical of him). On November 25, 1904, the British and the Russian governments signed a joint agreement in which they agreed to submit the issue to an International Commission of Inquiry at
562:
Rozhestvensky believed from the start that the plan to send the Baltic Fleet to Port Arthur was ill-conceived, and vehemently opposed plans to include a motley collection of obsolete vessels, the Third
Pacific Squadron to his fleet (referred to by the Admiral and his staff as the 'self-sinkers'), to
688:
had surrendered the
Russian fleet, as Rozhestvensky had been wounded and unconscious for most of the battle, and was very reluctant to accept his statements of responsibility. Nonetheless, Rozhestvensky was adamant in his defense of his subordinate commanders and maintained total responsibility,
618:
With this knowledge in possession, Togo planned on preempting the
Russian plan, by positioning his battle fleet to "bring the Russian fleet to battle, regardless of the speed of either battlefleet." Admiral Togo was able to appear directly across Rozhestvensky's line of advance (Rozhestvensky's
494:) and new untrained sailors on the longest coal-powered battleship fleet voyage in recorded history. Rozhestvensky had a fiery temper when dealing with a subordinate, and both officers and men knew to stand clear of "Mad Dog" when a subordinate either disobeyed orders, was incompetent, or both.
603:
communications position his battle fleet in such a way as to "preserve his interior lines of movement", which would allow him to have shorter distances to cover while causing
Rozhestvensky to have longer distances to travel, regardless of battleship speeds.
571:. Remote and distrustful of his staff, Rozhestvensky grew increasingly bitter and pessimistic as he approached Asia. Almost as soon as the Baltic Fleet arrived in the Far East in May 1905, it was engaged by the Japanese Navy at the decisive
683:
for the disaster, along with each of his surviving battleship commanders. Some were sentenced to prison and some to firing squad for either losing the battle or surrendering on the high seas. The Tsar's court was fully aware that
Admiral
360:
defenses that protected the enemy ships. The attack was beaten back by
Turkish gunfire which destroyed one torpedo boat and the remaining boats withdrew, leaving the enemy ironclads intact. In July 1877 while still assigned to
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pleading guilty to losing the battle. As was expected (and hoped) by the courts, the Tsar commuted the death-sentenced captains to short prison terms and pardons for the remaining officers.
536:
on the night of 21–22 October 1904 resulted in the deaths of three
British fishermen and many wounded. One sailor and a priest aboard a Russian cruiser were also killed in the crossfire.
1439:
277:
fleet over 18,000 miles (29,000 km) one way to engage an enemy in decisive battle (the Battle of
Tsushima, which ended in a disastrous defeat of the Russian force.) The
1434:
1320:
1449:
1444:
611:, and avoiding contact with the Japanese navy if at all possible, and fighting as little as possible, if forced into it. Rozhestvensky's objective was to reinforce the
709:
He married Olga
Antipova which whom he had one daughter. He had a number of affairs including beginning around 1900 one with Capitalina Makarova the wife of admiral
486:. The Tsar had selected the right man for the job, for it would take an iron-fisted commander to sail an untested fleet of brand new battleships (for some of the new
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Rozhestvensky was fully aware that he had a new untrained fleet under his command and that re-coaling stations would not be available during the journey, due to
329:
1248:
Grant, R., Captain, D.S.O. Before Port Arthur in a
Destroyer; The Personal Diary of a Japanese Naval Officer. (1907). London, John Murray, Albemarle St. W.
539:
The Russian government agreed to investigate the incident following a great deal of international diplomatic pressure. Rozhestvensky was ordered to dock in
1003:
985:
445:
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escaped with only minor damage. This revelation had no adverse impact on his career. From 1883 to 1885 Rozhestensky was seconded to the newly formed
666:. The victorious Admiral Tōgō would later visit him (while being treated for his injuries in a Japanese hospital), comforting him with kind words:
697:
Rozhestvensky lived out the last years of his life in St Petersburg as a recluse. He died of a heart attack in 1909 and was buried in the
1489:
646:
During the battle, Rozhestvensky was wounded in the head by a shell fragment. The unconscious admiral was transferred to the destroyer
395:. He also designed a defense plan for the Bulgarian coastline, and was one of the founders of the Technology Association of Bulgaria.
1370:
1243:
1206:
Corbett, Sir Julian. "Maritime Operations In The Russo-Japanese War 1904-1905." Volume II (2015) Originally published October 1915.
670:
Defeat is a common fate of a soldier. There is nothing to be ashamed of in it. The great point is whether we have performed our duty.
450:. In 1902 he was appointed Chief of the Naval Staff and proposed a plan for strengthening the Imperial Russian Navy in the Far East.
1193:
Corbett, Sir Julian. "Maritime Operations In The Russo-Japanese War 1904-1905." Volume I (2015) Originally published January 1914.
595:, and this time would not split his fires nor engage Rozhestvensky at excessive ranges, as he had done with Admiral Vitgeft at the
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354:. Rozhestvensky volunteered to lead the first attack against the Turkish warships but his torpedo boat became caught up in the
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955:
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615:, and then, when the Russian navy felt sufficiently prepared, they would engage the Japanese navy in a decisive action.
406:
387:. However, after the war he revealed in a newspaper article that he had falsified his reports, and that the overloaded
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and became commander of the gunnery school of the Baltic Fleet. In 1900 he commanded the salvage operation for the
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Under Admiral Rozhestvensky's command, the Russian navy accomplished a feat of steaming an all-steel, coal-powered
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244:
31:
17:
1379:
Warner, Denis and Peggy. "The Tide at Sunrise, A History of the Russo-Japanese War 1904–1905." (1975).
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in 1873. He initially served with the Baltic Fleet as a gunnery officer. In 1876 he transferred to the
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Naval intelligence had already informed Togo of Rozhestvensky's mission, that of reaching
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the year previously. He would instead, with the proper use of reconnaissance vessels and
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Tomitch, V. M. "Warships of the Imperial Russian Navy." Volume 1, Battleships. (1968).
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Rozhestvensky returned to Russian service and was senior officer on the battery ship
470:
Prior to the war against Japan starting in 1904, Rozhestvensky was commander of the
1256:
809:
640:
343:
227:
105:
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which was part of the Russian Mediterranean Squadron under the command of Admiral
423:
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1182:. (1994) Originally classified (unavailable to the public), and in two volumes.
1007:
989:
805:
512:
almost triggered a war between Russia and Great Britain as it sailed through the
315:
248:
64:
1354:
Semenoff, Vladimir, Capt. Rasplata (The Reckoning). (1910). London: John Murray.
1018:
International Dispute Settlement – Merills, J. G., Cambridge University Press,
710:
433:
392:
306:, and joined the Imperial Russian Navy at the age of 17. He graduated from the
127:
109:
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680:
552:
303:
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525:
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441:
347:
339:
335:
173:
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Reflections, Historic and Other, Suggested by the Battle of the Japan Sea.
1087:
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608:
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the extent of refusing to reveal to the Admiralty his exact routing from
521:
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squadrons shadowed Rozhestvensky's fleet as it made its way through the
564:
544:
366:
274:
35:
947:
556:
513:
479:
1236:
Naval Firepower, Battleship Guns and Gunnery in the Dreadnaught Era.
600:
567:
and to share his battle plan with Third Pacific Squadron commander
291:
548:
412:
403:
326:
251:
43:
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Recipients of the Order of Saint Stanislaus (Russian), 3rd class
1475:
Recipients of the Order of Saint Stanislaus (Russian), 2nd class
1470:
Recipients of the Order of Saint Stanislaus (Russian), 1st class
654:. He was taken prisoner when the ship was later captured by the
635:
1430:
Russian military personnel of the Russo-Turkish War (1877–1878)
351:
1393:
Arms and Armour, Villiers House, 41–47 Strand, London; 1990.
1365:
Skagerrak, The Battle of Jutland Through German Eyes." (2016)
1221:
Russian Battleship vs Japanese Battleship, Yellow Sea 1904–05.
543:, Spain, while battleships of the Royal Navy from the British
1357:
Semenoff, Vladimir, Capt. The Battle of Tsushima. (1912). NY
1318:
The Tsar's Last Armada: Epic Voyage to the Battle of Tsushima
973:('Hullwebs – History of Hull' website. Retrieved 2007-09-08.)
540:
283:, one of four brand-new battleships of the French-designed
1440:
Recipients of the Order of St. George of the Fourth Degree
310:, where he mastered English and French, in 1868, and the
532:, they opened fire on the unarmed civilian vessels. The
436:. From 1896 to 1898 he commanded the coast defence ship
1180:
Maritime Operations In The Russo-Japanese War 1904–1905
375:, in a five-hour battle. Rozhestvensky was awarded the
238:
1435:
Russian military personnel of the Russo-Japanese War
247:
October 30] 1848 – January 14, 1909) was a
1450:Recipients of the Order of St. Vladimir, 4th class
1445:Recipients of the Order of St. Vladimir, 3rd class
478:ordered Rozhestvensky to take the Baltic Fleet to
1485:Commanders Grand Cross of the Order of the Sword
1406:
1268:Historical Dictionary of the Russo-Japanese War
1069:
1067:
1039:
1037:
836:Historical Dictionary of the Russo-Japanese War
1495:Recipients of the Order of the Crown (Romania)
1465:Recipients of the Order of St. Anna, 3rd class
1460:Recipients of the Order of St. Anna, 2nd class
1455:Recipients of the Order of St. Anna, 1st class
933:
587:drew upon his experiences from the battles of
516:. After several Russian ships mistook British
302:Rozhestvensky was the son of a physician from
1291:By Captain A. T. Mahan, U.S. Navy. US Naval
1341:Alfred Thayer Mahan: The Man And His Letters
1102:
1064:
1034:
505:, had a good supply of binoculars on board.
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1111:
943:The War of the Rising Sun and Tumbling Bear
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792:Pleshakov, photo caption, page not numbered
1295:magazine, June 1906; Volume XXXVI, No. 2.
63:
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830:
828:
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820:
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1510:Military attachés of the Russian Empire
1147:. Oxford: Basic Books. pp. 51–52.
547:were prepared for war. Several British
14:
1407:
1262:
633:Admiral Tōgō Visits Rozhestvensky, by
508:Nevertheless, the inexperience of the
1175:(1969) Funk & Wagnalls, New York.
940:Connaughton, Richard Michael (1988).
815:
741:, 3rd class and 4th class with ribbon
662:he returned to St Petersburg via the
578:
482:to protect the Russian naval base of
453:
297:
964:
426:to London. In 1894 he commanded the
383:for this action and was promoted to
365:, he engaged and damaged an Ottoman
1122:. Oxford: Basic Books. p. 41.
24:
1490:Commanders of the Legion of Honour
971:Dogger Bank – Voyage of the Damned
920:The Russian Outrage (Chapter XXII)
650:and subsequently to the destroyer
325:Rozhestvensky served on board the
25:
1531:
1001:Dogger Bank Incident Final Report
983:Joint British-Russian declaration
755:
744:
733:
722:
704:
338:, five of which were armed with
240:Zinoviy Petrovich Rozhestvenskiy
140:
120:
1143:Pleshakov, Constantine (2002).
1118:Pleshakov, Constantine (2002).
1084:"Slashdoc - Russo-Japanese War"
1076:
1055:
1046:
1025:
1012:
994:
976:
913:
904:
895:
294:for the voyage to the Pacific.
1425:Imperial Russian Navy admirals
924:North Sea Fishers And Fighters
886:
877:
868:
859:
850:
841:
795:
786:
312:Mikhailovsky Artillery Academy
232:Зиновий Петрович Рожественский
224:Zinovy Petrovich Rozhestvensky
75:Zinovy Petrovich Rozhestvensky
57:Zinovy Petrovich Rozhestvensky
13:
1:
1165:
692:
679:In 1906, Rozhestvensky faced
499:Britain's alliance with Japan
462:Route of Baltic Fleet to the
447:General Admiral Graf Apraksin
440:. In 1898 he was promoted to
32:Eastern Slavic naming customs
1311:George Allen & Unwin Ltd
1238:(2013) Seaforth Publishing;
674:
258:. He was in command of the
7:
1515:Burials at Tikhvin Cemetery
767:
658:. After the signing of the
422:. From 1891 to 1893 he was
342:, attempted to attack four
239:
27:Russian admiral (1848–1909)
10:
1536:
1391:The Imperial Russian Navy.
950:. pp. 247, 250, 259.
763:, 1st, 2nd and 3rd classes
30:In this name that follows
29:
1253:The Fleet That Had To Die
1006:October 13, 2008, at the
988:October 13, 2008, at the
716:
490:s, this voyage was their
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153:
133:
115:
95:
87:
79:
71:
62:
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1520:Naval Cadet Corps alumni
1315:Pleshakov, Constantine.
779:
597:Battle of the Yellow Sea
411:. He then commanded the
334:. On June 10, 1877, six
243:; November 11 [
1270:. The Scarecrow Press.
377:Order of Saint Vladimir
260:Second Pacific Squadron
1505:Russian naval attachés
1303:Novikov-Priboy, Alexey
1145:The Tsar's Last Armada
1120:The Tsar's Last Armada
883:Pleshakov pp. 153, 322
761:Order of St. Stanislav
699:Alexander Nevsky Lavra
672:
664:Trans-Siberian Railway
656:Imperial Japanese Navy
643:
530:Imperial Japanese Navy
467:
1359:E.P. Dutton & Co.
1208:Naval Institute Press
1195:Naval Institute Press
1178:Corbett, Sir Julian.
1090:on September 27, 2007
752:, 2nd and 3rd classes
739:Order of St. Vladimir
668:
632:
461:
256:Imperial Russian Navy
216:Order of St. Vladimir
154:Years of service
148:Imperial Russian Navy
1285:Mahan, Alfred Thayer
1173:The Emperor's Sword.
1020:Cambridge University
660:Treaty of Portsmouth
613:Vladivostok Squadron
534:Dogger Bank incident
510:Russian Baltic Fleet
385:lieutenant commander
1251:Hough, Richard, A.
926:, K. Paul, Trench,
774:Nikolai Kolomeitsev
728:Order of St. George
212:Order of St. George
1389:Watts, Anthony J.
1323:2016-03-04 at the
1309:. (1936) London:
1297:US Naval Institute
1234:Friedman, Norman.
1219:Forczyk, Robert.
838:, pp. 326–27, 340.
808:are also known in
644:
579:Battle of Tsushima
575:(27–28 May 1905).
573:Battle of Tsushima
468:
464:Battle of Tsushima
454:Russo-Japanese War
408:Gerzog Edinburgski
381:Order of St George
298:Early naval career
268:Russo-Japanese War
264:Battle of Tsushima
197:Battle of Tsushima
192:Russo-Japanese War
1371:978 1 78383 123 4
1339:Seager, Robert.
1244:978 1 84832 185 4
1229:978-1-84603-330-8
1215:978-1-59114-198-3
1202:978-1-59114-197-6
1031:Forczyk pp. 41–54
957:978-0-415-07143-7
750:Order of St. Anna
686:Nikolai Nebogatov
583:Japanese Admiral
569:Nikolai Nebogatov
429:Vladimir Monomakh
323:Russo-Turkish War
221:
220:
187:Russo-Turkish War
91:November 11, 1848
16:(Redirected from
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804:. Several other
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641:Fujishima Takeji
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492:shakedown cruise
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531:
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48:Rozhestvensky
45:
42: and the
41:
37:
33:
19:
18:Rozhestvensky
1500:Baltic Fleet
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1108:Regan, p.178
1104:
1094:February 20,
1092:. Retrieved
1088:the original
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1073:Mahan p. 458
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1052:Mahan p. 450
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472:Baltic Fleet
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348:Ottoman Navy
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180:Battles/wars
174:Baltic Fleet
165:Vice Admiral
101:(1909-01-14)
47:
39:
1420:1909 deaths
1415:1848 births
1293:Proceedings
856:Watts p. 16
730:, 4th class
609:Vladivostok
589:Port Arthur
522:Dogger Bank
484:Port Arthur
321:During the
80:Nickname(s)
44:family name
1409:Categories
1343:. (1977)
1328:. (2002).
1166:References
693:Later life
593:Yellow Sea
565:Madagascar
545:Home Fleet
420:Grozyachiy
367:battleship
290:, was his
275:battleship
116:Allegiance
72:Birth name
36:patronymic
1259:. (1960).
948:Routledge
675:Aftermath
557:The Hague
528:from the
514:North Sea
480:East Asia
438:Pervenets
357:rope boom
344:ironclads
157:1868–1906
40:Petrovich
1321:Archived
1307:Tsushima
1266:(2006).
1004:Archived
986:Archived
834:Kowner,
768:See also
639:painter
601:wireless
591:and the
488:Borodino
416:Naezdnik
402:and the
292:flagship
286:Borodino
170:Commands
134:Service/
83:Mad Dog
810:English
652:Bedovii
549:cruiser
413:clipper
404:cruiser
346:of the
327:gunboat
262:in the
254:of the
252:admiral
249:Russian
228:Russian
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717:Awards
648:Buinii
352:Sulina
208:Awards
145:
136:branch
125:
34:, the
780:Notes
400:Kreml
363:Vesta
331:Vesta
288:class
1395:ISBN
1381:ISBN
1367:ISBN
1345:ISBN
1330:ISBN
1272:ISBN
1240:ISBN
1225:ISBN
1211:ISBN
1198:ISBN
1184:ISBN
1149:ISBN
1124:ISBN
1096:2006
952:ISBN
636:yōga
541:Vigo
524:for
379:and
245:O.S.
162:Rank
96:Died
88:Born
713:.
520:at
350:at
236:tr.
46:is
38:is
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226:(
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