564:
1989:
523:
551:
545:
529:
2104:
570:
484:
405:. The following day, he visited his Belgian doctor at the colonial hospital, where he died. The Belgian authorities put out conflicting explanations for his death. One was that he complained of a severe headache and had been treated by his doctor, but collapsed as he left the hospital of what was later determined, by three doctors, to be a
286:
Rudahigwa became king on 16 November 1931, the
Belgian colonial administration having deposed his father, Yuhi V Musinga, four days earlier for alleged contact with German agents. Rudahigwa took the royal name Mutara, becoming Mutara III Rudahigwa. He is sometimes referred to as Charles Mutara III
412:
Rumours that he had been deliberately killed by the
Belgian authorities were rife, and tensions rose: ordinary Rwandans gathered along routes and stoned Europeans' cars. Rumours that he was in poor health, suffering from the effects of excessive drinking, as well as the effects of
458:. In this work Rudahigwa was described as a sombre and sober personality, lean and handsome in appearance, and six foot nine in height. He spoke excellent French and professed loyalty to Belgium and indifference to the United Nations trusteeship of that period.
302:, the head of the Rwandan Catholic Church. He was groomed by the Belgians to replace his father. In 1946, he dedicated the country to Christ, effectively making Christianity a state religion. His conversion spearheaded a wave of baptisms in the protectorate.
364:
The monarchy and prominent Tutsi sensed the growing influence of the Hutu and began to agitate for immediate independence on their own terms, culminating in
Rudahigwa's demand for independence from Belgium in 1956. In 1957, a group of Hutu scholars wrote the
369:". This political manifesto denounced the "exploitation" of the Hutus by the ethnic Tutsi and called for their liberation from first Tutsi, and then Belgian, rule. Hutu political parties quickly formed after that, with future-president
294:, taking the Christian name Charles LĂ©on Pierre. His father had refused to convert to Christianity: the Rwandan Catholic Church saw him as anti-Christian, an impediment to their civilising mission. From 1929, Rudahigwa had been
417:, are claims unverified by any evidence. A Twa attendant of the king said he was in great health at the time, which is supported by his active engagement in sporting activities then, including vigorous games of tennis.
277:
In 1919 he began his education at the
Colonial School for Chiefs' Sons in Nyanza, subsequently becoming his father's secretary in 1924. In January 1929 he was appointed a chief and administered a province.
2344:
1197:
351:, fueled by increasing resentment of the inter-war social reforms, and also an increasing sympathy for the Hutu within the Catholic Church. Although in 1954, Rudhahigwa abolished the
42:
1897:
409:. Another Belgian explanation was that he died from a reaction to a penicillin shot. An autopsy was not carried out due to the objections of Queen Mother Kankazi.
1841:
1955:
2071:
2050:
2085:
2078:
2092:
2064:
2022:
1741:
250:
took hold in Rwanda during his reign. His
Christian names were Charles LĂ©on Pierre; he is sometimes referred to as Charles Mutara III Rudahigwa.
2057:
382:
335:
of which Rwanda formed the northern part. In 1935, the
Belgian administration issued identity cards formalising the ethnic categories, Tutsi,
1060:
1977:
448:
2036:
2029:
1145:
270:, and Queen Kankazi (later Queen Mother Radegonde Nyiramavugo III Kankazi), the first of his eleven wives. He was a member of the
1747:
985:
2324:
1853:
1090:
1879:
2349:
1985:
2181:
2216:
2126:
1793:
1721:
1690:
1654:
1618:
1591:
1564:
1537:
1506:
1479:
1447:
1413:
1379:
1345:
1314:
1287:
1260:
1211:
1180:
1044:
1010:
1915:
2334:
1970:
582:
1092:
Alexis Kagame: l'homme et son oeuvre : actes du
Colloque international, Kigali, 26 novembre-2 décembre 1987
1151:
574:
1331:
2167:
578:
1963:
1713:
1751:
1000:
313:(1943–1944), during which time 200,000 out of the nation's population of around two million perished.
1783:
1107:
493:
332:
17:
2329:
444:
1993:
1937:
1172:
1166:
1064:
439:
After
Rudahigwa's death, Rosalie Gicanda remained in Rwanda. She was murdered in 1994 during the
238:
49:
2244:
2174:
2015:
1095:(in French). Ministère de l'enseignement supérieur et de la recherche scientifique. p. 67.
1707:
1676:
1365:
1034:
2339:
1644:
1608:
1581:
1554:
1523:
1496:
1469:
1433:
1399:
1304:
1246:
550:
2319:
2314:
2285:
2265:
2209:
2140:
2133:
1947:
1872:
Rwanda Before the
Genocide: Catholic Politics and Ethnic Discourse in the Late Colonial Era
454:
In 1953 the
American writer John Gunther interviewed the Mwami in preparation for his book
421:
406:
374:
77:
1277:
8:
2237:
2202:
1203:
648:
555:
299:
2292:
2188:
2119:
1361:
370:
358:
322:
101:
432:
Mutara married Nyiramakomali on 15 October 1933 and they divorced in 1941. He married
402:
2230:
2223:
1988:
1910:
1875:
1789:
1717:
1686:
1682:
1650:
1614:
1587:
1560:
1533:
1529:
1502:
1475:
1443:
1439:
1409:
1375:
1371:
1341:
1310:
1283:
1256:
1207:
1176:
1040:
1006:
622:
327:
During Rudahigwa's reign there was a marked stratification of ethnic identity within
310:
243:
97:
1429:
2160:
986:"Mutara III Rudahigwa grave editorial stock image. Image of colonialism - 20198819"
703:
440:
366:
532:
Grand Master and Grand Cross of the Royal Order of the Lion (Intare), founded 1959
528:
1809:
1252:
1147:
From Democratization to Ethnic Revolution: Catholic Politics in Rwanda, 1950-1962
433:
247:
225:
177:
132:
2251:
2195:
1930:
1360:
1123:
267:
263:
207:
67:
2308:
1395:
1337:
1086:
348:
328:
121:
569:
563:
420:
Rudahigwa was succeeded by his half-brother, Jean-Baptiste Ndahindurwa, as
344:
291:
1329:
295:
1906:(1950) (in French). Detailed genealogical record of Rwandan nobility:
246:
between 1931 and 1959. He was the first Rwandan king to be baptised:
1405:
1112:(in French). Vicariat Apostolique du Ruanda Kabgayi. pp. 25, 91.
401:, for a meeting with Belgian colonial authorities arranged by Father
394:
117:
483:
41:
1814:
93:
2345:
Knights Commander with Star of the Order of St. Gregory the Great
2043:
2008:
1874:. United States of America: Oxford University Press. p. 40.
1646:
The Churches and Ethnic Ideology in the Rwandan Crises, 1900-1994
1525:
The Churches and Ethnic Ideology in the Rwandan Crises, 1900-1994
544:
498:
353:
194:
1810:"Rwanda genocide: Nizeyimana convicted of killing Queen Gicanda"
522:
398:
306:
259:
414:
361:
that exploited Hutus, this had little real practical effect.
271:
290:
In 1943, Rudahigwa was the first Rwandan king to convert to
1330:
Carol Rittner; John K. Roth; Wendy Whitworth, eds. (2004).
1199:
Resilience of a Nation: A History of the Military in Rwanda
336:
258:
Rudahigwa was born in March 1911, in the royal capital of
1898:
Shake Hands with the Devil: The Journey of Roméo Dallaire
340:
347:, a Hutu emancipation movement began to grow throughout
436:, a Christian, in a church wedding on 13 January 1942.
305:
His reign coincided with the worst recorded period of
1705:
1902:
Généalogies de la noblesse (les Batutsi) du Ruanda,
1842:
The Equestrian Heritage of the Royal House of Rwanda
1674:
309:
in Rwanda between 1941 and 1945, which included the
1579:
1467:
1302:
1275:
1244:
1032:
1109:Généalogies de la noblesse (les Batutsi) du Ruanda
1195:
2306:
1788:(in French). La Pensee universelle. p. 96.
1364:; Rochelle Almeida; George Levine, eds. (2015).
1005:(in French). La Pensee universelle. p. 96.
1739:
1642:
1521:
1333:Genocide in Rwanda: Complicity of the Churches?
1781:
1606:
1552:
1494:
1428:
998:
383:Association for Social Promotion of the Masses
1971:
1394:
1085:
1832:, published Hamish Hamilton Ltd London, 1955
1240:
1238:
1236:
1230:, published Hamish Hamilton Ltd London, 1955
1164:
1143:
236:(March 1911 – 25 July 1959) was King (
1105:
253:
1978:
1964:
1649:. Regnum Books International. p. 55.
1463:
1461:
1459:
40:
1735:
1733:
1670:
1668:
1666:
1233:
1124:"Rwanda: Clan of the dynasty Abanyiginya"
316:
1610:The Rwanda Crisis: History of a Genocide
1556:The Rwanda Crisis: History of a Genocide
1498:The Rwanda Crisis: History of a Genocide
1435:The Rwanda Crisis: History of a Genocide
1367:Global Secularisms in a Post-Secular Age
1139:
1137:
1028:
1026:
1024:
1022:
447:. He was later detained, convicted by a
1456:
1128:Immigration and Refugee Board of Canada
14:
2307:
1904:Vicariat Apostolique du Ruanda Kabgayi
1869:
1802:
1775:
1730:
1699:
1663:
1354:
1323:
1189:
831:
827:
817:
719:
612:
608:
451:, and sentenced to life imprisonment.
393:On 24 July 1959, Rudahigwa arrived in
1959:
1636:
1600:
1573:
1546:
1515:
1488:
1422:
1388:
1296:
1134:
1019:
992:
925:
922:
912:
900:
890:
886:
874:
871:
861:
849:
839:
835:
811:
801:
789:
779:
775:
763:
760:
750:
737:
727:
723:
707:
701:
691:
678:
668:
664:
652:
646:
636:
620:
616:
1269:
1158:
1099:
1079:
923:3. Radegonde Nyiramavugo III Kankazi
1116:
24:
2182:Mibamwe II Sekarongoro II Gisanura
482:
25:
2361:
2217:Mibambwe III Mutabazi II Sentabyo
2127:Mibambwe I Sekarongoro I Mutabazi
1891:
1748:Musée royal de l'Afrique centrale
1613:. C. Hurst & Co. p. 47.
1559:. C. Hurst & Co. p. 43.
1501:. C. Hurst & Co. p. 46.
1474:. Scarecrow Press. p. xxix.
598:Ancestors of Mutara III Rudahigwa
217:Radegonde Nyiramavugo III Kankazi
2102:
1987:
1706:Ian Linden; Jane Linden (1977).
1039:. Scarecrow Press. p. 199.
568:
562:
549:
543:
527:
521:
427:
164:
1863:
1846:
1835:
1822:
1766:
1709:Church and Revolution in Rwanda
1627:
1586:. Scarecrow Press. p. 82.
1583:Historical Dictionary of Rwanda
1471:Historical Dictionary of Rwanda
1309:. Scarecrow Press. p. 25.
1306:Historical Dictionary of Rwanda
1279:Historical Dictionary of Rwanda
1248:Historical Dictionary of Rwanda
1220:
1036:Historical Dictionary of Rwanda
441:1994 genocide against the Tutsi
160:
59:16 November 1931 – 25 July 1959
1282:. Scarecrow Press. p. 7.
1152:Catholic University of America
1053:
978:
679:9. Nyirakigeri IV Murorunkwere
575:Order of St. Gregory the Great
381:), and Joseph Gitera creating
13:
1:
2325:Converts to Roman Catholicism
1750:. p. 239. Archived from
1675:Rosamond Halsey Carr (2000).
972:
2168:Mutara I Nsoro III Semugeshi
1580:Aimable Twagilimana (2007).
1468:Aimable Twagilimana (2007).
1303:Aimable Twagilimana (2007).
1276:Aimable Twagilimana (2007).
1245:Aimable Twagilimana (2007).
1033:Aimable Twagilimana (2007).
583:Democratic Republic of Congo
579:Giovanni Battista Dellepiane
7:
2350:People from Nyanza District
1714:Manchester University Press
589:
554:Grand Cross of the Belgian
10:
2366:
1743:Pouvoir et droit au Rwanda
1530:Regnum Books International
1196:Frank K. Rusagara (2009).
1168:Rwanda Before the Genocide
829:
713:
610:
577:, 1947 through Archbishop
573:Knight Grand Cross of the
461:
320:
296:instructed in Christianity
27:King of Rwanda (1931–1959)
2275:
2150:
2111:
2100:
2000:
1944:
1935:
1927:
1922:
906:
888:
880:
855:
837:
833:
795:
777:
769:
744:
725:
721:
685:
666:
658:
630:
614:
504:
492:
481:
468:
221:
213:
203:
193:
185:(after 1942)
139:
127:
107:
87:
83:
73:
63:
55:
48:
39:
34:
1740:Filip Reyntjens (1985).
1678:Land of a Thousand Hills
1643:Tharcisse Gatwa (2005).
1522:Tharcisse Gatwa (2005).
761:5. Nyirayuhi V Kanjogera
581:, Apostolic Delegate to
388:
281:
254:Early life and education
2335:Rwandan Roman Catholics
1828:John Gunther, page 674
1782:Laurent Gakuba (1991).
1607:GĂ©rard Prunier (1995).
1553:GĂ©rard Prunier (1995).
1495:GĂ©rard Prunier (1995).
1401:Amnesty After Atrocity?
1226:John Gunther, page 674
1173:Oxford University Press
999:Laurent Gakuba (1991).
2245:Mibambwe IV Rutarindwa
2175:Kigeli II Nyamuheshera
2016:Kanyarwanda I Gahima I
1870:Carney, J. J. (2014).
558:, 1955, Commander 1947
487:
317:Rising ethnic tensions
1633:Helen Codere 1973:293
1165:J. J. Carney (2014).
1144:J. J. Carney (2011).
486:
445:Ildéphonse Nizeyimana
2286:Kigeli V Ndahindurwa
2266:Kigeli V Ndahindurwa
2259:Mutara III Rudahigwa
2210:Kigeli III Ndabarasa
2141:Ndahiro II Cyamatare
2134:Yuhi wa II Gahima II
1948:Kigeli V Ndahindurwa
1106:Leon Delmas (1950).
814:Mutara III Rudahigwa
475:Mutara III Rudahigwa
407:cerebral haemorrhage
375:Hutu Social Movement
331:, the Belgian-ruled
234:Mutara III Rudahigwa
163: 1933;
78:Kigeli V Ndahindurwa
35:Mutara III Rudahigwa
2238:Kigeli IV Rwabugiri
2203:Cyilima II Rujugira
1204:Fountain Publishers
1067:on 28 November 2016
649:Kigeli IV Rwabugiri
556:Order of Leopold II
449:UN war crimes court
2189:Yuhi III Mazimpaka
2120:Kigeli I Mukobanya
1440:C. Hurst & Co.
1362:Michael Rectenwald
1255:. p. xxviii.
1130:. 31 October 2002.
488:
415:untreated syphilis
371:Gregoire Kayibanda
359:indentured service
323:Rwandan Revolution
274:Abanyiginya clan.
102:German East Africa
2302:
2301:
2231:Mutara II Rwogera
2224:Yuhi IV Gahindiro
2072:Nsoro I Samukondo
2051:Ndahiro I Ruyange
1954:
1953:
1945:Succeeded by
1881:978-0-19-998227-1
1785:Rwanda, 1931-1959
1372:Walter de Gruyter
1154:. pp. 62–63.
1002:Rwanda, 1931-1959
969:
968:
965:
964:
623:Mutara II Rwogera
512:
511:
443:on the orders of
397:(now Bujumbura),
311:Ruzagayura famine
248:Roman Catholicism
231:
230:
226:Roman Catholicism
98:Kingdom of Rwanda
16:(Redirected from
2357:
2295:
2288:
2268:
2261:
2254:
2247:
2240:
2233:
2226:
2219:
2212:
2205:
2198:
2191:
2184:
2177:
2170:
2163:
2161:Ruganzu II Ndoli
2143:
2136:
2129:
2122:
2106:
2105:
2095:
2088:
2086:Ruganzu I Bwimba
2081:
2079:Nsoro II Byinshi
2074:
2067:
2060:
2053:
2046:
2039:
2032:
2025:
2018:
2011:
1992:
1991:
1980:
1973:
1966:
1957:
1956:
1928:Preceded by
1920:
1919:
1914:Plain text copy
1886:
1885:
1867:
1861:
1860:
1858:
1850:
1844:
1839:
1833:
1826:
1820:
1819:
1806:
1800:
1799:
1779:
1773:
1772:Codere 1973: 293
1770:
1764:
1763:
1761:
1759:
1754:on 18 April 2016
1737:
1728:
1727:
1703:
1697:
1696:
1672:
1661:
1660:
1640:
1634:
1631:
1625:
1624:
1604:
1598:
1597:
1577:
1571:
1570:
1550:
1544:
1543:
1519:
1513:
1512:
1492:
1486:
1485:
1465:
1454:
1453:
1442:pp. 42–44.
1426:
1420:
1419:
1392:
1386:
1385:
1358:
1352:
1351:
1327:
1321:
1320:
1300:
1294:
1293:
1273:
1267:
1266:
1242:
1231:
1224:
1218:
1217:
1193:
1187:
1186:
1162:
1156:
1155:
1141:
1132:
1131:
1120:
1114:
1113:
1103:
1097:
1096:
1083:
1077:
1076:
1074:
1072:
1063:. Archived from
1057:
1051:
1050:
1030:
1017:
1016:
996:
990:
989:
982:
604:
603:
595:
594:
572:
567:
566:
553:
548:
547:
531:
526:
525:
476:
471:
466:
465:
367:Bahutu Manifesto
186:
168:
166:
162:
114:
44:
32:
31:
21:
2365:
2364:
2360:
2359:
2358:
2356:
2355:
2354:
2330:Kings of Rwanda
2305:
2304:
2303:
2298:
2291:
2284:
2277:
2271:
2264:
2257:
2250:
2243:
2236:
2229:
2222:
2215:
2208:
2201:
2194:
2187:
2180:
2173:
2166:
2159:
2152:
2146:
2139:
2132:
2125:
2118:
2107:
2103:
2098:
2093:Cyilima I Rugwe
2091:
2084:
2077:
2070:
2065:Ndahiro Samembe
2063:
2056:
2049:
2042:
2035:
2028:
2021:
2014:
2007:
1996:
1994:Kings of Rwanda
1986:
1984:
1950:
1941:
1933:
1894:
1889:
1882:
1868:
1864:
1856:
1852:
1851:
1847:
1840:
1836:
1827:
1823:
1818:. 19 June 2012.
1808:
1807:
1803:
1796:
1780:
1776:
1771:
1767:
1757:
1755:
1738:
1731:
1724:
1716:. p. 262.
1704:
1700:
1693:
1685:. p. 115.
1673:
1664:
1657:
1641:
1637:
1632:
1628:
1621:
1605:
1601:
1594:
1578:
1574:
1567:
1551:
1547:
1540:
1520:
1516:
1509:
1493:
1489:
1482:
1466:
1457:
1450:
1427:
1423:
1416:
1393:
1389:
1382:
1374:. p. 207.
1359:
1355:
1348:
1340:. p. 231.
1328:
1324:
1317:
1301:
1297:
1290:
1274:
1270:
1263:
1253:Scarecrow Press
1243:
1234:
1225:
1221:
1214:
1194:
1190:
1183:
1163:
1159:
1142:
1135:
1122:
1121:
1117:
1104:
1100:
1084:
1080:
1070:
1068:
1059:
1058:
1054:
1047:
1031:
1020:
1013:
997:
993:
984:
983:
979:
975:
970:
592:
561:
542:
520:
494:Reference style
474:
472:
469:
464:
434:Rosalie Gicanda
430:
403:André Perraudin
391:
325:
319:
284:
256:
189:
188:
184:
180:
178:Rosalie Gicanda
170:
167: 1941)
158:
154:
151:
135:
133:Nyanza District
116:
112:
92:
50:Mwami of Rwanda
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
2363:
2353:
2352:
2347:
2342:
2337:
2332:
2327:
2322:
2317:
2300:
2299:
2297:
2296:
2289:
2281:
2279:
2278:(1961–present)
2273:
2272:
2270:
2269:
2262:
2255:
2252:Yuhi V Musinga
2248:
2241:
2234:
2227:
2220:
2213:
2206:
2199:
2196:Kalemera Rwaka
2192:
2185:
2178:
2171:
2164:
2156:
2154:
2148:
2147:
2145:
2144:
2137:
2130:
2123:
2115:
2113:
2109:
2108:
2101:
2099:
2097:
2096:
2089:
2082:
2075:
2068:
2061:
2054:
2047:
2040:
2033:
2026:
2023:Yuhi I Musindi
2019:
2012:
2004:
2002:
1998:
1997:
1983:
1982:
1975:
1968:
1960:
1952:
1951:
1946:
1943:
1938:King of Rwanda
1934:
1931:Yuhi V Musinga
1929:
1925:
1924:
1923:Regnal titles
1918:
1917:
1912:
1907:
1900:
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1756:. Retrieved
1752:the original
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508:Your Majesty
505:Spoken style
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385:(APROSOMA).
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373:forming the
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345:World War II
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113:(1959-07-25)
111:25 July 1959
29:
2320:1959 deaths
2315:1911 births
2153:(1650–1961)
2151:3rd Dynasty
2112:2nd Dynasty
2001:1st Dynasty
1854:"Kaowarsom"
1061:"Genealogy"
499:His Majesty
300:LĂ©on Classe
292:Catholicism
287:Rudahigwa.
199:Abanyiginya
64:Predecessor
2309:Categories
2276:Pretenders
1942:1931–1959
1071:9 December
973:References
357:system of
321:See also:
266:, to King
91:March 1911
1758:24 August
1406:Routledge
470:Styles of
74:Successor
18:Rudahigwa
1815:BBC News
1432:(1995).
1398:(2007).
1150:(Ph.D).
1089:(1988).
590:Ancestry
515:National
422:Kigeli V
395:Usumbura
343:. After
222:Religion
118:Usumbura
94:Cyangugu
2293:Yuhi VI
2044:Rubanda
2037:Nyarume
2009:Gihanga
537:Foreign
462:Honours
354:ubuhake
333:mandate
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399:Urundi
307:famine
264:Nyanza
260:Rwanda
244:Rwanda
239:umwami
214:Mother
204:Father
140:Spouse
128:Burial
1857:(PDF)
1683:Plume
389:Death
282:Reign
272:Tutsi
242:) of
181:
159:(
155:
56:Reign
1876:ISBN
1790:ISBN
1760:2016
1718:ISBN
1687:ISBN
1651:ISBN
1615:ISBN
1588:ISBN
1561:ISBN
1534:ISBN
1503:ISBN
1476:ISBN
1444:ISBN
1410:ISBN
1376:ISBN
1342:ISBN
1311:ISBN
1284:ISBN
1257:ISBN
1208:ISBN
1177:ISBN
1073:2017
1041:ISBN
1007:ISBN
339:and
337:Hutu
195:Clan
165:div.
108:Died
88:Born
812:1.
702:2.
647:4.
621:8.
341:Twa
298:by
2311::
1812:.
1732:^
1712:.
1681:.
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1370:.
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1171:.
1136:^
1126:.
1021:^
424:.
262:,
161:m.
120:,
100:,
96:,
1979:e
1972:t
1965:v
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988:.
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365:"
20:)
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