97:
1036:
421:
810:
Arias, P.A., N. Bellouin, E. Coppola, R.G. Jones, G. Krinner, J. Marotzke, V. Naik, M.D. Palmer, G.-K. Plattner, J. Rogelj, M. Rojas, J. Sillmann, T. Storelvmo, P.W. Thorne, B. Trewin, K. Achuta Rao, B. Adhikary, R.P. Allan, K. Armour, G. Bala, R. Barimalala, S. Berger, J.G. Canadell, C. Cassou, A.
657:
is more universally applicable, but still it holds only for catchments whose surface area is limited by the condition that the rainfall can be considered more or less uniformly distributed over the area. The maximum size of the watershed then depends on the rainfall characteristics of the region.
202:
The evaporative phase of the cycle purifies water because it causes salts and other solids picked up during the cycle to be left behind. The condensation phase in the atmosphere replenishes the land with freshwater. The flow of liquid water and ice transports minerals across the globe. It also
811:
Cherchi, W. Collins, W.D. Collins, S.L. Connors, S. Corti, F. Cruz, F.J. Dentener, C. Dereczynski, A. Di Luca, A. Diongue Niang, F.J. Doblas-Reyes, A. Dosio, H. Douville, F. Engelbrecht, V. Eyring, E. Fischer, P. Forster, B. Fox-Kemper, J.S. Fuglestvedt, J.C. Fyfe, et al., 2021:
275:
792:
Douville, H., K. Raghavan, J. Renwick, R.P. Allan, P.A. Arias, M. Barlow, R. Cerezo-Mota, A. Cherchi, T.Y. Gan, J. Gergis, D. Jiang, A. Khan, W. Pokam Mba, D. Rosenfeld, J. Tierney, and O. Zolina, 2021:
195:
changes. When water evaporates, it takes up energy from its surroundings and cools the environment. When it condenses, it releases energy and warms the environment. These heat exchanges influence the
718:
of runoff from small catchments and hillslope plots monitored by the USDA. It is widely used and is an efficient method for determining the approximate amount of direct runoff from a
981:
799:
Climate Change 2021: The
Physical Science Basis. Contribution of Working Group I to the Sixth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change
772:
909:
817:
Climate Change 2021: The
Physical Science Basis. Contribution of Working Group I to the Sixth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change
100:
A detailed diagram depicting the global water cycle. The direction of movement of water between reservoirs tends towards upwards movement through
364:, as it can carry human-made contaminants or natural forms of pollution (such as rotting leaves). Human-made contaminants in runoff include
519:. This excess water can also make its way into people's properties through basement backups and seepage through building wall and floors.
714:— the number is still popularly known as a "SCS runoff curve number" in the literature. The runoff curve number was developed from an
507:
since the amount of water that remains on the surface is greater. Most municipal storm sewer systems discharge untreated stormwater to
837:
128:. The mass of water on Earth remains fairly constant over time. However, the partitioning of the water into the major reservoirs of
1077:
658:
When the study area is too large, it can be divided into sub-catchments and the various runoff hydrographs may be combined using
989:
703:
1022:. Technical Release 55 (TR-55) (Second ed.). Natural Resources Conservation Service, Conservation Engineering Division.
338:) do not allow water to soak into the ground. Furthermore, runoff can occur either through natural or human-made processes.
801:. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, United Kingdom and New York, NY, US, pp. 1055–1210, doi:10.1017/9781009157896.010.
764:
819:. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, United Kingdom and New York, NY, US, pp. 33−144. doi:10.1017/9781009157896.002.
241:
967:
897:
794:
217:
169:
17:
244:. Research has shown that global warming is causing shifts in precipitation patterns, increased frequency of
1070:
812:
719:
464:
165:
1014:
913:
361:
1096:
692:
618:
610:
488:
173:
188:. The ocean plays a key role in the water cycle as it is the source of 86% of global evaporation.
1063:
377:
346:
248:
events, and changes in the timing and intensity of rainfall. These water cycle changes affect
580:
1051:
962:
WEF Manual of
Practice No. 23; ASCE Manual and Report on Engineering Practice No. 87. 1998.
108:. The diagram also shows how human water use impacts where water is stored and how it moves.
500:
180:, and subsurface flow. In doing so, the water goes through different forms: liquid, solid (
117:
327:
96:
8:
829:
680:
673:
659:
558:
440:
357:
380:
is exacerbated by surface runoff, leading to a number of down stream impacts, including
1101:
381:
101:
38:
963:
893:
575:. Water flowing in channels comes from surface runoff from adjacent hillslopes, from
740:
152:, or from the ocean to the atmosphere. The processes that drive these movements are
988:. Ellicott City, MD: Center for Watershed Protection. pp. 1–12. Archived from
875:
715:
468:
456:
959:
588:
526:
245:
233:
1047:
630:
626:
571:
522:
432:
395:
385:
350:
294:
285:
267:
253:
237:
196:
177:
43:
288:(also known as overland flow or terrestrial runoff) is the unconfined flow of
41:. Runoff that flows over land before reaching a watercourse is referred to as
1090:
566:
221:
208:
157:
584:
484:
436:
428:
413:
391:
349:. The land area producing runoff that drains to a common point is called a
335:
225:
203:
reshapes the geological features of the Earth, through processes including
161:
137:
76:
71:
934:
880:, Hydrological Processes, Wiley Intersciences DOI 10:1002 hyp 5740 (2004)
870:
641:
576:
562:
496:
448:
342:
314:, or other sources, can no longer sufficiently rapidly infiltrate in the
279:
229:
211:. The water cycle is also essential for the maintenance of most life and
192:
185:
153:
133:
113:
89:
52:
1012:
637:
633:
592:
546:
540:
480:
373:
307:
148:. The water moves from one reservoir to another, such as from river to
141:
57:
816:
798:
1043:
688:
684:
565:. It is one runoff component, the movement of water from the land to
399:
369:
365:
311:
249:
212:
599:
occurs when the volume of water exceeds the capacity of the channel.
622:
472:
452:
579:
flow out of the ground, and from water discharged from pipes. The
204:
145:
105:
191:
The water cycle involves the exchange of energy, which leads to
1035:
636:
in response to a rainfall event, represented by and input as a
554:
508:
435:
of rainwater, landscape irrigation, and car washing created by
420:
629:(catchment area or watershed). More precisely, it produces a
596:
550:
512:
504:
289:
149:
125:
121:
34:
390:
In addition to causing water erosion and pollution, surface
700:
696:
492:
476:
460:
444:
356:
Runoff that occurs on the ground surface before reaching a
331:
315:
303:
1006:
220:
are greatly affecting the water cycle. Activities such as
516:
274:
236:) all have an effect on the water cycle. On top of this,
181:
129:
941:. Reston, VA: U.S. Geological Survey (USGS). 2018-06-06.
927:
398:, which can result in property damage, damp and mold in
955:
323:
699:
excess. The curve number method was developed by the
467:
events, these surfaces (built from materials such as
322:
by water to its full capacity, and the rain arrives
319:
891:
951:
945:
116:(or hydrologic cycle or hydrological cycle), is a
37:across the earth, and is a major component in the
1088:
1013:United States Department of Agriculture (1986).
741:"The Water Cycle (PNG) | U.S. Geological Survey"
683:(also called a curve number or simply CN) is an
651:, but in practice it has limited applicability.
583:of water flowing in a channel is measured using
910:"Impact of Water Runoff from Streets and Yards"
786:
1071:
878:'s perceptual model of infiltration processes
804:
757:
984:. In Schueler; Holland, Heather K. (eds.).
765:"Water Cycle | Science Mission Directorate"
591:. The record of flow over time is called a
341:Surface runoff is a major component of the
1078:
1064:
120:that involves the continuous movement of
979:
889:L. Davis Mackenzie and Susan J. Masten,
419:
326:it. Surface runoff often occurs because
292:over the ground surface, in contrast to
273:
95:
621:or rainfall-runoff model describes how
424:Urban runoff flowing into a storm drain
124:on, above and below the surface of the
14:
1089:
704:Natural Resources Conservation Service
521:Urban runoff can be a major source of
640:. Rainfall-runoff models need to be
324:more quickly than the soil can absorb
1030:
1016:Urban hydrology for small watersheds
986:The Practice of Watershed Protection
549:, or channel runoff, is the flow of
956:American Society of Civil Engineers
487:, instead of allowing the water to
256:, agriculture, and human societies.
24:
982:"The Importance of Imperviousness"
960:"Urban Runoff Quality Management."
318:. This can occur when the soil is
242:intensification of the water cycle
25:
1113:
647:A well known runoff model is the
533:
260:
232:are altering natural landscapes (
1034:
706:, which was formerly called the
691:for predicting direct runoff or
672:This section is an excerpt from
609:This section is an excerpt from
561:, and is a major element of the
539:This section is an excerpt from
412:This section is an excerpt from
266:This section is an excerpt from
88:This section is an excerpt from
973:
935:"Runoff (surface water runoff)"
840:from the original on 2021-01-28
775:from the original on 2018-01-15
666:
529:in urban communities worldwide.
406:
914:Highlands Ranch Metro District
902:
883:
864:
851:
822:
733:
625:is converted into runoff in a
495:. This causes lowering of the
104:and downward movement through
27:Flow of water across the earth
13:
1:
980:Schueler, Thomas R. (2000) .
726:
345:. It is the primary agent of
82:
75:is surface runoff created by
1050:. You can help Knowledge by
952:Water Environment Federation
569:, the other component being
362:nonpoint source of pollution
7:
834:National Geographic Society
722:event in a particular area.
587:or can be estimated by the
144:is variable and depends on
55:, runoff is referred to as
10:
1118:
1029:
671:
608:
538:
411:
265:
87:
939:USGS Water Science School
708:Soil Conservation Service
644:before they can be used.
455:) are constructed during
302:). It occurs when excess
653:The runoff model with a
611:Runoff model (reservoir)
603:
228:, and the extraction of
912:. Highlands Ranch, CO:
954:, Alexandria, VA; and
425:
402:, and street flooding.
394:is a primary cause of
378:agricultural pollution
282:
278:Runoff flowing into a
109:
423:
392:runoff in urban areas
347:soil erosion by water
277:
99:
655:non-linear reservoir
501:groundwater recharge
463:, storms, and other
118:biogeochemical cycle
795:Water Cycle Changes
681:runoff curve number
674:Runoff curve number
441:Impervious surfaces
716:empirical analysis
687:parameter used in
426:
382:nutrient pollution
283:
254:water availability
146:climatic variables
110:
102:evapotranspiration
39:hydrological cycle
1059:
1058:
859:The Horton Papers
813:Technical Summary
503:is lessened) and
479:, carry polluted
376:and others. Much
240:is leading to an
142:atmospheric water
16:(Redirected from
1109:
1080:
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1038:
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1024:
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1021:
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1004:
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1001:
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994:
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876:Robert E. Horton
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784:
783:
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769:science.nasa.gov
761:
755:
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751:
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649:linear reservoir
589:Manning equation
457:land development
280:stormwater drain
234:land use changes
21:
1117:
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1097:Hydrology stubs
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527:water pollution
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330:areas (such as
271:
263:
258:
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246:extreme weather
215:on the planet.
93:
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33:is the flow of
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958:, Reston, VA.
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836:. 2011-01-21.
821:
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631:surface runoff
627:drainage basin
615:
607:
605:
602:
572:surface runoff
545:
537:
535:
534:Channel runoff
532:
523:urban flooding
475:), along with
433:surface runoff
418:
410:
408:
405:
396:urban flooding
386:eutrophication
351:drainage basin
295:channel runoff
286:Surface runoff
272:
268:Surface runoff
264:
262:
261:Surface runoff
259:
238:climate change
197:climate system
178:surface runoff
94:
86:
84:
81:
63:channel runoff
44:surface runoff
26:
18:Runoff (water)
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
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1046:article is a
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995:on 2014-03-27
991:
987:
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969:
968:1-57278-039-8
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898:0-07-235053-9
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660:flood routing
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619:runoff models
612:
598:
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585:stream gauges
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465:precipitation
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251:
247:
243:
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235:
231:
227:
223:
222:deforestation
219:
218:Human actions
216:
214:
210:
209:sedimentation
206:
200:
198:
194:
189:
187:
183:
179:
175:
171:
167:
166:precipitation
163:
159:
158:transpiration
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68:
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50:
49:overland flow
46:
45:
40:
36:
32:
19:
1052:expanding it
1041:
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1008:
997:. Retrieved
990:the original
985:
975:
970:. Chapter 1.
947:
938:
929:
917:. Retrieved
904:
890:
885:
874:
866:
858:
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842:. Retrieved
833:
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788:
777:. Retrieved
768:
759:
748:. Retrieved
745:www.usgs.gov
744:
735:
711:
707:
693:infiltration
667:Curve number
654:
648:
646:
616:
570:
485:storm drains
449:parking lots
437:urbanization
429:Urban runoff
427:
414:Urban runoff
407:Urban runoff
384:that causes
355:
340:
299:
293:
284:
226:urbanization
201:
190:
174:infiltration
162:condensation
111:
77:urbanization
72:Urban runoff
70:
67:river runoff
66:
62:
56:
51:. Once in a
48:
42:
30:
29:
871:Keith Beven
662:techniques.
577:groundwater
567:waterbodies
563:water cycle
497:water table
374:fertilizers
343:water cycle
300:stream flow
230:groundwater
193:temperature
170:sublimation
154:evaporation
134:fresh water
114:water cycle
90:Water cycle
53:watercourse
1091:Categories
999:2014-12-24
844:2021-02-19
779:2018-01-15
750:2024-04-24
727:References
642:calibrated
638:hyetograph
634:hydrograph
593:hydrograph
557:and other
547:Streamflow
541:Streamflow
481:stormwater
370:pesticides
328:impervious
308:stormwater
250:ecosystems
213:ecosystems
138:salt water
83:Background
58:streamflow
1102:Hydrology
1044:hydrology
919:30 August
689:hydrology
685:empirical
581:discharge
499:(because
489:percolate
459:. During
453:sidewalks
400:basements
366:petroleum
360:can be a
320:saturated
312:meltwater
304:rainwater
838:Archived
830:"runoff"
773:Archived
720:rainfall
697:rainfall
623:rainfall
597:Flooding
559:channels
505:flooding
491:through
477:rooftops
473:concrete
336:pavement
555:streams
509:streams
469:asphalt
358:channel
205:erosion
106:gravity
966:
896:
861:(1933)
515:, and
513:rivers
184:) and
31:Runoff
1042:This
1020:(PDF)
993:(pdf)
815:. In
797:. In
695:from
604:Model
551:water
445:roads
332:roofs
290:water
186:vapor
150:ocean
126:Earth
122:water
65:, or
35:water
1048:stub
964:ISBN
921:2021
894:ISBN
701:USDA
679:The
525:and
517:bays
493:soil
471:and
461:rain
451:and
334:and
316:soil
298:(or
207:and
140:and
112:The
712:SCS
710:or
553:in
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431:is
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Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
