451:’s Marine Hospital and Public Health Service, rather than the Department of the Interior, as the lead Federal agency (and shortened the name to PHS), responsible not only for interstate quarantine and health services delivery to Federal wards but also for the health of the general public. The Act stepped up Federal public health activities, most notably in response to repeated outbreaks of typhoid fever that tore through cities and towns that drew drinking water from increasingly contaminated supplies. The Act of 1912 authorized Hygienic Laboratory investigations into water pollution's contribution to the disease burden, including a new field research station at
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620:
passage of legislation creating a PHS Reserve Corps until
October 1918, well into the flu pandemic. Pressure to add staff also came from Congress' mandate (1917) that PHS provide health services for disabled and, as of March 1919, all World War One veterans, through a new Bureau of War Risk Insurance in the Treasury Department. Over the following year, PHS assembled a network of fourteen district offices and transformed war surplus facilities into hospitals and clinics, scrambling for staff and resources to stretch the $ 10.5 million given by Congress to fund the new program.
25:
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Given his tenure during this period, it may not come as a surprise that Blue advocated enacting national health insurance, then known as universal sickness insurance, as part of an overall
Federal public health strategy. Blue spoke not only as Surgeon General and on behalf of the Association of State
627:
A change in leadership at the
Department of the Treasury, PHS' home, may have led to Blue's decision to step down from his posting as Surgeon General on 9 March 1920. He resumed the rank of Assistant Surgeon General and was assigned to Paris, France, to oversee PHS operations in Europe and to serve
557:
on 3 April 1917, Blue oversaw a dramatic short-term expansion of PHS duties without the benefit of increased appropriations. The military draft underway by July 1917 meant the movement of hundreds of thousands of draftees to temporary encampments around the country, with few provisions for public
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until the city was declared plague free. This was the first time all levels of government had been able to put political differences aside and agree on a direction together. These conference meetings continued to occur on a biweekly notice, and eventually led to the creation of the Public Health
619:
that reached the United States in
September 1918. Blue had applauded President Wilson's Executive Order making PHS an arm of the military (issued in April 1917 and repealed in 1921), and subsequent moves to set officers’ pay and benefits on a par with those of the armed forces, but did not see
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was declared plague free due to a decrease in mortality rate within
Chinatown and the lack of any new cases reported to officials. The success of these sanitation programs were credited to Blue for his diplomacy skills among the different levels of government. With the implementation of these
357:
Blue's primary concern was to secure funding to improve the sanitation conditions of
Chinatown through the implementation and maintenance of sanitation measures. These proposed measures consisted of vermin eradication, growing scientific evidence pointed to rats as carriers of the plague, and
531:
Dr. John McMullan brought his knowledge of trachoma treatment and prevention from work with immigrants to public health campaigns among
American Indians and rural populations in the Ozarks and Southern Appalachian mountains, setting up the first of his temporary hospitals at
757:(1926 edition); p. 296; although neither the "Rupert Blue" nor "Victor Blue" entry mentions that they were brothers, they were both born in Richmond County, North Carolina, less than three years apart, to parents with the exact same names ("John G. and Annie M. (Evans) B.")
773:(Marion, South Carolina); published April 22, 1954; archived at Sciway3.net; retrieved May 31, 2024; "Miss Blue was the daughter of the late Col. John Gilchrist Blue and Annie M. Evans Blue and a sister of the late Rear Adm. Victor Blue and Surgeon-Gen. Rupert Blue"
354:. Upon arriving Blue was able to organize a conference between the federal, state, civil and business leaders of the area to discuss the sanitation conditions in Chinatown, where the majority of plague cases were aggregated within the city.
566:, provided industrial hygiene and health services for the thousands of workers laboring in war plants and the communities surrounding them, emptied swamps and sprayed for mosquitoes to prevent malaria, and built sanitary privies. Back in
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Under Blue's leadership, physician researchers at PHS turned the new science of bacteriology and the age-old practices of sanitation and public education to effective use against diseases linked to poverty in both rural and urban areas.
1066:
447:, which reoriented PHS toward research and public campaigns against disease. Passage of the Act of 1912 capped 6 years of lively debate about how to strengthen Federal public health efforts more generally. It designated the
586:. Blue's public health infrastructure was up and running by the time that Congressional support came, in the form of earmarked dollars and a statute covering the control and prevention of venereal disease (the
303:(MHS), came through a nine-month internship (1 June 1892 to 2 March 1893), after which Blue applied for entrance into the MHS Regular Corps and was commissioned as an Assistant Surgeon on 3 March 1893.
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and to extend campaigns against infectious disease toward the control of occupational and environmental threats. During 1914 PHS opened an Office of
Industrial Hygiene and Sanitation at the
455:. Interstate guidelines were developed and put into effect to ensure potable water and pasteurized milk. PHS received authority to initiate field research independently of county and
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346:. The majority of Blue's work consisted of acting as a mediator between the various branches of government who at the time were conflicted on their opinions of whether or not the
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432:(1910). Blue's successes in the field made his reputation. He was promoted to the position of Surgeon (17 May 1909), and after Wyman died unexpectedly, President
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This initial conference, organized by Blue, ended with the adaptation of a binding resolution that prioritized funding for sanitation campaigns throughout
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After a full career at PHS, Blue retired from PHS on 1 December 1932. He was advanced to the rank of Vice
Admiral in 1942. He died on 12 April 1948, in
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nominated Blue to serve as
Surgeon General (13 January 1912 through 3 March 1920). Blue would go on to serve a second four-year term under President
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During his initial deployment Blue acted as a middleman reporting back to Wyman concerning the political climate surrounding
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through rural privy-building campaigns and spurred the establishment of the first full-time county health department, at
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programs Blue was able to stem the plague and enable Wyman to avoid imposing a federal quarantine on the bay area.
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or state health departments. In response, PHS established venereal disease control programs with funding from the
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Recruiting and retaining physicians during wartime was a challenge to PHS, a situation made worse by the global
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During World War I, under SG Rupert Blue, cigarettes were issued as part of each fighting man's basic
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and Territorial Health Officers but also as President of the American Medical Association (1916–17).
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and no new cases, Blue succeeded his position as head of the United States Public Health Service in
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Surgeon General Blue the plague fighter became an institution builder as well. He inherited the
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20 Things You Didn't Know About... The Surgeon General | Health Policy | DISCOVER Magazine
389:(after being appointed in May 1903) to Donald Currie before heading off to his next post.
8:
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and at the Greenfield prison farm to uncover the nutritional deficiencies at the root of
498:, and its positive correlation with insanitary soil conditions, throughout the Southeast.
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254:(May 30, 1868 – April 12, 1948) was an American physician and soldier. He was the fourth
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dispatched Blue twice to oversee rat eradication and urban sanitation programs after
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Funding for these sanitation campaigns lasted from 1903 through 1905 at which time
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Blue spent his early years in the MHS at the front lines of turn-of-the-century
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Commission of California with Blue as its inaugural president in April 1903.
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420:(1911), to help Hawaii prepare for traffic to follow the opening of the new
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708:""What I Am Trying To Do": An Authorized Interview With Dr. Rupert Blue"
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When he wasn't trapping rats and squirrels in California, Blue directed
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and battling outbreaks of epidemic disease. Then-Surgeon General
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42:
315:, participating in the medical inspection of immigrants of the
786:. U.S. Department of Health and Human Services. Archived from
381:
In April 1905, with pressure from the municipal government of
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creating physical barriers between rats and humans through
841:
784:"Office of the Surgeon General: Rupert Blue (1912–1919)"
632:(1920–1923) and subsequently to the League of Nations.
693:
Plague, Fear, and Politics in San Francisco's Chinatown
782:
Office of Public Health and Science (4 January 2007).
695:. Baltimore, Maryland: Johns Hopkins University Press.
570:, the Hygienic Laboratory produced vaccines against
549:
Rupert Blue during his tenure as US Surgeon General
808:PBS American Experience: Plague at the Golden Gate
258:from 1912 to 1920. He served as president of the
2233:
605:"Spanish Influenza" "Three-day Fever" "The Flu"
2282:Presidents of the American Medical Association
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827:
51:introducing citations to additional sources
2267:People from Richmond County, North Carolina
553:After the United States officially entered
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151:January 13, 1912 – March 3, 1920
2257:University of Maryland, Baltimore alumni
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41:Relevant discussion may be found on the
713:The World's Work: A History of Our Time
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295:(1892). His first association with the
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2252:Surgeons General of the United States
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843:Surgeons General of the United States
815:
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690:
630:Office International d’Hygiene Public
661:
256:Surgeon General of the United States
139:Surgeon General of the United States
18:
16:Surgeon General of the United States
609:United States Public Health Service
331:, once in February 1903 during the
13:
2272:People from Marion, South Carolina
430:London School of Tropical Medicine
14:
2293:
2277:Marine Hospital Service personnel
802:
333:San Francisco plague of 1900–1904
1040:
767:Funeral for Miss Kate Lilly Blue
647:Blue's brother was Rear Admiral
34:relies largely or entirely on a
23:
706:Logan, Thomas F. (April 1912).
404:eradication efforts to control
277:Richmond County, North Carolina
216:Richmond County, North Carolina
731:
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540:
362:of basement floors and walls.
270:
1:
2262:University of Virginia alumni
1607:William W. Thayer (1928–1929)
654:
461:Marine Hospital in Pittsburgh
1846:(vice president) (1964–1965)
1521:(vice president) (1915–1916)
1087:American Medical Association
265:
260:American Medical Association
7:
607:written by Dr. Blue of the
507:Spartanburg, South Carolina
287:(1889–1890) and earned his
10:
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637:Charleston, South Carolina
617:Spanish influenza pandemic
520:reduced the prevalence of
465:Department of the Interior
236:Charleston, South Carolina
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1913:
1746:
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1549:William Clarence Braisted
1415:
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1107:Alexander Hodgdon Stevens
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691:Risse, Gunter B. (2012).
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299:(PHS), then known as the
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628:as U.S. delegate to the
467:’s new Bureau of Mines.
457:state health departments
449:U.S. Treasury Department
350:was actually present in
275:Rupert Blue was born in
1400:George Miller Sternberg
1304:Joseph Janvier Woodward
588:Chamberlain Act of 1918
301:Marine Hospital Service
2118:William G. Plested III
1981:Harrison L. Rogers Jr.
1197:David Humphreys Storer
612:
550:
505:used field studies at
494:charted the extent of
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293:University of Maryland
285:University of Virginia
281:Marion, South Carolina
2082:Randolph D. Smoak Jr.
2047:Daniel H. Johnson Jr.
1423:William Williams Keen
603:
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395:
297:Public Health Service
1993:William S. Hotchkiss
1707:Herman L. Kretschmer
1617:William Gerry Morgan
1561:George de Schweinitz
1489:John Benjamin Murphy
754:Who's Who in America
611:on 28 September 1918
414:Jamestown Exposition
47:improve this article
2100:Donald J. Palmisano
1868:Dwight Locke Wilbur
1772:Edward J. McCormick
1731:Roscoe L. Sensenich
1683:Nathan B. Van Etten
1596:Wendell C. Phillips
1573:William Allen Pusey
1531:Charles Horace Mayo
1501:John A. Witherspoon
1131:Beverly R. Wellford
1113:John Collins Warren
434:William Howard Taft
160:William Howard Taft
2190:Barbara L. McAneny
1969:Frank J. Jirka Jr.
1754:Elmer L. Henderson
1641:Walter L. Bierring
1590:William D. Haggard
1519:Albert Vander Veer
1459:William James Mayo
1215:William O. Baldwin
1191:Nathan Smith Davis
613:
551:
526:Yakima, Washington
398:
283:. He attended the
262:in 1916–17.
2229:
2228:
2154:Jeremy A. Lazarus
2094:Yank D. Coble Jr.
2088:Richard F. Corlin
2041:Lonnie R. Bristow
2029:Joseph T. Painter
1987:John J. Coury Jr.
1939:Thomas E. Nesbitt
1927:Richard E. Palmer
1856:Charles L. Hudson
1820:Leonard W. Larson
1647:James S. McLester
1611:Malcolm L. Harris
1543:Alexander Lambert
1513:William L. Rodman
1507:Victor C. Vaughan
1477:William C. Gorgas
1286:Theophilus Parvin
1274:Henry I. Bowditch
1221:George Mendenhall
1149:George Bacon Wood
1101:Nathaniel Chapman
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534:Hindman, Kentucky
503:Joseph Goldberger
428:and attended the
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2214:Jack Resneck Jr.
2208:Gerald E. Harmon
2178:Andrew W. Gurman
2130:Nancy H. Nielsen
2035:Robert E. McAfee
1957:Daniel T. Cloud,
1951:Robert B. Hunter
1880:W. C. Bornemeier
1874:Gerald D. Dorman
1862:Milford O. Rouse
1826:George M. Fister
1814:E. Vincent Askey
1802:Gunnar Gundersen
1790:Dwight H. Murray
1778:Walter B. Martin
1701:James E. Paullin
1653:James Tate Mason
1602:Jabez N. Jackson
1567:Ray Lyman Wilbur
1483:William H. Welch
1465:Joseph D. Bryant
1447:John Herr Musser
1435:John Allan Wyeth
1376:James F. Hibberd
1340:A. Y. P. Garnett
1310:John Light Atlee
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1119:Reuben D. Mussey
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279:, and raised in
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2136:J. James Rohack
2124:Ronald M. Davis
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1975:Joseph F. Boyle
1963:William Y. Rial
1945:Hoyt D. Gardner
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1904:Malcolm C. Todd
1898:Russell B. Roth
1844:Donovan F. Ward
1838:Norman A. Welch
1832:Edward R. Annis
1796:David B. Allman
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1737:Ernest E. Irons
1725:Edward L. Bortz
1719:H. H. Shoulders
1659:Charles G. Heyd
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1537:Arthur D. Bevan
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1388:R. Beverly Cole
1382:Donald MacLean,
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1239:Thomas M. Logan
1209:Samuel D. Gross
1143:Charles A. Pope
1137:Jonathan Knight
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416:(1907), and in
412:(1905), at the
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62:"Rupert Blue"
59:
58:Find sources:
52:
48:
44:
38:
37:
36:single source
32:This article
30:
26:
21:
20:
2059:Nancy Dickey
2017:John J. Ring
1933:John H. Budd
1808:Louis M. Orr
1713:Roger I. Lee
1524:
1358:W. T. Briggs
1346:W. W. Dawson
1173:Henry Miller
1155:Zina Pitcher
868:
806:
792:. Retrieved
788:the original
770:
762:
752:
749:BLUE, Rupert
744:
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722:. Retrieved
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513:(1914–1915).
477:George McCoy
469:
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422:Panama Canal
406:yellow fever
399:
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364:
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341:
321:Walter Wyman
310:
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231:(1948-04-12)
213:May 30, 1868
183:Succeeded by
176:Walter Wyman
146:
100:
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33:
2247:1948 deaths
2242:1868 births
2216:(2022–2023)
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2025:(1992–1993)
2019:(1991–1992)
2013:(1990–1991)
2007:(1989–1990)
2001:(1988–1989)
1995:(1987–1988)
1989:(1986–1987)
1983:(1985–1986)
1977:(1984–1985)
1971:(1983–1984)
1965:(1982–1983)
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1947:(1979–1980)
1941:(1978–1979)
1935:(1977–1978)
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1923:(1975–1976)
1906:(1974–1975)
1900:(1973–1974)
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1882:(1970–1971)
1876:(1969–1970)
1870:(1968–1969)
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1858:(1966–1967)
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1834:(1963–1964)
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1733:(1948–1949)
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1703:(1943–1944)
1697:(1942–1943)
1691:(1941–1942)
1689:Frank Lahey
1685:(1940–1941)
1679:(1939–1940)
1673:(1938–1939)
1671:Irvin Abell
1667:(1937–1938)
1661:(1936–1937)
1649:(1935–1936)
1643:(1934–1935)
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1631:(1932–1933)
1625:(1931–1932)
1619:(1930–1931)
1613:(1929–1930)
1604:(1927–1928)
1598:(1926–1927)
1592:(1925–1926)
1575:(1924–1925)
1569:(1923–1924)
1563:(1922–1923)
1557:(1921–1922)
1555:Hubert Work
1551:(1920–1921)
1545:(1919–1920)
1539:(1918–1919)
1533:(1917–1918)
1527:(1916–1917)
1525:Rupert Blue
1509:(1914–1915)
1503:(1913–1914)
1497:(1912–1913)
1491:(1911–1912)
1485:(1910–1911)
1479:(1909–1910)
1473:(1908–1909)
1467:(1907–1908)
1461:(1906–1907)
1455:(1905–1906)
1449:(1904–1905)
1443:(1903–1904)
1437:(1902–1903)
1431:(1901–1902)
1425:(1900–1901)
1408:(1899–1900)
1402:(1898–1899)
1396:(1897–1898)
1390:(1896–1897)
1378:(1894–1895)
1372:(1893–1894)
1366:(1892–1893)
1364:H. O. Marcy
1360:(1891–1892)
1354:(1890–1891)
1352:E. M. Moore
1348:(1889–1890)
1342:(1888–1889)
1336:(1887–1888)
1330:(1886–1887)
1324:(1885–1886)
1318:(1884–1885)
1312:(1883–1884)
1306:(1882–1883)
1300:(1881–1882)
1294:(1880–1881)
1292:Lewis Sayre
1288:(1879–1880)
1282:(1878–1879)
1276:(1877–1878)
1270:(1876–1877)
1264:(1875–1876)
1247:(1874–1875)
1241:(1873–1874)
1235:(1872–1873)
1229:(1871–1872)
1223:(1870–1871)
1217:(1869–1870)
1211:(1868–1869)
1205:(1867–1868)
1199:(1866–1867)
1193:(1864–1866)
1187:(1863–1864)
1185:Alden March
1181:(1860–1861)
1175:(1859–1860)
1169:(1858–1859)
1163:(1857–1858)
1161:Paul F. Eve
1157:(1856–1857)
1151:(1855–1856)
1145:(1854–1855)
1139:(1853–1854)
1133:(1852–1853)
1127:(1851–1852)
1121:(1850–1851)
1115:(1849–1850)
1109:(1848–1849)
1103:(1847–1848)
1021:Trent-Adams
649:Victor Blue
555:World War I
541:World War I
479:documented
463:, near the
445:Act of 1912
410:New Orleans
396:Rupert Blue
360:cementation
339:and fires.
271:Early years
171:Preceded by
118:Rupert Blue
2236:Categories
1959:1981–1982)
1784:Elmer Hess
1384:1885–1896)
1083:Presidents
794:2008-01-17
724:2009-07-10
655:References
576:diphtheria
337:earthquake
209:1868-05-30
103:April 2018
73:newspapers
1914:1975–2000
1747:1950–1975
1583:1925–1950
1416:1900–1925
1255:1875–1900
1094:1847–1875
987:Moritsugu
976:Moritsugu
904:Steinfeld
854:Woodworth
720:: 653–657
564:Red Cross
485:bacterial
481:tularemia
291:from the
266:Biography
156:President
147:In office
43:talk page
1179:Eli Ives
1023:(acting)
1012:(acting)
1010:Lushniak
1005:Benjamin
1001:(acting)
995:(acting)
989:(acting)
978:(acting)
967:(acting)
961:(acting)
950:(acting)
939:(acting)
928:(acting)
922:(acting)
915:Richmond
911:(acting)
859:Hamilton
584:smallpox
511:pellagra
487:origins.
418:Honolulu
402:mosquito
137:4th
2222:(2023–)
1085:of the
982:Carmona
971:Satcher
965:Clinton
948:Whitney
943:Novello
909:Ehrlich
899:Stewart
884:Scheele
874:Cumming
580:typhoid
572:tetanus
536:(1913).
528:(1911).
327:struck
87:scholar
1840:(1964)
1655:(1936)
1515:(1915)
1032:Murthy
1016:Murthy
999:Weaver
993:Galson
959:Manley
954:Elders
926:Brandt
920:Greene
889:Burney
879:Parran
643:Family
582:, and
307:Career
89:
82:
75:
68:
60:
2075:2000–
1027:Adams
937:Mason
894:Terry
864:Wyman
769:, in
751:, in
718:XXIII
597:kit.
94:JSTOR
80:books
932:Koop
869:Blue
590:).
516:Dr.
501:Dr.
490:Dr.
475:Dr.
289:M.D.
226:Died
203:Born
66:news
483:’s
408:in
240:USA
220:USA
49:by
2238::
716:.
710:.
663:^
651:.
639:.
578:,
574:,
238:,
218:,
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1068:t
1061:v
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828:t
821:v
797:.
727:.
211:)
207:(
105:)
101:(
91:·
84:·
77:·
70:·
53:.
39:.
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