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42:
420:
268:
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87:
750:
565:" of 1913. During the fighting that marked this internecine conflict, part of the rurales remained loyal to the Madero government. Three hundred rural guardsmen of the 18th Corps were ambushed by rebel machine gunners in the centre of Mexico City, losing 67 dead and wounded. It is uncertain whether the destruction of the 18th Corps was the result of a tactical blunder or a measure deliberately arranged by General Huerta to weaken the Madero forces.
736:
70:
764:
790:
505:. They were variously described as "the world's most picturesque policemen" and "mostly bandits". The former may have been true but the latter was a distorted memory of the rough-and-ready early days of the corps. Some of the Mexican states maintained their own rural mounted police forces and a separate city police force operated in Mexico City, but none matched the Federal
343:
568:
Huerta then proposed to expand the existing Rurale units into a field force of over ten thousand men serving alongside the regular
Federal troops. Recruiting problems and desertions prevented this ever becoming a realistic project. The remains of the Guardia Rural were finally disarmed and disbanded
452:
as a counterweight to the much larger
Federal army and in the later years of the regime they were increasingly used to control industrial unrest, in addition to the traditional task of patrolling country areas. While in theory a centralized organisation, the rural guards often came under the direct
415:
were neither as effective nor as brutal as regime publicists had suggested. The daily pay of 1.30 pesos was not high and up to 25% of recruits deserted before completing their four-year enlistments. This term of service was extended to five years after 1890. Only one rurale in ten re-enlisted after
296:
On May 6, 1861 four corps of Rural Police were authorized by the Juárez government; each having an establishment of 20 officers and 255 other ranks. Recruitment was intended to be by voluntary enlistment. Pay was set at a higher level than that of the conscript based army. Control of the new force
350:
By 1875 the corps numbered about one thousand members, organized in forty-two squads primarily responsible for patrolling the Mexico valley region. While their performance was uneven - with charges being made of both aggressive behavior against the public and slackness in enforcing their
338:
and specifically tasked with providing mounted patrols for rail and road links, escorting gold and other valuable shipments, providing support for the
Federal Army when called upon, and ensuring security when local elections were held.
556:
without due trial process. In practice the induction of large numbers of
Maderista fighters on a temporary basis while awaiting discharge simply diluted such efficiency as the corps had retained. Huerta saw a more central role for the
411:("law of flight") – seldom took prisoners and which inevitably got its man. However research by Professor Paul J. Vanderwood, during the 1970s involving detailed examination of the records of the corps, indicated that the
333:
Described as "well-mounted active men ... in handsome uniform" the rurales were reconstituted in 1869 as part of the reconstruction of the
Mexican Republic following the Franco/Maximilian episode. The corps was placed under the
354:
Following his accession to power in 1877, President
Porfirio DĂaz expanded the Rurales to nearly 2,000 by 1889 as part of his programme of modernization and (eventually) repression. Initially some captured
628:
describes in detail the role of the
Rurales during the early years of the 20th century; as an instrument of repression against the exploited peasantry and mahogany cutters of the far south of Mexico.
363:, as had been the case under Juárez. The system of recruitment however subsequently became a more conventional one of volunteer enlistment. Officers were either seconded from the
552:(1913–1914). Madero left the force essentially unchanged, although introducing legislation intended to prevent corpsmen, other than senior officers, from carrying out
438:
were too thinly spread to ever completely eliminate unrest in the
Mexican countryside. They did however impose a superficial order, especially in the central regions around
213:(r. 1876–1911). Under DĂaz, it served as an effective force of repression and a counterweight to the Mexican Army during the nineteenth and early twentieth centuries. The
724:) from 1898 until the revolution of 1959. A militarized and mounted constabulary, it performed the same rural policing functions as its Mexican and Spanish counterparts.
305:
The existing Corps of
Rurales was absorbed into the Republican Army and irregular forces opposing the French intervention of 1862–1867. However the Imperial regime of
287:
widespread in Mexico during the 1860s and 1870s. The concept of an armed and mobile rural police organized on military lines, was derived from Spain's Civil Guard ("
482:, bolero jackets, tight fitting trousers with silver buttons down the seams, and red or black neckties. Senior officers wore elaborate rank insignia in the form of
313:, which by October 1865 numbered 12,263; indicating that the concept of a rural mounted police force had become well established. Following the Republican victory,
586:'s short story, "Hostages to Momus". O. Henry, writing through the first-person narration of the character Tecumseh Pickens, gives a colorful sketch of the
1066:
Montes Ayala, Francisco
Gabriel (1993). Raúl Oseguera Pérez, ed. "Francisco Cárdenas. Un hombre que cambió la history". Sahuayo, Michoacán: Impresos ABC.
1320:
529:
served alongside Federal troops against the rebel forces. While retaining an elite image (one revolutionary fighter commented to a US writer that
601:? They're a sort of country police; but don't draw any mental crayon portraits of the worthy constable with a tin star and a gray goatee. The
679:. They will pursue the player if they commit crimes in Mexico and offer side jobs hunting bandits or performing night watch duties for cash.
1360:
1335:
329:
General Porfirio DĂaz, President of Mexico, who expanded the use of the rurales to suppress rural unrest and create "order and progress."
407:
297:
was divided between the Ministers of the Interior and of War - a policy intended to maintain a balance of power within the government.
1365:
472:, whose roles they paralleled. They wore a distinctive dove grey uniform braided in silver, which was modelled on the national
1213:
1173:
293:"). Established in 1844 the Spanish Guardia Civil had quickly won a reputation as an effective but often oppressive force.
124:
533:
never surrendered "because they are police", and a report to the U.S. Army rated them as individually superior to any of
1321:
A parade by the Rurales, or rural Mexican mounted police guard, on a street in Mexico City during the Mexican Revolution
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in ceremonial parades and their general reputation, drew the attention of foreign visitors to Mexico during the
490:. The corps number appeared in silver on both the headdress and a leather carbine cross-belt. Protective leather
1100:
1370:
1302:
Reglamento para el Servicio de la PolicĂa Rural Junio 24 de 1880 Imprenta del Gobierno en Palacio MĂ©xico 1880
465:
777:
228:('Rural Defense Corps') is a modern part-time voluntary militia, generally used to support Federal forces.
686:, Rurales are engaged in a battle with Texans pursuing a band of kidnapping banditos into northern Mexico.
799:
416:
completing his first term; a low proportion that may have been influenced by slow and limited promotion.
41:
1315:
537:'s irregulars), the force was too weak in numbers and dispersed in deployment to play a decisive role.
624:
In his novels "The General From the Jungle" and "Rebellion of the Hanged", the German/Mexican writer
805:
139:
1286:
Paul Vanderwood (May 1970). "Genesis of the Rurales: Mexico's Early Struggle for Public Security".
134:
26:
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responsibilities - the rural guards had been successful in eliminating a number of bandit groups.
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1355:
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and pistols. They were divided into ten corps, each comprising three companies of about 76 men.
306:
691:
665:
The Rurales appear as the primary law enforcement in the fictional state of Nuevo Paraiso in
645:, escorting a prisoner, breaking up a riot in a village square, and suppressing rural unrest.
469:
289:
1271:
John W. Kitchens (July 1967). "Some Considerations on the 'Rurales' of Porfirian Mexico",
671:, with both uniformed and plainclothes officers. The game inaccurately refers to them as "
8:
1345:
667:
545:
253:
129:
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during July–August 1914, along with the old Federal Army, when Huerta fled into exile.
267:
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252:
in 1861. This mounted rural police force became best known during the long rule of
194:
173:
144:
521:
Mexican Rurales before disbandment in 1914. Officers in white and buglers at left.
419:
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Never numbering more than about 4,000 men and located in small detachments, the
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During the early stages of the Mexican Revolution of 1910, detachments of
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as a ruthless and efficient organization which – under the notorious
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and canvas fatigue clothing were often worn as field service dress.
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625:
654:, a Western film set in the 1880s, American bank robbers played by
642:
583:
479:
1115:
John Steinbeck, pp. 50, 60, 111 and 157 "Zapte The Little Tiger",
939:
793:
This article incorporates text from this source, which is in the
606:
464:
achieved a high profile internationally, rather like that of the
442:, which encouraged the foreign investment sought by DĂaz and his
376:
197:) is used to refer to two armed government forces. The historic
1245:
Disorder and Progress: Bandits, Police, and Mexican Development
561:
and directed officers of the Corps to murder Madero after the "
512:
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424:
284:
283:
lacked the numbers and organization to effectively control the
75:
1081:
999:
987:
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491:
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346:
A detachment of Rurales in field uniform during the Diaz era'
401:
The Porfirian regime deliberately fostered the image of the
1316:
Library of Congress Country Study on Mexico Rurales article
917:
915:
487:
393:
on board a train. Photograph by Manuel Ramos, published in
342:
1048:
951:
837:
Rene Chartrand, page 23 "The Mexican Adventure 1861-67",
1032:
Strategy and Tactics of the Mexican Revolution 1910-1915
927:
912:
885:
819:
497:
The grey and silver dress, the frequent involvement of
375:
were heavily armed; carrying cavalry sabers, Remington
1011:
902:
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875:
873:
871:
46:
Rurales in parade uniform during the Diaz era c. 1900.
279:
As originally constituted under President Juárez the
963:
847:
731:
975:
897:
868:
309:(1862–1867) created a parallel force known as the
448:advisers. To a certain extent the regime saw the
1327:
1222:
1087:
1005:
993:
945:
486:and sombrero braiding, which cost hundreds of
703:to fight off bandits plaguing their village.
513:Under Francisco Madero and Victoriano Huerta
1241:
1075:
1054:
957:
933:
921:
891:
825:
778:History of Mexico § Porfiriato (1876–1910)
605:—well, if we'd mount our Supreme Court on
1248:. Lincoln: University of Nebraska Press.
572:
540:After the overthrow of DĂaz in 1911, the
1029:
544:continued in existence under Presidents
516:
418:
385:
341:
324:
271:President Benito Juárez, founder of the
266:
231:
1161:
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969:
853:
1328:
1182:
906:
879:
707:
582:of the Diaz era make an appearance in
320:
300:
21:For the modern Rurales of Mexico, see
1206:The City of Mexico in the Age of Diaz
1203:
1017:
981:
1189:. Vol. 1. U of Nebraska Press.
1288:Hispanic American Historical Review
1223:Jowett, P.; De Quesada, A. (1992).
641:portrays the Rurales as guarding a
613:, and start 'em out after John Doe
13:
1361:Law enforcement agencies of Mexico
1336:Factions of the Mexican Revolution
1264:
209:in 1861 and expanded by President
14:
1387:
1309:
1273:Journal of Inter-American Studies
1034:. Revolution. pp. 214–215.
865:Article "Rurales": Britanica.com
788:
762:
748:
734:
682:In Gordon Rottman's 2014 novel,
617:we'd have about the same thing."
359:were forcibly inducted into the
85:
68:
40:
1125:
1109:
1093:
1060:
1023:
675:" to distinguish them from the
423:Public image of the rurales in
1225:The Mexican Revolution 1910-20
1154:
859:
831:
453:control of local politicians (
119:Historic mounted police force:
1:
1366:1861 establishments in Mexico
1208:. University of Texas Press.
1168:. University of Texas Press.
1134:Armed Forces of Latin America
783:
478:dress and included wide felt
466:Royal Canadian Mounted Police
240:was established as a federal
1242:Vanderwood, Paul J. (1981).
1227:. Rowman & Littlefield.
1088:Jowett & De Quesada 1992
1006:Jowett & De Quesada 1992
994:Jowett & De Quesada 1992
946:Jowett & De Quesada 1992
812:
205:force, founded by President
201:('Rural Guard') was a rural
7:
1132:English, Adrian J. (1984).
727:
10:
1392:
1165:The Wind That Swept Mexico
1030:Janssens, Joe Lee (2019).
262:
217:were dissolved during the
57:1920s–1950s (second stage)
20:
16:Mexican paramilitary force
1341:Law enforcement in Mexico
806:Federal Research Division
712:Cuba also maintained the
695:, Chris Adams, played by
509:in notoriety or glamour.
427:style dress c1890. Photo
140:Guadalupe Canyon Massacre
114:
106:
96:
81:
63:
51:
39:
34:
1290:50#2. pp. 323–344.
367:or promoted through the
135:Skeleton Canyon Massacre
27:Rurales (disambiguation)
1204:Johns, Michael (1997).
1162:Brenner, Anita (1971).
1136:. Jane's. p. 200.
662:are pursued by Rurales.
336:Ministro de GobernaciĂłn
226:Cuerpo de Defensa Rural
55:1861–1914 (first stage)
23:Cuerpo de Defensa Rural
1186:The Mexican Revolution
721:
573:The Rurales in fiction
548:(1911–1913) and
522:
431:
398:
395:La Revista de Revistas
347:
330:
276:
59:1970s–present (modern)
25:. For other uses, see
1183:Knight, Alan (1990).
692:The Magnificent Seven
520:
422:
389:
345:
328:
317:were re-established.
270:
232:Rural Guard 1861–1914
1371:Liberalism in Mexico
1275:. 9#3. pp. 441–455.
722:Guardia Rural Cubana
187:In Mexico, the term
174:Mexican War on Drugs
708:Cuban Guardia Rural
668:Red Dead Redemption
546:Francisco I. Madero
321:Under Porfirio Diaz
315:Los Cuerpos Rurales
301:French intervention
259:(1876–1911).
130:Mexican Indian Wars
1078:, p. 165-166.
554:summary executions
523:
432:
399:
348:
331:
307:Emperor Maximilian
277:
219:Mexican Revolution
155:Mexican Revolution
125:Franco-Mexican War
1215:978-0-292-74048-8
1175:978-0-292-79024-7
1102:Hostages to Momus
1020:, pp. 71–73.
948:, pp. 29–30.
714:Cuban Rural Guard
550:Victoriano Huerta
457:) or landowners.
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970:Brenner 1971
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861:
854:Brenner 1971
849:
833:
821:
800:
787:
711:
700:
690:
689:In the film
683:
677:Mexican Army
666:
649:
632:
631:In his film
614:
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598:
587:
579:
567:
558:
541:
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535:Pancho Villa
530:
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429:Abel Briquet
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169:Cristero War
161:
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91:Mexican Army
18:
1155:Works cited
907:Knight 1990
880:Knight 1990
770:Cuba portal
697:Yul Brynner
660:Karl Malden
634:Viva Zapata
611:Winchesters
440:Mexico City
391:Rural Guard
371:ranks. The
224:The modern
115:Engagements
107:Nickname(s)
101:Gendarmerie
1346:Porfiriato
1330:Categories
1018:Johns 1997
982:Johns 1997
784:References
503:Porfiriato
445:cientĂfico
248:regime of
813:Citations
673:Federales
648:Early in
626:B. Traven
480:sombreros
311:Resguardo
254:President
728:See also
643:hacienda
584:O. Henry
408:ley fuga
397:May 1912
377:carbines
285:banditry
1296:2513029
718:Spanish
701:Rurales
607:broncos
603:rurales
599:Rurales
588:Rurales
580:Rurales
559:Rurales
542:Rurales
531:Rurales
527:Rurales
507:Rurales
499:Rurales
468:or the
462:Rurales
450:Rurales
436:Rurales
413:Rurales
403:Rurales
373:Rurales
361:Rurales
281:Rurales
275:in 1861
273:rurales
263:Origins
246:Liberal
244:by the
215:rurales
195:Spanish
190:Rurales
110:Rurales
64:Country
1294:
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841:
797:.
615:et al.
475:charro
425:charro
381:lassos
369:Rurale
82:Branch
76:Mexico
73:
52:Active
1292:JSTOR
1277:JSTOR
492:chaps
488:pesos
455:Jefes
1250:ISBN
1229:ISBN
1210:ISBN
1191:ISBN
1170:ISBN
1138:ISBN
1117:ISBN
1036:ISBN
839:ISBN
658:and
578:The
460:The
236:The
97:Type
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