Russian conquest of Central Asia

2892:, 1844, the main forces of Kenesary hit the rear of the enemy, surrounding the Jantorin detachment. During fierce battles, this detachment was completely defeated: “-Kenesary's warriors! - from all shouted Boranbai and shot at one sarbaz, who was running headlong. He clutched his wounded arm and howled in pain. Hearing a shot and screams, the Cossacks began firing into the darkness. At that moment, there was a roar - a cannon shell exploded nearby. A moment later there was a second explosion. Sarbaz and Cossacks, throwing down their weapons, hurried to their horses. They jumped into the saddle and immediately fell to the ground. The straps that fastened the girths and the bridles were cut. The panic began. And at that moment, the rebels broke into the camp, surrounding it from two sides. Friendly fire from rifles mowed down opponents. The horsemen overtook the fleeing and dealt with it on the spot. 44 sultans were killed in the battle. 3333:

the main event of the conquest. Our sources do not say why an eastern approach was chosen, but an obvious guess is that irrigation made it possible to move armies without crossing steppe or desert. This was important when transport required grass-fed horses and camels. We are not told how Russia supplied an army this far east, or if this was a problem. It is not clear why a forward policy was now adopted. It seems that different officials had different opinions and much was decided by local commanders and the luck of the battlefield. All sources report Russian victories over greatly superior forces with kill ratios approaching ten to one. Even if enemy numbers are exaggerated it seems clear that Russian weapons and tactics were now superior to the traditional Asian armies that they faced. All sources mention breechloading rifles without further explanation.

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Tashkent and was joined by another army coming south from Aralsk. They met in the desert, ran short of water, abandoned part of their supplies and reached the Oxus in late May. Veryovkin left from Orenburg, had little difficulty moving along the west side of the Aral Sea and reached the northwest corner of the delta in mid-May. He was joined by Lomakin who had a hard time crossing the desert from the Caspian. Markozov started from Chikishlyar, ran short of water and was forced to turn back. Kaufmann crossed the Oxus, fought a few easy battles and on June 4 the Khan sued for peace. Meanwhile, Veryovkin, who was out of contact with Kaufmann, crossed the delta and attacked the city walls of Khiva until he was called off by Kaufmann. The Khanate of Khiva became a Russian protectorate and remained so until the

3305:. To guarantee that there would be enough fodder to move this much from Orenburg to Fort Aralsk, the Kazakhs were forbidden to graze the lands north of the fort. Command was given to the same Perovsky who earlier had failed to reach Khiva. He left Aralsk in June and reached Ak-Mechet on July 2. The Kokandis had strengthened the fort and increased the garrison. A regular siege was begun. When the trenches neared the citadel, a mine was dug under the walls. At 3AM on 9 August 1853 the mine was exploded, creating a large breach. The breach was taken on the third try and by 4:30AM it was all over. 230 Kokandi bodies were counted out of the original 300-man garrison. The place was renamed Fort Perovsky. 3643: 3670:, the Russians defeated the main forces of the Bukhara Emir, losing less than 100 people, while the Bukhara army lost from 3.5 to 10,000. On 5 July 1868 a peace treaty was signed. The Khanate of Bokhara lost Samarkand and remained a semi-independent vassal until the revolution. The Khanate of Kokand had lost its western territory, was confined to the Ferghana valley and surrounding mountains and remained independent for about 10 years. According to the Bregel's Atlas, if nowhere else, in 1870 the now-vassal Khanate of Bokhara expanded east and annexed that part of Bactria enclosed by the Turkestan Range, the Pamir plateau and the Afghan border. 4261:. Merv had the great fortress of Kaushut Khan and was inhabited by Merv Tekes, who had also fought at Geok Tepe. As soon as the Russians were established in Askhabad, traders, and also spies, began moving between the Kopet Dag and Merv. Some elders from Merv went north to Petroalexandrovsk and offered a degree of submission to the Russians there. The Russians at Askhabad had to explain that both groups were part of the same empire. In February 1882 Alikhanov visited Merv and approached Makhdum Kuli Khan, who had been in command at Geok Tepe. In September Alikhanov persuaded Makhdum Kuli Khan to swear allegiance to the White Czar. 1408: 1059: 486: 2051: 3916: 3342: 3699: 4613: 4504: 179: 3944: 1367: 938: 927: 3114: 2327: 3392: 1346: 1236: 363: 432: 2220: 1000: 989: 980: 971: 962: 462: 271: 3639:, thus closing the mouth of the Fergana Valley. The losses of the Kokand residents were more than 2.5 thousand killed, 130 Russians killed and wounded. Then he moved west and took Ura-Tepe and Jizzakh from Bukhara. During the capture of Jizzak, the Bukharians lost 6,000 killed and 3,000 prisoners, as well as all the artillery. In total, during the campaign of 1866, the Russian troops lost 500 people killed and wounded, while the natives lost more than 12,000 killed. Defeats forced Bukhara to start peace talks. 2873:

Dunikovsky. The task of Kenesary was to prevent these detachments from connecting and getting out of the encirclement. Kenesary decided to send a small detachment to meet him and thus create a false impression among the enemy, suggesting to him that the Kenesary detachment was completely retreating towards Ulytau. The Siberian detachment was really deceived: having changed direction, it set off in pursuit of a small detachment of Kenesary. Meanwhile, Kenesary, with his main forces, appeared on the New Line on

447: 2071: 951: 389: 4214:. He died suddenly and Lomakin took command. Lomakin crossed the Kopet Dagh with too few men, made an incompetent attack on Geok Tepe and was forced to retreat. The warlike Teke put up resistance Russian observers assessed as "worthy of the best European armies," proof of that being the heavy losses, over 25 percent, the Russians suffered in combat. Russian officers additionally noted that the Turkmen position was "fortified in an exemplary manner, according to all the rules of modern fortification." 499: 4378: 2087:(1,500 mi) wide in the north and 1,400 km (900 mi) wide in the south. Because the southeast corner (Kyrgyzstan and Tajikistan) is mountainous the flat desert-steppe country is only about 1,100 km (700 mi) wide in the south. Using modern borders, the area was 4,003,400 km (1,545,730 sq mi), about half the size of the United States without Alaska. On the east side two mountain ranges project into the desert. Between them is the well-populated 2059: 4041: 4113: 4320: 3322: 2079: 4450: 4155: 3163: 77: 833: 824: 813: 797: 781: 772: 761: 750: 739: 728: 717: 706: 695: 684: 673: 654: 638: 622: 611: 600: 589: 580: 571: 560: 541: 530: 519: 1265: 1078: 36: 3497: 4099: 3967: 3951: 376: 3983: 4071: 4085: 3219: 3191: 3483: 3469: 2474: 3455: 3205: 2502: 2488: 4265:

elders, one threatening and the other persuading. Having no wish to repeat the slaughter at Geok Tepe, 28 elders went to Askhabad and on February 12 swore allegiance in the presence of General Komarov. A faction in Merv tried to resist but was too weak to accomplish anything. On March 16, 1884, Komarov occupied Merv. The subject Khanates of Khiva and Bukhara were now surrounded by Russian territory.

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meet them had a hard day's fight, called for reinforcements but next morning found that the Kokandis had retreated. In December a Kokandi force (said to be 12000 men) surrounded Fort Perovsky. A 500-man sortie was soon surrounded and in trouble. Major Shkupa, seeing the enemy camp weakly defended, broke out and burned the camp. Two more sorties drove the Kokandis off in disorder.

3284:. Both places were also called Fort Aralsk. Raiders from Khiva and Kokand attacked the local Kazakhs near the fort and were driven off by the Russians. Three sailing ships were built at Orenburg, disassembled, carried across to steppe and rebuilt. They were used to map the lake. In 1852/3 two steamers were carried in pieces from Sweden and launched on the Aral Sea. The local 2621:, Buchholz, then a lieutenant colonel, received the following Imperial decrees signed by Peter I on the St. Natalia galley: “On the capture of the city of Erket and on the search for golden sand along the Darya River” (Amu Darya), “On sand gold in Bukhara, about the departures made for this, and about the construction of fortresses along the Irtysh River, which are named: 3277:('White Mosque') further downriver, as well as smaller forts on both sides of Ak-Mechet. The area was ruled by the Beg of Ak Mechet who taxed the local Kazakhs who wintered along the river and had recently driven the Karakalpaks southward. In peacetime Ak-Mechet had a garrison of 50 and Julek 40. The Khan of Khiva had a weak fort on the lower part of the river. 3616:

position Chernayev determined to risk a storm. At 3 a.m. on 27 June, Captain Abramov scaled the wall and opened the Kamelan Gate, advanced along the wall and opened a second gate while another party took the Kokand gate. That day and the next there was constant street fighting, but on the morning of the 29th a deputation of elders offered surrender.

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northern Persia. Once in Afghanistan, they would swell their armies with offers of loot and invade India. Alternatively, they might invade India and provoke a native rebellion. The goal would probably not be the conquest of India, but to apply pressure on the British while Russia shifted focus on more important tasks, like taking Constantinople.

1734: 2912:, began a correspondence with the Orenburg governorate about the exchange of prisoners of war. Experiencing exceptional difficulties in unaccustomed, waterless deserts and sands and having achieved nothing significant in the fight against Kenesary, the Russian detachments were forced to withdraw back towards Orenburg and 2664:

hunger and disease. The detachments and provisions sent to help were intercepted by the Jungars, and Buchholz did not try to repel them, showing passivity. So a caravan of 700 people with a food convoy and 20,000 rubles of money for salaries, as well as 600 merchants from Tobolsk, Tara and Tomsk, was completely captured.

2791: 3535:). Russia placed a force at the Kastek pass to block a counterattack from Kokand. The Kokandis used a different pass, attacked an intermediate post, Kolpakovsky rushed from Kastek and completely defeated a much larger army. In 1864 Chernayev took command of the east, led 2500 men from Siberia, and captured Aulie-Ata ( 4732:Историческое описание Российской коммерции при всех портах и границах от древних времён до ныне настоящего и всех преимущественных узаконений по оной государя императора Петра Великого и ныне благополучно царствующей государыни императрицы Екатерины Великой. — Том 3. — Книга 1. — М.: Универ. тип., 1785. — Ст. 447. 4362:. In June 1871 General Kolpakovsky crossed the border and occupied Kulja (4 July 1871). Some talked of permanent occupation but the Russian Foreign Office told the Chinese that the province would be returned as soon as the Emperor could send enough troops to maintain order. In 1877 China regained control of 3630:. Finding the task impossible, he withdrew to Tashkent followed by Bokharans who were soon joined by Kokandis. At this point Chernayev was recalled for insubordination and replaced by Romanovsky. Romanovsky prepared to attack Bohkara, the Amir moved first, the two forces met on the plain of Irjar. Note: Near 4264:

Skobelev had been replaced by Rohrberg in the spring of 1881, who was followed General Komarov in the spring of 1883. Near the end of 1883, General Komarov led 1500 men to occupy the Tejen oasis. After Komarov's occupation of Tejen, Alikhanov and Makhdum Kuli Khan went to Merv and called a meeting of

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Skobelev was put in command in March 1880. He spent most of the summer and fall moving men and supplies from Chikishlyar to the north side of the Kopet Dag. In December he marched southwest, besieged Geok Tepe for a month and took it by detonating a mine to breach the wall. At least 14,000 Tekes were

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Russia now held a 320 km (200 mi) line of forts along the west-flowing part of the Syr Darya. The area between the Aral and Caspian Seas was too thinly-populated to matter. The next question was whether Russia would extend the line east to the mountains (Fort Vernoye was founded in 1854) or

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Russian military expense records indicate that between 1869 and 1879 the Transcaspian campaign cost 4.8 million rubles, the 1879–1880 expedition 5.525 million rubles, and the 1880–1881 expedition 11 million rubles. Railroad construction to that point cost 4,429,991 rubles, and construction materials

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that could usually outrun anything the Cossacks had. Unlike the rather antiquated armies of the Khanates, the Turkomans were good raiders and horsemen, but they could do little against the Russians' modern weapons and explosive artillery. As usual, the main problem was moving men and supplies across

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In 1847–1864 the Russians crossed the eastern Kazakh steppe and built a line of forts in the irrigated area along the northern Kyrgyz border. In 1864–68 they moved south, conquered Tashkent and Samarkand, confined the Khanate of Kokand to the Ferghana valley and made Bokhara a protectorate. This was

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During the siege Padurov went 160 km (100 mi) upriver to Julek and found that its defenders had fled. He wrecked the fort as well as he could and returned with its abandoned guns. In September a large force from Kokand reoccupied Julek and advanced toward Fort Perovsky. The column sent to

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disclosed their whereabouts to Russian troops. Gubaidullah, Sher Ghazi, and Kenesary were all captured and executed by Kyrgyz defectors who had been helping the Russians. By the end of 1847, the Russian army had captured the Kazakh capitals of Hazrat-e-Turkistan and Syghanaq, abolishing the Kazakh

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In 1841, the three khans obtained the help of their younger cousin Aziz id-Din Bahadur, the son of Kazakh commander Nasrullah Nauryzbai Bahadur, and gathered a large troop of well-trained Kazakhs to resist the Russian army. The Kazakhs captured a number of Kokand fortresses in Kazakhstan, including

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By 1837, tensions were rising in the Kazakh steppe once again. This time, the tensions were started by Kazakh co-rulers Ğubaidullah Khan, Sher Ghazi Khan, and Kenesary Khan, all of whom were sons of Qasim Sultan and grandsons of Abu'l-Mansur Khan. They launched a rebellion against Russia. The three

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Russians first came into contact with Central Asia when, in 1582–1639, Cossack adventurers made themselves masters of the Siberian forests. They did not expand south because they were seeking furs. The Siberian Cossacks were skilled in forest travel and knew little of the steppe and since the forest

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and most of the Tarim Basin. Kaufmann twice thought of attacking him. In 1872 forces were massed on the border but this was called off because of the impending war against Khiva. In 1875 more serious plans were made. A mission was sent to the Khan of Kokand to ask permission to move forces through

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The decision to attack Khiva was made in December 1872. Khiva was an oasis surrounded by several hundred kilometres of desert. The Russians could easily defeat the Khivan army if they could move enough troops across the desert. The place was attacked from five directions. Kaufmann marched west from

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In 1875 the Kokand Khanate rebelled against Russian rule. Kokand commanders Abdurakhman and Pulat bey seized power in the khanate and began military operations against the Russians. By July 1875 most of the Khan's army and much of his family had deserted to the rebels, so he fled to the Russians at

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and retreated, but was able to take it in his next attack. On 15 October he suddenly appeared before Tashkent, failed to take it by sudden assault and retreated to Chimkent. Kokand then tried and failed to re-take Hazrat-i-Turkestan. In April 1865 Chernayev made a second attack on Tashkent. Unable

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In 1852 a surveying party went upriver and was turned back before reaching Ak-Mechet. That summer Colonel Blaramberg and about 400 men were sent to raze Ak-Mechet on the pretext that Russia owned the north side of the river. The Kokandis responded by breaking the dykes and flooding the surrounding

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During the summer of 1844, the advance of Kenesary continued at an unrelenting pace. On August 14, detachments led by the batyrs Nauryzbay and Agybay laid siege to the Ekaterininsky fortress, where about 100 soldiers and a huge number of trophies were taken prisoner, including 1847 pounds of bread:

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to the Karakum. However, the Russian troops failed to carry out their plan. Giving separate battles, Kenesary safely retreated to the Karakum. He managed to send Lebedev's detachment along a false route and, along the way, mistakenly defeat the villages of Biy Baikadamov, subject to Russia. Lebedev

2732:

Seeing that the enemy was very numerous, Bekovich-Cherkassky understood that diplomacy had a better chance of success. The Russian officer, accompanied only by 500 of his men, rode into the enemy's camp to propose terms. The khan pretended to surrender to him, welcomed him warmly, persuading him to

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to Yamysh Lake. There he had to stop for the winter, build a fortress, leave a garrison in it, and then continue on his way to the city of Erket (Yarkand), where there were supposedly placers of sand gold. The fact that there is a gold deposit in those places, Peter I was convinced by the Siberian

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A Russian invasion of India seems improbable, but a number of British writers considered how it might be done. While not much was known about the geography, it was thought that they could reach Khiva and sail up the Oxus to Afghanistan. More realistically they might gain Persian support and cross

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other unrest. Having aroused the crazy Kazakhs, he continues to carry them along. The great sovereign decided to suppress the rebellion of Kenesary by force. Taking advantage of the wide opportunity presented to you, leave Kenesary. Otherwise, remember, you will be subjected to merciless torture.

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During this period, Kenesary became dangerous adversary. The Governor-General of Western Siberia was forced to appeal to the Kazakh population with the following appeal: “You know, Kenesary Kasymov has been causing disorder in the steppe for a number of years and increasing robberies, murders and

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failed to give battle to Kenesary. Often maneuvering in the steppe expanses, he misled them. He exhausted the forces of the Russian detachments and partially exterminated their manpower. Exhausted soldiers, due to the early onset of a cold rainy autumn, stopped hostilities, and left the Steppe in

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Between Merv and the current Afghan border lies about 230 km (140 mi) of semi-desert. South of that is the important border fort of Herat. In the summer of 1884 Britain and Russia agreed to demarcate the northwest Afghan border. The Russians did what they could to push the border south

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April 28, 1716 Buchholz was forced to leave the Yamyshev fortress. The fortifications were razed to the ground, houses and barracks were destroyed, military supplies were loaded onto 18 planks. There were no more than 700 officers and privates left, most of whom were sick. The Dzungars after the

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sent Buchholz a demand to leave, and when the latter did not obey, on the night of February 10, 1716, he attacked the Yamyshev fortress with his 10,000-strong army and recaptured a herd of horses. The winter blockade of the fortress began, in which a detachment of Russians lost 2,300 people from

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with its headquarters at Tashkent. The Bokharan Amir did not fully control his subjects, there were random raids and rebellions, so Kaufmann decided to hasten matters by attacking Samarkand. After he dispersed a Bokharan force Samarkand closed its gates to the Bokharan army and surrendered (May

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to resolve disputes among the Kazakhs, but it was ignored by the Kazakhs. Following Vali's death in 1817 and his rival Bukei's death in 1818, Russia abolished the Khanate of the Middle jüz. In 1822, Russia began to refer to the land until then occupied by the Middle jüz as the territory of the

2872:

By this time, Siberian detachments under the command of General Zhemchuzhnikov were sent to suppress the Kenesary uprising. Having sent out his scouts behind enemy lines in advance, Kenesary received from them information about the Siberian detachment heading to join the Orenburg detachment of

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at the northwest end of the Kopet Dag in mid-September 1881. From October through December Lessar surveyed the north side of the Kopet Dag and reported that there would be no problem building a railway along it. From April 1882 he examined the country almost to Herat and reported that were no

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arrived with 6,000 more troops and almost defeated the Russians, but was killed in the fight. The inhabitants now offered to submit to the Emir of Bokhara in return for assistance. About 21 June a party of Bokharans entered the town and more Bokharan troops were on the move. In this critical

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Rainfall decreases from north to south. Dense population, and therefore cities and organized states, requires irrigation. Streams coming down from the eastern mountains support a fairly dense population, especially in the Ferghana Valley. There is a line of oases along the Persian border. The

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The area was bounded on the west by the Caspian Sea, on the north by the Siberian forests and on the east by the mountains along the former Sino-Soviet border. The southern border was political rather than natural. It was about 2,100 km (1,300 mi) from north to south, 2,400 km

2787: 2904:, having penetrated into the stanitsa, quickly removed all guards and gave a prearranged signal. Kenesary's cavalry burst into its streets with a battle cry. Sleepy Cossacks jumped out of their houses and fell under the blows of the blades of the rebels. Few managed to leave the stanitsa”. 3826:

Russia now held an approximately triangular area bounded by the eastern mountains and the vassal Khanate of Bokhara along most of the Oxus. The southern point was about 1,600 km (1,000 mi) south of Siberia, 1,600 km (1,000 mi) southeast of Orenburg and 1,900 km

2907:

Fearing the further growth of the uprising, the Orenburg and Siberian governorships decided, in addition to the detachments of Dunikovsky, Zhemchuzhnikov and Jantorins, to send another detachment of Colonel Kovalevsky. By this time, Kenesary, having fortified with his army in the

2779:, with the attribution of expenses for the head of Kenesary to the account of the wagon collection. The detachment of the military foreman Lebedev, consisting of 1,500 people, was supposed to become an advanced force, later the number of his detachment reached 1,900 people. 2883:

On July 17, 1844, some of his detachments began to impose a battle on the Russian troops, who were under the command of Sultan Zhantorin and Colonel Dunikovsky. Avoiding a decisive clash with the Russian troops, they had to wear down the enemy forces. On the night of

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divide the Russian army to dwell in five separate towns in order to facilitate foraging. The Khivans then attacked the five towns one by one, slaughtering most Russians, selling the others as slaves, and executing all Russian officers including Prince Cherkassky.

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had commanded the fort at one time, but it is not clear if he was in command during this first battle. Next summer the Russians assembled a force of over 2000 men, over 2000 each of horses, camels and oxen, 777 wagons, bridging timber, pontoons and the steamer

2283:. Returning laden with loot they were surrounded by the Khivans and slaughtered. A second expedition lost its way in the snow, starved, and the few survivors were enslaved by the Khivans. There seems to have been a third expedition which is ill-documented. 4469:, the British did nothing serious to prevent the Russian conquest of Turkestan, with one exception. Whenever Russian agents approached Afghanistan, the British reacted strongly, seeing Afghanistan as a necessary buffer state for the defense of India. 3296:

area. Having brought no scaling ladders or heavy artillery, Blaramberg saw that he could not take the citadel with its 25-foot-high walls. He therefore captured the outworks, burnt everything in the area and retired to Fort Aralsk. The later-famous

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about halfway between Jizzakh and Bokhara. The Bukharians scattered, losing most of their artillery, supplies and treasures and more than 1,000 killed, while the Russians lost 12 wounded. Instead of following him, Romanovsky turned east and took

2196:. Some time before 1714 Colonel Bukhholts and 1500 men went upriver to a ‘Lake Yamysh’ and returned. In 1715 Bukhholts with 3000 men and 1500 soldiers went to Lake Yamysh again and started to build a fort. Since this was on the fringe of the 4189:. The semi-sedentary population would drive their flocks out into the desert in spring and fall. The Turkomans had no organized state. Some served as mercenaries for Khiva. They habitually raided Persia and sold the resulting slaves in the 2091:

which is approximately the "notch" on the west side of Kyrgyzstan. North of this projection the mountain-steppe boundary extends along the north border of Kyrgyzstan about 640 km (400 mi) before the mountains turn north again.

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mountains extend about 640 km (400 mi) to the west. Water coming down from the mountains provides irrigation for a line of towns and supports a natural caravan route. South of this mountain projection is the densely-populated

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Following the rule of Abu'l-Mansur Khan's death in 1781, the Middle jüz was nominally ruled by his son Vali, but Vali never achieved control of the entire jüz. In an attempt to establish some order in 1798, Russia created a tribunal at

1437: 3560:) 80 km (50 mi) upriver was taken. In 1862 Chernyaev reconnoitered the river as far as Hazrat-i-Turkestan and captured the small oasis of Suzak about 105 km (65 mi) east of the river. In June 1864 Veryovkin took 3337:

are mentioned without giving numbers. MacGahan, in his account of the Khivan campaign, contrasts explosive artillery to traditional cannonballs. Artillery and rifles could often keep Russian soldiers out of reach of hand weapons.

1762: 3683:. Russian troops under the command of Skobelev and Kaufmann defeated the rebels at the Battle of Makhram. In 1876, the Russians freely entered Kokand, the leaders of the rebels were executed, and the khanate was abolished. 3827:(1,200 mi) southeast of the supply bases on the Volga. The next step was to turn this triangle into a rectangle by moving east across the Caspian Sea from the Caucasus. The Caucasus held many troops left over from the 2534:

By the late eighteenth century Russia held a line of forts roughly along the current Kazakhstan border, which is approximately the boundary between forest and steppe. For reference these forts (and foundation dates) were:

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provided a trade and pilgrim route from the Tarim Basin to India. It was not clear whether this could be used by an army. At the time of Yakub Beg both Russian and British agents were active at his court. A number of

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In 1839, Russia attempted to conquer Khiva. The Russians under Vasily Perovsky marched around 5,000 men south from Orenburg. The winter was unusually cold and most of his camels died, forcing him to turn back. See

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returned and brought the appalling news of the catastrophe that befell the Khivan expedition. The newly built forts in Turkmenistan were at once evacuated, and that at considerable loss from inclement weather and

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The Russians in Central Asia: Their Occupation of the Kirghiz Steppe and the line of the Syr-Daria: Their Political Relations with Khiva, Bokhara, and Kokan: Also Descriptions of Chinese Turkestan and Dzungaria

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Kojent along with a million British pounds of treasure. Kaufmann invaded the Khanate on September 1, fought several battles and entered the capital on September 10, 1875. In October he transferred command to

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that he was on their territory and later escorted a Lieutenant Davidson out of the area ('Pamir Incident'). In 1892 a battalion of Russians under Mikhail Ionov entered the area and camped near the present

4620:'s 1825 map of Asia, Central Asia (marked in green) is shown as politically independent and outside the boundaries of Russia (marked in yellow) – a situation which would change in the following decades. 3564:

from Kokand. He hastened surrender by bombarding the famous mausoleum. Two Russian columns met in the 240 km (150 mi) gap between Hazrat and Aulie-Ata, thereby completing the Syr-Darya Line.

4350:). Although normally part of Dzungaria the valley opens out onto the Russian-controlled steppe. In 1866 the Dungans captured Kulja and massacred its inhabitants. They soon began fighting with the 1729: 3835:

had so far not been active in Turkestan. The Caucasus has a fairly dense population but the east side of the Caspian is desert with significant population only in the oases of Khiva and along the

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occurred in 1857–58. This was about the time Russian was building forts east from the Aral Sea (1847–53). The Russian capture of Tashkent (1865) and Samarkand(1868) produced no British response.

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eastward from the Aral Sea. This brought Russia into conflict with the Khan of Kokand. In the early 19th century Kokand began expanding northwest from the Ferghana Valley. About 1814 they took

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before it became frozen. When they captured the Afghan fort of Panjdeh, Britain came close to threatening war. Both sides backed down and the border was delineated between 1885 and 1886.

1786: 1774: 2038:. In 1884, they took the Merv oasis and eastern Turkmenistan. In 1885, further expansion south toward Afghanistan was blocked by the British. In 1893–95, the Russians occupied the high 2725:

What exactly happened with Bekovich-Cherkassky remains a matter of some controversy. According to a few surviving members of his contingent, they advanced to within 120 km from

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and requested the return of Kulja. In September 1879 the Chinese ambassador concluded a treaty at Livadia but his government rejected it. This was replaced by the more favorable

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Back in Astrakhan by February 1717, Bekovich raised another army and started towards Khiva, together with some engineers and land surveyors. It was many months later that several

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tomorrow. After a few days in the fortress, Muraviev realized he was trapped. After some time the guards realized he was taking notes, so they relayed this information to the

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Morrison, Alexander. "Introduction: Killing the Cotton Canard and getting rid of the Great Game: rewriting the Russian conquest of Central Asia, 1814–1895." (2014): 131–142.

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co-rulers wanted to restore the relative independence that was present under previous Kazakh rulers such as Abu'l-Mansur, and they sought to resist taxation by the Russians.

2896:“At a distance of four kilometers from the Catherine Stanitsa, about two thousand Sarbazes of Kenesary gathered. The attack began at five o'clock in the morning. The sentry 1793: 1691: 1540: 4316:

his domains. A revolt broke out and the Russian troops were used instead to annex Kokand (see below). In 1877 China re-conquered the Tarim Basin and Yakub Beg was killed.

3556:

Meanwhile, Russia was advancing southeast up the Syr Darya from Ak-Mechet. In 1859, Julek was taken from Kokand. In 1861 a Russian fort was built at Julek and Yani Kurgan (

6383: 2066:

The three northwest-tending lines are, from south to north, the Kopet Dagh mountains and the Oxus and Jaxartes Rivers flowing from the eastern mountains into the Aral Sea.

1570: 1519: 1468: 2022:. They now held a triangle whose southern point was 1,600 km (990 mi) south of Siberia and 1,920 km (1,190 mi) southeast of their supply bases on the 1807: 1514: 2676:

In 1719, another expedition was organized led by I. M. Likharev, which reached Lake Zaisan, but, having been attacked by the Dzungars, was forced to return to Tobolsk.

6026: 5043: 2685: 1741: 4480:

both British and French agents were active in Persia, their goals varying depending on which power was allied with Russia at the time. In 1810 Charles Christie and

3843:

in the south. The main events were the defeat of Khiva in 1873, the conquest of the Turkomans in 1881, the annexation of Merv in 1884 and the Panjdeh area in 1885.

2930:

Siberian Kirgiz and introduced a set of administrative reforms, some of them intended to encourage the Kazakhs to become farmers, but the Kazakhs remained nomadic.

1641: 869: 3550:

which approximately established the current Chinese-Kazakh border. The Chinese thereby renounced any claims to the Kazakh steppe, to the extent that they had any.

1563: 1622: 5388: 3280:

Given Perovsky's failure in 1839 Russia decided on a slow but sure approach. In 1847 Captain Schultz built Raimsk in the Syr delta. It was soon moved upriver to

1851: 1475: 5129: 2880:

Kenesary and now decided to send only a small detachment against the Russians as a barrier, and prepare the main forces for a decisive blow behind enemy lines.

4569:

of 1878–80. During the second battle of Geok Tepe Colonel Charles Stewart was on the south side of the mountain doing something that has never been clarified.

1769: 1480: 6080: 4412:

but his escort would not permit him to go south onto the Pamir plateau. In 1876 Skobelev chased a rebel south to the Alay Valley and Kostenko went over the

4250:

military obstacles between the Kopet Dag and Afghanistan. Nazirov or Nazir Beg went to Merv in disguise and then crossed the desert to Bukhara and Tashkent.

1610: 1492: 1430: 907: 2991:. Muraviev was also to survey the lands, composing skilled reports, acting as a recon. He also was told he was to find the position and record the Russian 2154:

based in the Ferghana Valley. Bokhara had borders with the other two and all three were surrounded by nomads which the Khanates tried to control and tax.

6129: 1781: 1648: 1487: 3527:) within sight of the mountains. Vernoye is about 800 km (500 mi) south of the Siberian Line. Eight years later, in 1862, Russia took Tokmak ( 1627: 1653: 4873:"An Indian Officer". Note: The author puts this as two years before the foundation of Vernoye which he misdates to 1855, so 1852 is probably correct. 3698: 1634: 94: 49: 6095: 5425: 2786:

1843, a second group of 5,000 (25,000) people was equipped, led by Sultan Jantorin, Baimahambet Aichuvakov, colonels Gens and Bizyanov went to the

1672: 4370:. Russia finally evacuated Kulja in the spring of 1883. There were the usual border disputes and an additional protocol was signed at Chuguchak ( 4293:

The natural eastern boundary of Russian Turkestan was the eastern mountains, but the exact line had to be settled. There were four main problems.

6214: 3943: 1717: 6292: 5959: 5651: 4752: 4374:?) on October 19, 1883. The re-occupation of Kulja was one of the few Chinese successes against a Western power during the nineteenth century. 3869:

Novo-Aleksandrovsky (1834–1846): a shallow port, overlooking Dead Kultuk Bay, that was soon abandoned as the local climate was too inhospitable

1677: 141: 5097:

Malikov, A.M. The Russian conquest of the Bukharan emirate: military and diplomatic aspects in Central Asian Survey, volume 33, issue 2, 2014.

4964: 4943: 6398: 6068: 3391: 3113: 2326: 2112:

rises in the Ferghana Valley and flows northwest and then west to meet the northeast corner of the Aral Sea. Between them is the less-famous

113: 17: 5240:

Williams, Beryl. "Approach to the Second Afghan War: Central Asia during the Great Eastern Crisis, 1875–1878." 'International History Review

6309: 4565:

rode from Orenburg to Khiva, an event that was only important because of his widely-read book. Kaufmann's intrigues in Kabul provoked the

2860:

The task of the Russian detachments was to take the detachments of Kenesary from both sides "in pincers", and cut off the retreat from the

4581:

mapped the area around the Pamirs. Russian expansion in the Pamirs provoked the British to move northward and gain control of places like

4181:

mountains in the southwest. East of the Kopet Dag two rivers, the Murghab and Tejen, flow north from Afghanistan, supporting the oases of

6373: 6021: 6016: 5276: 4519:

went to Khiva to negotiate the release of Russian slaves held there in order to remove a pretext for the invasion. He failed. Next year

3292:

and periodically stop to reload fuel. The Syr proved to be shallow, full of sand bars and difficult to navigate during the spring flood.

2900:

did not have time to detect and signal the movement of the Khan's troops towards the settlement. In the predawn hour, the most dexterous

1920: 3579: 1856: 888: 120: 6378: 5937: 5337: 2821:. As a result of the fighting, there were many casualties on both sides. Both sides ceased hostilities and withdrew. The rest of the 2592:. Orenburg was long the base from which Russia watched and tried to control the Kazakh steppe. The four eastern forts were along the 3288:

proving impractical, they had to be fueled with anthracite brought from the Don. At other times a steamer would tow a barge-load of

2995:. With these intentions in mind, a young Muraviev had a lot of charm attached to him. It was soon he was going to leave the port of 2842:

The Tsarist government decided to send three detachments to suppress the Kenesary uprising: from the side of the Orsk fortress, the

6388: 5563: 3817: 5254: 127: 5418: 5403: 1819: 2656:

with such a small number of troops, but the letter did not reach the sovereign on the Ingermanlandia ship until August 7, 1716.

6169: 6100: 5393: 5327: 2652:

On December 15, 1715, the lieutenant colonel did not dare to go further and wrote to Peter I that it was dangerous to meet the

6403: 6393: 5697: 5020: 4400:

of Tajikistan. The high plateaus on the east are used for summer pasture. On the west side difficult gorges run down to the

3030:, thus he was sent to a fortress, being told supposedly that he was going to have to wait in the fortress before meeting the 109: 55: 4531:, with British and Russian agents supporting the two sides. Britain ended the siege by occupying a Persian island. In 1838 2316:

The area remained quiet for about a hundred years. In 1819 Nikolai Muraviev traveled from the Caspian Sea and contacted the

6048: 6038: 5332: 3832: 3611:

to take such a large place (it was said to have a garrison of 30,000) he occupied the town's water supply at Niazbek. The

2857:

1844, a detachment led by Jantorin, Sultan Baimagambetov and Military foreman Lebedev headed south, towards the Karakums.

6073: 4126: 2649:, the detachment arrived at the Yamyshevsky salt lake. Here Buchholz started the construction of the Yamyshev fortress. 6287: 6119: 6006: 5485: 4516: 4420:

on the northeast part of the plateau. In the next 20 years most of the area was mapped. In 1891 the Russians informed

4397: 2729:, when the khan attacked them with a 24,000-strong army. After three days of bloody fighting, the Khivans were routed. 2585: 2302: 2290:

there was a major push southeast. In addition to the Irtysh expeditions above there was the disastrous 1717 attempt to

4546:

The British took Sindh in 1843 and Punjab in 1849, thereby gaining the Indus River and a border with Afghanistan. The

4496:

tried to reach Khiva from Persia but was turned back by bandits and continued on to Herat and British India. In 1832

6229: 5848: 5794: 5789: 5737: 5732: 5722: 5687: 5682: 5672: 5662: 5640: 5635: 5612: 5607: 5582: 5558: 5553: 5538: 5398: 4909: 4905: 4367: 3510: 3248: 2515: 2295: 240: 222: 200: 160: 63: 4253:

The irrigated area along the Kopet Dag ends east of Ashkebat. Farther east there is desert, then the small oasis of

193: 5767: 5592: 5505: 3828: 3523:

and met Kazakh resistance and next year destroyed the Kazakh fort of Tuchubek. In 1854 they founded Fort Vernoye (

2972: 2002:

river. In 1847–1864, they crossed the eastern Kazakh Steppe and built a line of forts along the northern border of

4702:

Mancall. Note: The dates for the first Bukhholts expedition on pages 211–212 are unfortunately self-contradictory.

4429:

in the northeast. Next year they built a proper fort there (Pamirskiy Post). In 1895 their base was moved west to

2184:(founded in 1587). It was thought possible to ascend this river and reach the riches of China and India. In 1654 6408: 6224: 5984: 5969: 5910: 5269: 4741: 4645:

about 32 km (20 mi) south of the middle 160 km (100 mi) the line between Jizzakh and Kozhent.

4477: 1880: 993: 658: 593: 262: 6124: 5107:

McKenzie, David. The Lion of Tashkent: The Career of General M. G. Cherniaev, University of Georgia Press, 1974.

4515:

The period from 1837 to 1842 was especially active. In 1839, at the time of Perovsky's failed attack on Khiva,

4465:. Although there was much talk of possible Russian invasion of India and a number of British agents penetrating 5692: 5656: 5202:

Sunderland, Willard. "The Ministry of Asiatic Russia: the colonial office that never was but might have been."

98: 134: 6107: 5858: 5587: 5413: 5408: 5363: 4385:

Left: part of Afghanistan, Hindu Kush, Bactria, Turkestan Range, Ferghana Valley, main range of the Tien Shan

4231:

40 km (25 mi) southeast, but could go no farther. In May 1881 the occupied area was annexed as the

2291: 545: 4484:

crossed western Afghanistan and eastern Persia. Christie was killed in 1812 supporting the Persians at the

4358:) who soon became dominant. In 1870 it appeared that Yakub Beg might move on Kulja so Kaufmann occupied the 3539:). Russia was now near the west end of the mountain range and about halfway between Vernoye and Ak-Mechet. 892: 6184: 6154: 6149: 6090: 5979: 5974: 5942: 5883: 5804: 5762: 5645: 4489: 6319: 6302: 6174: 6043: 6011: 5947: 5836: 5727: 5712: 5548: 5141:

Peyrouse, Sébastien. "Nationhood and the minority question in Central Asia. The Russians in Kazakhstan."

4304: 3574: 2877:

and attacked the Konstantinovsk. The speed and maneuverability of his troops stunned the Russian troops.

2554: 2237:

were nomads they could not be conquered in the normal sense. Instead Russian power slowly increased. See

2104:, forming a large delta which was ruled by the Khanate of Khiva and has a long history under the name of 1939: 1839: 1603: 4299:

East of the Feghana Valley and southeast of Fort Vernoye on the other side of the mountains is the oval

3642: 6219: 5757: 5747: 5717: 5707: 5322: 5262: 4593: 4562: 4405: 4202: 2976: 1998:. In 1847–1853, the Russians built a line of forts from the north side of the Aral Sea eastward up the 1844: 1591: 6058: 5952: 5752: 5177: 4330:

The Tien Shan mountains run along the northern border of Kyrgyzstan. They continue east and separate

3663: 2926: 2799: 1712: 1660: 1004: 3662:

1868). He left a garrison in Samarkand and left to deal with some outlying areas. The garrison was

2865:

was recalled to Orenburg and soon put on trial for stealing and ruining the auls of Biys devoted to

2135:

is southwest of the Oxus in Turkmenistan. Between the Aral and Caspian Seas is the thinly-populated

6199: 5905: 5480: 5284: 4555: 3077:, who during Muravievs visit showed respect to the man. However, this would never go full with the 3014:

who inhabited the region. Muraviev soon befriended these tribesmen along the way, moving along the

2960: 1863: 931: 187: 3594:

In 1864 Alimkul tried to raid the territory of the Russians and recapture the occupied lands, but

2668:

flight of Buchholz released the prisoners: the priest and the commissar who was at the execution.

6112: 5841: 5460: 4720:Энциклопедический лексикон. — Т. 7: Бра — Бял. — СПб.: Тип. А. Плюшара. 1836. — С. 622. 4566: 3910: 3631: 3099: 3086: 2964: 1706: 1585: 1578: 854: 765: 710: 87: 5050: 6314: 5989: 5510: 5445: 4540: 4524: 4308: 3658: 3297: 2790:

to destroy the detachment of the "rebellious" Sultan Kenesary. Other detachments formed by the

1928: 1407: 1058: 1024: 743: 699: 491: 204: 5702: 4285:

another 3.518 million rubles. Total expenses from 1869 to 1881 amounted to 29,274,991 rubles.

6244: 6204: 5964: 5893: 5342: 5197: 4601: 4528: 4242: 3889: 3078: 3058: 2822: 2817:, 1843, fierce battles broke out with the advance detachments of the Russians, who left from 2238: 2167: 1888: 721: 6413: 5777: 5450: 5347: 5317: 5182: 4617: 4476:

In 1801, there was some loose talk of a joint Franco-Russian invasion of India. During the

4421: 4417: 3547: 688: 4763: 4612: 4503: 8: 6352: 6282: 6139: 5667: 5602: 5373: 4520: 4426: 4232: 4218: 3915: 3885: 3667: 3341: 3011: 2983:. The main goal of this perilous expedition was to make a commercial trade deal with the 2050: 1943: 1834: 1666: 1596: 1499: 615: 3846:

For reference, these were the Russian bases on the north and east side of the Caspian:

6342: 6324: 6277: 6259: 6239: 5878: 5630: 5528: 5500: 5383: 5368: 5235: 5153: 4485: 4339: 4190: 4186: 3929: 3607: 2737: 2147: 2019: 1366: 937: 926: 754: 437: 332: 5057:

Securing the Indian frontier in Central Asia: Confrontation and negotiation, 1865–1895

4753:Оренбургские казаки в борьбе с национально-освободительным движением казахского народа 4488:. In 1819 Muraviev reached Khiva. A Russian mission reached Bokhara in 1820. In 1825 677: 6249: 6189: 5996: 5922: 5900: 5799: 5677: 5490: 5470: 5465: 5455: 5290: 5016: 4930: 4901: 4900:

Kersnovsky, A. A. History of the Russian army Т. 2. — М.: Голос, 1993.—336 с., ил. —

4578: 4573: 4551: 4323:

Ili River basin. Yining is Kulja, Almaty is Fort Vernoye. Tarim Basin at lower right.

4210:

Lazarev landed a large force at Chikishlyar and began moving men and supplies up the

3366: 3265:

Southward from the Siberian Line the obvious next step was a line of forts along the

2830:. It was decided to resume hostilities against Kenesary in the following year, 1844. 2707: 2248: 2216:, left them alone. Several other places were built on the Irtysh at about this time. 2151: 2127:

The deserts in the south have enough grass to support a thin nomadic population. The

2015: 1896: 1876: 1504: 1345: 1235: 1063: 467: 368: 340: 325: 2736:

Peter the Great did nothing to avenge the defeat since he was still occupied by the

6234: 6179: 6085: 5826: 5597: 5567: 5533: 5378: 4532: 4523:

went after him, was successful, and led 416 Russian slaves to the Caspian. In 1837

4497: 4269: 3680: 3623: 3561: 3270: 3082: 3070: 3027: 3023: 3000: 2988: 2980: 2968: 2939: 2603: 2542: 2280: 2219: 2143: 2031: 1991: 1967: 1824: 1422: 1038: 1029: 1016: 999: 988: 979: 970: 961: 916: 911: 899: 878: 841: 817: 802: 786: 662: 643: 627: 549: 452: 336: 5213:

Valikhanov, Chokan Chingisovich, Mikhail Ivanovich Venyukov, and Other Travelers.

2305:(1735–1740). Once Bashkiria was pacified, Russia's southeastern frontier was the 270: 6254: 6001: 5853: 5821: 5495: 5475: 5071: 4597: 4592:

The Great Game came to an end with the demarcation of the northern Afghan border

4481: 4438: 3872: 3543: 3370: 3362: 3053:

The following day he arrived in the Palace, and he started a discussion with the

2909: 2626: 2574: 2287: 2209: 2197: 2193: 2136: 2128: 2113: 2039: 1912: 1048: 861: 732: 523: 415: 4543:(1839–42) Britain invaded Afghanistan, was driven out, re-invaded and withdrew. 3666:

and in great difficulty until Kaufmann returned. On June 2, 1868, in a decisive

3622:

The Bokhara was now involved in the war. In February 1866 Chernayev crossed the

3546:

to regulate trade along what was becoming a new border. In 1864 they signed the

3519:

In 1847 Kopal was founded southeast of Lake Balkash. In 1852 Russia crossed the

3065:

agreed to Muravievs deal, and he was to arrive home safely. Muraviev argued the

2166:

tribes were few and weak while the steppe nomads were numerous and warlike. See

1903:" was used to refer to the area due to the fact that it was and is inhabited by 6337: 6164: 5927: 5917: 5294: 4536: 4493: 4166: 3684: 3598:

his army got in front of a hundred Cossacks and as a result he had to retreat.

3595: 3015: 3007: 2959:

In 1819, a young 24 year old officer Nikolai Muraviev (not to be confused with

2745: 2741: 2719: 2660: 2213: 2132: 2088: 1979: 1916: 1915:. Upon witnessing Russia's absorption of the various Central Asian realms, the 1904: 1884: 1829: 1509: 1214: 955: 950: 832: 823: 812: 796: 780: 771: 760: 749: 738: 727: 716: 705: 694: 683: 672: 653: 637: 621: 610: 604: 599: 588: 579: 570: 559: 540: 529: 518: 504: 474: 422: 393: 381: 6367: 6297: 6134: 5772: 4413: 4246: 3334: 3326: 2943: 2861: 2776: 2694:, where he was engaged in the surveying work, preparing the first map of the 2570: 2317: 2276: 2272: 2223: 2185: 1983: 944: 478: 4971:

Unification of Central Asia to the Russian Empire in the XVIII–XIX Centuries

4950:

Unification of Central Asia to the Russian Empire in the XVIII–XIX Centuries

4377: 2251:

on the north shore of the Caspian Sea. The surrounding area was held by the

6053: 5577: 5543: 5298: 4582: 4466: 4162: 3062: 3054: 3047: 3039: 3035: 3031: 2984: 2699: 2593: 2177: 2035: 2026:. The next step was to turn this triangle into a rectangle by crossing the 1987: 1963: 1892: 873: 300: 5814: 2702:. He left some of the Cossacks on his way in order to set up the forts in 6159: 5888: 5809: 5742: 5572: 4642: 4547: 4462: 4434: 4409: 4359: 4347: 4335: 4300: 4211: 3881: 3854: 3557: 2814: 2810: 2703: 2695: 2310: 2260: 2252: 2058: 2027: 2023: 1935: 5207: 4572:

On the Chinese side of the mountains a line of passes corresponding the

6194: 6144: 6063: 5932: 5122: 4654: 4458: 4401: 4319: 4194: 3935: 3864: 3321: 2947: 2116:

which dries up before reaching the Oxus. It waters the great cities of

2070: 2003: 1990:

took place over several decades. In 1839, Russia failed to conquer the

1959: 1955: 1951: 1947: 1924: 1052: 865: 849: 5092:

Spying for empire: the great game in Central and South Asia, 1757–1947

4931:

New Alexander Fort: A Russian Empire Strategic Stronghold in Mangystau

4539:

went to secure his release and both were executed in 1842. During the

3657:

In July 1867 a new Province of Turkestan was created and placed under

2180:

rises in what is now China and flows northwest to the Russian base at

2078: 5782: 5248:

Strategies of British India. Britain, Iran and Afghanistan, 1798–1850

4343: 4331: 4178: 4174: 4154: 3897: 3850: 3836: 3647: 3520: 3382: 3357: 3281: 3274: 3266: 2827: 2803: 2691: 2642: 2600:

in 1759 both empires had a few border posts near the current border.

2558: 2121: 2109: 2097: 2011: 1999: 1900: 276: 5136:

Russian rule in Samarkand 1868–1910: A comparison with British India

4449: 3356:

by the Russians. South of this, along the modern Kyrgyz border, the

2698:. He was promoted captain and commanded a preliminary expedition in 2275:

had established themselves on the Ural River. In 1602 they captured

76: 6347: 6209: 4508: 4363: 4351: 4307:

China lost partial control of its western territories. A man named

4228: 4173:

desert nomads. Irrigation supported a settled population along the

4170: 3603: 3584: 3378: 3313:

continue southeast up the river to Kokand and the Ferghana Valley.

3066: 3043: 2996: 2897: 2818: 2653: 2597: 2581: 2566: 2546: 2306: 2268: 2201: 2105: 2101: 2007: 1995: 408: 4966:Присоединение Центральной Азии к Российской империи в XVIII–XIX вв 4945:Присоединение Центральной Азии к Российской империи в XVIII–XIX вв 3602:

About 80 km (50 mi) south of the new line was Chimkent (

2751: 4586: 4550:

occurred in 1853–56. A second Persian attack on Herat led to the

4371: 4312: 3636: 3627: 3612: 3532: 3374: 3074: 3019: 2992: 2901: 2889: 2885: 2874: 2772: 2630: 2256: 2234: 2181: 2117: 1970:

is still recognized in some capacity in many of these countries.

1012: 398: 4149:

Mountains run from beyond Geok Tepe northwest toward Krasnovodsk

2604:

1713–1716, 1719: Unsuccessful expeditions to the Dzungar Khanate

5286: 4453:

The Russian Turkestan (including Khiva and Bukhara) after 1900s

4430: 4408:

got the Khan's permission to explore southward. He reached the

4393: 4355: 3860: 3673: 3528: 3524: 3353: 3289: 3285: 2866: 2843: 2783: 2714: 2634: 2614: 2538: 2189: 1908: 1264: 1077: 4973:]. Historia Russica (in Russian). «ЦГИ Принт». p. 89. 4952:]. Historia Russica (in Russian). «ЦГИ Принт». p. 88. 4774:Бекмаханов Е.Б., Восстание хана Кенесары (1837-1847), с. 25–26 3606:) which belonged to Kokand. He failed to take Shymkent in his 3257: 2766: 2522: 4764:

Revolt of the 1837—1847 under the leadership of Khan Kenesary

4658: 4461:

refers to British attempts to block Russian expansion toward

4254: 4182: 4139: 4133: 3920: 3536: 3514:

Russian expansion along the mountains of Kyrgyzstan 1854–1864

3042:

and his officials had ensuing debates on what to do with the

3026:, but the intentions of Muraviev were well documented by the 2847: 2726: 2584:. Orenburg, Orsk and Troitsk were founded as a result of the 2264: 3900:(1837–?) a fort and naval station on land claimed by Persia. 3046:, with a final decision to be made to have him to visit the 4801:Бекмаханов Е.Б., Восстание хана Кенесары (1837-1847), с. 30 4792:Бекмаханов Е.Б., Восстание хана Кенесары (1837-1847), с. 29 4783:Бекмаханов Е.Б., Восстание хана Кенесары (1837-1847), с. 28 4681:Бекмаханов Е.Б., Восстание хана Кенесары (1837-1847), с. 27 4258: 3840: 2913: 2795: 2646: 2622: 2618: 2562: 2550: 2205: 2006:. In 1864–1868, they moved south from Kyrgyzstan, captured 5117:

Morris, Peter. "The Russians in Central Asia, 1870–1887."

4711:Мартынов Л. Крепость на Оми: . — Омск: Омскоблиздат, 1939. 3381:

and west of the southern range is Tamerlane's old capital

2298:

Russia briefly occupied the west side of the Caspian Sea.

5150:

Russian Central Asia, 1867–1917: a study in colonial rule

2854: 1883:. This effort continued until the 19th century under the 5192:

Spring, Derek W. "Russian imperialism in Asia in 1914."

3568: 3061:

wishes a commercial agreement. After some debating, the

2659:

Dissatisfied with the appearance of Russian troops, the

2301:

About 1734 another move was planned, which provoked the

2142:

When the Russians arrived the organized states were the

2100:

rises on the Afghan border and flows northwest into the

2096:

interior is watered by three great rivers. The Oxus or

5165:

Saray, Mehmet. "The Russian conquest of central Asia."

5064:

The Great Game: The Struggle for Empire in Central Asia

4854:(1st ed.). United Kingdom: Kodansha International. 4852:

The Great Game: The Struggle for Empire in Central Asia

4684: 4392:

The southeast corner of Russian Turkestan was the high

2942:. They decided to hide in the mountainous region near 4632:

The location is uncertain, possibly the modern Zhilek.

2946:, but were taken by surprise when a Kyrgyz khan named 6081:

Soviet occupation of Bessarabia and Northern Bukovina

2987:, the same idea proposed upon the 1717 expedition to 2204:

drove them off. They retreated downriver and founded

5102:

Russia and China: Their Diplomatic Relations to 1728

4661:, Omar Bek of Chilek, Jura Bek, Baba Bek and others. 4235:. The eastern boundary of the oblast was undefined. 3936:

1879–1885: Turkmenistan: Geok Tepe, Merv and Panjdeh

3884:(1869–) the best port and later headquarters of the 3018:

for several days, for he was to arrive later in the

3010:

desert with little problems with the tribesmen, the

2919: 2761: 2748:

resumed its military expeditions into Central Asia.

1927:, which ended when both sides eventually designated 1452: 6384:

19th-century military history of the Russian Empire

4303:which had belonged to China since 1759. During the 4288: 4165:remained unconquered. The area corresponded to the 3377:. West of the northern range is the great city of 3316: 2869:. Lebedev's place was taken by Colonel Dunikovsky. 101:. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. 4177:in the northeast and along the north slope of the 4158:Russian assault on the fortress of Geok Tepe, 1881 2212:. The Dzungars, having just been weakened by the 2208:. In 1720 Ivan Likharev went upriver and founded 2074:Administrative map of russian Central Asia in 1900 5069: 4999: 2679: 6365: 6096:Soviet re-occupation of the Baltic states (1944) 5426:List of battles involving the Russian Federation 3894:Chikishlyar (1871–?): a beach rather than a port 3352:The eastern end of the Kazakh steppe was called 3105: 6215:Soviet OMON assaults on Lithuanian border posts 6130:Anti-communist resistance in Poland (1944–1953) 5160:The expansion of Russia in East Asia, 1857–1860 4835:Olcott, Martha (1995). "The Russian Conquest". 4820:Olcott, Martha (1995). "The Russian Conquest". 3092: 2752:1731–1873: Gaining control of the Kazakh Steppe 2625:, Zhelezenskaya, Yamyshevskaya, Semipalatnaya, 4441:between the Russian Pamirs and British India. 3904: 6069:Soviet occupation of the Baltic states (1940) 5270: 4935: 4224:1881: Skobelev's bloody victory at Geok Tepe: 3875:(1846–): important at this time but not later 3821:Russian forts on the east side of the Caspian 2971:) was instructed by the great general of the 2690:Bekovich-Cherkassky received these orders in 2146:in the Oxus delta south of the Aral Sea, the 1934:Although the Russian Empire collapsed during 1438: 482: 5038:Turkestan and the Fate of the Russian Empire 4257:, more desert, and the much larger oasis of 3674:1875–1876: Liquidation of the Kokand Khanate 3273:on the Syr Darya and around 1817 they built 2954: 2744:. It was more than a century later that the 2633:, gather a detachment there and move up the 1895:. The majority of this land became known as 6022:Red Army intervention in Afghanistan (1930) 6017:Red Army intervention in Afghanistan (1929) 5013:The history of the conquest of Central Asia 4962: 4956: 4941: 4742:РОССИЙСКО-КАЗАХСКИЕ ОТНОШЕНИЯ В XVI–XIX ВВ. 3863:(1645–): a small place at the mouth of the 2767:1843–1844: Failed attacks on Kazakh Khanate 2588:about 1740 and this section was called the 64:Learn how and when to remove these messages 27:Period in Russian and Central Asian history 5338:Military history of the Russian Federation 5277: 5263: 4561:In 1875, following the conquest of Khiva, 4535:went to Bokhara and was arrested. In 1841 2608: 2082:Contemporary political map of Central Asia 1445: 1431: 331:Protectorate status extended by Russia to 269: 5588:Sino-Russian border conflicts (1652–1689) 5232:The modern history of Soviet Central Asia 5094:(Greenhill Books/Lionel Leventhal, 2006). 5006: 4690: 4346:valley with its capital of Kulja (modern 4328:1871–1883: temporary occupation of Kulja: 2064:White areas are thinly-populated desert. 241:Learn how and when to remove this message 223:Learn how and when to remove this message 161:Learn how and when to remove this message 5072:"Russia's March Towards India: Volume 1" 4611: 4502: 4448: 4376: 4318: 4153: 3914: 3641: 3578: 3340: 3320: 3256: 2218: 2077: 2069: 2057: 2049: 186:This article includes a list of general 5549:Russian Conquest of Siberia (1580–1747) 5419:List of wars involving the Soviet Union 4849: 4839:. Hoover Institution Press. p. 60. 4824:. Hoover Institution Press. p. 44. 3350:Advance from the northeast (1847–1864): 3252:Syr-Darya Line and Battles of Ak Mechet 2459: 2309:line roughly between the Urals and the 1881:expand the Russian frontier to the east 14: 6366: 6170:Warsaw Pact invasion of Czechoslovakia 6101:Soviet re-occupation of Latvia in 1944 5960:Georgian–Ossetian conflict (1918–1920) 5938:Soviet westward offensive of 1918–1919 5652:Austro-Russian–Turkish War (1735–1739) 5328:Military history of the Russian Empire 4834: 4819: 4810:Ж. Касымбаев «Кенесары Касымов», с. 54 4338:in the south. On the Chinese side the 3857:with connections to the rest of Russia 3373:and then the land the ancients called 3232: 3087:1839 failed winter expedition to Khiva 2131:is between the Oxus and Jaxartes. The 1946:until 1991. This region now comprises 1151:6,651 troops and 10,000 camels (Khiva) 6320:Deployment in Nagorno-Karabakh (2020) 5698:Russian colonization of North America 5258: 3569:1864–1868: Kokand and Bukhara subdued 3345:Mountain-steppe boundary near Bishkek 2671: 2580:Uralsk was an old settlement of free 2445: 2403: 2255:. To the east of the Nogais were the 2150:along the Oxus and Zarafshan and the 1426: 6399:Russian colonisation in Central Asia 5333:Military history of the Soviet Union 5194:Cahiers du monde russe et soviétique 5078:. Sampson Low, Marston & Company 4208:1879: Lomakin's defeat at Geok Tepe: 3966: 3950: 3747: 3542:In 1851 Russia and China signed the 172: 99:adding citations to reliable sources 70: 29: 6074:Soviet occupation of Latvia in 1940 5162:(University of Malaya Press, 1968). 5031:An Historical Atlas of Central Asia 4275:1885: Expansion stopped at Panjdeh: 4040: 3789: 3733: 3690: 2775:, Nicholas I allowed a trip to the 2756: 2740:, and also by the hostility of the 2192:. The main advance was made under 1982:gained increasing control over the 24: 6374:Central Asia in the Russian Empire 6120:Guerrilla war in the Baltic states 5486:1993 Russian constitutional crisis 5110:Middleton, Robert and Huw Thomas. 4398:Gorno-Badakhshan Autonomous Region 4130:Conquest of Turkmenistan 1879–1885 3878:Kenderli (?1873): a temporary base 2833: 2030:. In 1873, the Russians conquered 975:Abu al-Ghazi Muhammad Amin Bahadur 192:it lacks sufficient corresponding 110:"Russian conquest of Central Asia" 25: 6425: 6379:Wars involving the Russian Empire 5985:Red Army intervention in Mongolia 5119:Slavonic and East European Review 5104:, Harvard University press, 1971. 4444: 4368:Treaty of Saint Petersburg (1881) 4227:killed. A week later he occupied 4024: 3982: 3803: 3705: 3496: 3440: 3218: 3162: 3148: 2920:Fall of the Kazakh Khanate (1847) 2762:Abul Khair Khan's Russian clashes 2157: 1306:2,500 killed or died of diseases 45:This article has multiple issues. 6039:Soviet–Japanese border conflicts 5832:Russian conquest of Central Asia 5768:Russian conquest of the Caucasus 5564:Polish–Muscovite War (1605–1618) 5506:Insurgency in the North Caucasus 4433:facing the Afghans. In 1893 the 4289:1872–1895: The Eastern Mountains 4138: 4132: 4111: 4098: 4097: 4083: 4069: 4055: 4039: 4023: 4009: 3995: 3981: 3965: 3949: 3942: 3829:Russian conquest of the Caucasus 3802: 3788: 3775: 3774: 3761: 3760: 3746: 3732: 3718: 3704: 3697: 3495: 3482: 3481: 3468: 3467: 3453: 3439: 3425: 3411: 3397: 3390: 3317:1847–1864: Down the eastern side 3231: 3217: 3203: 3189: 3175: 3161: 3147: 3133: 3120: 3119: 3112: 2661:Dzungar Khuntaiji Tsewang-Rabtan 2638:governor Prince Matvey Gagarin. 2521: 2500: 2486: 2472: 2458: 2444: 2431: 2430: 2416: 2402: 2388: 2374: 2361: 2360: 2346: 2332: 2325: 1456:Russian conquest of Central Asia 1406: 1403:~8,000 killed (incl. civilians) 1365: 1344: 1285:3,000 captured (Kazakh Khanate) 1263: 1234: 1076: 1057: 998: 987: 978: 969: 960: 949: 936: 925: 831: 822: 811: 795: 779: 770: 759: 748: 737: 726: 715: 704: 693: 682: 671: 652: 636: 626:Military foreman Vitoshnov 620: 609: 598: 587: 578: 569: 558: 539: 528: 517: 497: 484: 460: 445: 430: 387: 374: 361: 256:Russian conquest of Central Asia 177: 75: 34: 6389:Territorial evolution of Russia 6325:Deployment in Kazakhstan (2022) 5970:Red Army invasion of Azerbaijan 5911:1919 Soviet invasion of Ukraine 5009:История завоевания Средней Азии 4986: 4977: 4924: 4915: 4894: 4885: 4876: 4867: 4858: 4843: 4828: 4813: 4804: 4795: 4786: 4777: 4768: 4657:, Katti-Kurgan, Hussein Bek of 4648: 4635: 4626: 4527:reached Kabul. In 1838 Persia 4070: 4056: 3668:battle on the Zerabulak heights 3412: 3398: 2629:. Decrees ordered him to go to 2473: 2389: 2120:and Tamerlane's old capital of 2034:and in 1881, they took western 1978:In the nineteenth century, the 1891:succeeded in conquering all of 1225:~3,000-6,000 troops (1773–1775) 263:territorial evolution of Russia 86:needs additional citations for 53:or discuss these issues on the 6007:Urtatagai conflict (1925–1926) 5657:War of the Austrian Succession 5250:(Oxford: Clarendon Press 1980) 5112:Tajikistan and the High Pamirs 5015:] (in Russian). Volume 1. 5000:References and further reading 4963:Бекмаханова, Наиля E. (2015). 4942:Бекмаханова, Наиля E. (2015). 4757: 4746: 4735: 4723: 4714: 4705: 4696: 4675: 4579:Indians in the British service 4342:branch off creating the upper 4112: 3996: 3719: 3454: 3426: 3204: 3134: 2792:West Siberian Governor-General 2680:1717: Failed conquest on Khiva 2501: 2347: 2333: 2259:and to the north, between the 2014:and dominated the Khanates of 1153:2,600 troops (Kazakh Khanate) 1109:200 shot and buckshot charges 984:Qutlugh Muhammad Murad Bahadur 275:Map of Russia's advances into 13: 1: 6230:South Ossetia war (1991–1992) 6108:Anglo-Soviet invasion of Iran 5859:Russian invasion of Manchuria 5849:Russo-Turkish War (1877–1878) 5795:Russo-Turkish War (1828–1829) 5790:Russo-Persian War (1826–1828) 5733:Russo-Turkish War (1806–1812) 5723:Russo-Persian War (1804–1813) 5688:Russo-Swedish War (1788–1790) 5683:Russo-Turkish War (1787–1792) 5673:Russo-Turkish War (1768–1774) 5663:Russo-Swedish War (1741–1743) 5641:Russo-Persian War (1722–1723) 5636:Russo-Turkish War (1710–1711) 5613:Russo-Turkish War (1686–1700) 5608:Russo-Turkish War (1676–1681) 5583:Russo-Persian War (1651–1653) 5559:Russo-Swedish War (1590–1595) 5554:Russo-Turkish War (1568–1570) 5539:Russo-Swedish War (1554–1557) 5414:List of wars involving Russia 5409:Sino-Russian border conflicts 5227:. March 1956, 6#3 pp 172–180. 4239:1884: The annexation of Merv: 4084: 3853:(1556–): at the mouth of the 3554:Up the Syr Darya (1859–1864): 3190: 3176: 3106:1847–1853: The Syr Darya line 2487: 2296:Russo-Persian War (1722–1723) 2247:In 1556 Russia conquered the 546:Alexander Bekovich-Cherkassky 18:Russian conquest of Turkestan 6404:Russian colonisation in Asia 6394:Russian military occupations 6185:Eritrean War of Independence 6155:Hungarian Revolution of 1956 6150:East German uprising of 1953 6091:Eastern Front (World War II) 5980:Red Army invasion of Georgia 5975:Red Army invasion of Armenia 5943:Estonian War of Independence 5884:Russian occupation of Tabriz 5805:Hungarian Revolution of 1848 5763:War of the Seventh Coalition 5646:War of the Polish Succession 5593:Russo-Polish War (1654–1667) 5222:The Russians in Central Asia 4668: 4010: 3093:1839: Failed attack on Khiva 2979:, to make the expedition to 2417: 2375: 2045: 7: 6225:War in Abkhazia (1992–1993) 6175:Sino-Soviet border conflict 6044:Soviet invasion of Xinjiang 6012:Sino-Soviet conflict (1929) 5948:Latvian War of Independence 5837:Russian conquest of Bukhara 5728:War of the Fourth Coalition 5713:War of the Second Coalition 4478:Russo-Persian War (1804–13) 4416:and mapped the area around 3905:1873: The conquest of Khiva 3575:Russian conquest of Bukhara 3369:. South of Ferghana is the 2062:Ethnic map of Central Asia. 1940:Russian sphere of influence 1931:as a neutral buffer zone. 1604:Russian conquest of Bukhara 10: 6430: 6220:First Nagorno-Karabakh War 5758:War of the Sixth Coalition 5748:War of the Fifth Coalition 5718:War of the Third Coalition 5323:Military history of Russia 5285:Armed conflicts involving 5070:An Indian Officer (1894). 4563:Frederick Gustavus Burnaby 4492:reached Bukhara. In 1830 4406:Alexei Pavlovich Fedchenko 4267: 4216: 4203:Battle of Geok Tepe (1879) 4200: 3908: 3687:was created in its place. 3572: 3261:Syr Darya (Jaxartes) Basin 2977:Aleksey Petrovich Yermolov 2683: 2245:Around the southern Urals: 1986:. The Russian conquest of 1973: 1879:embarked on a campaign to 1469:Russian conquest of Kokand 1283:About 4,000 killed (Khiva) 1231:~20,000 troops (1844–1845) 1227:~About 2,000 troops (1838) 942:Muzaffaruddin Bahadur Khan 6333: 6268: 6059:Soviet invasion of Poland 5869: 5753:French invasion of Russia 5621: 5519: 5438: 5364:Muscovite–Lithuanian Wars 5356: 5313: 5306: 4169:and was inhabited by the 2955:1819: Expedition to Khiva 2188:used this route to reach 2054:Present-day Central Asia. 1875:In the 16th century, the 1558:Russian conquest of Khiva 1464: 1256: 1069: 1005:Muhammad Rahim Bahadur II 510: 353: 283: 268: 260: 255: 6200:South African Border War 6125:Guerrilla war in Ukraine 6027:Chechen uprising of 1932 5708:Russo-Persian War (1796) 5217:, Edward Stanford, 1865. 5008: 4607: 3626:to the Bokharan fort of 3081:, before round 3 of the 2961:Nikolai Muraviev-Amursky 2938:their former capital of 2596:. After China conquered 2519:Siberian Line about 1800 2271:. Around this time some 2226:in skirmish with Kazakhs 1008:Muhammad Mallya Beg Khan 5842:Khivan campaign of 1873 5693:Russo-Polish War (1792) 5121:53.133 (1975): 521–538 5007:Terentyev, M. (2022). 4850:Hopkirk, Peter (1990). 4567:Second Anglo-Afghan War 4390:1893: Pamirs occupied: 4311:made himself master of 4305:Dungan Revolt (1862–77) 3911:Khivan campaign of 1873 3833:Viceroy of the Caucasus 3632:Kattakurgan, Uzbekistan 3613:Kokand Regent Alim Kuli 3100:Khivan campaign of 1839 3057:, telling him that the 2965:Nikolai Muraviev-Karsky 2686:Khivan campaign of 1717 2609:Expedition of 1713-1716 1313:500 killed and wounded 1160:30,000+ troops (Summer) 877:Azizuddin Bahadur 207:more precise citations. 6409:History of colonialism 6315:Western Libya campaign 5990:East Karelian uprising 5511:Wagner Group rebellion 5446:Uprising of Bolotnikov 5176:(London) 1876 2 Vols. 5114:, Odyssey Books, 2008. 5047:Russia in Central Asia 4621: 4541:First Anglo-Afghan War 4525:Jan Prosper Witkiewicz 4512: 4507:British army entering 4454: 4386: 4334:in the north from the 4324: 4159: 3924: 3651: 3646:Russian troops taking 3588: 3583:Russian troops taking 3346: 3329: 3262: 2227: 2083: 2075: 2067: 2055: 1966:in the southwest; the 1962:in the southeast, and 1417:~900 killed or wounded 1162:3,100 troops (Autumn) 1105:12 pounds of gunpowder 1028:Berdi Murad Khan 1025:Muhammad Khudayar Khan 898:Ğubaidullah Khan 801:Khorunzhiy Rybin 744:Konstantin von Kaufman 642:Ivan Krasnovskiy 511:Commanders and leaders 6310:Intervention in Syria 6245:Tajikistani Civil War 5953:Lithuanian–Soviet War 5894:Battle of Robat Karim 5343:Post-Soviet conflicts 5236:online free to borrow 5183:Skrine, Francis Henry 5154:online free to borrow 5145:59.3 (2007): 481–501. 5134:Morrison, Alexander. 4921:Malikov, pp. 180–198. 4615: 4602:Anglo-Russian Entente 4506: 4452: 4404:and Bactria. In 1871 4380: 4322: 4297:1867–1877: Yakub Beg: 4268:Further information: 4243:Trans-Caspian Railway 4217:Further information: 4201:Further information: 4195:desert-adapted horses 4157: 3918: 3890:Trans-Caspian railway 3645: 3582: 3344: 3325:A train crossing the 3324: 3260: 2239:History of Kazakhstan 2222: 2170:and linked articles. 2168:Siberian River Routes 2081: 2073: 2061: 2053: 1942:remained in what was 1889:Imperial Russian Army 1757:Taymanuly's rebellion 1333:645 died of diseases 1257:Casualties and losses 1219:~10,000 troops (1717) 915:Sher Ghazi Khan 6293:Annexation of Crimea 5997:Central Asian Revolt 5906:Ukrainian–Soviet War 5778:Russo-Circassian War 5461:Pugachev's Rebellion 5404:Russo-Ukrainian Wars 5348:Russian Armed Forces 5318:Early modern warfare 5242:2.2 (1980): 216–238. 5167:Central Asian Survey 5066:, John Murray, 1990. 4618:Sidney Edwards Morse 4422:Francis Younghusband 4163:The Turkoman country 4127:class=notpageimage| 3818:class=notpageimage| 3659:General von Kaufmann 3548:Treaty of Tarbagatai 3511:class=notpageimage| 3249:class=notpageimage| 2951:Khanate as a whole. 2516:class=notpageimage| 2174:Up the Irtysh River: 1919:sought to reinforce 1707:Kenesary's Rebellion 1340:11 killed or wounded 1229:~3,500 troops (1843) 1010:Muhammad Sultan Khan 855:Kenesary's Rebellion 95:improve this article 6353:Sphere of influence 6283:Russo-Ukrainian War 6140:First Indochina War 6113:Soviet–Japanese War 6049:Xinjiang War (1937) 5918:Kazakhstan Campaign 5703:Kościuszko Uprising 5603:Second Northern War 5481:Coup attempt (1991) 5374:Soviet-Finnish wars 5230:Wheeler, Geoffrey. 5220:Wheeler, Geoffrey. 5172:Schuyler, Eugene. 5169:1.2-3 (1982): 1–30. 5158:Quested, Rosemary. 5148:Pierce, Richard A. 5143:Europe–Asia Studies 4521:Richmond Shakespear 4427:Murghab, Tajikistan 4233:Transcaspian Oblast 4219:Battle of Geok Tepe 3886:Transcaspian Oblast 2910:Mugodzhar mountains 2823:Russian detachments 2526:=the three Khanates 2108:. The Jaxartes or 1944:Soviet Central Asia 616:Catherine the Great 6343:Russian Revolution 6278:Russo-Georgian War 6260:Second Chechen War 6240:Georgian Civil War 5879:Russo-Japanese War 5631:Great Northern War 5529:Russo-Crimean Wars 5501:Second Chechen War 5399:Russo-Turkish wars 5394:Russo-Swedish wars 5384:Russo-Persian Wars 5369:Russo-Crimean Wars 5138:(Oxford UP, 2008). 5059:(Routledge, 2010). 4622: 4513: 4486:Battle of Aslanduz 4455: 4387: 4383:Right: Tarim Basin 4340:Borohoro Mountains 4325: 4191:Khiva slave market 4160: 3930:Russian Revolution 3925: 3919:Russians entering 3652: 3589: 3562:Hazrat-i-Turkestan 3347: 3330: 3271:Hazrat-i-Turkestan 3263: 2940:Hazrat-e-Turkistan 2672:Expedition of 1719 2532:The Siberian line: 2231:The Kazakh steppe: 2228: 2148:Khanate of Bukhara 2084: 2076: 2068: 2056: 2042:in the southeast. 1840:Alexandrovsky fort 1730:Punitive campaigns 1693:Datuly's rebellion 1223:~300 troops (1721) 1221:~500 troops (1720) 966:Allah Quli Bahadur 886:Jar Muhammad Khan 785:Alexei Rytov 755:Mikhail Chernyayev 438:Emirate of Bukhara 405:Pro-Russian Tribes 6361: 6360: 6250:First Chechen War 6205:Soviet–Afghan War 6190:Angolan Civil War 5965:Polish–Soviet War 5923:Finnish Civil War 5901:Russian Civil War 5800:November Uprising 5738:Anglo-Russian War 5678:Bar Confederation 5491:First Chechen War 5471:Russian Civil War 5466:Decembrist revolt 5456:Bulavin Rebellion 5451:Razin's Rebellion 5434: 5433: 5389:Russo-Polish Wars 5357:Lists by opponent 5187:The Heart of Asia 5090:Johnson, Robert. 5036:Brower, Daniel. 5022:978-5-4481-1327-7 4574:Karakoram Highway 4552:Anglo-Persian War 4500:reached Bokhara. 4396:which is now the 4381:Pamirs from space 4364:Chinese Turkestan 4193:. They also bred 3888:and start of the 3655:Samarkand (1868): 3620:Campaign of 1866: 3367:Khanate of Kokand 3085:expeditions, the 2999:for his goals in 2294:. Following the 2249:Astrakhan Khanate 2152:Khanate of Kokand 1923:, triggering the 1913:Iranian ethnicity 1897:Russian Turkestan 1877:Tsardom of Russia 1872: 1871: 1421: 1420: 1064:Abdur Rahman Khan 1046:Makhdum Kuli Khan 1037:Kara Bateer 858: 828:Dmitry Romanovsky 468:Khanate of Kokand 369:Tsardom of Russia 349: 348: 326:Russian Turkestan 324:Establishment of 251: 250: 243: 233: 232: 225: 171: 170: 163: 145: 68: 16:(Redirected from 6421: 6235:Transnistria War 6180:War of Attrition 6086:Continuation War 6035: 5827:January Uprising 5668:Seven Years' War 5568:Time of Troubles 5534:Russo-Kazan Wars 5379:Russo-Kazan Wars 5311: 5310: 5279: 5272: 5265: 5256: 5255: 5206:(2010): 120–150 5196:(1979): 305–322 5087: 5085: 5083: 5062:Hopkirk, Peter. 5026: 4993: 4990: 4984: 4981: 4975: 4974: 4960: 4954: 4953: 4939: 4933: 4928: 4922: 4919: 4913: 4912:. — 100 000 экз. 4898: 4892: 4889: 4883: 4880: 4874: 4871: 4865: 4862: 4856: 4855: 4847: 4841: 4840: 4832: 4826: 4825: 4817: 4811: 4808: 4802: 4799: 4793: 4790: 4784: 4781: 4775: 4772: 4766: 4761: 4755: 4750: 4744: 4739: 4733: 4727: 4721: 4718: 4712: 4709: 4703: 4700: 4694: 4688: 4682: 4679: 4662: 4652: 4646: 4639: 4633: 4630: 4554:of 1856–57. The 4533:Charles Stoddart 4498:Alexander Burnes 4437:established the 4270:Panjdeh incident 4142: 4136: 4115: 4114: 4101: 4100: 4087: 4086: 4073: 4072: 4059: 4058: 4043: 4042: 4027: 4026: 4013: 4012: 3999: 3998: 3985: 3984: 3969: 3968: 3953: 3952: 3946: 3806: 3805: 3792: 3791: 3778: 3777: 3764: 3763: 3750: 3749: 3736: 3735: 3722: 3721: 3708: 3707: 3701: 3691:The Caspian side 3681:Mikhail Skobelev 3600:Tashkent (1865): 3499: 3498: 3485: 3484: 3471: 3470: 3457: 3456: 3443: 3442: 3429: 3428: 3415: 3414: 3401: 3400: 3394: 3235: 3234: 3221: 3220: 3207: 3206: 3193: 3192: 3179: 3178: 3165: 3164: 3151: 3150: 3137: 3136: 3123: 3122: 3116: 3022:. He arrived in 2973:Russian Caucasus 2969:Nikolai Muraviev 2844:Ulytau mountains 2757:Initial contacts 2525: 2504: 2503: 2490: 2489: 2476: 2475: 2462: 2461: 2448: 2447: 2434: 2433: 2420: 2419: 2406: 2405: 2392: 2391: 2378: 2377: 2364: 2363: 2350: 2349: 2336: 2335: 2329: 2281:Khivan territory 2144:Khanate of Khiva 1992:Khanate of Khiva 1968:Russian language 1907:, excluding the 1860: 1835:Rukin detachment 1816: 1802: 1790: 1778: 1766: 1750: 1738: 1726: 1702: 1681: 1657: 1645: 1631: 1619: 1574: 1551: 1537: 1523: 1496: 1484: 1459: 1457: 1447: 1440: 1433: 1424: 1423: 1411: 1410: 1370: 1369: 1362:thousands killed 1349: 1348: 1268: 1267: 1239: 1238: 1081: 1080: 1062: 1061: 1043: 1034: 1021: 1003: 1002: 992: 991: 983: 982: 974: 973: 965: 964: 954: 953: 941: 940: 930: 929: 921: 908:Sarzhan Qasimuly 904: 883: 870:Sapura Matenqyzy 852: 846: 836: 835: 827: 826: 818:Mikhail Skobelev 816: 815: 807: 800: 799: 791: 784: 783: 775: 774: 764: 763: 753: 752: 742: 741: 731: 730: 720: 719: 709: 708: 698: 697: 687: 686: 676: 675: 667: 657: 656: 648: 641: 640: 632: 625: 624: 614: 613: 603: 602: 592: 591: 583: 582: 574: 573: 563: 562: 554: 544: 543: 533: 532: 522: 521: 503: 501: 500: 494: 490: 488: 487: 472: 466: 464: 463: 457: 453:Khanate of Khiva 451: 449: 448: 442: 436: 434: 433: 427: 420: 392: 391: 390: 380: 378: 377: 367: 365: 364: 285: 284: 273: 253: 252: 246: 239: 228: 221: 217: 214: 208: 203:this article by 194:inline citations 181: 180: 173: 166: 159: 155: 152: 146: 144: 103: 79: 71: 60: 38: 37: 30: 21: 6429: 6428: 6424: 6423: 6422: 6420: 6419: 6418: 6364: 6363: 6362: 6357: 6329: 6270: 6264: 6255:War of Dagestan 6029: 6002:August Uprising 5871: 5865: 5854:Boxer Rebellion 5822:Amur Annexation 5623: 5617: 5521: 5515: 5496:War of Dagestan 5476:August Uprising 5430: 5352: 5302: 5283: 5253: 5100:Mancall, Mark. 5081: 5079: 5055:Ewans, Martin. 5023: 5010: 5002: 4997: 4996: 4991: 4987: 4982: 4978: 4961: 4957: 4940: 4936: 4929: 4925: 4920: 4916: 4899: 4895: 4890: 4886: 4881: 4877: 4872: 4868: 4863: 4859: 4848: 4844: 4833: 4829: 4818: 4814: 4809: 4805: 4800: 4796: 4791: 4787: 4782: 4778: 4773: 4769: 4762: 4758: 4751: 4747: 4740: 4736: 4728: 4724: 4719: 4715: 4710: 4706: 4701: 4697: 4689: 4685: 4680: 4676: 4671: 4666: 4665: 4653: 4649: 4640: 4636: 4631: 4627: 4610: 4482:Henry Pottinger 4447: 4439:Wakhan Corridor 4384: 4382: 4291: 4272: 4221: 4205: 4152: 4151: 4150: 4144: 4137:=Russian fort; 4131: 4129: 4123: 4122: 4121: 4120: 4116: 4108: 4107: 4106: 4102: 4094: 4093: 4092: 4088: 4080: 4079: 4078: 4074: 4066: 4065: 4064: 4060: 4052: 4051: 4050: 4048: 4044: 4036: 4035: 4034: 4032: 4028: 4020: 4019: 4018: 4014: 4006: 4005: 4004: 4000: 3992: 3991: 3990: 3986: 3978: 3977: 3976: 3974: 3970: 3962: 3961: 3960: 3958: 3954: 3938: 3913: 3907: 3824: 3823: 3822: 3820: 3814: 3813: 3812: 3811: 3807: 3799: 3798: 3797: 3793: 3785: 3784: 3783: 3779: 3771: 3770: 3769: 3765: 3757: 3756: 3755: 3751: 3743: 3742: 3741: 3737: 3729: 3728: 3727: 3723: 3715: 3714: 3713: 3709: 3693: 3676: 3577: 3571: 3544:Treaty of Kulja 3531:) and Pishpek ( 3517: 3516: 3515: 3513: 3507: 3506: 3505: 3504: 3500: 3492: 3491: 3490: 3486: 3478: 3477: 3476: 3472: 3464: 3463: 3462: 3458: 3450: 3449: 3448: 3444: 3436: 3435: 3434: 3430: 3422: 3421: 3420: 3416: 3408: 3407: 3406: 3402: 3371:Turkestan Range 3363:Ferghana Valley 3319: 3255: 3254: 3253: 3251: 3245: 3244: 3243: 3242: 3240: 3236: 3228: 3227: 3226: 3222: 3214: 3213: 3212: 3208: 3200: 3199: 3198: 3194: 3186: 3185: 3184: 3180: 3172: 3171: 3170: 3166: 3158: 3157: 3156: 3152: 3144: 3143: 3142: 3138: 3130: 3129: 3128: 3124: 3108: 3095: 3006:He crossed the 2957: 2922: 2836: 2834:Second campaign 2788:Orenburg Steppe 2769: 2764: 2759: 2754: 2738:war with Sweden 2688: 2682: 2674: 2627:Ust-Kamenogorsk 2611: 2606: 2575:Ust-Kamenogorsk 2529: 2528: 2527: 2520: 2518: 2512: 2511: 2510: 2509: 2505: 2497: 2496: 2495: 2491: 2483: 2482: 2481: 2477: 2469: 2468: 2467: 2466:Ust Kaminogorsk 2463: 2455: 2454: 2453: 2449: 2441: 2440: 2439: 2435: 2427: 2426: 2425: 2421: 2413: 2412: 2411: 2407: 2399: 2398: 2397: 2393: 2385: 2384: 2383: 2379: 2371: 2370: 2369: 2365: 2357: 2356: 2355: 2351: 2343: 2342: 2341: 2337: 2288:Peter the Great 2286:At the time of 2210:Ust-Kamenogorsk 2198:Dzungar Khanate 2194:Peter the Great 2160: 2137:Ustyurt Plateau 2129:Kyzylkum Desert 2114:Zarafshan River 2065: 2063: 2048: 2040:Pamir Mountains 1976: 1954:in the centre, 1873: 1868: 1854: 1820:Ural and Turgai 1810: 1796: 1784: 1772: 1760: 1744: 1732: 1720: 1696: 1675: 1651: 1639: 1625: 1613: 1568: 1545: 1531: 1517: 1490: 1478: 1460: 1455: 1453: 1451: 1416: 1405: 1404: 1402: 1397: 1396:2,000+ wounded 1395: 1393: 1388: 1386:Turkmen tribes: 1384: 1382: 1377: 1375: 1364: 1363: 1361: 1356: 1354: 1343: 1339: 1334: 1332: 1331:254–669 wounded 1330: 1328: 1323: 1321: 1319: 1314: 1312: 1307: 1305: 1300: 1298: 1293: 1292:5,000 captured 1291: 1286: 1284: 1282: 1277: 1276:1,300 captured 1275: 1273: 1262: 1251: 1246: 1245:~12,000 troops 1244: 1233: 1232: 1230: 1228: 1226: 1224: 1222: 1220: 1218: 1210: 1205: 1203: 1198: 1196: 1191: 1189: 1184: 1182: 1177: 1175: 1170: 1168: 1163: 1161: 1159: 1154: 1152: 1150: 1145: 1143: 1138: 1136: 1131: 1129: 1124: 1122: 1117: 1115: 1110: 1108: 1106: 1104: 1102: 1100: 1095: 1093: 1088: 1086: 1075: 1056: 1055: 1051: 1049:Kurmanjan Datka 1047: 1045: 1039: 1036: 1030: 1027: 1023: 1017: 1011: 1009: 1007: 997: 996: 994:Sayyid Muhammad 986: 985: 977: 976: 968: 967: 959: 958: 948: 947: 943: 935: 934: 924: 923: 917: 914: 910: 906: 900: 897: 895: 891: 887: 885: 879: 876: 872: 868: 864: 862:Abul Khair Khan 848: 842: 830: 829: 821: 820: 810: 809: 803: 794: 793: 787: 778: 777: 776:Nikolai Lomakin 769: 768: 758: 757: 747: 746: 736: 735: 733:Vasily Perovsky 725: 724: 714: 713: 703: 702: 692: 691: 681: 680: 678:Iosif Igelström 670: 669: 663: 651: 650: 644: 635: 634: 628: 619: 618: 608: 607: 597: 596: 586: 585: 577: 576: 568: 567: 557: 556: 550: 538: 537: 527: 526: 524:Peter the Great 516: 498: 496: 495: 485: 483: 481: 477: 473: 470: 461: 459: 458: 455: 446: 444: 443: 440: 431: 429: 428: 425: 421: 418: 416:Dzungar Khanate 397: 388: 386: 385: 375: 373: 372: 362: 360: 345: 328:in Central Asia 317: 311:Russian victory 303: 274: 247: 236: 235: 234: 229: 218: 212: 209: 199:Please help to 198: 182: 178: 167: 156: 150: 147: 104: 102: 92: 80: 39: 35: 28: 23: 22: 15: 12: 11: 5: 6427: 6417: 6416: 6411: 6406: 6401: 6396: 6391: 6386: 6381: 6376: 6359: 6358: 6356: 6355: 6350: 6345: 6340: 6338:Russian Winter 6334: 6331: 6330: 6328: 6327: 6322: 6317: 6312: 6307: 6306: 6305: 6300: 6295: 6290: 6280: 6274: 6272: 6266: 6265: 6263: 6262: 6257: 6252: 6247: 6242: 6237: 6232: 6227: 6222: 6217: 6212: 6207: 6202: 6197: 6192: 6187: 6182: 6177: 6172: 6167: 6165:Vlora incident 6162: 6157: 6152: 6147: 6142: 6137: 6132: 6127: 6122: 6117: 6116: 6115: 6110: 6105: 6104: 6103: 6093: 6088: 6083: 6078: 6077: 6076: 6066: 6061: 6051: 6046: 6041: 6036: 6024: 6019: 6014: 6009: 6004: 5999: 5994: 5993: 5992: 5987: 5982: 5977: 5972: 5967: 5962: 5957: 5956: 5955: 5950: 5945: 5935: 5930: 5928:Sochi conflict 5925: 5920: 5915: 5914: 5913: 5898: 5897: 5896: 5886: 5881: 5875: 5873: 5867: 5866: 5864: 5863: 5862: 5861: 5851: 5846: 5845: 5844: 5839: 5829: 5824: 5819: 5818: 5817: 5807: 5802: 5797: 5792: 5787: 5786: 5785: 5780: 5770: 5765: 5760: 5755: 5750: 5745: 5740: 5735: 5730: 5725: 5720: 5715: 5710: 5705: 5700: 5695: 5690: 5685: 5680: 5675: 5670: 5665: 5660: 5654: 5649: 5643: 5638: 5633: 5627: 5625: 5619: 5618: 5616: 5615: 5610: 5605: 5600: 5595: 5590: 5585: 5580: 5575: 5570: 5561: 5556: 5551: 5546: 5541: 5536: 5531: 5525: 5523: 5517: 5516: 5514: 5513: 5508: 5503: 5498: 5493: 5488: 5483: 5478: 5473: 5468: 5463: 5458: 5453: 5448: 5442: 5440: 5436: 5435: 5432: 5431: 5429: 5428: 5423: 5422: 5421: 5411: 5406: 5401: 5396: 5391: 5386: 5381: 5376: 5371: 5366: 5360: 5358: 5354: 5353: 5351: 5350: 5345: 5340: 5335: 5330: 5325: 5320: 5314: 5308: 5304: 5303: 5282: 5281: 5274: 5267: 5259: 5252: 5251: 5244: 5238: 5228: 5218: 5211: 5200: 5190: 5180: 5170: 5163: 5156: 5146: 5139: 5132: 5126: 5115: 5108: 5105: 5098: 5095: 5088: 5067: 5060: 5053: 5049:(London) 1889 5041: 5034: 5029:Bregel, Yuri. 5027: 5021: 5003: 5001: 4998: 4995: 4994: 4985: 4976: 4955: 4934: 4923: 4914: 4893: 4891:Bregel, p. 64. 4884: 4875: 4866: 4857: 4842: 4827: 4812: 4803: 4794: 4785: 4776: 4767: 4756: 4745: 4734: 4722: 4713: 4704: 4695: 4693:, p. 323. 4691:Terentyev 2022 4683: 4673: 4672: 4670: 4667: 4664: 4663: 4647: 4634: 4624: 4623: 4609: 4606: 4537:Arthur Conolly 4529:besieged Herat 4494:Arthur Conolly 4446: 4445:The Great Game 4443: 4290: 4287: 4167:Karakum Desert 4125: 4124: 4118: 4117: 4110: 4109: 4104: 4103: 4096: 4095: 4090: 4089: 4082: 4081: 4076: 4075: 4068: 4067: 4062: 4061: 4054: 4053: 4046: 4045: 4038: 4037: 4030: 4029: 4022: 4021: 4016: 4015: 4008: 4007: 4002: 4001: 3994: 3993: 3988: 3987: 3980: 3979: 3972: 3971: 3964: 3963: 3956: 3955: 3948: 3947: 3941: 3940: 3939: 3937: 3934: 3909:Main article: 3906: 3903: 3902: 3901: 3895: 3892: 3879: 3876: 3870: 3867: 3858: 3816: 3815: 3809: 3808: 3801: 3800: 3795: 3794: 3787: 3786: 3781: 3780: 3773: 3772: 3767: 3766: 3759: 3758: 3753: 3752: 3745: 3744: 3739: 3738: 3731: 3730: 3725: 3724: 3717: 3716: 3711: 3710: 3703: 3702: 3696: 3695: 3694: 3692: 3689: 3685:Fergana Oblast 3675: 3672: 3570: 3567: 3509: 3508: 3502: 3501: 3494: 3493: 3488: 3487: 3480: 3479: 3474: 3473: 3466: 3465: 3460: 3459: 3452: 3451: 3446: 3445: 3438: 3437: 3432: 3431: 3424: 3423: 3418: 3417: 3410: 3409: 3404: 3403: 3396: 3395: 3389: 3388: 3387: 3318: 3315: 3247: 3246: 3238: 3237: 3230: 3229: 3224: 3223: 3216: 3215: 3210: 3209: 3202: 3201: 3196: 3195: 3188: 3187: 3182: 3181: 3174: 3173: 3168: 3167: 3160: 3159: 3154: 3153: 3146: 3145: 3140: 3139: 3132: 3131: 3126: 3125: 3118: 3117: 3111: 3110: 3109: 3107: 3104: 3094: 3091: 3069:should invade 2956: 2953: 2921: 2918: 2835: 2832: 2768: 2765: 2763: 2760: 2758: 2755: 2753: 2750: 2746:Russian Empire 2742:Ottoman Empire 2684:Main article: 2681: 2678: 2673: 2670: 2610: 2607: 2605: 2602: 2514: 2513: 2507: 2506: 2499: 2498: 2493: 2492: 2485: 2484: 2479: 2478: 2471: 2470: 2465: 2464: 2457: 2456: 2451: 2450: 2443: 2442: 2437: 2436: 2429: 2428: 2423: 2422: 2415: 2414: 2409: 2408: 2401: 2400: 2395: 2394: 2387: 2386: 2381: 2380: 2373: 2372: 2367: 2366: 2359: 2358: 2353: 2352: 2345: 2344: 2339: 2338: 2331: 2330: 2324: 2323: 2322: 2159: 2158:Early contacts 2156: 2133:Karakum Desert 2089:Fergana Valley 2047: 2044: 1980:Russian Empire 1975: 1972: 1950:in the north, 1917:British Empire 1905:Turkic peoples 1885:Russian Empire 1870: 1869: 1867: 1866: 1861: 1849: 1848: 1847: 1842: 1837: 1827: 1822: 1817: 1805: 1804: 1803: 1791: 1779: 1753: 1752: 1751: 1739: 1727: 1715: 1703: 1688: 1687: 1683: 1682: 1670: 1663: 1658: 1646: 1632: 1620: 1607: 1606: 1600: 1599: 1594: 1589: 1582: 1575: 1560: 1559: 1555: 1554: 1553: 1552: 1524: 1512: 1507: 1502: 1497: 1485: 1472: 1471: 1465: 1462: 1461: 1450: 1449: 1442: 1435: 1427: 1419: 1418: 1383:3 500+ killed 1376:12 000 killed 1341: 1259: 1258: 1254: 1253: 1252:~36,000 troops 1215:Kazakh Khanate 1212: 1190:13,000 troops 1176:2,000+ troops 1116:35,000 troops 1072: 1071: 1067: 1066: 956:William Brydon 932:Nasrullah Khan 859: 659:Andrey Borodin 605:Anna Ioannovna 594:Nikita Borodin 513: 512: 508: 507: 505:British Empire 475:Turkmen tribes 423:Kazakh Khanate 413: 412: 411: 406: 394:Kalmyk Khanate 382:Russian Empire 356: 355: 351: 350: 347: 346: 344: 343: 329: 321: 319: 313: 312: 309: 305: 304: 299: 297: 293: 292: 289: 281: 280: 266: 265: 258: 257: 249: 248: 231: 230: 185: 183: 176: 169: 168: 83: 81: 74: 69: 43: 42: 40: 33: 26: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 6426: 6415: 6412: 6410: 6407: 6405: 6402: 6400: 6397: 6395: 6392: 6390: 6387: 6385: 6382: 6380: 6377: 6375: 6372: 6371: 6369: 6354: 6351: 6349: 6346: 6344: 6341: 6339: 6336: 6335: 6332: 6326: 6323: 6321: 6318: 6316: 6313: 6311: 6308: 6304: 6303:2022 invasion 6301: 6299: 6298:War in Donbas 6296: 6294: 6291: 6289: 6286: 6285: 6284: 6281: 6279: 6276: 6275: 6273: 6267: 6261: 6258: 6256: 6253: 6251: 6248: 6246: 6243: 6241: 6238: 6236: 6233: 6231: 6228: 6226: 6223: 6221: 6218: 6216: 6213: 6211: 6208: 6206: 6203: 6201: 6198: 6196: 6193: 6191: 6188: 6186: 6183: 6181: 6178: 6176: 6173: 6171: 6168: 6166: 6163: 6161: 6158: 6156: 6153: 6151: 6148: 6146: 6143: 6141: 6138: 6136: 6135:Ili Rebellion 6133: 6131: 6128: 6126: 6123: 6121: 6118: 6114: 6111: 6109: 6106: 6102: 6099: 6098: 6097: 6094: 6092: 6089: 6087: 6084: 6082: 6079: 6075: 6072: 6071: 6070: 6067: 6065: 6062: 6060: 6057: 6056: 6055: 6052: 6050: 6047: 6045: 6042: 6040: 6037: 6033: 6028: 6025: 6023: 6020: 6018: 6015: 6013: 6010: 6008: 6005: 6003: 6000: 5998: 5995: 5991: 5988: 5986: 5983: 5981: 5978: 5976: 5973: 5971: 5968: 5966: 5963: 5961: 5958: 5954: 5951: 5949: 5946: 5944: 5941: 5940: 5939: 5936: 5934: 5931: 5929: 5926: 5924: 5921: 5919: 5916: 5912: 5909: 5908: 5907: 5904: 5903: 5902: 5899: 5895: 5892: 5891: 5890: 5887: 5885: 5882: 5880: 5877: 5876: 5874: 5868: 5860: 5857: 5856: 5855: 5852: 5850: 5847: 5843: 5840: 5838: 5835: 5834: 5833: 5830: 5828: 5825: 5823: 5820: 5816: 5813: 5812: 5811: 5808: 5806: 5803: 5801: 5798: 5796: 5793: 5791: 5788: 5784: 5781: 5779: 5776: 5775: 5774: 5773:Caucasian War 5771: 5769: 5766: 5764: 5761: 5759: 5756: 5754: 5751: 5749: 5746: 5744: 5741: 5739: 5736: 5734: 5731: 5729: 5726: 5724: 5721: 5719: 5716: 5714: 5711: 5709: 5706: 5704: 5701: 5699: 5696: 5694: 5691: 5689: 5686: 5684: 5681: 5679: 5676: 5674: 5671: 5669: 5666: 5664: 5661: 5658: 5655: 5653: 5650: 5647: 5644: 5642: 5639: 5637: 5634: 5632: 5629: 5628: 5626: 5620: 5614: 5611: 5609: 5606: 5604: 5601: 5599: 5596: 5594: 5591: 5589: 5586: 5584: 5581: 5579: 5576: 5574: 5571: 5569: 5565: 5562: 5560: 5557: 5555: 5552: 5550: 5547: 5545: 5542: 5540: 5537: 5535: 5532: 5530: 5527: 5526: 5524: 5518: 5512: 5509: 5507: 5504: 5502: 5499: 5497: 5494: 5492: 5489: 5487: 5484: 5482: 5479: 5477: 5474: 5472: 5469: 5467: 5464: 5462: 5459: 5457: 5454: 5452: 5449: 5447: 5444: 5443: 5441: 5437: 5427: 5424: 5420: 5417: 5416: 5415: 5412: 5410: 5407: 5405: 5402: 5400: 5397: 5395: 5392: 5390: 5387: 5385: 5382: 5380: 5377: 5375: 5372: 5370: 5367: 5365: 5362: 5361: 5359: 5355: 5349: 5346: 5344: 5341: 5339: 5336: 5334: 5331: 5329: 5326: 5324: 5321: 5319: 5316: 5315: 5312: 5309: 5305: 5300: 5296: 5292: 5288: 5280: 5275: 5273: 5268: 5266: 5261: 5260: 5257: 5249: 5245: 5243: 5239: 5237: 5233: 5229: 5226: 5225:History Today 5223: 5219: 5216: 5212: 5209: 5205: 5204:Slavic Review 5201: 5199: 5195: 5191: 5189:, circa 1900. 5188: 5184: 5181: 5179: 5175: 5171: 5168: 5164: 5161: 5157: 5155: 5151: 5147: 5144: 5140: 5137: 5133: 5131: 5127: 5124: 5120: 5116: 5113: 5109: 5106: 5103: 5099: 5096: 5093: 5089: 5077: 5073: 5068: 5065: 5061: 5058: 5054: 5052: 5048: 5045: 5042: 5040:(London) 2003 5039: 5035: 5032: 5028: 5024: 5018: 5014: 5005: 5004: 4989: 4980: 4972: 4968: 4967: 4959: 4951: 4947: 4946: 4938: 4932: 4927: 4918: 4911: 4910:5-7117-0059-6 4907: 4906:5-7117-0058-8 4903: 4897: 4888: 4879: 4870: 4861: 4853: 4846: 4838: 4831: 4823: 4816: 4807: 4798: 4789: 4780: 4771: 4765: 4760: 4754: 4749: 4743: 4738: 4731: 4726: 4717: 4708: 4699: 4692: 4687: 4678: 4674: 4660: 4656: 4651: 4644: 4638: 4629: 4625: 4619: 4614: 4605: 4603: 4599: 4595: 4590: 4588: 4584: 4580: 4575: 4570: 4568: 4564: 4559: 4557: 4556:Indian Mutiny 4553: 4549: 4544: 4542: 4538: 4534: 4530: 4526: 4522: 4518: 4510: 4505: 4501: 4499: 4495: 4491: 4487: 4483: 4479: 4474: 4470: 4468: 4464: 4463:British India 4460: 4451: 4442: 4440: 4436: 4432: 4428: 4423: 4419: 4415: 4414:Kyzylart Pass 4411: 4407: 4403: 4399: 4395: 4391: 4379: 4375: 4373: 4369: 4365: 4361: 4357: 4353: 4349: 4345: 4341: 4337: 4333: 4329: 4321: 4317: 4314: 4310: 4306: 4302: 4298: 4294: 4286: 4283: 4279: 4276: 4271: 4266: 4262: 4260: 4256: 4251: 4248: 4244: 4240: 4236: 4234: 4230: 4225: 4220: 4215: 4213: 4209: 4204: 4199: 4196: 4192: 4188: 4184: 4180: 4176: 4172: 4168: 4164: 4156: 4148: 4141: 4135: 4128: 3945: 3933: 3931: 3922: 3917: 3912: 3899: 3896: 3893: 3891: 3887: 3883: 3880: 3877: 3874: 3871: 3868: 3866: 3862: 3859: 3856: 3852: 3849: 3848: 3847: 3844: 3842: 3838: 3834: 3830: 3819: 3700: 3688: 3686: 3682: 3671: 3669: 3665: 3660: 3656: 3649: 3644: 3640: 3638: 3633: 3629: 3625: 3624:Hungry Steppe 3621: 3617: 3614: 3609: 3605: 3601: 3597: 3593: 3586: 3581: 3576: 3566: 3563: 3559: 3555: 3551: 3549: 3545: 3540: 3538: 3534: 3530: 3526: 3522: 3512: 3393: 3386: 3384: 3380: 3376: 3372: 3368: 3365:ruled by the 3364: 3359: 3355: 3351: 3343: 3339: 3336: 3335:Berdan rifles 3328: 3327:Kazakh steppe 3323: 3314: 3310: 3306: 3304: 3299: 3293: 3291: 3287: 3283: 3278: 3276: 3272: 3268: 3259: 3250: 3115: 3103: 3101: 3090: 3088: 3084: 3080: 3076: 3072: 3068: 3064: 3060: 3056: 3051: 3049: 3045: 3041: 3037: 3033: 3029: 3025: 3021: 3017: 3013: 3009: 3004: 3002: 2998: 2994: 2990: 2986: 2982: 2978: 2974: 2970: 2966: 2962: 2952: 2949: 2945: 2944:Lake Balkhash 2941: 2935: 2931: 2928: 2927:Petropavlovsk 2917: 2915: 2911: 2905: 2903: 2899: 2893: 2891: 2887: 2881: 2878: 2876: 2870: 2868: 2863: 2858: 2856: 2851: 2849: 2846:and from the 2845: 2840: 2831: 2829: 2824: 2820: 2816: 2812: 2807: 2805: 2801: 2800:Petropavlovsk 2797: 2793: 2789: 2785: 2780: 2778: 2777:Kazakh Steppe 2774: 2749: 2747: 2743: 2739: 2734: 2730: 2728: 2723: 2721: 2716: 2711: 2709: 2705: 2701: 2697: 2693: 2687: 2677: 2669: 2665: 2662: 2657: 2655: 2650: 2648: 2644: 2639: 2636: 2632: 2628: 2624: 2620: 2616: 2601: 2599: 2595: 2591: 2590:Orenburg line 2587: 2583: 2578: 2576: 2572: 2571:Semipalatinsk 2568: 2564: 2560: 2559:Petropavlovsk 2556: 2552: 2548: 2544: 2540: 2536: 2533: 2524: 2517: 2452:Semipalatinsk 2410:Petropavlovsk 2328: 2321: 2319: 2318:Khan of Khiva 2314: 2312: 2308: 2304: 2299: 2297: 2293: 2292:conquer Khiva 2289: 2284: 2282: 2278: 2277:Konye-Urgench 2274: 2273:free Cossacks 2270: 2266: 2262: 2258: 2254: 2250: 2246: 2242: 2240: 2236: 2232: 2225: 2224:Ural Cossacks 2221: 2217: 2215: 2211: 2207: 2203: 2199: 2195: 2191: 2187: 2186:Fyodor Baykov 2183: 2179: 2175: 2171: 2169: 2164: 2155: 2153: 2149: 2145: 2140: 2138: 2134: 2130: 2125: 2123: 2119: 2115: 2111: 2107: 2103: 2099: 2093: 2090: 2080: 2072: 2060: 2052: 2043: 2041: 2037: 2033: 2029: 2025: 2021: 2017: 2013: 2009: 2005: 2001: 1997: 1994:south of the 1993: 1989: 1985: 1984:Kazakh Steppe 1981: 1971: 1969: 1965: 1961: 1958:in the east, 1957: 1953: 1949: 1945: 1941: 1937: 1932: 1930: 1926: 1922: 1918: 1914: 1911:, who are an 1910: 1906: 1902: 1898: 1894: 1890: 1886: 1882: 1878: 1865: 1862: 1858: 1853: 1850: 1846: 1843: 1841: 1838: 1836: 1833: 1832: 1831: 1828: 1826: 1823: 1821: 1818: 1814: 1809: 1806: 1800: 1795: 1794:Aqbulaq River 1792: 1788: 1783: 1780: 1776: 1771: 1768: 1767: 1764: 1759: 1758: 1754: 1748: 1743: 1742:Lake Balkhash 1740: 1736: 1731: 1728: 1724: 1719: 1716: 1714: 1711: 1710: 1709: 1708: 1704: 1700: 1695: 1694: 1690: 1689: 1685: 1684: 1679: 1674: 1671: 1669: 1668: 1664: 1662: 1659: 1655: 1650: 1647: 1643: 1638: 1637: 1633: 1629: 1624: 1621: 1617: 1612: 1609: 1608: 1605: 1602: 1601: 1598: 1597:2nd Geok Tepe 1595: 1593: 1592:1st Geok Tepe 1590: 1588: 1587: 1583: 1581: 1580: 1576: 1572: 1567: 1566: 1562: 1561: 1557: 1556: 1549: 1544: 1543: 1539: 1538: 1535: 1530: 1529: 1525: 1521: 1516: 1513: 1511: 1508: 1506: 1503: 1501: 1498: 1494: 1489: 1486: 1482: 1477: 1474: 1473: 1470: 1467: 1466: 1463: 1458: 1448: 1443: 1441: 1436: 1434: 1429: 1428: 1425: 1414: 1409: 1400: 1394:2,000+ killed 1391: 1387: 1380: 1373: 1368: 1359: 1352: 1347: 1342: 1337: 1329:59–268 killed 1326: 1322:~250 wounded 1317: 1310: 1303: 1299:2,500 killed 1296: 1289: 1280: 1271: 1266: 1261: 1260: 1255: 1249: 1242: 1237: 1216: 1213: 1208: 1204:7,100 troops 1201: 1197:3,500 troops 1194: 1187: 1183:2,500 troops 1180: 1173: 1169:3,000 troops 1166: 1157: 1148: 1144:2,620 troops 1141: 1137:3,080 troops 1134: 1130:3,347 troops 1127: 1123:1,050 troops 1120: 1113: 1098: 1094:4,000 troops 1091: 1087:2,940 troops 1084: 1079: 1074: 1073: 1068: 1065: 1060: 1054: 1050: 1044: 1042: 1035: 1033: 1026: 1022: 1020: 1014: 1006: 1001: 995: 990: 981: 972: 963: 957: 952: 946: 945:Syzdyk Sultan 939: 933: 928: 922: 920: 913: 912:Kenesary Khan 909: 905: 903: 894: 890: 884: 882: 875: 871: 867: 863: 860: 856: 851: 847: 845: 839: 838:Nikolai Rukin 834: 825: 819: 814: 808: 806: 798: 792: 790: 782: 773: 767: 762: 756: 751: 745: 740: 734: 729: 723: 718: 712: 711:Alexander III 707: 701: 696: 690: 685: 679: 674: 668: 666: 660: 655: 649: 647: 639: 633: 631: 623: 617: 612: 606: 601: 595: 590: 581: 575:Ivan Timofeev 572: 566: 565:Ivan Likharev 561: 555: 553: 547: 542: 536: 535:Ivan Buchholz 531: 525: 520: 515: 514: 509: 506: 493: 480: 479:Kyrgyz tribes 476: 469: 454: 439: 424: 417: 414: 410: 407: 404: 403: 402: 400: 395: 383: 370: 358: 357: 352: 342: 338: 334: 330: 327: 323: 322: 320: 315: 314: 310: 307: 306: 302: 298: 295: 294: 290: 287: 286: 282: 278: 272: 267: 264: 259: 254: 245: 242: 227: 224: 216: 206: 202: 196: 195: 189: 184: 175: 174: 165: 162: 154: 143: 140: 136: 133: 129: 126: 122: 119: 115: 112: – 111: 107: 106:Find sources: 100: 96: 90: 89: 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Retrieved 5076:Google Books 5075: 5063: 5056: 5046: 5044:Curzon, G.N. 5037: 5030: 5012: 4988: 4979: 4970: 4965: 4958: 4949: 4944: 4937: 4926: 4917: 4896: 4887: 4878: 4869: 4860: 4851: 4845: 4836: 4830: 4821: 4815: 4806: 4797: 4788: 4779: 4770: 4759: 4748: 4737: 4729: 4725: 4716: 4707: 4698: 4686: 4677: 4650: 4637: 4628: 4591: 4571: 4560: 4545: 4514: 4475: 4471: 4467:Central Asia 4456: 4418:Karakul Lake 4389: 4388: 4327: 4326: 4296: 4295: 4292: 4281: 4280: 4274: 4273: 4263: 4252: 4238: 4237: 4223: 4222: 4207: 4206: 4198:the desert. 4161: 4146: 3926: 3873:Alexandrovsk 3845: 3825: 3754:Alexandrovsk 3677: 3654: 3653: 3619: 3618: 3608:first attack 3599: 3591: 3590: 3553: 3552: 3541: 3518: 3349: 3348: 3331: 3311: 3307: 3302: 3294: 3279: 3264: 3096: 3073:to free the 3052: 3005: 2958: 2936: 2932: 2923: 2906: 2894: 2882: 2879: 2871: 2859: 2852: 2841: 2837: 2808: 2804:Karkaralinsk 2794:headed from 2781: 2770: 2735: 2731: 2724: 2712: 2708:Alexandrovsk 2700:Turkmenistan 2689: 2675: 2666: 2658: 2651: 2640: 2612: 2594:Irtysh River 2589: 2579: 2537: 2531: 2530: 2315: 2300: 2285: 2244: 2243: 2230: 2229: 2178:Irtysh River 2173: 2172: 2162: 2161: 2141: 2126: 2094: 2085: 2036:Turkmenistan 1988:Central Asia 1977: 1964:Turkmenistan 1933: 1893:Central Asia 1874: 1756: 1705: 1692: 1665: 1635: 1584: 1577: 1564: 1541: 1527: 1454: 1412: 1398: 1389: 1385: 1378: 1371: 1357: 1355:2,000 killed 1350: 1335: 1324: 1315: 1308: 1301: 1295:In 1774–1776 1294: 1287: 1278: 1274:2,300 killed 1269: 1247: 1240: 1211:1,500 troops 1207:In 1883–1885 1206: 1199: 1192: 1185: 1178: 1171: 1164: 1155: 1147:In 1839-1840 1146: 1139: 1132: 1125: 1119:In 1832–1833 1118: 1112:In 1773–1775 1111: 1101:2,000 troops 1097:In 1715–1725 1096: 1089: 1083:In 1714–1716 1082: 1040: 1031: 1018: 918: 901: 889:Qasim Sultan 880: 874:Syrym Datuly 843: 804: 788: 766:Ivan Lazarev 700:Alexander II 664: 645: 629: 584:Ivan Loginov 551: 471:(until 1876) 456:(until 1873) 441:(until 1868) 426:(until 1848) 419:(until 1719) 401:(1773–1895) 359: 354:Belligerents 301:Central Asia 261:Part of the 237: 219: 213:October 2022 210: 191: 157: 151:October 2022 148: 138: 131: 124: 117: 105: 93:Please help 88:verification 85: 61: 54: 48: 47:Please help 44: 6414:Colonialism 6160:Vietnam War 6030: [ 5889:World War I 5810:Crimean War 5743:Finnish War 5659:(1740–1748) 5648:(1733–1738) 5573:Ingrian War 5289:(including 5178:online free 5051:online free 4837:The Kazakhs 4822:The Kazakhs 4643:Istaravshan 4641:Apparently 4548:Crimean War 4435:Durand Line 4410:Alay Valley 4360:Muzart Pass 4348:Yining City 4336:Tarim Basin 4301:Tarim Basin 4247:Kyzyl Arbat 4212:Atrek River 3882:Krasnovodsk 3855:Volga River 3796:Chikishlyar 3740:Krasnovodsk 3592:Ican (1864) 3558:Zhanakorgan 2848:Tobol River 2811:September 1 2722:tribesmen. 2704:Krasnovodsk 2696:Caspian Sea 2586:Bashkir War 2311:Caspian Sea 2303:Bashkir War 2267:, were the 2253:Nogai Horde 2028:Caspian Sea 2024:Volga River 1936:World War I 1929:Afghanistan 1899:—the name " 1887:, when the 1855: 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3604:Shymkent 3585:Tashkent 3489:Tashkent 3475:Chimkent 3379:Tashkent 3303:Perovsky 3127:Orenburg 3067:Russians 3050:Palace. 2997:Lankaran 2898:Cossacks 2819:Orenburg 2654:Dzungars 2598:Xinjiang 2582:Cossacks 2577:(1720). 2569:(1720), 2567:Pavlodar 2565:(1716), 2561:(1753), 2557:(1743), 2553:(1735). 2549:(1743), 2547:Orenburg 2545:(1613), 2541:(1645), 2438:Pavlodar 2368:Orenburg 2307:Orenburg 2269:Bashkirs 2202:Dzungars 2163:Siberia: 2106:Khwarezm 2102:Aral Sea 2008:Tashkent 1996:Aral Sea 1808:Orenburg 1515:Tashkent 1505:Shymkent 1070:Strength 409:Bashkirs 296:Location 6288:Outline 6271:century 5872:century 5624:century 5307:Related 5291:Tsarist 5152:(1960) 5033:, 2003. 4864:Bregel. 4594:in 1886 4587:Chitral 4511:in 1839 4372:Tacheng 4313:Kashgar 4077:Bukhara 4063:Panjdeh 3923:in 1873 3839:and at 3650:in 1868 3637:Khujand 3628:Jizzakh 3596:at Ican 3587:in 1865 3533:Bishkek 3419:Pishpek 3405:Vernoye 3375:Bactria 3239:Vernoye 3044:Russian 3028:Khivans 3020:Khanate 3016:Karakum 3008:Karakum 2902:Kazakhs 2886:July 20 2875:June 23 2773:June 27 2720:Turkmen 2631:Tobolsk 2623:Omskaya 2573:(1718) 2555:Troitsk 2480:Bukhara 2396:Troitsk 2257:Kazakhs 2235:Kazakhs 2214:Chinese 2182:Tobolsk 2118:Bokhara 2020:Bokhara 1974:Outline 1864:Andijan 1845:Chagrai 1825:Panjdeh 1782:Tastobe 1649:Jizzakh 1488:Khujand 1413:In 1885 1399:In 1881 1390:In 1879 1379:In 1868 1372:In 1866 1358:In 1875 1351:In 1853 1336:In 1885 1325:In 1881 1316:In 1879 1309:In 1866 1302:In 1839 1288:In 1722 1279:In 1717 1270:In 1716 1248:In 1865 1241:In 1853 1200:In 1881 1193:In 1879 1186:In 1873 1179:In 1864 1172:In 1853 1165:In 1844 1156:In 1843 1140:In 1838 1133:In 1837 1126:In 1835 1090:In 1717 1041:† 1032:† 1019:† 1013:Alimqul 919:† 902:† 881:† 844:† 805:† 789:† 665:† 646:† 630:† 552:† 399:Kalmyks 333:Bukhara 318:changes 201:improve 135:scholar 5598:Deluge 5522:Russia 5301:times) 5299:Soviet 5287:Russia 5208:online 5198:online 5130:online 5123:online 5019: 4904: 4431:Khorog 4394:Pamirs 4356:Uigurs 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Russian conquest of Central Asia

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