1129:
1144:
1189:
1174:
1159:
1211:
129:
141:
4901:
1716:
407:) is only 72% cognate with the northernmost Ryukyuan language (Amami). The Kagoshima dialect of Japanese, however, is 80% lexically similar to Standard Japanese. There is general agreement among linguistics experts that Ryukyuan varieties can be divided into six languages, conservatively, with dialects unique to islands within each group also sometimes considered languages.
411:
speakers and once acted as the regional standard. Speakers of
Yonaguni are also likely to know the Yaeyama language due to its proximity. Since Amami, Miyako, Yaeyama, and Yonaguni are less urbanized than the Okinawan mainland, their languages are not declining as quickly as that of Okinawa proper, and some children continue to be brought up in these languages.
1218:
There is no census data for the
Ryukyuan languages, and the number of speakers is unknown. As of 2005, the total population of the Ryukyu region was 1,452,288, but fluent speakers are restricted to the older generation, generally in their 50s or older, and thus the true number of Ryukyuan speakers is
1579:
suggest an earlier arrival to the island by modern humans. Some researchers suggest that the
Ryukyuan languages are most likely to have evolved from a "pre-Proto-Japonic language" from the Korean peninsula. However, Ryukyuan may have already begun to diverge from Proto-Japonic before this migration,
410:
A widely accepted hypothesis among linguists categorizes the
Ryukyuan languages into two groups, Northern Ryukyuan (Amami–Okinawa) and Southern Ryukyuan (Miyako–Yaeyama). Many speakers of the Amami, Miyako, Yaeyama and Yonaguni languages may also be familiar with Okinawan since Okinawan has the most
1013:
Each
Ryukyuan language is generally unintelligible to others in the same family. There is wide diversity among them. For example, Yonaguni has only three vowels, whereas varieties of Amami may have up to seven, excluding length distinctions. The table below illustrates the different phrases used in
1606:
retained its autonomy until 1879, when it was annexed by Japan. The
Japanese government adopted a policy of forced assimilation, appointing mainland Japanese to political posts and suppressing native culture and language. Students caught speaking the Ryukyuan languages were made to wear a
395:
with
Japanese—in fact, they are not even mutually intelligible with each other—and thus are usually considered separate languages. However, for socio-political and ideological reasons, they have often been classified within Japan as dialects of Japanese. Since the beginning of
1232:
Children being raised in the
Ryukyuan languages are becoming increasingly rare throughout the islands, and usually occurs only when the children are living with their grandparents. The Ryukyuan languages are still used in traditional cultural activities, such as
3836:
Nakagawa, Ryohei; Doi, Naomi; Nishioka, Yuichiro; Nunami, Shin; Yamauchi, Heizaburo; Fujita, Masaki; Yamazaki, Shinji; Yamamoto, Masaaki; Katagiri, Chiaki; Mukai, Hitoshi; Matsuzaki, Hiroyuki; Gakuhari, Takashi; Takigami, MAI; Yoneda, Minoru (2010).
1584:. After this initial settlement, there was little contact between the main islands and the Ryukyu Islands for centuries, allowing Ryukyuan and Japanese to diverge as separate linguistic entities from each other. This situation lasted until the
1890:. However, many individual Ryukyuan languages diverge significantly from this pan-Japonic base. For instance, Ōgami does not have phonemic voicing in obstruents, allows CCVC syllables, and has unusual syllabic consonants such as
2507:
In the Miyako varieties, the object in a dependent clause of clause-chaining constructions has a special marker, homophonous to a topic marker. This might even be interpreted as another function of the topic marker.
1558:
speakers in the first millennium, and since then relative isolation allowed the
Ryukyuan languages to diverge significantly from the varieties of Proto-Japonic spoken in Mainland Japan, which would later be known as
2124:
also has relevance to the accentual systems of some
Ryukyuan languages, and some Miyako varieties have a cross-linguistically rare system of tonal foot. However, Irabu Miyakoan does not have lexical accent.
2854:). There is some variation among the Ryukyuan languages as to the form of kakari-musubi—for example, in Irabu Miyako a focus marker blocks a specific verb form, rather than triggering a special inflection.
371:
markers, which may take different forms depending on the sentential context. Ryukyuan also preserves a special verbal inflection for clauses with focus markers—this unusual feature was also found in
1628:. In 1940, there was a political debate amongst Japanese leaders about whether or not to continue the oppression of the Ryukyuan languages, although the argument for assimilation prevailed. In the
3615:
1648:. As the American occupation forces generally promoted the reforming of a separate Ryukyuan culture, many Okinawan officials continued to strive for Japanification as a form of defiance.
1922:. Southern Ryukyuan mostly has little to no glottalization, with some exceptions (e.g. Yonaguni). For instance, the Irabu dialect of the Miyako language only allows glottalization with
3756:
2850:
While in many Japonic languages this special inflection is often identical to the verbal inflection in relative clauses, in Yuwan Amami is different (the relative inflection is
1941:
Southern Ryukyuan stands out in having a number of syllabic consonants. These consonants are contextually nucleic, becoming syllabic when not adjacent to a vowel. Examples:
2120:
system where some mora in a word bears the pitch accent. They commonly either have two or three distinctive types of pitch accent which may be applied. The category of
1870:) in 2018, and the commission proposed an unified spelling rule based on katakana for languages of Kunigami, Okinawa, Miyako, Yaeyama and Yonaguni on May 30 in 2022.
4494:
4324:
3436:
2862:
Thorpe (1983) reconstructs the following pronouns in Proto-Ryukyuan. For the first person, the singular and plural are assumed based on the Yonaguni reflex.
1770:
writing was mostly used for official texts, only using hiragana for informal ones. Classical Chinese writing was sometimes used in Ryukyu as well, read in
6345:
1229:
Starting in the 1890s, the Japanese government began to suppress the Ryukyuan languages as part of their policy of forced assimilation in the islands.
4435:
4723:
3619:
6196:
4527:
Language revitalization or language fossilization? Some suggestions for language documentation from the viewpoint of interactional linguistics
1294:
To try to preserve the language, the Okinawan Prefectural government proclaimed on March 31, 2006, that September 18 would be commemorated as
316:"horse"). Some Ryukyuan languages have a central close vowel rather than the more common front and back close vowels and , e.g. Yuwan Amami
6439:
6392:
2659:
in wh-interrogative clauses. The focus markers trigger a special verbal inflection—this typologically unusual focus construction, known as
1264:". Although it has been largely ignored by linguists and language activists, this is the language of choice among the younger generation.
5139:
4855:
4679:
1632:
era, speaking the Ryukyuan languages was officially illegal, although in practice the older generation was still monolingual. During the
1304:
283:
6191:
3760:
1827:
manner. There are no standard orthographies for the modern languages. Sounds not distinguished in the Japanese writing system, such as
4011:
294:
Phonologically, the Ryukyuan languages have some cross-linguistically unusual features. Southern Ryukyuan languages have a number of
2081:
may still sometimes be relevant—for instance, the Ōgami topic marker takes a different form after open syllables with short vowels:
403:
The Okinawan language is only 71% lexically similar to, or cognate with, standard Japanese. Even the southernmost Japanese dialect (
1641:
6715:
5818:
1667:. However, the situation is not very optimistic, since the vast majority of Okinawan children are now monolingual in Japanese.
4761:
1333:
is one of the few words common throughout the Ryukyuan languages meaning "word" or "language" (a cognate of the Japanese word
4712:
4668:
4538:
4507:
4483:
4456:
4420:
4401:
4081:
3920:
1128:
4797:
3839:"Pleistocene human remains from Shiraho-Saonetabaru Cave on Ishigaki Island, Okinawa, Japan, and their radiocarbon dating"
5813:
2385:, which are distinguished based on animacy and definiteness. In Yuwan Amami, for instance, the nominative is marked with
3641:
1664:
1364:
4556:
2326:
Miyako is unique in having stand-alone adjectives. These may be formed by reduplication of the root, e.g. Irabu Miyako
2061:. Most Ryukyuan languages require words to be at least bimoraic, thus for example in Hateruma the underlying noun root
5297:
4337:
3732:
2369:
In many Ryukyuan languages, the nominative and genitive are marked identically, a system also found, for example, in
5698:
4942:
3774:
1783:
Historically, official documents in Ryukyuan were primarily written in a form of classical Chinese writing known as
6432:
6404:
6123:
1800:(1531–1623), a noted Ryukyuan song collection, was mainly written in hiragana. Other than hiragana, they also used
1223:
3448:
6077:
6072:
5598:
5132:
4848:
1599:
studied local languages, partially translated the Bible into them and published first grammar of Shuri Ryukyuan.
4824:
6246:
4770:
1576:
2029:, which always precedes another nasal onset and assimilates its place of articulation to the following nasal.
6087:
5803:
1549:
1143:
400:, most mainland Japanese have regarded the Ryukyuan languages as a dialect or group of dialects of Japanese.
2647:. In some Ryukyuan languages there are many focus markers with different functions; for instance, Irabu has
1878:
Ryukyuan languages often share many phonological features with Japanese, including a voicing opposition for
1173:
6218:
6057:
5616:
5304:
4732:
4056:
3690:
2263:
Compounding is found in both Northern and Southern Ryukyuan, but is mostly absent from Hateruma (Yaeyama).
1747:
3405:
3401:
3397:
3230:
3222:
3217:
3212:
3207:
3197:
3189:
3184:
3179:
3174:
3164:
3156:
3151:
3146:
3141:
3131:
3123:
3118:
3113:
3108:
3098:
3090:
3085:
3080:
3075:
3065:
3057:
3052:
3047:
3042:
3032:
3024:
3019:
3014:
3009:
2999:
2991:
2986:
2981:
2976:
2966:
2958:
2953:
2948:
2943:
2933:
2925:
2920:
2915:
2910:
2110:
2106:
2100:
2096:
2090:
2086:
2074:
2070:
2066:
2062:
2046:
2042:
2038:
2026:
2018:
2012:
2006:
1995:
1989:
1983:
1972:
1966:
1960:
1954:
1948:
1935:
1931:
1927:
1923:
1919:
1915:
1911:
1907:
1891:
325:
317:
313:
302:
6705:
6700:
6425:
5951:
5931:
5735:
5688:
4997:
4920:
1158:
483:
421:
104:
99:
1188:
6674:
6067:
5125:
4957:
4841:
3900:
1728:
1636:, many Okinawans were labeled as spies and executed for speaking the Okinawan language. This policy of
1348:). A similar commemoration is held in the Amami region on February 18 beginning in 2007, proclaimed as
678:
459:
5941:
6352:
6330:
6118:
3348:
3559:
6625:
6387:
6325:
6315:
6279:
6177:
6128:
6052:
6027:
5636:
351:, occurring either with noun compounding or using verbalization. Many Ryukyuan languages mark both
6500:
5693:
4937:
2002:Ōgami even shows a three-way length distinction in fricatives, though across a syllable boundary:
585:
436:
6710:
5771:
5027:
2143:
1918:"horse" is bimoraic. Tsuken (Central Okinawan) restricts glottalization to glides and the vowels
1820:
1596:
256:
6679:
6669:
6630:
5788:
2370:
666:
392:
328:. Many Ryukyuan languages, like Standard Japanese and most Japanese dialects, have contrastive
5972:
4688:
6269:
6158:
5631:
5177:
5167:
5106:
5089:
2512:
2359:
1832:
1014:
each language for "thank you" and "welcome", with standard Japanese provided for comparison.
344:
263:
262:
Although Japanese is spoken in the Ryukyu Islands, the Ryukyu and Japanese languages are not
4323:
Yuto Niinaga (2010), "Yuwan (Amami Ryukyuan)", in Michinori Shimoji; Thomas Pellard (eds.),
4085:
1819:
Nowadays, perceived as "dialects", Ryukyuan languages are not often written. When they are,
6563:
6530:
6320:
6143:
6047:
5921:
5723:
5658:
5172:
5101:
5082:
4952:
4622:
Heinrich, Patrick (2004). "Language Planning and Language Ideology in the Ryūkyū Islands".
4533:. Proceedings of Conference on Language Documentation and Linguistic Theory. London: SOAS.
3808:
1700:
1680:
1660:
1368:
639:
449:
359:
with the same marker. This marker has the unusual feature of changing form depending on an
286:
labels four of the languages "definitely endangered" and two others "severely endangered".
244:
59:
8:
6636:
6620:
6615:
6525:
6369:
6251:
6223:
6138:
5718:
4635:
4603:
Selection from the Encyclopædia of Linguistics: The Languages of the Japanese Archipelago
3616:"Use them or lose them: There's more at stake than language in reviving Ryukyuan tongues"
3523:
Selection from the Encyclopædia of Linguistics: The Languages of the Japanese Archipelago
2630:
2626:
2351:
1903:
1625:
1245:
and folk plays. There has also been a radio news program in the Naha dialect since 1960.
618:
368:
364:
336:
306:
279:
194:
6490:
5663:
4890:
3812:
3594:
252:
6605:
6448:
6399:
6340:
6261:
6148:
6082:
5967:
5422:
5094:
5069:
4639:
4615:
A generative study of the inflectional morphophonemics of the Shuri dialect of Ryukyuan
4462:
4332:, Tokyo: Research Institute for Languages and Cultures of Asia and Africa, p. 55,
3992:
3797:"Early modern human remains from eastern Asia: the Yamashita-cho 1 immature postcrania"
3738:
3238:
Pellard (2015)reconstructs the following cultural vocabulary words for Proto-Ryukyuan.
2058:
1883:
1766:, derived from Japan. However, this was a sharp contrast from Japan at the time, where
1704:
1656:
1621:
1614:
1572:
1564:
295:
51:
5668:
5504:
5453:
3975:
Heinrich, Patrick (2013). "Hōgen ronsō: the great Ryukyuan languages debate of 1940".
1860:
Okinawa Prefectural government set up the investigative commission for orthography of
119:
6568:
6540:
6520:
6510:
6467:
6462:
6228:
6163:
6133:
5936:
5755:
5740:
5713:
5708:
5646:
5584:
5559:
5494:
5368:
5206:
5196:
5187:
5148:
5040:
5012:
4983:
4978:
4883:
4878:
4864:
4708:
4664:
4643:
4534:
4503:
4479:
4452:
4416:
4397:
4333:
3996:
3916:
3742:
3728:
2374:
2355:
1816:(カイダー字 or カイダーディー). Under Japanese influence, all of those numerals became obsolete.
1788:
1767:
1633:
1261:
1253:
1000:
966:
954:
857:
806:
753:
513:
491:
476:
469:
404:
388:
384:
340:
275:
271:
248:
72:
5412:
5211:
4466:
3579:
6610:
6600:
6595:
6588:
6535:
6357:
6335:
6113:
5909:
5750:
5552:
5542:
5537:
5525:
5378:
5314:
5270:
5035:
4816:
4758:
4656:
4631:
4444:
3984:
3908:
3850:
3816:
3720:
3364:
3360:
3265:
2037:
Amami has high and mid central vowels. Yonaguni only has three contrasting vowels,
1737:
1652:
921:
741:
508:
210:
5878:
5473:
5417:
5255:
4089:
3396:
In fact, in Irabu Miyako lengthening occurs even before a clitic, thus underlying
3384:
6583:
6515:
6382:
6042:
6037:
6032:
5745:
5518:
5429:
5329:
5290:
5285:
5246:
5226:
5017:
4929:
4828:
4801:
4765:
4704:
3372:
3368:
2147:
1801:
1696:
1688:
992:
945:
909:
622:
501:
426:
352:
348:
321:
299:
67:
35:
5511:
4431:
3328:
2373:. However, Ryukyuan has the unusual feature that these markers vary based on an
1813:
1375:
1268:
609:
6545:
6505:
6377:
5728:
5703:
5626:
5606:
5579:
5530:
5482:
5446:
5400:
5344:
5339:
5319:
4962:
4947:
4794:
4788:
3258:
2121:
1755:
1692:
1676:
1637:
1603:
1589:
1581:
1568:
1477:
1276:
1272:
1257:
1249:
1242:
1234:
901:
841:
831:
780:
714:
696:
549:
496:
464:
431:
310:
267:
240:
47:
4701:
The accentual history of the Japanese and Ryukyuan languages: a reconstruction
1796:
1210:
6694:
6653:
6485:
6168:
5914:
5893:
5611:
5463:
5407:
5275:
5265:
5241:
5231:
5221:
5064:
4448:
3912:
3724:
3645:
1854:
1684:
1645:
1555:
845:
794:
356:
55:
4571:
1914:
consists of its own mora. For instance, in the Amami dialect Yuwan the word
1850:
1842:
6153:
5982:
5547:
5441:
5385:
5354:
5349:
5162:
5077:
4782:
4525:
4474:
Shimoji, Michinori (2012). "Northern Ryukyuan". In Tranter, Nicolas (ed.).
4411:
Lawrence, Wayne P. (2012). "Southern Ryukyuan". In Tranter, Nicolas (ed.).
3821:
3796:
2664:
2117:
1887:
1828:
1724:
1683:. There are four major island groups which make up the Ryukyu Islands: the
1629:
1609:
1560:
1536:
source of the February 18 date, much like with Okinawa Prefecture's use of
1226:. UNESCO said all Ryukyuan languages are on course for extinction by 2050.
397:
372:
329:
145:
4660:
6208:
5436:
4806:
4747:. Endangered Languages of the Pacific Rim. Vol. A4-018. Osaka: ELPR.
3988:
3642:"おきなわBBtv★沖縄の方言ニュース★沖縄の「今」を沖縄の「言葉」で！ラジオ沖縄で好評放送中の「方言ニュース」をブロードバンドでお届けします。"
3356:
1441:
1005:
959:
914:
850:
799:
746:
707:
671:
657:
632:
628:
578:
140:
128:
2366:
languages. All of these features are shared with the Japanese language.
2334:"small (adj.)". They may also be compounded with a grammaticalized noun
6237:
6203:
6012:
6007:
6002:
5997:
5992:
5883:
4900:
3855:
3838:
2139:
1902:
The Northern Ryukyuan (Amami-Okinawa) languages are notable for having
1275:, but rather a regional variation of Amami-accented Japanese, known as
1238:
4811:
6573:
6417:
6017:
5946:
5926:
5868:
4821:
4651:
Heinrich, Patrick; Miyara, Shinsho; Shimoji, Michinori, eds. (2015).
4035:
3383:. The same system was also used in other parts of Japan, such as the
3376:
1879:
1715:
1498:
1420:
1313:
1267:
Similarly, the common language now used in everyday conversations in
732:
567:
542:
113:
5888:
5873:
5117:
4833:
4776:
4434:. In Heinrich, Patrick; Miyara, Shinsho; Shimoji, Michinori (eds.).
3712:
1787:, while poetry and songs were often written in the Shuri dialect of
1720:
1214:
A market sign in Naha, written in Okinawan (red) and Japanese (blue)
6182:
5863:
5858:
5853:
5780:
5621:
3352:
2363:
2078:
1809:
1777:
1763:
1751:
1554:
It is generally accepted that the Ryukyu Islands were populated by
1252:, people under the age of 40 have little proficiency in the native
266:. It is not known how many speakers of these languages remain, but
6297:
3323:
2150:. One strategy they use is compounding with a free-standing noun:
6578:
6274:
6213:
5830:
4681:
Shodon: the prehistory of a Northern Ryukyuan dialect of Japanese
3863:
784:
360:
4060:
6292:
5825:
5793:
4731:(PhD thesis). University of Southern California. Archived from
4437:
Handbook of the Ryukyuan languages: History, structure, and use
4392:
Izuyama, Atsuko (2012). "Yonaguni". In Tranter, Nicolas (ed.).
4282:
4280:
4250:
4248:
4223:
4221:
4219:
4217:
4215:
4213:
4211:
4209:
1784:
1772:
1585:
4267:
4265:
4263:
4196:
4194:
4192:
4190:
4153:
4151:
4149:
4112:
4110:
4108:
4106:
3882:
3880:
3878:
3580:"沖縄の言葉「しまくとぅば」、生活に必要だと思う県民は90％ 2023年度 県調査 「あいさつ程度」以上に使う人の割合は？"
2142:
of nouns and verbs, distinguished by the fact that verbs take
2025:
Ikema (a Miyako dialect) has a voiceless moraic nasal phoneme
6287:
5835:
5798:
4163:
4134:
4122:
3541:
3539:
3537:
3535:
3471:
3469:
3467:
3465:
3380:
1906:. Phonemically these are analyzed of consisting of a cluster
1759:
225:
222:
216:
148:, written in Japanese (center) and Okinawan (left and right).
4292:
4277:
4245:
4233:
4206:
2138:
The Ryukyuan languages consistently distinguish between the
1742:
Older Ryukyuan texts are often found on stone inscriptions.
5845:
4703:. Languages of Asia series. Vol. 2. Folkestone, Kent:
4260:
4187:
4175:
4146:
4103:
3875:
1260:, based on Japanese and Okinawan, has developed, known as "
228:
4791:, National Institute for Japanese Language and Linguistics
3532:
3462:
2515:, where word order rather than case marking is important:
3901:"4. B. J. Bettelheim 1849: The first grammar of Ryukyuan"
3835:
2266:
Another way property stems are used is by verbalization:
1812:
in particular, there was a different writing system, the
1655:, preserving Ryukyuan languages has become the policy of
2633:
grammatically. The typical form of the topic marker is =
4357:
3958:
3956:
3954:
3952:
3939:
3937:
4369:
4345:
985:
938:
894:
876:
823:
772:
725:
689:
650:
602:
560:
4650:
3869:
3671:
3659:
3488:
3486:
3484:
3308:
3275:
2634:
2069:
when it is an independent noun, though it remains as
1624:. Students who regularly wore the card would receive
298:, including unvoiced syllabic fricatives (e.g. Ōgami
231:
5072:
4012:"The Battle of Okinawa: America's good war gone bad"
3949:
3934:
2146:. Property-concept (adjectival) words are generally
1222:
The six Ryukyuan languages are listed in the UNESCO
213:
4687:(PhD dissertation). Yale University. Archived from
3795:Trinkaus, Erik; Ruff, Christopher B. (1996-04-30).
2618:
mother=CORE father=CORE look-MED PROG-PRF-PAST-REAL
1595:In 1846-1849 first Protestant missionary in Ryukyu
347:languages, like Japanese. Adjectives are generally
219:
4493:Shimoji, Michinori; Pellard, Thomas, eds. (2010).
4304:
3481:
1592:conquered the Ryukyu Islands in the 17th century.
4432:"The Linguistic archeology of the Ryukyu Islands"
3449:"UNESCO Atlas of the World's Languages in danger"
16:Indigenous languages of the Ryukyu Islands, Japan
6692:
4082:"しまくとぅば「カナ」でどう書く？ 沖縄県が表記法まとめホームページで公開 普及・継承の一助に"
3613:
1291:, literally meaning "potato common language").
3717:Routledge Handbook of Japanese Sociolinguistics
2789:
2719:
1502:
1481:
1460:
1445:
1424:
1394:
1379:
1349:
1334:
1295:
378:
164:
4742:
4492:
4298:
4286:
4271:
4254:
4239:
4227:
4200:
4181:
4169:
4157:
4140:
4128:
4116:
3886:
3759:(in Japanese). Pref.okinawa.jp. Archived from
3545:
3475:
2377:. Typically there are two markers of the form
1865:
1679:, which comprise the southernmost part of the
1509:
1488:
1467:
1452:
1431:
1410:
1401:
1386:
1371:. Each island has its own name for the event:
1356:
1341:
1302:
1281:
978:
972:
932:
926:
869:
863:
817:
811:
765:
759:
719:
683:
644:
596:
590:
554:
183:
171:
158:
6433:
5133:
4849:
4443:. Berlin: De Mouton Gruyter. pp. 13–37.
4322:
3898:
3794:
2780:"Will you read this book?" (yes–no question)
2511:Hateruma Yaeyama stands out in that it is a
2057:The Ryukyuan languages operate based on the
1831:, are not properly written. Sometimes local
1808:すうちゅうま in Okinawan), derived from China. In
888:
882:
837:~228,000 native, ~1,143,000 total speakers
4698:
2823:
2757:
2694:
6440:
6426:
5140:
5126:
4856:
4842:
4743:Uemura, Yukio; Lawrence, Wayne P. (2003).
4570:(4). Irifune: IMADR: 14–16. Archived from
4036:"カイダー字: 与那国島にある象形文字。 (KaidaJi – MemoWiki)"
2597:
1670:
4789:Database of Endangered Languages of Japan
3854:
3820:
2774:2SG.NHON this book=ACC-FOC read=IPFV-FOC.
2621:"(My) mother was looking at (my) father."
2257:beautiful {} kimono {} {beautiful kimono}
1675:The Ryukyuan languages are spoken on the
278:has resulted in these languages becoming
4621:
4612:
4410:
4363:
4009:
3974:
3899:Griesenhofer, Christopher (2015-02-17),
3710:
3347:This punishment was taken from the 19th
2840:2SG.NHON.TOP what=ACC-FOC read=IPFV-FOC.
2667:, but has been lost in Modern Japanese.
1714:
1224:Atlas of the World's Languages in Danger
1209:
139:
4677:
4617:(PhD dissertation). Cornell University.
4473:
4429:
4391:
4375:
4351:
3492:
3359:, where the regional languages such as
2808:
2775:
2765:
2742:
2679:
1754:tomb") (1501), for example. Within the
1732:(1471); an example of written Ryukyuan.
787:region), and surrounding minor islands
239:), are the indigenous languages of the
6693:
6447:
4721:
4554:
4523:
4310:
3962:
3943:
3907:, De Gruyter Mouton, pp. 81–110,
3713:"Studies of Ryukyu-substrate Japanese"
3677:
3665:
3592:
3557:
2698:
793:Nakijin, but the largest community is
6421:
5147:
5121:
4863:
4837:
4496:An Introduction to Ryukyuan languages
4326:An Introduction to Ryukyuan Languages
3870:Heinrich, Miyara & Shimoji (2015)
3437:An Introduction to Ryukyuan Languages
2793:
2723:
2655:in yes-no interrogative clauses, and
2576:
2565:
2524:
2317:
2303:
1776:(Ryukyuan) or in Chinese. In Ryukyu,
383:The Ryukyuan languages belong to the
3719:. New York, NY: Routledge: 441–457.
3639:
2408:
2116:Ryukyuan languages typically have a
1703:, while the latter three are in the
4759:Ryukyuan language phonetic database
4607:The Languages of the Ryukyu Islands
3614:Patrick Heinrich (25 August 2014).
3527:The Languages of the Ryukyu Islands
2846:"What will you read?" (wh-question)
2841:
2831:
2609:
2543:
2322:"That tree is supposed to be tall."
13:
4899:
4822:おーりたぼーり：メーラム二（宮良言葉）の学習者のためのポッドキャスト
4777:Web archives of Okinawan Folktales
4653:Handbook of the Ryukyuan Languages
4636:10.1023/B:LPOL.0000036192.53709.fc
4591:
4557:"On Reclaiming a Ryukyuan Culture"
3905:Handbook of the Ryukyuan Languages
2605:
2539:
2405:based on the following hierarchy:
2313:
2299:
2052:
1580:while its speakers still dwelt in
1563:. However, the discoveries of the
14:
6727:
4752:
3644:. Okinawabbtv.com. Archived from
3618:. The Japan Times. Archived from
3417:Numerals for counting inanimates.
2625:The Ryukyuan languages mark both
2350:Ryukyuan languages are generally
1758:, official texts were written in
391:. The Ryukyuan languages are not
335:Ryukyuan languages are generally
4476:The Languages of Japan and Korea
4413:The Languages of Japan and Korea
4394:The Languages of Japan and Korea
3849:(3). Jstage.jst.go.jp: 173–183.
2073:when attached to a clitic, e.g.
1187:
1172:
1157:
1142:
1127:
1119:"Welcome" signs in each language
387:language family, related to the
209:
127:
4478:. Routledge. pp. 351–380.
4415:. Routledge. pp. 381–411.
4396:. Routledge. pp. 412–457.
4384:
4316:
4074:
4049:
4028:
4003:
3968:
3892:
3829:
3788:
3767:
3749:
3711:Anderson, Mark (January 2019).
3704:
3683:
3633:
3607:
3586:
3411:
3390:
3341:
3309:
3276:
2601:
2552:person=CORE dance-PRF-PAST-REAL
2535:
2202:small {} child {} {small child}
1794:Commoners did not learn kanji.
1659:, as well as the government of
1137:(めんしょーり), Kunigami (Okinoerabu)
375:, but lost in Modern Japanese.
243:, the southernmost part of the
144:Traffic safety slogan signs in
3572:
3551:
3515:
3498:
3441:
3430:
2771:uroo kun hon=ba=du jum-jur-ui?
2643:; the typical focus marker is
2615:aboa=Ø ija=Ø mir-i bir-ja-ta-n
2587:
2414:Yuwan Amami nominative marker
1710:
1657:Okinawa Prefectural government
1577:Shiraho Saonetabaru Cave Ruins
834:and surrounding minor islands
612:and surrounding minor islands
363:. The Ryukyuan languages have
1:
6716:Culture in Okinawa Prefecture
4722:Thorpe, Maner Lawton (1983).
4678:Serafim, Leon Angelo (1984).
4655:. Berlin: De Gruyter Mouton.
4555:Takara, Ben (February 2007).
3424:
2857:
2827:
2812:
2797:
2761:
2746:
2683:
2288:
2133:
1897:
1644:of the Ryukyu Islands by the
1550:History of the Ryukyu Islands
6284:Kanji pronunciation sources
6058:Katakana Phonetic Extensions
4979:Kunigami (Northern Okinawan)
4779:, Okinawa Prefectural Museum
4771:Documents about Shima kutuba
4699:Shimabukuro, Moriyo (2007).
4299:Shimoji & Pellard (2010)
4287:Shimoji & Pellard (2010)
4272:Shimoji & Pellard (2010)
4255:Shimoji & Pellard (2010)
4240:Shimoji & Pellard (2010)
4228:Shimoji & Pellard (2010)
4201:Shimoji & Pellard (2010)
4182:Shimoji & Pellard (2010)
4170:Shimoji & Pellard (2010)
4158:Shimoji & Pellard (2010)
4141:Shimoji & Pellard (2010)
4129:Shimoji & Pellard (2010)
4117:Shimoji & Pellard (2010)
4088:. 2022-05-31. Archived from
4010:Mitchell, Jon (2015-03-30).
3887:Shimoji & Pellard (2010)
3546:Shimoji & Pellard (2010)
3476:Shimoji & Pellard (2010)
3371:were suppressed in favor of
2635:
2453:Yuwan Amami genitive marker
1882:, CV(C) syllable structure,
1873:
1837:are given to kanji, such as
379:Classification and varieties
7:
6393:Speculative fiction writers
5952:Transcription into Japanese
3691:"島口（奄美の方言）入門その１－あなたもシマンチュに"
3317:
2707:this=ACC-FOC read=IPFV-NPST
2670:Examples from Yuwan Amami:
1503:
1482:
1461:
1446:
1425:
1395:
1380:
1350:
1335:
1311:, as the day's numerals in
1296:
986:
939:
895:
877:
824:
773:
726:
690:
651:
603:
561:
484:Southern Ryukyuan languages
422:Northern Ryukyuan languages
320:"tree". Ikema Miyako has a
289:
165:
10:
6732:
5311:Nagano-Yamanashi-Shizuoka
4785:, Amami Culture Foundation
3801:Journal of Human Evolution
3379:, for a similar system in
2639:, or in Southern Ryukyuan
2458:human pronouns, adnominal
2128:
1735:
1547:
1543:
889:
883:
6662:
6646:
6556:
6478:
6455:
6368:
6308:
6260:
6102:
5960:
5902:
5844:
5779:
5770:
5679:
5654:
5645:
5597:
5570:
5493:
5367:
5195:
5186:
5155:
5057:
5026:
5005:
4996:
4971:
4928:
4919:
4910:
4897:
4871:
4725:Ryūkyūan language history
3560:"今帰仁方言音声データベース ヤンバルクトゥーバ"
2875:*uya, *ura 'you' (plural)
2837:uroo nuu=ba=ga jum-jur-u?
2475:
2460:
2421:
2362:languages. They are also
2345:
2254:kjura- + ʔkin → kjura-gin
2032:
1910:+ C, where the consonant
1866:
1582:the main islands of Japan
1510:
1489:
1468:
1453:
1432:
1411:
1402:
1387:
1357:
1342:
1309:, "Island Languages Day")
1303:
1282:
1205:
979:
973:
933:
927:
870:
864:
818:
812:
766:
760:
720:
684:
645:
597:
591:
555:
184:
172:
159:
133:Map of Ryukyuan languages
126:
112:
93:
85:
68:Linguistic classification
66:
41:
31:
26:
21:
6557:Non-Indigenous languages
6178:Sino-Japanese vocabulary
5637:Yokohama Pidgin Japanese
4613:Ashworth, D. E. (1973).
4449:10.1515/9781614511151.13
4430:Pellard, Thomas (2015).
3913:10.1515/9781614511151.81
3725:10.4324/9781315213378-28
3334:
2651:in declarative clauses,
1279:. It’s locally known as
533:Geographic distribution
6124:Godan and ichidan verbs
5942:Jōdai Tokushu Kanazukai
3843:Anthropological Science
3251:*momi A 'unhulled rice'
2872:*u, *e 'you' (singular)
2144:inflectional morphology
1699:. The former is in the
1671:Geographic distribution
1597:Bernard Jean Bettelheim
1271:is not the traditional
309:are common (e.g. Yuwan
257:Japonic language family
4904:
3822:10.1006/jhev.1996.0025
3521:言語学大辞典セレクション：日本列島の言語 (
3408:with attached clitic.
3349:French language policy
2371:Austronesian languages
1733:
1651:Nowadays, in favor of
1215:
307:Glottalized consonants
149:
6229:Court lady language (
5699:Southern Amami Ōshima
5632:Yilan Creole Japanese
5107:Early Modern Japanese
5090:Early Middle Japanese
4903:
4745:The Ryukyuan language
4661:10.1515/9781614511151
4524:Sugita, Yuko (2007).
3595:"宮古方言音声データベース ミャークフツ"
2513:zero-marking language
2360:nominative-accusative
1718:
1213:
1055:Kunigami (Okinoerabu)
830:Central and southern
393:mutually intelligible
345:nominative-accusative
264:mutually intelligible
143:
6479:Indigenous languages
6048:Small Kana Extension
5659:Eastern Old Japanese
5298:Northern Izu Islands
5102:Late Middle Japanese
5083:Eastern Old Japanese
4773:, Okinawa Prefecture
4599:言語学大辞典セレクション：日本列島の言語
3989:10.1515/cj-2013-0008
2663:, was also found in
2549:pïtu=Ø budur-ja-ta-n
2483:elder kinship terms
2434:elder kinship terms
2393:and the genitive by
2338:"thing", e.g. Irabu
2309:an kɨɨ=ja taa-sar-oo
2199:imi- + ffa → imi-ffa
1904:glottalic consonants
1701:Kagoshima Prefecture
1681:Japanese archipelago
1665:Ōshima Subprefecture
1661:Kagoshima Prefecture
1369:Kagoshima Prefecture
1365:Ōshima Subprefecture
245:Japanese archipelago
60:Kagoshima Prefecture
5599:Pidgins and creoles
3813:1996JHumE..30..299T
3777:. Pref.kagoshima.jp
3506:Okinawan dictionary
3361:Occitan (Provençal)
3248:*ine B 'rice plant'
2881:
2704:kurɨ=ba=du jum-ju-i
2454:
2415:
2312:that tree=TOP tall-
1821:Japanese characters
1744:Tamaudun-no-Hinomon
1719:A letter from King
1642:post-war occupation
1626:corporal punishment
1219:likely much lower.
296:syllabic consonants
255:, they make up the
6706:Languages of Japan
6701:Ryukyuan languages
6449:Languages of Japan
6400:Classical Japanese
6247:Gender differences
6083:Extended shinjitai
5095:Classical Japanese
5070:Peninsular Japonic
4905:
4827:2020-01-28 at the
4800:2009-04-01 at the
4783:What is a dialect?
4764:2009-12-12 at the
3977:Contemporary Japan
3856:10.1537/ase.091214
3404:independently and
3283:*ta B 'rice paddy'
3271:*umo B 'taro, yam'
2880:Ryukyuan numerals
2879:
2866:*a, 'I' (singular)
2452:
2413:
1734:
1705:Okinawa Prefecture
1622:public humiliation
1573:Yamashita Cave Man
1565:Pinza-Abu Cave Man
1462:Shimayumiita no Hi
1216:
948:(except Yonaguni)
274:and dialects like
270:toward the use of
154:Ryukyuan languages
150:
52:Okinawa Prefecture
27:Lewchewan, Luchuan
6688:
6687:
6675:Amami Oshima Sign
6456:National language
6415:
6414:
6119:Verb conjugations
6098:
6097:
5766:
5765:
5647:Japonic languages
5593:
5592:
5585:Okinawan Japanese
5149:Japanese language
5115:
5114:
5053:
5052:
5049:
5048:
4992:
4991:
4884:Japanese dialects
4865:Japonic languages
4714:978-1-901903-63-8
4670:978-1-61451-161-8
4597:Sanseido (1997).
4540:978-0-7286-0382-0
4509:978-4-86337-072-2
4485:978-0-415-46287-7
4458:978-1-61451-115-1
4422:978-0-415-46287-7
4403:978-0-415-46287-7
3922:978-1-61451-115-1
3775:"鹿児島県／大島地区「方言の日」"
3757:"○しまくとぅばの日に関する条例"
3236:
3235:
2896:Hatoma (Yaeyama)
2869:*wa 'we' (plural)
2504:
2503:
2497:
2496:
2448:
2447:
2375:animacy hierarchy
2358:, modifier-head,
2356:dependent-marking
2342:'small (thing)'.
1841:(あがり "east") for
1780:was hardly used.
1768:classical Chinese
1634:Battle of Okinawa
1504:Yunnufutuba no Hi
1426:Shimayumita no Hi
1396:Shimakutuba no Hi
1381:Shimayumuta no Hi
1297:Shimakutuba no Hi
1262:Okinawan Japanese
1254:Okinawan language
1182:(おーりとーり), Yaeyama
1152:(めんそーれ), Okinawan
1115:
1114:
1045:Arigatesama ryōta
1031:Standard Japanese
1011:
1010:
539:Standard dialect
405:Kagoshima dialect
389:Japanese language
361:animacy hierarchy
343:, modifier-head,
341:dependent-marking
276:Okinawan Japanese
272:Standard Japanese
249:Japanese language
247:. Along with the
138:
137:
105:Southern Ryukyuan
100:Northern Ryukyuan
6723:
6647:Creole languages
6442:
6435:
6428:
6419:
6418:
6358:Polivanov system
6219:Honorific speech
6114:Japanese grammar
5777:
5776:
5652:
5651:
5193:
5192:
5142:
5135:
5128:
5119:
5118:
5074:
5003:
5002:
4926:
4925:
4917:
4916:
4858:
4851:
4844:
4835:
4834:
4748:
4739:
4737:
4730:
4718:
4695:
4693:
4686:
4674:
4647:
4618:
4586:
4584:
4582:
4576:
4561:
4551:
4549:
4547:
4532:
4520:
4518:
4516:
4502:. Tokyo: ILCAA.
4501:
4489:
4470:
4442:
4426:
4407:
4379:
4373:
4367:
4361:
4355:
4349:
4343:
4342:
4331:
4320:
4314:
4308:
4302:
4296:
4290:
4284:
4275:
4269:
4258:
4252:
4243:
4237:
4231:
4225:
4204:
4198:
4185:
4179:
4173:
4167:
4161:
4155:
4144:
4138:
4132:
4126:
4120:
4114:
4101:
4100:
4098:
4097:
4078:
4072:
4071:
4069:
4068:
4059:. Archived from
4053:
4047:
4046:
4044:
4043:
4032:
4026:
4025:
4023:
4022:
4007:
4001:
4000:
3972:
3966:
3960:
3947:
3941:
3932:
3931:
3930:
3929:
3896:
3890:
3884:
3873:
3867:
3861:
3860:
3858:
3833:
3827:
3826:
3824:
3792:
3786:
3785:
3783:
3782:
3771:
3765:
3764:
3753:
3747:
3746:
3708:
3702:
3701:
3699:
3698:
3687:
3681:
3675:
3669:
3663:
3657:
3656:
3654:
3653:
3637:
3631:
3630:
3628:
3627:
3611:
3605:
3604:
3602:
3601:
3590:
3584:
3583:
3582:. 26 April 2024.
3576:
3570:
3569:
3567:
3566:
3555:
3549:
3543:
3530:
3519:
3513:
3502:
3496:
3490:
3479:
3473:
3460:
3459:
3457:
3456:
3445:
3439:
3434:
3418:
3415:
3409:
3407:
3403:
3399:
3394:
3388:
3355:, especially by
3345:
3312:
3311:
3279:
3278:
3266:broomcorn millet
3232:
3224:
3219:
3214:
3209:
3199:
3191:
3186:
3181:
3176:
3166:
3158:
3153:
3148:
3143:
3133:
3125:
3120:
3115:
3110:
3100:
3092:
3087:
3082:
3077:
3067:
3059:
3054:
3049:
3044:
3034:
3026:
3021:
3016:
3011:
3001:
2993:
2988:
2983:
2978:
2968:
2960:
2955:
2950:
2945:
2935:
2927:
2922:
2917:
2912:
2893:Shuri (Okinawa)
2882:
2878:
2843:
2833:
2829:
2825:
2814:
2810:
2799:
2795:
2791:
2777:
2767:
2763:
2759:
2748:
2744:
2725:
2721:
2710:"(I) read this."
2700:
2696:
2685:
2681:
2638:
2611:
2607:
2603:
2599:
2589:
2578:
2567:
2555:"People danced."
2545:
2541:
2537:
2526:
2455:
2451:
2416:
2412:
2409:
2319:
2315:
2305:
2301:
2290:
2250:beautiful kimono
2112:
2108:
2102:
2098:
2092:
2088:
2076:
2072:
2068:
2064:
2048:
2044:
2040:
2028:
2020:
2014:
2008:
1997:
1991:
1985:
1974:
1968:
1962:
1956:
1950:
1937:
1933:
1929:
1925:
1921:
1917:
1913:
1909:
1893:
1869:
1868:
1849:(いり "west") for
1750:"Inscription of
1738:Okinawan scripts
1653:multiculturalism
1640:lasted into the
1515:
1513:
1512:
1506:
1494:
1492:
1491:
1485:
1473:
1471:
1470:
1464:
1458:
1456:
1455:
1449:
1447:Shimaguchi no Hi
1437:
1435:
1434:
1428:
1415:
1414:
1413:
1407:
1405:
1404:
1398:
1392:
1390:
1389:
1383:
1362:
1361:, "Dialect Day")
1360:
1359:
1353:
1347:
1345:
1344:
1338:
1310:
1308:
1307:
1299:
1286:
1285:
1284:
1191:
1176:
1161:
1146:
1131:
1047:Arigassama ryōta
1017:
1016:
989:
983:
982:
981:
976:
975:
942:
936:
935:
930:
929:
898:
892:
891:
886:
885:
880:
874:
873:
872:
867:
866:
827:
821:
820:
815:
814:
776:
770:
769:
768:
763:
762:
729:
723:
722:
693:
687:
686:
654:
648:
647:
606:
600:
599:
594:
593:
564:
558:
557:
524:
523:
327:
319:
315:
304:
253:Hachijō language
238:
237:
234:
233:
230:
227:
224:
221:
218:
215:
198:
197:"Island Speech")
188:
187:
186:
176:
175:
174:
168:
162:
161:
131:
122:
19:
18:
6731:
6730:
6726:
6725:
6724:
6722:
6721:
6720:
6691:
6690:
6689:
6684:
6658:
6642:
6626:Zainichi Korean
6552:
6474:
6451:
6446:
6416:
6411:
6364:
6309:Transliteration
6304:
6280:Sound symbolism
6256:
6238:Role language (
6197:from Portuguese
6129:Irregular verbs
6107:
6105:
6094:
6043:Kana Supplement
6038:Kana Extended-B
6033:Kana Extended-A
5956:
5932:Historical kana
5898:
5840:
5819:by stroke count
5810:Kanji radicals
5804:by stroke count
5762:
5675:
5641:
5617:Hawaiian Creole
5589:
5566:
5489:
5363:
5182:
5151:
5146:
5116:
5111:
5045:
5022:
4988:
4967:
4906:
4895:
4867:
4862:
4829:Wayback Machine
4802:Wayback Machine
4766:Wayback Machine
4755:
4735:
4728:
4715:
4705:Global Oriental
4691:
4684:
4671:
4624:Language Policy
4594:
4592:Further reading
4589:
4580:
4578:
4577:on May 20, 2011
4574:
4559:
4545:
4543:
4541:
4530:
4514:
4512:
4510:
4499:
4486:
4459:
4440:
4423:
4404:
4387:
4382:
4374:
4370:
4364:Lawrence (2012)
4362:
4358:
4350:
4346:
4340:
4329:
4321:
4317:
4309:
4305:
4297:
4293:
4285:
4278:
4270:
4261:
4253:
4246:
4238:
4234:
4226:
4207:
4199:
4188:
4180:
4176:
4168:
4164:
4156:
4147:
4139:
4135:
4127:
4123:
4115:
4104:
4095:
4093:
4084:(in Japanese).
4080:
4079:
4075:
4066:
4064:
4055:
4054:
4050:
4041:
4039:
4034:
4033:
4029:
4020:
4018:
4016:The Japan Times
4008:
4004:
3973:
3969:
3961:
3950:
3942:
3935:
3927:
3925:
3923:
3897:
3893:
3885:
3876:
3868:
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3834:
3830:
3793:
3789:
3780:
3778:
3773:
3772:
3768:
3755:
3754:
3750:
3735:
3709:
3705:
3696:
3694:
3693:. Synapse.ne.jp
3689:
3688:
3684:
3676:
3672:
3664:
3660:
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3638:
3634:
3625:
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3612:
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3599:
3597:
3591:
3587:
3578:
3577:
3573:
3564:
3562:
3556:
3552:
3544:
3533:
3520:
3516:
3512:). 国立国語研究所 1998
3503:
3499:
3491:
3482:
3474:
3463:
3454:
3452:
3447:
3446:
3442:
3435:
3431:
3427:
3422:
3421:
3416:
3412:
3400:"hand" becomes
3395:
3391:
3346:
3342:
3337:
3320:
3254:*mogi B 'wheat'
2887:Proto-Ryukyuan
2860:
2848:
2835:
2816:
2801:
2782:
2769:
2750:
2735:
2727:
2712:
2702:
2687:
2623:
2613:
2591:
2580:
2569:
2557:
2547:
2528:
2505:
2468:demonstratives
2429:demonstratives
2419:human pronouns
2348:
2324:
2307:
2292:
2281:
2273:
2261:
2252:
2244:
2236:
2228:
2220:
2212:
2206:
2197:
2189:
2181:
2173:
2165:
2157:
2148:bound morphemes
2136:
2131:
2077:. However, the
2065:"hand" becomes
2055:
2053:Suprasegmentals
2035:
1900:
1876:
1823:are used in an
1802:Suzhou numerals
1740:
1713:
1697:Yaeyama Islands
1689:Okinawa Islands
1673:
1620:), a method of
1575:as well as the
1552:
1546:
1507:
1486:
1483:Shimamuni no Hi
1465:
1450:
1429:
1409:
1399:
1384:
1354:
1339:
1300:
1280:
1248:Circa 2007, in
1208:
1203:
1202:
1201:
1198:
1197:(ワーリ), Yonaguni
1192:
1183:
1177:
1168:
1167:(んみゃーち), Miyako
1162:
1153:
1147:
1138:
1132:
1121:
1120:
1096:
1083:
1062:
1046:
993:Yonaguni Island
984:
971:
946:Yaeyama Islands
937:
893:
881:
875:
862:
822:
771:
758:
724:
688:
649:
601:
559:
522:
381:
349:bound morphemes
322:voiceless nasal
292:
212:
208:
182:
170:
156:
134:
118:
43:
17:
12:
11:
5:
6729:
6719:
6718:
6713:
6711:Ryukyu Islands
6708:
6703:
6686:
6685:
6683:
6682:
6677:
6672:
6666:
6664:
6663:Sign languages
6660:
6659:
6657:
6656:
6650:
6648:
6644:
6643:
6641:
6640:
6634:
6628:
6623:
6618:
6613:
6608:
6603:
6598:
6593:
6592:
6591:
6586:
6581:
6576:
6566:
6560:
6558:
6554:
6553:
6551:
6550:
6549:
6548:
6543:
6538:
6533:
6528:
6523:
6518:
6513:
6508:
6503:
6493:
6488:
6482:
6480:
6476:
6475:
6473:
6472:
6471:
6470:
6459:
6457:
6453:
6452:
6445:
6444:
6437:
6430:
6422:
6413:
6412:
6410:
6409:
6408:
6407:
6397:
6396:
6395:
6385:
6380:
6374:
6372:
6366:
6365:
6363:
6362:
6361:
6360:
6350:
6349:
6348:
6343:
6338:
6333:
6328:
6323:
6312:
6310:
6306:
6305:
6303:
6302:
6301:
6300:
6295:
6290:
6282:
6277:
6272:
6266:
6264:
6258:
6257:
6255:
6254:
6249:
6244:
6235:
6226:
6221:
6216:
6211:
6206:
6201:
6200:
6199:
6194:
6180:
6175:
6169:Native words (
6166:
6161:
6156:
6151:
6146:
6141:
6136:
6131:
6126:
6121:
6116:
6110:
6108:
6103:
6100:
6099:
6096:
6095:
6093:
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6022:
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6015:
6010:
6005:
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5995:
5987:
5986:
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5977:
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5975:
5964:
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5955:
5954:
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5939:
5934:
5929:
5924:
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5918:
5917:
5906:
5904:
5900:
5899:
5897:
5896:
5891:
5886:
5881:
5876:
5871:
5866:
5861:
5856:
5850:
5848:
5842:
5841:
5839:
5838:
5833:
5828:
5823:
5822:
5821:
5816:
5808:
5807:
5806:
5796:
5791:
5785:
5783:
5774:
5772:Writing system
5768:
5767:
5764:
5763:
5761:
5760:
5759:
5758:
5753:
5748:
5743:
5733:
5732:
5731:
5726:
5721:
5716:
5711:
5706:
5701:
5696:
5685:
5683:
5677:
5676:
5674:
5673:
5672:
5671:
5661:
5655:
5649:
5643:
5642:
5640:
5639:
5634:
5629:
5627:Pseudo-Chinese
5624:
5619:
5614:
5609:
5607:Bamboo English
5603:
5601:
5595:
5594:
5591:
5590:
5588:
5587:
5582:
5580:Amami Japanese
5576:
5574:
5568:
5567:
5565:
5564:
5557:
5556:
5555:
5550:
5545:
5540:
5535:
5534:
5533:
5516:
5515:
5514:
5501:
5499:
5491:
5490:
5488:
5487:
5480:
5479:
5478:
5477:
5476:
5468:
5467:
5466:
5451:
5450:
5449:
5444:
5439:
5427:
5426:
5425:
5420:
5415:
5410:
5398:
5397:
5396:
5395:
5394:
5391:
5375:
5373:
5365:
5364:
5362:
5361:
5360:
5359:
5358:
5357:
5352:
5347:
5342:
5334:
5333:
5332:
5324:
5323:
5322:
5317:
5302:
5301:
5300:
5295:
5294:
5293:
5288:
5280:
5279:
5278:
5273:
5268:
5253:
5252:
5251:
5250:
5249:
5244:
5236:
5235:
5234:
5229:
5224:
5209:
5203:
5201:
5190:
5184:
5183:
5181:
5180:
5175:
5170:
5165:
5159:
5157:
5153:
5152:
5145:
5144:
5137:
5130:
5122:
5113:
5112:
5110:
5109:
5104:
5099:
5098:
5097:
5087:
5086:
5085:
5075:
5067:
5061:
5059:
5055:
5054:
5051:
5050:
5047:
5046:
5044:
5043:
5038:
5032:
5030:
5024:
5023:
5021:
5020:
5015:
5009:
5007:
5000:
4994:
4993:
4990:
4989:
4987:
4986:
4981:
4975:
4973:
4969:
4968:
4966:
4965:
4960:
4955:
4950:
4945:
4943:Southern Amami
4940:
4934:
4932:
4923:
4914:
4908:
4907:
4898:
4896:
4894:
4893:
4888:
4887:
4886:
4875:
4873:
4869:
4868:
4861:
4860:
4853:
4846:
4838:
4832:
4831:
4819:
4814:
4809:
4804:
4792:
4786:
4780:
4774:
4768:
4754:
4753:External links
4751:
4750:
4749:
4740:
4738:on 2022-03-14.
4719:
4713:
4696:
4694:on 2020-07-24.
4675:
4669:
4648:
4630:(2): 153–179.
4619:
4610:
4605:). "琉球列島の言語" (
4593:
4590:
4588:
4587:
4552:
4539:
4521:
4508:
4490:
4484:
4471:
4457:
4427:
4421:
4408:
4402:
4388:
4386:
4383:
4381:
4380:
4378:, p. 429.
4376:Izuyama (2012)
4368:
4366:, p. 387.
4356:
4354:, p. 357.
4352:Shimoji (2012)
4344:
4338:
4315:
4303:
4291:
4276:
4259:
4244:
4232:
4205:
4186:
4174:
4172:, p. 119.
4162:
4145:
4143:, p. 170.
4133:
4131:, p. 118.
4121:
4102:
4073:
4048:
4027:
4002:
3983:(2): 167–187.
3967:
3948:
3933:
3921:
3891:
3874:
3862:
3828:
3807:(4): 299–314.
3787:
3766:
3763:on 2015-10-29.
3748:
3733:
3703:
3682:
3680:, p. 245.
3670:
3668:, p. 244.
3658:
3632:
3606:
3585:
3571:
3550:
3531:
3525:). "琉球列島の言語" (
3514:
3497:
3493:Pellard (2015)
3480:
3461:
3440:
3428:
3426:
3423:
3420:
3419:
3410:
3389:
3339:
3338:
3336:
3333:
3332:
3331:
3326:
3319:
3316:
3315:
3314:
3305:
3302:
3301:*pune C 'boat'
3299:
3296:
3293:
3292:*uma B 'horse'
3290:
3287:
3284:
3281:
3272:
3269:
3262:
3259:foxtail millet
3255:
3252:
3249:
3246:
3243:
3242:*kome B 'rice'
3234:
3233:
3228:
3225:
3220:
3215:
3210:
3205:
3201:
3200:
3195:
3192:
3187:
3182:
3177:
3172:
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3167:
3162:
3159:
3154:
3149:
3144:
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3003:
3002:
2997:
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2989:
2984:
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2941:
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2903:
2900:
2897:
2894:
2891:
2888:
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2873:
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2867:
2859:
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2817:
2802:
2784:
2783:
2751:
2736:
2728:
2714:
2713:
2688:
2673:
2672:
2592:
2581:
2570:
2559:
2558:
2529:
2518:
2517:
2502:
2501:
2495:
2494:
2489:
2485:
2484:
2480:
2479:
2474:
2470:
2469:
2465:
2464:
2459:
2449:
2446:
2445:
2440:
2436:
2435:
2431:
2430:
2426:
2425:
2420:
2407:
2347:
2344:
2293:
2282:
2274:
2269:
2268:
2245:
2237:
2229:
2221:
2213:
2208:
2207:
2190:
2182:
2174:
2166:
2158:
2153:
2152:
2135:
2132:
2130:
2127:
2114:
2113:
2103:
2093:
2054:
2051:
2034:
2031:
2023:
2022:
2016:
2010:
2000:
1999:
1993:
1987:
1977:
1976:
1970:
1964:
1958:
1952:
1944:Irabu Miyako:
1899:
1896:
1875:
1872:
1867:しまくとぅば正書法検討委員会
1756:Ryukyu Kingdom
1712:
1709:
1693:Miyako Islands
1677:Ryukyu Islands
1672:
1669:
1604:Ryukyu Kingdom
1590:Satsuma Domain
1569:Minatogawa Man
1545:
1542:
1518:
1517:
1495:
1478:Okinoerabujima
1474:
1438:
1417:
1408:(also written
1277:Amami Japanese
1273:Amami language
1258:mixed language
1207:
1204:
1200:
1199:
1193:
1186:
1184:
1178:
1171:
1169:
1163:
1156:
1154:
1148:
1141:
1139:
1133:
1126:
1123:
1122:
1118:
1117:
1116:
1113:
1112:
1109:
1106:
1102:
1101:
1098:
1093:
1089:
1088:
1085:
1080:
1076:
1075:
1072:
1069:
1065:
1064:
1059:
1056:
1052:
1051:
1048:
1043:
1039:
1038:
1035:
1032:
1028:
1027:
1024:
1021:
1009:
1008:
1003:
998:
995:
990:
969:
963:
962:
957:
952:
949:
943:
924:
918:
917:
912:
907:
904:
902:Miyako Islands
899:
860:
854:
853:
848:
840:Traditionally
838:
835:
832:Okinawa Island
828:
809:
803:
802:
797:
791:
788:
781:Okinawa Island
777:
774:Yanbaru Kutūba
756:
750:
749:
744:
738:
735:
730:
717:
711:
710:
705:
702:
699:
697:Okinoerabujima
694:
681:
675:
674:
669:
663:
660:
655:
642:
636:
635:
626:
616:
613:
607:
588:
582:
581:
576:
573:
570:
565:
552:
546:
545:
540:
537:
534:
531:
528:
521:
520:
519:
518:
517:
516:
511:
506:
505:
504:
499:
494:
492:Central Miyako
481:
480:
479:
474:
473:
472:
467:
462:
454:
453:
452:
447:
446:
445:
442:
434:
413:
380:
377:
291:
288:
268:language shift
241:Ryukyu Islands
136:
135:
132:
124:
123:
116:
110:
109:
108:
107:
102:
95:
91:
90:
89:Proto-Ryukyuan
87:
86:Proto-language
83:
82:
81:
80:
70:
64:
63:
48:Ryukyu Islands
45:
39:
38:
33:
29:
28:
24:
23:
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
6728:
6717:
6714:
6712:
6709:
6707:
6704:
6702:
6699:
6698:
6696:
6681:
6680:Miyakubo Sign
6678:
6676:
6673:
6671:
6668:
6667:
6665:
6661:
6655:
6654:Bonin English
6652:
6651:
6649:
6645:
6638:
6635:
6632:
6631:Sakhalin Ainu
6629:
6627:
6624:
6622:
6619:
6617:
6614:
6612:
6609:
6607:
6604:
6602:
6599:
6597:
6594:
6590:
6587:
6585:
6582:
6580:
6577:
6575:
6572:
6571:
6570:
6567:
6565:
6562:
6561:
6559:
6555:
6547:
6544:
6542:
6539:
6537:
6534:
6532:
6529:
6527:
6524:
6522:
6519:
6517:
6514:
6512:
6509:
6507:
6504:
6502:
6499:
6498:
6497:
6494:
6492:
6489:
6487:
6486:Hokkaido Ainu
6484:
6483:
6481:
6477:
6469:
6466:
6465:
6464:
6461:
6460:
6458:
6454:
6450:
6443:
6438:
6436:
6431:
6429:
6424:
6423:
6420:
6406:
6403:
6402:
6401:
6398:
6394:
6391:
6390:
6389:
6386:
6384:
6381:
6379:
6376:
6375:
6373:
6371:
6367:
6359:
6356:
6355:
6354:
6353:Cyrillization
6351:
6347:
6344:
6342:
6341:Wāpuro rōmaji
6339:
6337:
6334:
6332:
6329:
6327:
6324:
6322:
6319:
6318:
6317:
6314:
6313:
6311:
6307:
6299:
6296:
6294:
6291:
6289:
6286:
6285:
6283:
6281:
6278:
6276:
6273:
6271:
6268:
6267:
6265:
6263:
6259:
6253:
6250:
6248:
6245:
6243:
6241:
6236:
6234:
6232:
6227:
6225:
6222:
6220:
6217:
6215:
6212:
6210:
6207:
6205:
6202:
6198:
6195:
6193:
6190:
6189:
6188:
6186:
6181:
6179:
6176:
6174:
6172:
6171:yamato kotoba
6167:
6165:
6162:
6160:
6159:Counter words
6157:
6155:
6152:
6150:
6147:
6145:
6142:
6140:
6137:
6135:
6132:
6130:
6127:
6125:
6122:
6120:
6117:
6115:
6112:
6111:
6109:
6101:
6089:
6086:
6084:
6081:
6079:
6076:
6074:
6071:
6069:
6066:
6065:
6063:
6059:
6056:
6054:
6051:
6049:
6046:
6044:
6041:
6039:
6036:
6034:
6031:
6029:
6026:
6025:
6023:
6019:
6016:
6014:
6011:
6009:
6006:
6004:
6001:
5999:
5996:
5994:
5991:
5990:
5988:
5984:
5981:
5980:
5978:
5974:
5971:
5970:
5969:
5966:
5965:
5963:
5959:
5953:
5950:
5948:
5945:
5943:
5940:
5938:
5935:
5933:
5930:
5928:
5925:
5923:
5920:
5916:
5913:
5912:
5911:
5908:
5907:
5905:
5901:
5895:
5894:Kana ligature
5892:
5890:
5887:
5885:
5882:
5880:
5877:
5875:
5872:
5870:
5867:
5865:
5862:
5860:
5857:
5855:
5852:
5851:
5849:
5847:
5843:
5837:
5834:
5832:
5829:
5827:
5824:
5820:
5817:
5815:
5812:
5811:
5809:
5805:
5802:
5801:
5800:
5797:
5795:
5792:
5790:
5789:Script reform
5787:
5786:
5784:
5782:
5778:
5775:
5773:
5769:
5757:
5754:
5752:
5749:
5747:
5744:
5742:
5739:
5738:
5737:
5734:
5730:
5727:
5725:
5722:
5720:
5717:
5715:
5712:
5710:
5707:
5705:
5702:
5700:
5697:
5695:
5692:
5691:
5690:
5687:
5686:
5684:
5682:
5678:
5670:
5667:
5666:
5665:
5662:
5660:
5657:
5656:
5653:
5650:
5648:
5644:
5638:
5635:
5633:
5630:
5628:
5625:
5623:
5620:
5618:
5615:
5613:
5612:Bonin English
5610:
5608:
5605:
5604:
5602:
5600:
5596:
5586:
5583:
5581:
5578:
5577:
5575:
5573:
5569:
5563:
5562:
5558:
5554:
5551:
5549:
5546:
5544:
5541:
5539:
5536:
5532:
5529:
5528:
5527:
5524:
5523:
5522:
5521:
5517:
5513:
5510:
5509:
5508:
5507:
5503:
5502:
5500:
5498:
5497:
5492:
5486:
5485:
5481:
5475:
5472:
5471:
5469:
5465:
5462:
5461:
5459:
5458:
5457:
5456:
5452:
5448:
5445:
5443:
5440:
5438:
5435:
5434:
5433:
5432:
5428:
5424:
5421:
5419:
5416:
5414:
5411:
5409:
5406:
5405:
5404:
5403:
5399:
5392:
5389:
5388:
5387:
5384:
5383:
5382:
5381:
5377:
5376:
5374:
5372:
5371:
5366:
5356:
5353:
5351:
5348:
5346:
5343:
5341:
5338:
5337:
5335:
5331:
5328:
5327:
5325:
5321:
5318:
5316:
5313:
5312:
5310:
5309:
5308:
5307:
5303:
5299:
5296:
5292:
5289:
5287:
5284:
5283:
5281:
5277:
5274:
5272:
5269:
5267:
5264:
5263:
5261:
5260:
5259:
5258:
5254:
5248:
5245:
5243:
5240:
5239:
5237:
5233:
5230:
5228:
5225:
5223:
5220:
5219:
5217:
5216:
5215:
5214:
5210:
5208:
5205:
5204:
5202:
5200:
5199:
5194:
5191:
5189:
5185:
5179:
5176:
5174:
5171:
5169:
5166:
5164:
5161:
5160:
5158:
5156:Earlier forms
5154:
5150:
5143:
5138:
5136:
5131:
5129:
5124:
5123:
5120:
5108:
5105:
5103:
5100:
5096:
5093:
5092:
5091:
5088:
5084:
5081:
5080:
5079:
5076:
5071:
5068:
5066:
5065:Proto-Japonic
5063:
5062:
5060:
5056:
5042:
5039:
5037:
5034:
5033:
5031:
5029:
5028:Macro-Yaeyama
5025:
5019:
5016:
5014:
5011:
5010:
5008:
5004:
5001:
4999:
4995:
4985:
4982:
4980:
4977:
4976:
4974:
4970:
4964:
4961:
4959:
4956:
4954:
4951:
4949:
4946:
4944:
4941:
4939:
4936:
4935:
4933:
4931:
4927:
4924:
4922:
4918:
4915:
4913:
4909:
4902:
4892:
4889:
4885:
4882:
4881:
4880:
4877:
4876:
4874:
4870:
4866:
4859:
4854:
4852:
4847:
4845:
4840:
4839:
4836:
4830:
4826:
4823:
4820:
4818:
4815:
4813:
4810:
4808:
4805:
4803:
4799:
4796:
4793:
4790:
4787:
4784:
4781:
4778:
4775:
4772:
4769:
4767:
4763:
4760:
4757:
4756:
4746:
4741:
4734:
4727:
4726:
4720:
4716:
4710:
4706:
4702:
4697:
4690:
4683:
4682:
4676:
4672:
4666:
4662:
4658:
4654:
4649:
4645:
4641:
4637:
4633:
4629:
4625:
4620:
4616:
4611:
4608:
4604:
4600:
4596:
4595:
4573:
4569:
4565:
4558:
4553:
4542:
4536:
4529:
4528:
4522:
4511:
4505:
4498:
4497:
4491:
4487:
4481:
4477:
4472:
4468:
4464:
4460:
4454:
4450:
4446:
4439:
4438:
4433:
4428:
4424:
4418:
4414:
4409:
4405:
4399:
4395:
4390:
4389:
4377:
4372:
4365:
4360:
4353:
4348:
4341:
4339:9784863370722
4335:
4328:
4327:
4319:
4312:
4311:Thorpe (1983)
4307:
4301:, p. 12.
4300:
4295:
4289:, p. 75.
4288:
4283:
4281:
4273:
4268:
4266:
4264:
4257:, p. 11.
4256:
4251:
4249:
4242:, p. 52.
4241:
4236:
4230:, p. 10.
4229:
4224:
4222:
4220:
4218:
4216:
4214:
4212:
4210:
4202:
4197:
4195:
4193:
4191:
4183:
4178:
4171:
4166:
4159:
4154:
4152:
4150:
4142:
4137:
4130:
4125:
4118:
4113:
4111:
4109:
4107:
4092:on 2022-05-31
4091:
4087:
4086:Ryūkyū Shimpō
4083:
4077:
4063:on 2006-07-18
4062:
4058:
4052:
4037:
4031:
4017:
4013:
4006:
3998:
3994:
3990:
3986:
3982:
3978:
3971:
3965:, p. 15.
3964:
3963:Takara (2007)
3959:
3957:
3955:
3953:
3946:, p. 14.
3945:
3944:Takara (2007)
3940:
3938:
3924:
3918:
3914:
3910:
3906:
3902:
3895:
3888:
3883:
3881:
3879:
3871:
3866:
3857:
3852:
3848:
3844:
3840:
3832:
3823:
3818:
3814:
3810:
3806:
3802:
3798:
3791:
3776:
3770:
3762:
3758:
3752:
3744:
3740:
3736:
3734:9781315213378
3730:
3726:
3722:
3718:
3714:
3707:
3692:
3686:
3679:
3678:Sugita (2007)
3674:
3667:
3666:Sugita (2007)
3662:
3648:on 2014-01-02
3647:
3643:
3636:
3622:on 2019-01-07
3621:
3617:
3610:
3596:
3589:
3581:
3575:
3561:
3554:
3547:
3542:
3540:
3538:
3536:
3528:
3524:
3518:
3511:
3507:
3501:
3494:
3489:
3487:
3485:
3477:
3472:
3470:
3468:
3466:
3450:
3444:
3438:
3433:
3429:
3414:
3393:
3386:
3385:Tōhoku region
3382:
3378:
3374:
3370:
3366:
3362:
3358:
3354:
3350:
3344:
3340:
3330:
3327:
3325:
3322:
3321:
3306:
3303:
3300:
3298:*kame C 'jar'
3297:
3295:*tubo A 'pot'
3294:
3291:
3288:
3285:
3282:
3273:
3270:
3267:
3263:
3260:
3256:
3253:
3250:
3247:
3245:*mai A 'rice'
3244:
3241:
3240:
3239:
3229:
3226:
3221:
3216:
3211:
3206:
3203:
3202:
3196:
3193:
3188:
3183:
3178:
3173:
3170:
3169:
3163:
3160:
3155:
3150:
3145:
3140:
3137:
3136:
3130:
3127:
3122:
3117:
3112:
3107:
3104:
3103:
3097:
3094:
3089:
3084:
3079:
3074:
3071:
3070:
3064:
3061:
3056:
3051:
3046:
3041:
3038:
3037:
3031:
3028:
3023:
3018:
3013:
3008:
3005:
3004:
2998:
2995:
2990:
2985:
2980:
2975:
2972:
2971:
2965:
2962:
2957:
2952:
2947:
2942:
2939:
2938:
2932:
2929:
2924:
2919:
2914:
2909:
2906:
2905:
2901:
2898:
2895:
2892:
2890:Amami Ōshima
2889:
2886:
2884:
2883:
2874:
2871:
2868:
2865:
2864:
2863:
2855:
2853:
2847:
2844:
2838:
2834:
2820:
2815:
2805:
2800:
2787:
2781:
2778:
2772:
2768:
2754:
2749:
2739:
2734:
2731:
2726:
2717:
2711:
2708:
2705:
2701:
2691:
2686:
2676:
2671:
2668:
2666:
2662:
2661:kakari-musubi
2658:
2654:
2650:
2646:
2642:
2637:
2632:
2628:
2622:
2619:
2616:
2612:
2595:
2590:
2584:
2579:
2573:
2568:
2562:
2556:
2553:
2550:
2546:
2532:
2531:budur-ja-ta-n
2527:
2521:
2516:
2514:
2509:
2500:
2493:
2490:
2487:
2486:
2482:
2481:
2478:
2472:
2471:
2467:
2466:
2463:
2457:
2456:
2450:
2444:
2441:
2438:
2437:
2433:
2432:
2428:
2427:
2424:
2418:
2417:
2411:
2410:
2406:
2404:
2400:
2396:
2392:
2388:
2384:
2380:
2376:
2372:
2367:
2365:
2361:
2357:
2353:
2343:
2341:
2337:
2333:
2329:
2323:
2320:
2310:
2306:
2296:
2291:
2285:
2280:
2277:
2272:
2267:
2264:
2260:
2258:
2255:
2251:
2248:
2243:
2240:
2235:
2232:
2227:
2224:
2219:
2216:
2211:
2205:
2203:
2200:
2196:
2193:
2188:
2185:
2180:
2177:
2172:
2169:
2164:
2161:
2156:
2151:
2149:
2145:
2141:
2126:
2123:
2119:
2104:
2094:
2084:
2083:
2082:
2080:
2060:
2050:
2030:
2021:"comb", "top"
2017:
2011:
2005:
2004:
2003:
1994:
1988:
1982:
1981:
1980:
1979:Ōgami Miyako
1971:
1965:
1959:
1953:
1947:
1946:
1945:
1942:
1939:
1905:
1895:
1889:
1885:
1884:moraic rhythm
1881:
1871:
1863:
1858:
1856:
1853:, thus 西表 is
1852:
1848:
1844:
1840:
1836:
1835:
1830:
1829:glottal stops
1826:
1822:
1817:
1815:
1811:
1807:
1803:
1799:
1798:
1792:
1790:
1786:
1781:
1779:
1775:
1774:
1769:
1765:
1761:
1757:
1753:
1749:
1745:
1739:
1731:
1730:
1726:
1722:
1717:
1708:
1706:
1702:
1698:
1694:
1690:
1686:
1685:Amami Islands
1682:
1678:
1668:
1666:
1662:
1658:
1654:
1649:
1647:
1646:United States
1643:
1639:
1635:
1631:
1627:
1623:
1619:
1616:
1612:
1611:
1605:
1600:
1598:
1593:
1591:
1587:
1583:
1578:
1574:
1570:
1566:
1562:
1557:
1556:Proto-Japonic
1551:
1541:
1539:
1535:
1531:
1527:
1523:
1505:
1500:
1496:
1484:
1479:
1475:
1463:
1448:
1443:
1439:
1427:
1422:
1418:
1397:
1382:
1377:
1374:
1373:
1372:
1370:
1366:
1352:
1337:
1332:
1328:
1324:
1320:
1316:
1315:
1306:
1298:
1292:
1290:
1278:
1274:
1270:
1265:
1263:
1259:
1255:
1251:
1246:
1244:
1240:
1236:
1230:
1227:
1225:
1220:
1212:
1196:
1190:
1185:
1181:
1175:
1170:
1166:
1160:
1155:
1151:
1145:
1140:
1136:
1130:
1125:
1124:
1110:
1107:
1104:
1103:
1099:
1094:
1091:
1090:
1086:
1081:
1078:
1077:
1073:
1070:
1067:
1066:
1060:
1057:
1054:
1053:
1049:
1044:
1041:
1040:
1036:
1033:
1030:
1029:
1025:
1022:
1019:
1018:
1015:
1007:
1004:
1002:
999:
996:
994:
991:
988:
970:
968:
965:
964:
961:
958:
956:
953:
950:
947:
944:
941:
925:
923:
920:
919:
916:
913:
911:
908:
905:
903:
900:
897:
879:
861:
859:
856:
855:
852:
849:
847:
843:
839:
836:
833:
829:
826:
810:
808:
805:
804:
801:
798:
796:
792:
789:
786:
782:
778:
775:
757:
755:
752:
751:
748:
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743:
739:
736:
734:
731:
728:
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682:
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664:
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589:
587:
584:
583:
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569:
566:
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548:
547:
544:
541:
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512:
510:
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498:
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443:
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419:
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408:
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312:
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297:
287:
285:
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277:
273:
269:
265:
260:
258:
254:
250:
246:
242:
236:
206:
202:
196:
192:
189:in Ryukyuan,
180:
167:
155:
147:
142:
130:
125:
121:
117:
115:
111:
106:
103:
101:
98:
97:
96:
92:
88:
84:
79:
76:
75:
74:
71:
69:
65:
61:
57:
56:Amami Islands
53:
49:
46:
40:
37:
34:
30:
25:
20:
6501:Amami Ōshima
6495:
6346:In Esperanto
6316:Romanization
6270:Pitch accent
6252:Dictionaries
6239:
6231:nyōbō kotoba
6230:
6184:
6183:Loan words (
6170:
6154:Topic marker
6068:ARIB STD B24
5814:by frequency
5694:Amami Ōshima
5680:
5571:
5560:
5519:
5505:
5495:
5483:
5470:East San'in
5454:
5430:
5401:
5379:
5369:
5305:
5256:
5212:
5197:
5178:Early Modern
5168:Early Middle
5078:Old Japanese
4911:
4744:
4733:the original
4724:
4700:
4689:the original
4680:
4652:
4627:
4623:
4614:
4606:
4602:
4598:
4579:. Retrieved
4572:the original
4567:
4563:
4546:December 19,
4544:. Retrieved
4526:
4513:. Retrieved
4495:
4475:
4436:
4412:
4393:
4385:Bibliography
4371:
4359:
4347:
4325:
4318:
4306:
4294:
4274:, p. 8.
4235:
4203:, p. 9.
4184:, p. 7.
4177:
4165:
4160:, p. 6.
4136:
4124:
4119:, p. 5.
4094:. Retrieved
4090:the original
4076:
4065:. Retrieved
4061:the original
4051:
4040:. Retrieved
4038:. Nilab.info
4030:
4019:. Retrieved
4015:
4005:
3980:
3976:
3970:
3926:, retrieved
3904:
3894:
3889:, p. 4.
3865:
3846:
3842:
3831:
3804:
3800:
3790:
3779:. Retrieved
3769:
3761:the original
3751:
3716:
3706:
3695:. Retrieved
3685:
3673:
3661:
3650:. Retrieved
3646:the original
3635:
3624:. Retrieved
3620:the original
3609:
3598:. Retrieved
3593:沖縄言語研究センター.
3588:
3574:
3563:. Retrieved
3558:沖縄言語研究センター.
3553:
3548:, p. 2.
3526:
3522:
3517:
3509:
3505:
3500:
3478:, p. 1.
3453:. Retrieved
3451:. Unesco.org
3443:
3432:
3413:
3392:
3343:
3304:*po A 'sail'
3289:*uwa C 'pig'
3286:*usi A 'cow'
3237:
2861:
2851:
2849:
2845:
2839:
2836:
2821:
2818:
2806:
2803:
2788:
2785:
2779:
2773:
2770:
2755:
2752:
2740:
2737:
2732:
2729:
2718:
2715:
2709:
2706:
2703:
2692:
2689:
2677:
2674:
2669:
2665:Old Japanese
2660:
2656:
2652:
2648:
2644:
2640:
2624:
2620:
2617:
2614:
2596:
2593:
2585:
2582:
2574:
2571:
2563:
2560:
2554:
2551:
2548:
2533:
2530:
2522:
2519:
2510:
2506:
2498:
2491:
2488:other nouns
2476:
2473:human names
2461:
2442:
2439:other nouns
2422:
2402:
2398:
2394:
2390:
2386:
2382:
2378:
2368:
2349:
2339:
2335:
2331:
2327:
2325:
2321:
2311:
2308:
2297:
2294:
2286:
2283:
2278:
2275:
2271:Yuwan Amami:
2270:
2265:
2262:
2259:
2256:
2253:
2249:
2246:
2241:
2238:
2233:
2230:
2225:
2222:
2217:
2214:
2209:
2204:
2201:
2198:
2194:
2191:
2186:
2183:
2178:
2175:
2170:
2167:
2162:
2159:
2154:
2140:word classes
2137:
2118:pitch accent
2115:
2095:"vegetable"
2056:
2036:
2024:
2001:
1978:
1943:
1940:
1901:
1888:pitch accent
1877:
1861:
1859:
1846:
1838:
1833:
1824:
1818:
1814:Kaidā glyphs
1805:
1795:
1793:
1782:
1771:
1743:
1741:
1727:
1674:
1650:
1630:World War II
1617:
1610:dialect card
1608:
1601:
1594:
1561:Old Japanese
1553:
1537:
1533:
1529:
1525:
1521:
1520:Yoronjima's
1519:
1376:Amami Ōshima
1330:
1326:
1322:
1318:
1312:
1293:
1288:
1269:Amami Ōshima
1266:
1247:
1231:
1228:
1221:
1217:
1194:
1179:
1164:
1149:
1134:
1082:Tandigātandi
1012:
727:Yunnu Futuba
652:Shimayumiita
621:(Southern),
610:Amami Ōshima
437:Amami Ōshima
416:
409:
402:
398:World War II
382:
373:Old Japanese
334:
330:pitch accent
293:
261:
204:
200:
191:Shima kutuba
190:
179:Ryūkyū-shogo
178:
153:
151:
146:Kin, Okinawa
94:Subdivisions
77:
44:distribution
6531:Tokunoshima
6326:Nihon-shiki
6209:Wasei-kango
6144:Possessives
6104:Grammar and
5937:Modern kana
5922:Punctuation
5903:Orthography
5724:Tokunoshima
5336:Gifu-Aichi
5306:Tōkai–Tōsan
5173:Late Middle
4953:Tokunoshima
3529:). 三省堂 1997
3375:; see also
3357:Jules Ferry
2753:jum-jur-ui?
2594:bir-ja-ta-n
2195:small child
1862:shimakutuba
1797:Omoro Sōshi
1711:Orthography
1532:(8) is the
1442:Tokunoshima
1351:Hōgen no Hi
1289:Ton Futsūgo
1061:Ugamiyabura
987:Dunan Munui
825:Uchināguchi
667:Tokunoshima
658:Tokunoshima
640:Tokunoshima
625:(Northern)
604:Shimayumuta
562:Shimayumita
530:Local name
450:Tokunoshima
353:nominatives
305:'breast').
166:Ryūkyū-goha
6695:Categories
6637:Kuril Ainu
6621:Vietnamese
6616:Indonesian
6564:Portuguese
6526:Okinoerabu
6370:Literature
6240:yakuwarigo
6224:Honorifics
6204:Wasei-eigo
6192:from Dutch
6139:Adjectives
6106:vocabulary
5884:Hentaigana
5879:Man'yōgana
5719:Okinoerabu
5423:Okuyoshino
4958:Okinoerabu
4581:August 21,
4096:2022-06-02
4067:2007-01-14
4042:2014-01-01
4021:2019-11-13
3928:2024-01-27
3781:2014-02-17
3697:2014-01-01
3652:2014-01-01
3640:沖縄映像センター.
3626:2019-10-24
3600:2014-02-16
3565:2014-02-16
3508:). "前書き" (
3455:2014-03-16
3425:References
3313:B 'paddle'
2858:Vocabulary
2819:jum-jur-u?
2675:kurɨ=ba=du
2330:"small" →
2295:taa-sar-oo
2134:Morphology
1898:Consonants
1880:obstruents
1736:See also:
1695:, and the
1638:linguicide
1618:hōgen fuda
1571:, and the
1548:See also:
1454:シマグチ（島口）の日
1317:spell out
1239:folk dance
1235:folk music
1071:Nifēdēbiru
878:Myākufutsu
679:Okinoerabu
460:Okinoerabu
280:endangered
42:Geographic
6606:Esperanto
6574:Cantonese
6262:Phonology
6149:Particles
6088:Half/Full
6018:Shift JIS
5947:Yotsugana
5927:Kanazukai
5869:Okurigana
5781:Logograms
5393:Shiramine
5238:Southern
5218:Northern
4817:メーラムニ用語便覧
4807:仲宗根政善言語資料
4644:144605968
3997:142189448
3743:196922667
3377:Welsh Not
3280:C 'field'
3264:*kimi B '
3190:(ku)kunu-
2902:Yonaguni
2804:nuu=ba=ga
2738:hon=ba=du
2247:kjura-gin
2218:beautiful
2107:/pstu+=ɑ/
2105:"person"
1975:"daytime"
1874:Phonology
1534:goroawase
1511:ユンヌフトゥバの日
1499:Yoronjima
1421:Kikaijima
1346:, "word")
1314:goroawase
1097:Fukōrasān
1063:Menshōri
1023:Thank you
940:Yaimamuni
896:Sumafutsu
844:, modern
779:Northern
767:ヤンバルクトゥーバ
740:Chabana,
733:Yoronjima
691:Shimamuni
665:Kametsu,
568:Kikaijima
543:ISO 639-3
536:Speakers
527:Language
488:Miyakoan
456:Kunigami
357:genitives
201:Lewchewan
195:literally
114:Glottolog
32:Ethnicity
6670:Nihonshu
6589:Mandarin
6541:Yonaguni
6521:Okinawan
6511:Kunigami
6496:Ryukyuan
6468:Variants
6463:Japanese
6185:gairaigo
6164:Numerals
6134:Pronouns
6073:Enclosed
6053:Katakana
6028:Hiragana
6024:Unicode
5979:ISO/IEC
5961:Encoding
5864:Furigana
5859:Katakana
5854:Hiragana
5756:Yonaguni
5736:Southern
5714:Okinawan
5709:Kunigami
5689:Northern
5681:Ryukyuan
5622:Kyowa-go
5553:Tsushima
5543:Nagasaki
5538:Kumamoto
5526:Chikuzen
5390:Kanazawa
5380:Hokuriku
5315:Shizuoka
5282:Eastern
5271:Kanagawa
5262:Western
5207:Hokkaidō
5188:Dialects
5041:Yonaguni
5013:Miyakoan
5006:Miyakoan
4998:Southern
4984:Okinawan
4972:Okinawan
4921:Northern
4912:Ryukyuan
4879:Japanese
4872:Japanese
4825:Archived
4798:Archived
4795:伊波普猷文庫目録
4762:Archived
4515:June 10,
4467:54004881
4057:"ダウンロード"
3406:/tiː=nu/
3353:Vergonha
3318:See also
3257:*awa B '
2690:jum-ju-i
2364:pro-drop
2340:imi-munu
2332:imii-imi
2111:/pstɑ=ɑ/
2101:/suu=iɑ/
2097:/suu+=ɑ/
2091:/pɑu=iɑ/
2087:/pɑu+=ɑ/
2085:"staff"
2079:syllable
1998:"breast"
1963:"potato"
1938:"pipe".
1934:"then",
1894:"make".
1855:Iriomote
1834:kun'yomi
1810:Yonaguni
1789:Okinawan
1778:katakana
1764:hiragana
1752:Tamaudun
1469:シマユミィタの日
1403:シマクトゥバの日
1305:しまくとぅばの日
1256:. A new
1135:Menshōri
1108:Fugarasa
1105:Yonaguni
1100:Ōritōri
1087:Nmyāchi
1074:Mensōrē
1068:Okinawan
1058:Mihediro
1026:Welcome
1020:Language
1001:Yonaguni
967:Yonaguni
955:Ishigaki
807:Okinawan
754:Kunigami
619:Setouchi
514:Yonaguni
477:Okinawan
470:Kunigami
444:Southern
441:Northern
417:Ryukyuan
324:phoneme
290:Overview
251:and the
120:ryuk1243
78:Ryukyuan
36:Ryukyuan
22:Ryukyuan
6611:Turkish
6601:Russian
6596:English
6584:Hoochew
6579:Hokkien
6569:Chinese
6536:Yaeyama
6491:Hachijō
6388:Writers
6321:Hepburn
6275:Rendaku
6214:Engrish
5910:Braille
5831:Ryakuji
5751:Yaeyama
5669:grammar
5664:Hachijō
5561:Satsugū
5520:Hichiku
5506:Hōnichi
5460:San'yō
5455:Chūgoku
5431:Shikoku
5370:Western
5330:Nagaoka
5326:Echigo
5291:Tochigi
5286:Ibaraki
5247:Nairiku
5227:Tsugaru
5198:Eastern
5058:History
5036:Yaeyama
4891:Hachijō
4564:Connect
3809:Bibcode
3510:Preface
3504:沖縄語辞典 (
3365:Catalan
3198:kuɡunu-
3185:kukunu-
3175:*kokono
2899:Miyako
2852:-n/-tan
2575:father=
2564:mother=
2523:person=
2192:imi-ffa
2129:Grammar
2075:/si=nu/
2019:/ff.fɑ/
2015:"grass"
2009:"child"
1973:/prrma/
1957:"shell"
1932:/ttjaa/
1806:sūchūma
1773:kundoku
1729:oyakata
1725:Shimazu
1588:-based
1544:History
1433:シマユミタの日
1388:シマユムタの日
1250:Okinawa
1180:Ōritōri
1165:Nmyāchi
1150:Mensōre
1095:Mīfaiyū
1092:Yaeyama
1084:Maifuka
1037:Yōkoso
1034:Arigatō
980:ドゥナンムヌイ
951:47,600
922:Yaeyama
906:50,000
785:Yanbaru
721:ユンヌフトゥバ
615:12,000
572:13,000
509:Yaeyama
385:Japonic
205:Luchuan
199:, also
169:, also
73:Japonic
6516:Miyako
6383:Poetry
6331:Kunrei
6293:Kan-on
6064:Other
5973:EUC-JP
5889:Sōgana
5874:Gojūon
5826:Kokuji
5794:Kanbun
5746:Tarama
5741:Miyako
5531:Hakata
5496:Kyūshū
5484:Umpaku
5447:Sanuki
5413:Banshū
5402:Kansai
5345:Mikawa
5340:Nagoya
5320:Narada
5213:Tōhoku
5018:Tarama
4812:うちなあぐち
4711:
4667:
4642:
4537:
4506:
4482:
4465:
4455:
4419:
4400:
4336:
3995:
3919:
3741:
3731:
3373:French
3369:Breton
3277:patake
3194:kkunu-
3180:kuunu-
2930:pitii-
2561:aboa=Ø
2534:dance-
2520:pïtu=Ø
2499:
2346:Syntax
2284:kɨɨ=ja
2242:
2234:kimono
2226:
2215:kjura-
2210:Yuwan:
2187:
2171:
2155:Ikema:
2033:Vowels
2013:/f.fɑ/
1992:"dust"
1967:/pžtu/
1951:"wave"
1936:/ccir/
1886:, and
1825:ad hoc
1785:Kanbun
1721:Shō En
1691:, the
1687:, the
1586:Kyushu
1567:, the
1538:kutuba
1501:it is
1480:it is
1444:it is
1423:it is
1336:kotoba
1331:kutuba
1325:(10),
1206:Status
1079:Miyako
1050:Imōre
910:Hirara
871:ミャークフツ
858:Miyako
819:ウチナーグチ
790:5,000
701:3,200
662:5,100
646:シマユミィタ
502:Tarama
300:Miyako
284:UNESCO
6546:Yoron
6506:Kikai
6405:texts
6378:Books
6298:Tō-on
6288:Go-on
5915:Kanji
5836:Ateji
5799:Kanji
5729:Yoron
5704:Kikai
5572:Other
5474:Inshū
5464:Bingo
5418:Kishū
5408:Awaji
5276:Tokyo
5266:Gunma
5257:Kantō
5242:Kesen
5232:Akita
5222:Nanbu
4963:Yoron
4948:Kikai
4938:Amami
4930:Amami
4736:(PDF)
4729:(PDF)
4692:(PDF)
4685:(PDF)
4640:S2CID
4575:(PDF)
4560:(PDF)
4531:(PDF)
4500:(PDF)
4463:S2CID
4441:(PDF)
4330:(PDF)
3993:S2CID
3739:S2CID
3402:/tiː/
3381:Wales
3367:, or
3335:Notes
3329:Jōmon
3324:Ryūka
3310:ijako
3208:*towo
3132:nana-
3128:nana-
3124:nana-
3119:nana-
3114:nana-
3109:*nana
3062:itss-
2963:ftaa-
2959:huta-
2944:*puta
2926:pusu-
2911:*pito
2822:read=
2807:what=
2756:read=
2741:book=
2693:read=
2678:this=
2631:focus
2627:topic
2586:look-
2583:mir-i
2572:ija=Ø
2298:tall-
2287:tree=
2179:child
2163:small
2067:/siː/
2007:/fɑɑ/
1996:/kss/
1986:"cow"
1969:"man"
1955:/mna/
1949:/nam/
1916:/ʔma/
1892:/kff/
1839:agari
1760:kanji
1748:玉陵の碑文
1528:(10)
1490:島ムニの日
1329:(8);
1321:(9),
1283:トン普通語
1111:Wāri
1042:Amami
974:与那国物言
934:ヤイマムニ
928:八重山物言
842:Shuri
742:Yoron
715:Yoron
598:シマユムタ
586:Amami
556:しまゆみた
550:Kikai
497:Irabu
465:Yoron
432:Kikai
427:Amami
369:focus
365:topic
318:/kɨɨ/
314:/ʔma/
311:Amami
303:/kss/
6013:0213
6008:0212
6003:0211
5998:0208
5993:0201
5989:JIS
5983:2022
5846:Kana
5548:Saga
5512:Ōita
5442:Tosa
5386:Kaga
5355:Hida
5350:Mino
4709:ISBN
4665:ISBN
4583:2012
4548:2009
4535:ISBN
4517:2018
4504:ISBN
4480:ISBN
4453:ISBN
4417:ISBN
4398:ISBN
4334:ISBN
3917:ISBN
3729:ISBN
3398:/ti/
3165:daa-
3161:jaa-
3157:jaa-
3152:jaa-
3147:jaa-
3099:muu-
3091:muu-
3086:muu-
3081:muu-
3066:ici-
3058:ici-
3053:ici-
3048:ïcï-
3043:*etu
3033:duu-
3029:juu-
3025:juu-
3020:juu-
3015:juu-
3000:mii-
2996:mii-
2992:mii-
2987:mii-
2982:mii-
2967:tʼa-
2954:taa-
2949:taa-
2934:tʼu-
2921:tii-
2916:tïï-
2824:IPFV
2794:NHON
2786:uroo
2758:IPFV
2733:this
2724:NHON
2716:uroo
2699:NPST
2695:IPFV
2636:(j)a
2629:and
2610:REAL
2606:PAST
2598:PROG
2577:CORE
2566:CORE
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