52:
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132:
995:. As early as 1684, Vauban published design tables for retaining walls with heights between 3 and 25 metres. Three years later, Vauban, in his role as newly appointed Commissary General of all French fortifications, sent his engineers in the Corps du Génie Militaire his Profil général pour les murs de soutènement in which he presented his retaining wall profiles that were later adopted by engineering offers such as Bélidor (1729), Poncelet (1840) and Wheeler (1870). He also provided advice on the repair and enlargement of the
965:
778:
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1024:; until his death, candidates had to pass an examination administered by Vauban himself. Young French Huguenots made up a disproportionately high number of successful engineers due to the social and educational characteristics of French Protestantism. After the Revocation of the Edict of Nantes in 1685, a significant number of these engineers joined the English and Dutch armies to fight in Ireland, Flanders and Spain. Many of his publications, including
848:
730:
714:, documenting the economic misery of the lower classes. His solution was a flat 10% tax on all agricultural and industrial output, and eliminating the exemptions which meant most of the nobility and clergy paid nothing. Although confiscated and destroyed by royal decree, the use of statistics to support his arguments "... establishes him as a founder of modern economics, and precursor of the
679:
1075:
was based on his teachings; between 1699 and 1743, only 631 new candidates were accepted, the vast majority relatives of existing or former members. As a result, French military engineering became ultra-conservative, while many 'new' works used his designs, or professed to do so, such as those built
838:
employed a similar approach. While the 'Van
Coehoorn method' sought to overwhelm defences with massive firepower, such as the Grand Battery of 200 guns at Namur in 1695, Vauban preferred a more gradual approach. Both had their supporters; Vauban argued his was less costly in terms of casualties, but
818:
in 1673. Three parallel trenches were dug in front of the walls, the earth thus excavated being used to create embankments screening the attackers from defensive fire, while bringing them as close to the assault point as possible (see diagram). Artillery was moved into the trenches, allowing them to
377:
Perhaps the most enduring aspect of Vauban's legacy was his view of France as a geographical entity. His advocacy of giving up territory for a more coherent and defensible border was unusual for the period; the boundaries of the French state he proposed in the north and east have changed very little
670:
The numbers needed to conduct a siege, and prevent interference from opponents meant armies of the Nine Years' War often exceeded 100,000 men, sizes unsustainable for pre-industrial societies. It prompted a change in tactics, Marlborough arguing winning one battle was more beneficial than taking 12
864:
It was accepted even the strongest fortifications would fall, given time; the process was so well understood by the 1690s, betting on the length of a siege became a popular craze. As few states could afford large standing armies, defenders needed time to mobilise; to provide this, fortresses were
709:
With more leisure time, Vauban developed a broader view of his role. His fortifications were designed for mutual support, so they required connecting roads, bridges and canals; garrisons needed to be fed, so he prepared maps showing the location of forges, forests and farms. Since these had to be
344:
His principles for fortifications were widely used for nearly 100 years, while aspects of his offensive tactics remained in use until the mid-twentieth century. He viewed civilian infrastructure as closely connected to military effectiveness and worked on many of France's major ports, as well as
826:
in 1677. Always willing to challenge accepted norms, at
Valenciennes, he proposed assaulting the breach during the day, rather than at night as was normal practice. He argued this would reduce casualties by surprising the defenders, and allow better co-ordination among the assault force; he was
790:
While his modern fame rests on the fortifications he built, Vauban's greatest innovations were in offensive operations, an approach he summarised as 'More powder, less blood.' Initially reliant on existing concepts, he later adapted these on lines set out in his memorandum of March 1672,
740:
In 1660, Vauban married Jeanne d'Aunay d'Epiry (ca 1640–1705); they had two daughters, Charlotte (1661–1709) and Jeanne Françoise (1678–1713), as well as a short-lived infant son. He also had a long-term relationship with Marie-Antoinette de Puy-Montbrun, daughter of an exiled
432:. The 30-year legal battle by the Le Prestre family to retain the property proved financially ruinous, forcing Urbain to become a forestry worker. He also designed gardens for the local gentry, including the owners of the Château de Ruère, where Vauban spent his early years.
501:, where he was taught the basics of mathematics, science and geometry. His father's work was also relevant; the design of neo-classical gardens and fortifications were closely linked, since they both concerned managing space. It was common to combine these skills;
935:. Using ideas from Fort-Louis, this incorporated a regular square grid street pattern inside an octagonal fortification; tenement blocks were built inside each curtain wall, strengthening the defensive walls and shielding more expensive houses from cannon fire.
819:
target the base of the walls at close range, with the defenders unable to depress their own guns enough to counter this; once a breach had been made, it was then stormed. This approach was used in offensive operations well into the 20th century.
617:, although he was subordinate to Louis, who ranked as the senior officer present, and thus took credit for its capture. Vauban was rewarded with a large sum of money, which he used to purchase the Château de Bazouches from his cousin in 1675.
1063:
in 1954. His defensive fortifications dated far more quickly, partly due to the enormous investment required; Vauban himself estimated that in 1678, 1694 and 1705, between 40 and 45% of the French army was assigned to garrison duty.
810:
was unrelated to a siege. Their importance was heightened by Louis XIV, who viewed them as low-risk opportunities for demonstrating his military skill and increasing his prestige; he was present at 20 of those conducted by Vauban.
781:
The 'siege parallel'; three parallel trenches, linked by communication lines. The first trench is out of range of the defenders and can withstand an assault from the rear, the third brings the assault troops to the foot of the
370:, it contained radical proposals for a more even distribution of the tax burden. His application of rational and scientific methods to problem-solving, whether engineering or social, anticipated an approach common in the
912:, Mont-Royal had main walls 30 metres (98 ft) high, 3 kilometres (1.9 mi) long and space for 12,000 troops; this enormously expensive work was demolished when the French withdrew after the 1697
876:
As with the siege parallel, the strength of Vauban's defensive designs was his ability to synthesise and adapt the work of others to create a more powerful whole. His first works used the 'star-shape' or
721:
In the course of his career, Vauban supervised or designed the building of more than 300 separate fortifications, and by his own estimate, supervised more than 40 sieges from 1653 to 1697.
2869:
435:
His only sister, Charlotte (1638–1645?), died young, but he had many relatives; his cousin, Paul le
Prestre (c. 1630 – 1703), was an army officer who supervised construction of
2829:
1095:
in 1776. A rejection of the principles advocated by Vauban and his successors; his ideas became the prevailing orthodoxy in much of Europe but were dismissed in France.
1002:
His holistic approach to urban planning, which integrated city defences with layout and infrastructure, is most obvious at Neuf-Brisach. His legacy is recognised in the
1009:
Vauban's 'scientific approach' and focus on large infrastructure projects strongly influenced
American military and civil engineering and inspired the creation of the
938:
To create a more coherent border, Vauban advocated destroying poor fortifications, and relinquishing territory that was hard to defend. In
December 1672, he wrote to
439:. Three of Paul's sons served in the army, two of whom were killed in action in 1676 and 1677. The third, Antoine (1654–1731), became Vauban's assistant and later a
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cost the Allies 12,000 casualties and most of the 1708 campaigning season; the lack of progress between 1706 and 1712 enabled Louis to reach an acceptable deal at
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2401:
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in 1706. Under pressure from superior forces on multiple fronts, France's northern border remained largely intact despite repeated efforts to break it.
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939:
625:
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Vauban's reputation meant his designs remained in use long after developments in artillery made them obsolete, for example the Dutch fort of
2859:
2369:
Klosky, J. Ledlie; Klosky, Wynn E. (2013). "Men of action: French influence and the founding of
American civil and military engineering".
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942:: "I am not for the greater number of places, we already have too many, and please God we had half of that, but all in good condition!"
51:
987:. Since his fortifications were designed for mutual support, roads and waterways were an essential part of their design, such as the
1773:
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or Royal
Engineer, and by the time the war with Spain ended in 1659, he was known as a talented engineer of energy and courage.
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2814:
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The 'siege parallel' had been in development since the mid-16th century but Vauban brought the idea to practical fulfilment at
924:; this allowed Vauban to combine his defensive principles with town planning, although like Mont-Royal, little of it remains.
2724:
1707:
889:(1603–1665). His subsequent 'systems' strengthened their internal works with the addition of casemated shoulders and flanks.
555:, one of Condé's principal possessions, he was captured by a Royalist patrol and switched sides, serving in the force led by
502:
1088:
1006:, named after a French army base on the same location, which developed as a model for sustainable neighbourhoods post-1998.
529:
341:. He is generally considered the greatest engineer of his time, and one of the most important in European military history.
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Vauban's offensive tactics remained relevant for centuries; his principles were clearly identifiable in those used by the
2453:
Leridon, Henri (2004). "The
Demography of a Learned Society: the Académie des Sciences (Institut de France), 1666-2030".
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598:. This pattern of French territorial gains, followed by fortification of new strongpoints, was followed in the 1667–1668
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206:
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A Global
Chronology of Conflict: From the Ancient World to the Modern Middle East 6V: A Global Chronology of Conflict
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for their exceptional engineering and influence on military fortifications from the 17th through the 20th centuries.
834:, and concentrating on specific parts of the fortifications, rather than targeting multiple targets. His Dutch rival
655:
is often considered his offensive masterpiece. He was rewarded with money, and made Comte de Vauban, a member of the
975:
While often overlooked, Vauban worked on many civilian infrastructure projects, including rebuilding the ports of
839:
it took more time, an important consideration in an age when far more soldiers died from disease than in combat.
1104:
544:. After being released in 1652, he and his supporters, among them Vauban and de Montal, went into exile in the
672:
366:, used statistics in support of his arguments, making it a precursor of modern economics. Later destroyed by
250:
854:, the final fortress designed by Vauban; note how the houses support and reinforce the outer defensive walls
1385:
478:
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2849:
2839:
1154:
440:
428:, when he married Françoise de la Perrière, an illegitimate daughter of the Comte de Bazoches, who died
2854:
2834:
2736:
Princes, Posts and
Partisans: The Army of Louis XIV and Partisan Warfare in the Netherlands (1673-1678)
873:
showed "how one could effectively win a campaign, by losing a fortress, but exhausting the besiegers."
815:
664:
614:
556:
486:
417:
1602–1652) and Edmée de Cormignolle (died c. 1651), were members of the minor nobility, from Vauban in
277:
822:
However, Vauban adapted his approach to the situation, and did not use the siege parallel again until
410:
2428:
Vauban and the French Military Under Louis XIV: An Illustrated History of Fortifications and Sieges
1353:
656:
266:
1309:
991:, a 20-kilometre (12 mi) canal built in 1682 to transport materials for the fortification of
2554:
Vauban Under Siege: Engineering Efficiency and Martial Vigor in the War of the Spanish Succession
1325:
1060:
1048:
20:
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was the most significant, designed on Vauban's 'third system', and completed after his death by
386:
904:; both were advanced positions, intended as stepping-off points for French offensives into the
587:
357:, whose curriculum was based on his publications on engineering design, strategy and training.
291:
1250:
1162:
578:
or 'duelling zone' on France's northern border, defended by a line of fortresses known as the
563:, employed him on siege operations and building fortifications. In 1655, Vauban was appointed
425:
390:
1945:
1593:
1032:, were written at the end of his career to provide a training curriculum for his successors.
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932:
886:
870:
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648:
467:
216:
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1364:. He directed the building of 37 new fortresses, and fortified military harbours, including
687:
517:
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181:
74:
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2794:
2332:
715:
660:
371:
271:
158:
570:
528:, the two were colleagues for many years, and often worked together. During the 1650–1653
397:
Sébastien le Prestre de Vauban was born in May 1633, in Saint-Léger-de-Foucheret, renamed
8:
1014:
953:
803:
695:
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averaged around 35,000, and siege warfare superseded by a greater emphasis on mobility.
652:
607:
545:
451:
243:
228:
2230:
The Nine Years' War and the British Army, 1688-1697: The Operations in the Low Countries
777:
2392:
Conserving the enlightenment: French military engineering from Vauban to the revolution
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988:
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233:
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Vauban's family was impacted by the domestic conflict and foreign wars, including the
2739:
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2685:
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2614:
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2526:
Le grand dictionnaire historique ou Le melange curieux de l'Histoire sacrée; Volume I
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42:
32:
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223:
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Walled Towns and the Shaping of France: From the Medieval to the Early Modern Era
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901:
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798:
In this period, sieges became the dominant form of warfare; during the 1672–1678
591:
537:
510:
498:
325:
1013:
in 1824. Until 1866, West Point's curriculum was modelled on that of the French
1068:
1020:
To ensure a steady supply of skilled engineers, in 1690 Vauban established the
489:; sieges conducted by Vauban provided him an easy way to win military prestige.
316:(baptised 15 May 1633 – 30 March 1707), commonly referred to as
2788:
2445:
2410:
2256:
Desvoyes, Léon-Paul (1872). "Genealogie de la famille Le Prestre de Vauban".
1970:
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and designed to produce officers with skills in engineering and mathematics.
996:
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117:
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Many of the fortifications designed by Vauban are still standing; in 2008,
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878:
866:
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402:
367:
1749:"F Marie-Antoinette du PUY-MONTBRUN la Belle Mademoiselle de Villefranche"
628:, Minister of War, setting out a proposed line of fortresses known as the
594:, and Vauban was put in charge of fortifying newly acquired towns such as
2663:
Engineering Peace and Justice: The Responsibility of Engineers to Society
1238:
1112:: UNESCO World Heritage Sites preserving many of Vauban's fortifications.
892:
The principles of Vauban's 'second system' were set out in the 1683 work
830:
Vauban made several innovations in the use of siege artillery, including
463:
2382:
1409:
1286:
1174:
710:
paid for, he developed an interest in tax policy, and in 1707 published
559:
that took Sainte-Menehould in November 1653. Clerville, later appointed
447:
for life, while he inherited Vauban's titles and the bulk of his lands.
1365:
1337:
1329:
1282:
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1254:
1242:
1210:
992:
917:
847:
757:
2630:
Menno van Coehoorn 1641–1704, Vestingbouwer – belegeraar – infanterist
2323:
Holmes, Richard (2011). Singleton, Charles; Jones, Dr Spencer (eds.).
2258:
Bulletin de la Société des Sciences Historiques et Naturelles de Semur
2019:
927:
The French retreat from the Rhine after 1697 required new fortresses;
920:
was another new construction, built on an island in the middle of the
444:
1866:
1405:
1373:
1321:
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1234:
1202:
1194:
980:
905:
533:
494:
482:
429:
393:, acquired by Jacques Le Prestre in 1570, purchased by Vauban in 1675
338:
2507:
An Apprenticeship in Arms: The Origins of the British Army 1585-1702
729:
525:
2592:
An Introduction to Sustainable Transportation: Policy, Planning and
2026:. United Nations Educational, Scientific, and Cultural Organization
1401:
1377:
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418:
303:
113:
78:
1084:, built in 1867 near Metz, is recognisably a Vauban-style design.
865:
designed to absorb the attackers' energies, similar to the use of
2535:
The Institutions of France Under the Absolute Monarchy, 1598-1789
1890:
1214:
1186:
1158:
1150:
1146:
1142:
1130:
909:
651:
in 1692, the major French achievement of the war, while the 1697
595:
311:
2086:
745:
officer, usually referred to as 'Mademoiselle de Villefranche.'
706:
in 1713, as opposed to the humiliating terms presented in 1707.
2306:
Siege Warfare: The Fortress in the Early Modern World 1494-1660
1397:
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793:
Mémoire pour servir à l'instruction dans la conduite des sièges
783:
748:
Vauban died in Paris on 30 March 1707; buried near his home in
516:
In 1650, Vauban joined the household of his local magnate, the
459:
1087:
Some French engineers continued to be innovators, notably the
2158:
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1361:
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1246:
1206:
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509:'s chief military engineer, laid out the lake and gardens at
406:
98:
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Soldier of France: Sébastien le Prestre de Vauban, 1633–1707
2050:
2134:
1341:
1274:
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885:, based on the designs of Antoine de Ville (1596–1656) and
764:, resting place for many of France's most famous soldiers.
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2038:
1878:
1854:
1719:
1717:
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1429:
1427:
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1729:
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in 1728–1733. This persisted into the late 19th century;
678:
2870:
Military personnel of the Franco-Spanish War (1635–1659)
1988:
1842:
1914:
1902:
1714:
1424:
971:– one of Vauban's many civilian infrastructure projects
690:, marking the end of his military career, although the
1830:
1683:
1659:
1504:
1502:
842:
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supported by Louis, and the attack proved successful.
470:, while two of his uncles died in the war with Spain.
2488:
Giant of the Grand Siècle: The French Army, 1610-1715
2399:
Latcham, Paul (2004). "Armstrong, John (1674-1742)".
2000:
1808:
1806:
1635:
1623:
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613:
The first fortification Vauban designed was the 1673
551:
In early 1653, when Vauban worked on the defences of
462:; his Catholic grandfather married a Protestant from
424:
In 1570, his grandfather Jacques Le Prestre acquired
2110:
1791:
1611:
1574:
1550:
1526:
1439:
1110:
Fortifications of Vauban UNESCO World Heritage Sites
860:
Fortifications of Vauban UNESCO World Heritage Sites
532:, Condé was arrested by the Regency Council, led by
195:(Commissioner General of Fortifications) (1678–1703)
2325:
Vauban, Marshal Sebastien le Prestre de (1633–1707)
1926:
1818:
1671:
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493:In 1643, at the age of ten, Vauban was sent to the
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1896:
1872:
1803:
1514:
1487:
1451:
1706:sfn error: no target: CITEREFFrance,_Dejean2005 (
959:
2830:French military personnel of the Nine Years' War
2786:
2180:Afflerbach, Holger; Strachan, Hew, eds. (2012).
682:Vauban, painted near the end of his life in 1703
2074:
1701:
647:During the Nine Years' War, he supervised the
2490:(2008 ed.). Cambridge University Press.
2352:Philip V of Spain: The King Who Reigned Twice
2201:Histoire du Corps impérial du génie: Volume 1
908:. Located 200 metres (660 ft) above the
351:, which remains in use today. He founded the
19:"Vauban" redirects here. For other uses, see
2636:
2405:(online ed.). Oxford University Press.
2368:
2266:Delon, Michel; Picon, Antoine, eds. (2001).
2068:
1433:
1051:, 1954, in one of Vauban's parallel trenches
694:proved its worth after the French defeat at
361:
352:
2733:
381:
2265:
2164:
724:
50:
2845:Members of the French Academy of Sciences
2284:
2246:
2182:How Fighting Ends: A History of Surrender
1994:
1848:
916:, and only the foundations remain today.
624:was based on a memorandum from Vauban to
2660:
2632:. Instituut voor Militaire Geschiedenis.
2627:
2589:
2532:
2255:
2140:
2092:
2056:
1836:
1735:
1665:
1481:
1039:
963:
894:Le Directeur-Général des fortifications,
846:
776:
728:
677:
569:
477:
443:; in 1710, he was appointed Governor of
385:
128:
2714:
2551:
2504:
2452:
2402:Oxford Dictionary of National Biography
2398:
2389:
2198:
2104:
2044:
1884:
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767:
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2012:
2006:
1920:
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1797:
1723:
1653:
1580:
1568:
1544:
1532:
1469:
947:twelve groups of Vauban fortifications
869:in modern cars. The French defence of
718:'s socially concerned intellectuals."
642:Commissaire general des fortifications
561:Commissaire général des fortifications
193:Commissaire général des fortifications
2679:
2349:
2303:
1932:
1824:
1689:
1617:
1556:
1508:
1022:Corps royal des ingénieurs militaires
752:, his grave was destroyed during the
354:Corps royal des ingénieurs militaires
324:
2570:
2485:
2465:
2333:10.1093/acref/9780198606963.001.0001
2128:
1908:
1677:
1493:
1457:
786:; redoubts protect the ends of each.
640:in 1676, and succeeded Clerville as
16:French military engineer (1633–1707)
2860:Knights of the Order of Saint Louis
2207:
2080:
843:Defensive doctrines; fortifications
802:, three battles were fought in the
13:
1950:Traben-Tarbach Tourist Information
773:Offensive doctrines; siege warfare
413:. His parents, Urbain Le Prestre (
14:
2886:
2287:An Illustrated History of Castles
2268:Encyclopedia of the Enlightenment
2214:The Columbia Encyclopedia, 6th ed
2468:The Wars of Louis XIV, 1667-1714
2426:Lepage, Jean-Denis G.G. (2009).
1093:La Fortification perpendiculaire
663:, and an Honorary Member of the
290:
130:
2875:People of the War of Devolution
2699:
2537:. University of Chicago Press.
2232:. Manchester University Press.
1963:
1938:
1766:
1741:
1586:
1123:
1073:Corps des ingénieurs militaires
2810:18th-century French architects
2805:17th-century French architects
2249:Batailles françaises, Volume V
2199:Allende, Lt-Colonel A (1805).
1897:Afflerbach & Strachan 2012
1873:Afflerbach & Strachan 2012
1026:Traité de l'attaque des places
960:Infrastructure and engineering
760:ordered his heart reburied in
671:fortresses. The armies of the
620:Post-1673, French strategy in
378:in the three centuries since.
1:
2820:18th-century French engineers
2815:17th-century French engineers
2708:Vauban. Builder of Fortresses
1418:
1076:by Louis de Cortmontaigne at
1035:
686:In 1703, Vauban was promoted
673:War of the Spanish Succession
548:and allied with the Spanish.
466:, and served Huguenot leader
414:
309:later styling himself as the
251:War of the Spanish Succession
2778:Antoine le Prestre 1707-1754
2734:Satterfield, George (2003).
2528:. Libraires Associes, Paris.
2419:UK public library membership
2024:UNESCO World Heritage Centre
1975:The Fortifications of Vauban
456:1635–1659 Franco-Spanish War
7:
2644:(in French). Archived from
2304:Duffy, Christopher (1995).
2251:. Ernest Flammarion, Paris.
1098:
1004:Vauban district in Freiburg
10:
2891:
2609:Tucker, Spencer C (2009).
2590:Schiller, Preston (2010).
2173:
2020:"Fortifications of Vauban"
1778:Musée de l'Armée Invalides
881:design, also known as the
857:
665:French Academy of Sciences
557:Louis Nicolas de Clerville
278:French Academy of Sciences
18:
2825:French military engineers
2775:
2768:
2762:
2755:
2661:Vesilind, P Aame (2010).
2533:Mousnier, Roland (1979).
2354:. Yale University Press.
2285:Dobroslav, Libal (1992).
2247:De Périni, Hardÿ (1896).
582:(marked in red and green)
524:; a close neighbour from
473:
286:
259:
199:
188:
177:
169:
144:
124:
108:
88:
75:Saint-Léger-de-Fourcheret
68:
49:
30:
2069:Klosky & Klosky 2013
1354:Villefranche-de-Conflent
1116:
657:Order of the Holy Spirit
382:Early life and education
267:Order of the Holy Spirit
2706:Halévy, Daniel (1924).
2680:Wolfe, Michael (2009).
2628:Van Hoof, Jaep (2004).
2552:Ostwald, Jamel (2006).
2505:Manning, Roger (2006).
2390:Langins, Jānis (2004).
2210:"Engineering, military"
1326:Saint-Jean-Pied-de-Port
1089:Marquis de Montalembert
725:Personal life and death
636:(see Map). He was made
586:Under the terms of the
411:Bourgogne-Franche-Comté
21:Vauban (disambiguation)
2715:Hebbert, F.J. (1990).
2571:Pujo, Bernard (1991).
2524:Moreri, Louis (1749).
2430:. McFarland & Co.
2165:Delon & Picon 2001
1052:
972:
949:were inscribed on the
855:
787:
737:
733:Vauban's mausoleum in
683:
590:, Spain ceded much of
588:Treaty of the Pyrenees
583:
490:
394:
362:
353:
301:Sébastien Le Prestre,
2350:Kamen, Henry (2001).
2228:Childs, John (1991).
1946:"Fortress Mont Royal"
1594:"Château de Bazoches"
1105:Vauban fortifications
1071:, built in 1742. The
1043:
1011:US Corps of Engineers
967:
933:Louis de Cormontaigne
900:and Mont-Royal, near
850:
780:
732:
681:
573:
481:
389:
217:Siege of Lille (1667)
170:Years of service
2411:10.1093/ref:odnb/659
2371:Construction History
2095:, pp. 577–578].
1774:"Dome des Invalides"
1378:Freiburg im Breisgau
768:Doctrines and legacy
661:Order of Saint Louis
372:Age of Enlightenment
360:His economic tract,
272:Order of Saint Louis
116:, later reburied in
38:Sébastien Le Prestre
2486:Lynn, John (1997).
2466:Lynn, John (1999).
2167:, pp. 540–451.
2155:, pp. 283–284.
2143:, pp. 577–578.
2107:, pp. 123–124.
2047:, pp. 688–691.
1911:, pp. 248–249.
1887:, pp. 413–414.
1875:, pp. 159–160.
1863:, pp. 285–286.
1702:France, Dejean 2005
1598:Chemins de Mémoires
1163:Citadel of Besançon
1015:Ecole Polytechnique
954:World Heritage List
804:Spanish Netherlands
615:siege of Maastricht
608:War of the Reunions
546:Spanish Netherlands
458:, and 1648 to 1653
452:Huguenot rebellions
426:Château de Bazoches
391:Château de Bazoches
244:Siege of Ath (1697)
229:War of the Reunions
2865:Forestry in France
2850:Military theorists
2840:Marshals of France
2648:on 4 February 2022
2642:Histoire pour Tous
2638:"Vauban 1633-1707"
1394:Saint-Martin-de-Ré
1310:Château du Taureau
1259:Fort de Bellegarde
1053:
989:Canal de la Bruche
973:
969:Canal de la Bruche
856:
836:Menno van Coehoorn
788:
738:
688:Maréchal de France
684:
584:
491:
454:of the 1620s, the
441:lieutenant-general
399:Saint-Léger-Vauban
395:
348:Canal de la Bruche
345:projects like the
207:Franco-Spanish War
182:Maréchal de France
2855:People from Yonne
2835:French marquesses
2783:
2782:
2776:Succeeded by
2726:978-0-8204-0890-3
2417:(Subscription or
2203:. Magimel, Paris.
2071:, pp. 69–87.
1923:, pp. 69–72.
1738:, pp. 11–12.
1726:, pp. 57–58.
1692:, pp. 70–72.
1390:Saint-Jean-de-Luz
1191:Colmars-les-Alpes
914:Treaty of Ryswick
754:French Revolution
600:War of Devolution
530:Fronde des nobles
337:who worked under
335:Marshal of France
331:military engineer
298:
297:
239:Battle of Camaret
212:War of Devolution
154:French Royal Army
103:Kingdom of France
83:Kingdom of France
43:Marquis of Vauban
2882:
2770:Comte de Vauban
2763:Preceded by
2753:
2752:
2749:
2730:
2711:
2710:. Geoffrey Bles.
2695:
2676:
2657:
2655:
2653:
2633:
2624:
2605:
2586:
2575:. Albin Michel.
2567:
2548:
2529:
2520:
2501:
2481:
2462:
2449:
2422:
2414:
2395:
2386:
2365:
2346:
2319:
2300:
2281:
2261:
2252:
2243:
2224:
2222:
2220:
2208:Baldwin, James.
2204:
2195:
2168:
2162:
2156:
2150:
2144:
2138:
2132:
2126:
2120:
2114:
2108:
2102:
2096:
2090:
2084:
2078:
2072:
2066:
2060:
2054:
2048:
2042:
2036:
2035:
2033:
2031:
2016:
2010:
2004:
1998:
1992:
1986:
1985:
1983:
1981:
1967:
1961:
1960:
1958:
1956:
1942:
1936:
1930:
1924:
1918:
1912:
1906:
1900:
1894:
1888:
1882:
1876:
1870:
1864:
1858:
1852:
1846:
1840:
1834:
1828:
1822:
1816:
1810:
1801:
1795:
1789:
1788:
1786:
1784:
1770:
1764:
1763:
1761:
1759:
1745:
1739:
1733:
1727:
1721:
1712:
1711:
1699:
1693:
1687:
1681:
1675:
1669:
1663:
1657:
1651:
1645:
1639:
1633:
1627:
1621:
1615:
1609:
1608:
1606:
1604:
1590:
1584:
1578:
1572:
1566:
1560:
1554:
1548:
1542:
1536:
1530:
1524:
1518:
1512:
1506:
1497:
1491:
1485:
1479:
1473:
1467:
1461:
1455:
1449:
1443:
1437:
1434:Vauban 1633-1707
1431:
1412:
1382:Citadel of Lille
1315:
1307:
1127:
1091:, who published
1030:Traité des mines
806:, of which only
800:Franco-Dutch War
649:capture of Namur
638:Maréchal de camp
604:Franco-Dutch War
565:Ingénieur du Roi
553:Sainte-Menehould
542:Cardinal Mazarin
487:Maastricht, 1673
416:
405:in 1867, in the
365:
356:
329:), was a French
328:
323:
294:
276:Honorary Member
224:Franco-Dutch War
146:
140:
136:
134:
133:
95:
61:Hyacinthe Rigaud
54:
28:
27:
2890:
2889:
2885:
2884:
2883:
2881:
2880:
2879:
2785:
2784:
2779:
2772:
2766:
2757:French nobility
2746:
2727:
2702:
2692:
2673:
2651:
2649:
2621:
2602:
2583:
2564:
2545:
2517:
2498:
2478:
2438:
2416:
2362:
2343:
2316:
2297:
2278:
2240:
2218:
2216:
2192:
2176:
2171:
2163:
2159:
2151:
2147:
2139:
2135:
2127:
2123:
2115:
2111:
2103:
2099:
2091:
2087:
2079:
2075:
2067:
2063:
2055:
2051:
2043:
2039:
2029:
2027:
2018:
2017:
2013:
2005:
2001:
1993:
1989:
1979:
1977:
1969:
1968:
1964:
1954:
1952:
1944:
1943:
1939:
1931:
1927:
1919:
1915:
1907:
1903:
1895:
1891:
1883:
1879:
1871:
1867:
1859:
1855:
1847:
1843:
1835:
1831:
1823:
1819:
1811:
1804:
1796:
1792:
1782:
1780:
1772:
1771:
1767:
1757:
1755:
1747:
1746:
1742:
1734:
1730:
1722:
1715:
1705:
1700:
1696:
1688:
1684:
1676:
1672:
1664:
1660:
1652:
1648:
1640:
1636:
1628:
1624:
1616:
1612:
1602:
1600:
1592:
1591:
1587:
1579:
1575:
1567:
1563:
1555:
1551:
1543:
1539:
1531:
1527:
1519:
1515:
1507:
1500:
1492:
1488:
1480:
1476:
1468:
1464:
1456:
1452:
1444:
1440:
1432:
1425:
1421:
1416:
1415:
1313:
1305:
1263:Luxembourg City
1128:
1124:
1119:
1101:
1082:Fort de Queuleu
1038:
962:
902:Traben-Trarbach
883:trace Italienne
862:
845:
832:ricochet firing
775:
770:
727:
700:Capturing Lille
692:Ceinture de fer
630:Ceinture de fer
592:French Flanders
580:Ceinture de fer
538:Anne of Austria
520:, where he met
518:Prince de Condé
511:Blenheim Palace
499:Semur-en-Auxois
476:
468:Admiral Coligny
384:
326:[vobɑ̃]
321:
282:
255:
234:Nine Years' War
165:
131:
129:
120:
97:
93:
73:
64:
57:Maréchal Vauban
45:
40:
39:
36:
35:
24:
17:
12:
11:
5:
2888:
2878:
2877:
2872:
2867:
2862:
2857:
2852:
2847:
2842:
2837:
2832:
2827:
2822:
2817:
2812:
2807:
2802:
2797:
2781:
2780:
2777:
2774:
2767:
2765:first creation
2764:
2760:
2759:
2751:
2750:
2745:978-9004131767
2744:
2731:
2725:
2712:
2701:
2698:
2697:
2696:
2691:978-0230608122
2690:
2677:
2672:978-1447158226
2671:
2658:
2634:
2625:
2620:978-1851096671
2619:
2606:
2601:978-1844076659
2600:
2587:
2582:978-2226052506
2581:
2568:
2563:978-9004154896
2562:
2549:
2544:978-0226543277
2543:
2530:
2521:
2516:978-0199261499
2515:
2502:
2497:978-0521032483
2496:
2483:
2477:978-0582056299
2476:
2463:
2450:
2437:978-0786444014
2436:
2423:
2396:
2387:
2366:
2361:978-0300180541
2360:
2347:
2342:978-0198606963
2341:
2320:
2315:978-0415146494
2314:
2301:
2296:978-0600573104
2295:
2282:
2277:978-1579582463
2276:
2263:
2253:
2244:
2239:978-0719089961
2238:
2225:
2205:
2196:
2191:978-0199693627
2190:
2175:
2172:
2170:
2169:
2157:
2145:
2133:
2121:
2109:
2097:
2085:
2073:
2061:
2049:
2037:
2011:
2009:, p. 142.
1999:
1997:, p. 221.
1995:Dobroslav 1992
1987:
1962:
1937:
1925:
1913:
1901:
1899:, p. 159.
1889:
1877:
1865:
1853:
1851:, p. 186.
1849:De Périni 1896
1841:
1829:
1817:
1802:
1790:
1765:
1740:
1728:
1713:
1694:
1682:
1680:, p. 309.
1670:
1658:
1646:
1634:
1622:
1620:, p. 149.
1610:
1585:
1573:
1561:
1559:, p. 136.
1549:
1547:, p. 654.
1537:
1535:, p. 690.
1525:
1513:
1511:, p. 151.
1498:
1496:, p. 152.
1486:
1474:
1462:
1460:, p. 112.
1450:
1438:
1422:
1420:
1417:
1414:
1413:
1392:(Fort Socoa),
1121:
1120:
1118:
1115:
1114:
1113:
1107:
1100:
1097:
1037:
1034:
961:
958:
844:
841:
774:
771:
769:
766:
726:
723:
712:La Dîme royale
606:and 1683–1684
503:John Armstrong
475:
472:
409:, now part of
383:
380:
363:La Dîme royale
296:
295:
288:
284:
283:
281:
280:
274:
269:
263:
261:
257:
256:
254:
253:
248:
247:
246:
241:
231:
226:
221:
220:
219:
209:
203:
201:
197:
196:
190:
186:
185:
179:
175:
174:
171:
167:
166:
164:
163:
162:
161:
150:
148:
142:
141:
126:
122:
121:
112:
110:
106:
105:
96:(aged 73)
90:
86:
85:
70:
66:
65:
63:, 17th century
55:
47:
46:
41:
37:
31:
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
2887:
2876:
2873:
2871:
2868:
2866:
2863:
2861:
2858:
2856:
2853:
2851:
2848:
2846:
2843:
2841:
2838:
2836:
2833:
2831:
2828:
2826:
2823:
2821:
2818:
2816:
2813:
2811:
2808:
2806:
2803:
2801:
2798:
2796:
2793:
2792:
2790:
2771:
2761:
2758:
2754:
2747:
2741:
2737:
2732:
2728:
2722:
2718:
2713:
2709:
2704:
2703:
2693:
2687:
2683:
2678:
2674:
2668:
2664:
2659:
2647:
2643:
2639:
2635:
2631:
2626:
2622:
2616:
2612:
2607:
2603:
2597:
2594:. Routledge.
2593:
2588:
2584:
2578:
2574:
2569:
2565:
2559:
2555:
2550:
2546:
2540:
2536:
2531:
2527:
2522:
2518:
2512:
2508:
2503:
2499:
2493:
2489:
2484:
2479:
2473:
2469:
2464:
2460:
2456:
2451:
2447:
2443:
2439:
2433:
2429:
2424:
2420:
2412:
2408:
2404:
2403:
2397:
2393:
2388:
2384:
2380:
2376:
2372:
2367:
2363:
2357:
2353:
2348:
2344:
2338:
2334:
2330:
2326:
2321:
2317:
2311:
2308:. Routledge.
2307:
2302:
2298:
2292:
2288:
2283:
2279:
2273:
2270:. Routledge.
2269:
2264:
2259:
2254:
2250:
2245:
2241:
2235:
2231:
2226:
2215:
2211:
2206:
2202:
2197:
2193:
2187:
2183:
2178:
2177:
2166:
2161:
2154:
2149:
2142:
2141:Mousnier 1979
2137:
2131:, p. 62.
2130:
2125:
2119:, p. 56.
2118:
2113:
2106:
2101:
2094:
2093:Mousnier 1979
2089:
2082:
2077:
2070:
2065:
2058:
2057:Schiller 2010
2053:
2046:
2041:
2025:
2021:
2015:
2008:
2003:
1996:
1991:
1976:
1972:
1966:
1951:
1947:
1941:
1935:, p. 20.
1934:
1929:
1922:
1917:
1910:
1905:
1898:
1893:
1886:
1881:
1874:
1869:
1862:
1857:
1850:
1845:
1839:, p. 23.
1838:
1837:Vesilind 2010
1833:
1827:, p. 10.
1826:
1821:
1814:
1809:
1807:
1800:, p. 43.
1799:
1794:
1779:
1775:
1769:
1754:
1750:
1744:
1737:
1736:Desvoyes 1872
1732:
1725:
1720:
1718:
1709:
1703:
1698:
1691:
1686:
1679:
1674:
1668:, p. 83.
1667:
1666:Van Hoof 2004
1662:
1655:
1650:
1644:, p. 85.
1643:
1638:
1632:, p. 47.
1631:
1626:
1619:
1614:
1599:
1595:
1589:
1583:, p. 57.
1582:
1577:
1570:
1565:
1558:
1553:
1546:
1541:
1534:
1529:
1522:
1517:
1510:
1505:
1503:
1495:
1490:
1484:, p. 13.
1483:
1482:Desvoyes 1872
1478:
1472:, p. 17.
1471:
1466:
1459:
1454:
1448:, p. 11.
1447:
1442:
1435:
1430:
1428:
1423:
1411:
1407:
1403:
1399:
1395:
1391:
1387:
1383:
1379:
1375:
1371:
1367:
1363:
1359:
1355:
1351:
1347:
1343:
1339:
1335:
1331:
1327:
1323:
1319:
1311:
1304:
1300:
1296:
1292:
1288:
1284:
1280:
1276:
1272:
1268:
1264:
1260:
1256:
1252:
1248:
1244:
1240:
1237:(Belle-Île),
1236:
1232:
1228:
1224:
1220:
1216:
1212:
1208:
1204:
1200:
1196:
1192:
1188:
1184:
1180:
1176:
1172:
1168:
1164:
1160:
1156:
1152:
1148:
1144:
1140:
1136:
1132:
1126:
1122:
1111:
1108:
1106:
1103:
1102:
1096:
1094:
1090:
1085:
1083:
1079:
1074:
1070:
1065:
1062:
1061:Dien Bien Phu
1058:
1050:
1049:Dien Bien Phu
1046:
1042:
1033:
1031:
1027:
1023:
1018:
1016:
1012:
1007:
1005:
1000:
998:
997:Canal du Midi
994:
990:
986:
982:
978:
970:
966:
957:
955:
952:
948:
943:
941:
936:
934:
930:
925:
923:
919:
915:
911:
907:
903:
899:
895:
890:
888:
884:
880:
874:
872:
871:Namur in 1695
868:
867:crumple zones
861:
853:
849:
840:
837:
833:
828:
825:
820:
817:
812:
809:
805:
801:
796:
794:
785:
779:
765:
763:
762:Les Invalides
759:
755:
751:
746:
744:
736:
735:Les Invalides
731:
722:
719:
717:
716:Enlightenment
713:
707:
705:
701:
697:
693:
689:
680:
676:
674:
668:
666:
662:
658:
654:
650:
645:
643:
639:
635:
631:
627:
623:
618:
616:
611:
609:
605:
601:
597:
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531:
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505:(1674–1742),
504:
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446:
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437:Les Invalides
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118:Les Invalides
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92:30 March 1707
91:
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62:
58:
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34:
29:
26:
22:
2769:
2735:
2716:
2707:
2700:Bibliography
2681:
2665:. Springer.
2662:
2650:. Retrieved
2646:the original
2641:
2629:
2613:. ABC-CLIO.
2610:
2591:
2572:
2553:
2534:
2525:
2506:
2487:
2467:
2458:
2454:
2427:
2400:
2394:. MIT Press.
2391:
2377:(3): 69–87.
2374:
2370:
2351:
2324:
2305:
2286:
2267:
2257:
2248:
2229:
2217:. Retrieved
2213:
2200:
2181:
2160:
2148:
2136:
2124:
2112:
2105:Ostwald 2006
2100:
2088:
2076:
2064:
2052:
2045:Allende 1805
2040:
2028:. Retrieved
2023:
2014:
2002:
1990:
1978:. Retrieved
1974:
1971:"Fort Louis"
1965:
1953:. Retrieved
1949:
1940:
1928:
1916:
1904:
1892:
1885:Manning 2006
1880:
1868:
1861:Ostwald 2006
1856:
1844:
1832:
1820:
1793:
1781:. Retrieved
1777:
1768:
1756:. Retrieved
1752:
1743:
1731:
1697:
1685:
1673:
1661:
1656:, p. 2.
1649:
1642:Leridon 2004
1637:
1630:Ostwald 2006
1625:
1613:
1601:. Retrieved
1597:
1588:
1576:
1571:, p. 9.
1564:
1552:
1540:
1528:
1521:Latcham 2004
1516:
1489:
1477:
1465:
1453:
1446:Langins 2004
1441:
1358:Fort Liberia
1346:Valenciennes
1295:Neuf-Brisach
1279:Mont-Dauphin
1125:
1092:
1086:
1072:
1066:
1054:
1029:
1025:
1021:
1019:
1008:
1001:
974:
944:
937:
929:Neuf-Brisach
926:
896:and used at
893:
891:
887:Blaise Pagan
882:
879:bastion fort
875:
863:
852:Neuf-Brisach
829:
824:Valenciennes
821:
813:
797:
792:
789:
747:
739:
720:
711:
708:
691:
685:
669:
653:siege of Ath
646:
641:
637:
633:
629:
619:
612:
602:, 1672–1678
585:
579:
575:
564:
560:
550:
515:
492:
449:
434:
423:
403:Napoleon III
396:
376:
368:royal decree
359:
346:
343:
317:
310:
302:
300:
299:
200:Battles/wars
192:
94:(1707-03-30)
56:
25:
2800:1707 deaths
2795:1633 births
2719:. P. Lang.
2470:. Longman.
2153:Lepage 2009
2117:Lepage 2009
2059:, Box 10.7.
2030:14 November
2007:Lepage 2009
1921:Lepage 2009
1813:Holmes 2011
1798:Lepage 2009
1724:Lepage 2009
1654:Childs 1991
1581:Lepage 2009
1569:Lepage 2009
1545:Tucker 2009
1533:Moreri 1749
1470:Lepage 2009
1314:(in French)
1306:(in French)
1239:La Rochelle
756:. In 1808,
507:Marlborough
497:college in
464:La Rochelle
72:15 May 1633
2789:Categories
2773:1693–1707
2455:Population
2421:required.)
2289:. Hamlyn.
1980:11 January
1933:Duffy 1995
1825:Duffy 1995
1758:14 January
1690:Kamen 2001
1618:Wolfe 2009
1557:Duffy 1995
1509:Wolfe 2009
1419:References
1366:Ambleteuse
1356:(town and
1338:Strasbourg
1330:Saint-Omer
1303:Plouezoc'h
1283:Mont-Louis
1267:Maastricht
1255:Le Perthus
1243:Le Quesnoy
1211:Gravelines
1135:Fort Carré
1129:Including
1047:troops at
1036:Assessment
993:Strasbourg
918:Fort-Louis
858:See also:
816:Maastricht
758:Napoleon I
536:'s mother
307:de Vauban,
125:Allegiance
2738:. Brill.
2684:. AIAAA.
2652:5 January
2556:. Brill.
2446:733727533
2219:7 January
2129:Lynn 1997
1955:3 January
1909:Lynn 1999
1783:6 January
1678:Lynn 1999
1603:5 January
1494:Pujo 1991
1458:Pujo 1991
1406:Le Portel
1386:Rochefort
1380:, Lille (
1374:Dunkerque
1322:Saarlouis
1299:Perpignan
1235:Le Palais
1203:Entrevaux
1195:Collioure
1069:Bourtange
1057:Việt Minh
1045:Việt Minh
999:in 1686.
981:Dunkerque
906:Rhineland
696:Ramillies
644:in 1677.
634:iron belt
576:Pré carré
574:Vauban's
534:Louis XIV
522:de Montal
495:Carmelite
483:Louis XIV
430:intestate
339:Louis XIV
314:de Vauban
287:Signature
173:1651–1703
2383:43856053
1753:Geneanet
1410:Cézembre
1402:Wimereux
1287:Montmédy
1271:Maubeuge
1251:Lusignan
1219:Huningue
1179:Bouillon
1175:Briançon
1099:See also
750:Bazoches
743:Huguenot
622:Flanders
419:Bazoches
304:seigneur
189:Commands
159:Engineer
145:Service/
114:Bazoches
79:Burgundy
2509:. OUP.
2184:. OUP.
2174:Sources
2081:Baldwin
1360:), and
1215:Hendaye
1187:Cambrai
1159:Bergues
1155:Belfort
1151:Bayonne
1147:Barraux
1143:Auxonne
1131:Antibes
940:Louvois
910:Moselle
808:Seneffe
704:Utrecht
626:Louvois
596:Dunkirk
445:Béthune
322:French:
312:marquis
33:Marshal
2742:
2723:
2688:
2669:
2617:
2598:
2579:
2573:Vauban
2560:
2541:
2513:
2494:
2474:
2444:
2434:
2415:
2381:
2358:
2339:
2312:
2293:
2274:
2236:
2188:
1408:, and
1398:Toulon
1350:Verdun
1318:Rocroi
1231:Landau
1183:Calais
1167:Bitche
985:Toulon
951:UNESCO
898:Landau
784:glacis
526:Nièvre
474:Career
460:Fronde
318:Vauban
260:Awards
184:, 1703
147:branch
138:France
135:
109:Buried
2379:JSTOR
1370:Brest
1362:Ypres
1334:Sedan
1291:Namur
1247:Lille
1207:Givet
1199:Douai
1171:Blaye
1139:Arras
1117:Notes
977:Brest
922:Rhine
632:, or
407:Yonne
99:Paris
59:, by
2740:ISBN
2721:ISBN
2686:ISBN
2667:ISBN
2654:2019
2615:ISBN
2596:ISBN
2577:ISBN
2558:ISBN
2539:ISBN
2511:ISBN
2492:ISBN
2472:ISBN
2461:(1).
2442:OCLC
2432:ISBN
2356:ISBN
2337:ISBN
2310:ISBN
2291:ISBN
2272:ISBN
2234:ISBN
2221:2019
2186:ISBN
2032:2021
1982:2019
1957:2019
1785:2019
1760:2019
1708:help
1605:2019
1342:Toul
1275:Metz
1227:Kehl
1223:Joux
1078:Metz
1028:and
983:and
659:and
540:and
333:and
178:Rank
89:Died
69:Born
2407:doi
2329:doi
1384:),
1261:),
1137:),
1059:at
610:.
485:at
421:.
401:by
2791::
2640:.
2459:59
2457:.
2440:.
2375:28
2373:.
2335:.
2327:.
2212:.
2022:.
1973:.
1948:.
1805:^
1776:.
1751:.
1716:^
1596:.
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1426:^
1404:,
1400:,
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1301:,
1297:,
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1193:,
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2604:.
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2566:.
2547:.
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2500:.
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2480:.
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2409::
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2194:.
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2034:.
1984:.
1959:.
1815:.
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1436:.
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1257:(
1133:(
320:(
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