33:
20:
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324:
A review of literature indicates mixed effectiveness of the SMART acronym for increasing physical activity. Criticisms focus on its lack of scientific basis and empirical support, suggesting non-specific, open-ended goals might be more beneficial for some individuals. Research indicates that vague or
315:
study highlighted the effectiveness of the SMART goal-setting approach. It showed that individuals who wrote down their goals and outlined action steps had a 76% success rate in achieving them, especially when they shared weekly updates with a friend. This was compared to a 43% success rate for those
224:
S.M.A.R.T. goals and objectives are key concepts in planning and project management. The acronym, while consistently used, applies differently to goals and objectives. Goals define the broad outcomes intended from a project or assignment, and objectives specify the actionable steps aimed at achieving
104:
Proponents of SMART objectives argue that these criteria facilitate a clear framework for goal setting and evaluation, applicable across various contexts such as business (between employee and employer) and sports (between athlete and coach). This framework enables the individual setting the goal to
121:
In the
November 1981 issue of Management Review (AMA Forum), George T. Doran's paper titled "There's a S.M.A.R.T. way to write management's goals and objectives" introduces a framework for setting management objectives, emphasizing the importance of clear goals. The S.M.A.R.T. criteria he proposes
100:
Since its inception, the SMART framework has evolved, leading to the emergence of different variations of the acronym. Commonly used versions incorporate alternative words, including 'attainable,' 'relevant,' and 'timely.' Additionally, several authors have introduced supplementary letters to the
161:
roles. He argues for the value in balancing quantifiable objectives with more abstract goals to formulate a comprehensive action plan. This emphasizes the integration of objectives with their execution plans as the foundation of effective management.
325:
challenging goals could be more effective than specific ones for increasing physical activity. Swann et al. highlight the original SMART framework's absence of theoretical or empirical foundation, contrasting with broader goal-setting research.
97:. The term was first proposed by George T. Doran in the November 1981 issue of 'Management Review', where he advocated for setting objectives that are Specific, Measurable, Assignable, Realistic, and Time-bound—hence the acronym S.M.A.R.T.
302:
Research suggests that the effectiveness of the SMART goal-setting framework can vary depending on the context in which it is applied, indicating that its universal application might not always yield effective outcomes.
1268:
Swann, Christian; Jackman, Patricia C.; Lawrence, Alex; Hawkins, Rebecca M.; Goddard, Scott G.; Williamson, Ollie; Schweickle, Matthew J.; Vella, Stewart A.; Rosenbaum, Simon; Ekkekakis, Panteleimon (2022-01-31).
380:
Realistic and relevance – 'Realistic' refers to something that can be done given the available resources. 'Relevance' ensures the goal is in line with the bigger picture and vision.
1503:
333:
The SMART framework has been expanded by some authors to include additional criteria, enhancing its versatility and application. Examples of these extensions are:
1463:
Racial Equity Lens Logic Model & Theory of Change: A Step-by-Step Guide to Help
Organizations Become More Confident in Their Ability to Demonstrate Outcomes
1101:
518:
Swann, Christian; Hooper, Andrew; Schweickle, Matthew J.; Peoples, Gregory; Mullan, Judy; Hutto, Daniel; Allen, Mark S.; Vella, Stewart A. (2020-03-01).
973:
Shahin, Arash; Mahbod, M. Ali (2004). "Prioritization of key performance indicators: An integration of analytical hierarchy process and goal setting".
1528:
225:
these outcomes.There is acknowledgment of some variation in the application of the framework, reflecting a range of interpretations in practice.
105:
have a precise understanding of the expected outcomes, while the evaluator has concrete criteria for assessment. The SMART acronym is linked to
193:
1559:
588:
520:"Comparing the effects of goal types in a walking session with healthy adults: Preliminary evidence for open goals in physical activity"
465:
101:
acronym. For instance, some refer to SMARTS goals, which include the element of 'self-defined,' while others utilize SMARTER goals.
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312:
269:
Assignable (original definition), Agreed, action-oriented, ambitious, (agreed, attainable and achievable), aggressive
1171:
1009:
Siegert, Richard J; Taylor, William J (2004). "Theoretical aspects of goal-setting and motivation in rehabilitation".
211:
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804:
354:
1327:
1360:
Data-Driven DEI: The Tools and
Metrics You Need to Measure, Analyze, and Improve Diversity, Equity, and Inclusion
1109:
90:
1243:
157:
Doran clarifies that it's not always feasible to quantify objectives at all management levels, particularly for
490:
629:
316:
who didn't document their goals, indicating an advantage to the structured approach of SMART goal-setting.
1535:
1612:
186:
519:
630:"Setting Goals and Developing Specific, Measurable, Achievable, Relevant, and Time-bound Objectives"
399:
Other mnemonic acronyms (or contractions) also give criteria to guide in the setting of objectives.
113:(MBO) concept, illustrating its foundational role in strategic planning and performance management.
425:
110:
1424:
1271:"The (over)use of SMART goals for physical activity promotion: A narrative review and critique"
64:
1358:
932:
798:
710:
291:
Time-based, time-oriented, time-limited, time/cost limited, timely, time-sensitive, timeframe
1392:
1141:
1068:
890:
844:
756:
664:
Essential Guide to
Leading Your Team: How to Set Goals, Measure Performance and Reward Talent
662:
435:
716:
94:
85:
and objective development. This framework is commonly applied in various fields, including
1574:
8:
1105:
46:
Please help update this article to reflect recent events or newly available information.
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1308:
1225:
1205:
1034:
800:
Successful
Management by Motivation : Balancing Intrinsic and Extrinsic Incentives
547:
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Social Work
Management and Leadership : Managing Complexity with Creativity
1391:
Knips, Andrew; Lopez, Sonya; Savoy, Michael; LaParo, Kendall (6 October 2022).
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589:"There's a S.M.A.R.T. way to write managements's goals and objectives"
850:
466:"There's a S.M.A.R.T. way to write management's goals and objectives"
78:
934:
Key
Account Plans: The practitioners' guide to profitable planning
761:. AMACOM Division of American Management Association. p. 65.
63:
This article is about setting objectives. For other meanings, see
1143:
The Power of SMART Goals: Using Goals to
Improve Student Learning
74:
975:
International
Journal of Productivity and Performance Management
403:
CLEAR: Collaborative; Limited; Emotional; Appreciable; Refinable
280:
Realistic, reasonable, (realistic and resourced), results-based
409:
CPQQRT: Context; Purpose; Quantity; Quality; Resources; Timing
16:
Mnemonic, giving criteria to guide in the setting of objectives
567:"Use S.M.A.R.T. goals to launch management by objectives plan"
135:
Quantifying, or at least suggesting, an indicator of progress.
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517:
415:
FAST: Frequently discussed; Ambitious; Specific; Transparent
1267:
892:
Measuring
Performance in Public and Nonprofit Organizations
430:
637:
Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration
1529:"Successful Delegation: Using the Power of Other People"
1394:
Equity in Data: A Framework for What Counts in Schools
712:
Rapid Instructional Design: Learning ID Fast and Right
406:
PURE: Positively stated; Understood; Relevant; Ethical
388:
A social goal or objective which demonstrates "Impact"
147:
Outlining attainable results with available resources.
1390:
627:
1504:"Goal Setting - Are Your Goals SMART PURE and CLEAR"
1139:
1575:"The Science & Psychology of Goal-Setting 101"
1560:"How to Assign Tasks Using a Simple Tool - CPQQRT"
1465:. Monee, IL: Independently Published. p. 28.
1244:"Achieving your goals: An evidence-based approach"
1135:
1133:
1131:
1129:
1127:
1604:
1487:"Forget SMART Goals -- Try CLEAR Goals Instead"
1058:
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1048:
1534:. Academic Learning Network NZ. Archived from
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1190:"Being smart about writing SMART objectives"
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129:Targeting a particular area for improvement.
1573:Chowdhury, Madhuleena Roy (June 15, 2021).
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343:Evaluate consistently and recognize mastery
81:device to establish criteria for effective
1188:Bjerke, May Britt; Renger, Ralph (2017) .
1004:
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931:Ryals, Lynette; McDonald, Malcolm (2012).
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194:remove low-quality or irrelevant citations
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1436:Atkinson, Marilyn; Chois, Rae T. (2012).
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797:Frey, Bruno S.; Osterloh, Margit (2002).
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212:Learn how and when to remove this message
153:Including a timeline for expected results
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758:Improving Your Project Management Skills
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18:
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1063:Dwyer, Judith; Hopwood, Nicole (2010).
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1363:. John Wiley & Sons. p. 142.
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412:ABC: Achievable; Believable; Committed
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1140:O'Neil, Jan; Conzemius, Anne (2006).
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895:. John Wiley & Sons. p. 63.
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26:
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843:Lawler, John; Bilson, Andy (2013).
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313:Michigan State University Extension
13:
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1206:10.1016/j.evalprogplan.2016.12.009
14:
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621:
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1357:Pinkett, Randal (7 March 2023).
1065:Management Strategies and Skills
536:10.1016/j.psychsport.2019.01.003
524:Psychology of Sport and Exercise
491:"A Brief History of SMART Goals"
297:
174:
141:Defining responsibility clearly.
31:
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1506:. February 2012. Archived from
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1194:Evaluation and Program Planning
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1011:Disability & Rehabilitation
616:Why SMART objectives don't work
565:Bogue, Robert (25 April 2005).
306:
165:
91:employee performance management
1590:"With Goals, FAST beats SMART"
581:
558:
483:
1:
1288:10.1080/17437199.2021.2023608
889:Poister, Theodore H. (2008).
709:Piskurich, George M. (2011).
446:
328:
187:excessive number of citations
1023:10.1080/09638280410001644932
23:A variant of the SMART model
7:
1594:MIT Sloan Management Review
1588:Sull, Donald (2018-06-05).
628:SAMHSA Native Connections.
419:
10:
1644:
1440:. Exalon Publishing, LTD.
937:. Routledge. p. 268.
116:
62:
1562:. Mining Man. 2010-09-30.
987:10.1108/17410400710731437
266:Achievable or attainable
248:(Strategic and specific)
40:This article needs to be
1275:Health Psychology Review
426:Management by objectives
111:Management by Objectives
1172:"Goal Setting For Life"
755:Richman, Larry (2011).
1461:Brown, Quisha (2021).
1332:Brian Mac Sports Coach
346:Exciting and Recorded
340:Evaluated and reviewed
24:
1438:Step-by-Step Coaching
717:John Wiley & Sons
661:Yemm, Graham (2013).
464:Doran, G. T. (1981).
436:Performance indicator
22:
395:Alternative acronyms
364:Trackable and agreed
355:Equity and inclusion
95:personal development
1150:Press. p. 33.
1106:Investors in People
1613:Project management
1102:"SMART objectives"
853:. pp. 84–85.
671:. pp. 37–39.
497:. 13 December 2014
441:Strategic planning
87:project management
25:
1472:979-8-5727-2127-0
1447:978-0-9783704-5-9
1425:SMARTA Objectives
1404:978-1-4166-3141-5
1370:978-1-119-85692-4
1157:978-1-932127-87-4
1078:978-0-07-027767-0
944:978-1-136-39065-4
902:978-0-470-36517-5
860:978-1-135-24705-8
814:978-3-540-42401-7
768:978-0-8144-1729-4
726:978-1-118-04692-0
678:978-0-273-77244-6
669:Pearson Education
473:Management Review
320:Physical activity
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159:middle-management
73:(or SMART) is an
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1334:. Archived from
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807:. p. 234.
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719:. p. 132.
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1328:"Goal Setting"
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1281:(2): 211–226.
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1148:Solution Tree
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