3627:
71:
3403:
considered it a "tribute". He enjoyed peaceful relations with the
Ottoman Empire afterwards and respected its sovereignty, but also played the Ottomans and European powers against each other and issued propaganda that undermined the Ottoman sultan's claim as leader of all Muslims. In 1587 Uluç died and a change in the Ottoman administration in Algiers limited the power of its governors. After this, tensions between the two states further decreased, while the Saadian government further stabilized and its independence became more entrenched. Al-Mansur even felt confident enough after 1587 to drop his regular payments to Murad III. Despite the evident limits of his rule, he officially proclaimed himself
3603:
4404:
3184:
3736:, became the most important opposition, especially under Muhammad al-Hajj, who ruled them between 1636 and 1668. He organized the Berbers of the region into a regular army which defeated a Saadian army sent by Muhammad al-Shaykh al-Saghir to subdue them in 1638. In 1641 he also defeated Al-'Ayyashi with the help of Al-'Ayyashi's former allies, the Andalusians in Salé, who had turned against him. The Dala'iyya occupied the area but allowed the pirates to continue operating. That same year they also captured Fez. Thanks to these victories, they established a new Berber state across a large area, and even conducted foreign relations, especially with the
3374:
4256:, which became standard during the previous Marinid period, became even more widespread and ubiquitous as architectural decoration, usually along the lower walls of chambers. Under the Saadians the complexity of geometric patterns increased in part through the use of even finer (thinner) mosaic pieces for certain compositions, though in some cases this came at the expense of more colours. The zellij compositions in the Saadian Tombs are considered one of the best examples of this type. A panel constituting another fine example of this style, originating from the Badi Palace, is also preserved today in the collection of the
3054:
3023:, an uncle of Ahmad al-Wattasi who had taken refuge in Spain, as ruler and Ottoman vassal in what was the final attempt by the Wattasids to regain power. Meanwhile, Ahmad al-Araj and his son Zaydan had made themselves lords of the Tafilalt, and allied themselves with Abu Hassun. However, Muhammad al-Shaykh intercepted Abu Hassun's message to his potential allies in the Tafilalt that would have informed them of his victory in Fes. As a result, Al-Araj and his son, believing that their side had lost, surrendered to Al-Shaykh. The latter went on to defeat Abu Hassun at the
3705:, the mixed descendants of Moroccan soldiers and local inhabitants, who were nominally subject to Morocco until the early 19th century. The fragmentation and decline of strong central rule in the region also contributed to the decline of Timbuktu and the trans-Saharan trade routes, while European merchants increasingly diverted trade in the region through their own operations and networks. At the same time, the important sugar mills in the south of Morocco also declined and many of the mills outside the immediate vicinity of Taroudant stopped working.
3040:. Saadian forces also managed to occupy Tlemcen again in 1556 while the Ottomans were preoccupied with besieging the Spanish in Oran. In the summer of 1557 the Ottoman sultan sent another ambassador to Al-Shaykh demanding more forcefully that he accept Ottoman overlordship, which Al-Shaykh rejected with defiance and contempt. On October 23 of the same year, Muhammad al-Shaykh was assassinated – reportedly on the orders of the Ottoman sultan – by a Turkish member of his bodyguard, Salah ibn Kyahya, who had posed as an Ottoman deserter.
4133:
4295:
4286:
3725:(Al-Jadida). The Spanish persuaded Moulay Zaydan to rein him in and the sultan sent an army to stop him, at which point he fled north with his warriors. The Sous valley, meanwhile, had come under the leadership of 'Ali Abu Hassun al-Simlali in the town of Iligh since 1614. Abu Hassun fought with the forces of Moulay Zaydan's ally, Yahya ibn Abdullah al-Hahi, until the latter's death in 1626 left him uncontested in the Sous. He went on to conquer the Dra'a Valley and then as far Sijilmasa in the Tafilalt in 1631.
454:
1177:
3557:, around the northern curve of the Niger River. Dissension continued to undermine the Moroccan occupation afterwards but around the same time Nuhu was himself overthrown (in 1599) and the Dendi Kingdom fell into disorder for several years. While Saadian control of the region did not last long after Ahmad al-Mansur's death, the conquered region nonetheless sent a caravan of riches and supplies to Marrakesh every year during this period. It provided Al-Mansur's realm with abundant gold, slaves, and
3436:, the claimant to the Portuguese throne against the Spanish, but Al-Mansur was evasive in his responses. The exchanges were kept secret, allowing him to continue relations with Spain at the same time. In the last decade or so of his reign, however, Al-Mansur seemed to shift his views about an alliance with England. In 1595 he had been forced to suppress a dangerous rebellion in the north led by his nephew Al-Nasir, who had received some support from Spain. In 1600 Al-Mansur sent his Secretary
2884:
11094:
4026:
2949:
brother Ahmad al-Araj deteriorated into open conflict. By one account, Muhammad refused to share the booty from Agadir's capture with Ahmad. Muhammad had his brother imprisoned, then reached an agreement with him in 1542, before another open conflict between them in 1543 resulted in
Muhammad's victory and Ahmad's exile to the Tafilalt. (Historian Jamil Abun-Nasr places the conflict between the brothers at a different time, in 1539–1540, shortly before Muhammad's victory at Agadir.)
4114:
3623:, a son of Al-Ma'mun who now also claimed the throne, managed to hold it between 1606 and 1609. Al-Ma'mun himself, meanwhile, saw his position in Fes weaken and sought help from abroad. At first he solicited help from Tuscany but in the end he was forced to flee and seek refuge in Spain in March 1608. Moulay Zaydan, who had fled to the Sous after being expelled from Fes, retook Marrakesh in 1609 with the help of Ottoman, English, and Dutch weapons.
1108:
2818:. This arrival of European traders and colonisers alarmed the local population and caused the inhabitants of the Sous region to organize themselves politically. According to one recorded tradition, this impetus was made clear when the Portuguese took some tribal warriors captive and demanded that the local tribes choose a leader or representative with whom they could negotiate their release. Either way, in 1510 the Saadian chief
3599:(also known as Abu Faris). Over the next 25 years the Saadian realm was split between a region ruled from Marrakesh and a region ruled from Fes, with the Sous sometimes also ruled separately, all of which changed hands between factions multiple times. Saadian authority outside these main centers of power was greatly diminished, and the trans-Saharan caravans from the south were sent to Marrakesh less frequently.
3230:
2631:. After Al-Mansur's death in 1603, however, his sons fought a long internecine conflict for succession which divided the country and undermined the dynasty's power and prestige. While the Saadian realm was reunified at the end of the conflict in 1627, new factions in the region rose to challenge Saadian authority. The last Saadian sultan, Ahmad al-Abbas, was assassinated in 1659, bringing the dynasty to an end.
1122:
3203:, felt he had the most to lose from the increased Ottoman influence in the region. Sebastian endorsed Al-Mutawakkil's claim and in July 1578 he crossed over into northern Morocco with an army, accompanied by the deposed sultan. While Moroccan sources exaggerate the size of his army, there was no doubt that it was impressive, with the Portuguese king promoting his campaign to the rest of Europe as a
3386:
Spanish embassy in 1579, who brought him lavish gifts, and then reportedly trampled the symbol of
Ottoman suzerainty before a Spanish embassy in 1581. He also suspected that the Ottomans were involved in the first rebellions against him in his early reign. As a result, he minted coins in his own name and had Friday prayers delivered in his name instead of in the name of
3483:(controlled by Europeans and also reliant on slaves). Finally, the invasion may have been a way for Al-Mansur to elevate his claim to being a universal Muslim ruler. Since expansion eastward into Ottoman territory had been unfruitful the only path left for Saadian expansion was to the south. This ambition may have been further encouraged by the embassies of
3084:, and Abd al-Mu'min – fled the country in fear of assassination and took refuge with the Ottomans. (Though it is possible that Ahmad only fled much later, depending on which historical sources are consulted.) Abdallah was able to have Abd al-Mu'min assassinated years later, circa 1572, but Abd al-Malik entered into the service of the Ottoman sultan.
3358:) and which he likely continued to work on until his death. In addition to the heavy taxation and the ransoms extorted from the Portuguese nobility, the wealth of al-Mansur's reign was also due to the Saadians' control of the sugar trade. Morocco was at that time a significant exporter of sugar towards Europe, along with other products such as
3334:, aided them in maintaining their legitimacy even in the face of this criticism. Al-Mansur also insisted on maintaining a highly efficient state administration and remained personally involved in the state's affairs. He was a patron of culture, sponsoring poets, musicians, scholars, and elaborate ceremonies for religious festivals such as the
4400:, began to be adapted to Maghrebi manuscripts starting in the 17th century. Nonetheless, while manuscript art of this period showed a greater openness to outside influences, the Andalusi-Maghrebi artistic traditions established since the Almohad period (12th-13th centuries) were essentially preserved and perpetuated until the 19th century.
4009:
during the reign of Ahmad al-Mansur, there were about 2000 of them in
Marrakesh, the capital. Many of them worked on the sultan's construction projects or in the production of armaments, where European expertise was valued. Saadian expansionism across the Sahara and into the Niger River region also meant an influx of thousands of
3747:, the son of Muhammad al-Shaykh al-Saghir, who inherited a reduced state from his father in 1655. As a child, he was placed under the tutelage of his mother's tribe, before being was assassinated and usurped by his maternal uncle in 1658 or 1659, bringing Saadian rule officially to an end. Eventually, a new Sharifian dynasty, the
3424:
that this would invite resentment from other
Christian states. However, after Spain's annexation of Portugal in 1580 the Queen accorded more importance to securing cordial relations with the Saadian sultan and in 1581 she allowed English naval timber to be exported to Morocco in return for saltpeter. John Symcot, an agent of the
4329:, which continued well after the medieval (pre-16th century) era. The Saadian sultans were also responsible for compiling large libraries, a practice that became especially marked during the long and prosperous reign of Ahmad al-Mansur. Al-Mansur's increased relations with the Ottoman Empire, particularly during the reign of
3471:
reduced the flow of gold across the desert. Thus Al-Mansur may have sought to increase his access to gold through direct control of the gold mines in the south. Saadian interest in the sugar trade may have also been a motivation, as control of the trans-Saharan trade routes also allowed him to increase
Morocco's access to
3697:(r. 1636–1655). By this time Saadian authority had greatly suffered. Moulay Zaydan had already relinquished direct control over the Sudan territories in 1618 when its governors ceased to be appointed from Marrakesh and were instead chosen by the local troops themselves. Thereafter the local Saadian regime became the
3398:(later known as Kılıç Ali Paşa), the Ottoman Grand Admiral in Algiers who hoped to have Morocco invaded and incorporated into Ottoman Algeria's sphere of influence. In 1582 Al-Mansur was also forced to agree to a special Ottoman "protection" over Morocco and to pay a certain tribute in order to stop the attacks from
4094:, became more commonly used abroad to designate the country. Mercedes Garcia-Arenal also argues that the beginnings of modern Morocco can be traced to Ahmad al-Mansur's reign, when Morocco engaged in regular diplomacy with other states and was recognized on the international scene as a significant regional power.
4361:) were written in red, blue, or orange. Chapter headings were in gold Kufic (a practice widely used in illuminated Qur'an), with the empty spaces between or within letters filled with blue. This multi-colouring practice is widely found in historic Qur'an copies from this region and traces its origins to
8438:
The status of Abu Faris in Fes is not fully clear from the sources cited here. In general, the transition and exact timing between the reigns of Al-Ma'mun and Abu Faris in Fes is not clearly indicated. According to the
Encyclopedia of Islam (as cited in-text: Véronne (2012), "Saʿdids"), Abu Faris was
8428:
Some sources place this formal partition agreement to later dates, after the other
Wattasid defeats. Encyclopedia of Islam (as cited in-text: Véronne (2012), "Saʿdids") dates it to 1530, while Jamil Abun-Nasr ("A history of the Maghrib in the Islamic period", 1987, p. 211) dates it to 1536, after the
4268:(1672–1727). Saadian carved marble, in the form of columns, panels, and window frames, was especially prized and is found in multiple 'Alawi-era monuments in Meknes and Fes. The Saadian Tombs continued to be used as a necropolis for a time but were eventually abandoned, before being "rediscovered" by
4263:
Starting with the
Saadians, and continuing with the 'Alawis (their successors and the reigning monarchy today), Moroccan art and architecture is presented by modern scholars as having remained essentially "conservative"; meaning that it continued to reproduce the existing style with high fidelity but
4058:
itself literally meant "warehouse" or storage, referring to the role the traditional state played as a guarantor of food and provisions in times of famine or crisis. From the
Saadian period onward, however, the word's more abstract meaning as the authority and power of the sultan's government came to
3676:
When Abdallah al-Ghalib II died in 1623 his realm in Fes passed on to his brother Abd al-Malik al-Mu'tasim, another son of Al-Ma'mun. After the scandal of Al-Ma'mun's collusion with Spain, however, Moulay Zaydan was the only Saadian ruler left with any credibility in the country and he was recognized
3410:
Al-Mansur would also pursue careful diplomatic relations with Europe. He was widely perceived as friendly to Spain, presumably seeing it as a counterweight to Ottoman influence and seeking to play the two against each other. Nonetheless, he also sought alternatives to Spain by pursuing relations with
2830:
region in 1513, the burial site of Al-Jazuli. This was done at the invitation of the Shayazima tribe, which had been involved decades earlier in a rebellion against the Wattasids. This associated the early Saadians with both the followers of al-Jazuli and with an implicit opposition to the Wattasids.
4016:
as slaves or captives. Lastly, due to Ottoman expansion in the region and growing Ottoman-Saadian relations, there were also many Turkish or Ottoman mercenaries and soldiers of fortune. Many of these new arrivals were recruited in the service of the state or tied to the state's operations. After the
3385:
Al-Mansur had ambivalent relations with the Ottoman Empire. At the very start of his reign he formally recognized the suzerainty of the Ottoman sultan, as Abd al-Malik had done, while still remaining de facto independent. However he quickly alienated the Ottoman sultan when he favorably received the
4369:
motifs, is also painted in the margins to mark other divisions in the text: ornate palmettes marked chapter divisions, roundels marked every ten verses, and teardrop shapes marked every five verses. The beginning and end of the manuscript are decorated with illuminated interlacing motifs similar to
3470:
had long been an important part of Morocco's place in international trade and the tax revenues from it had contributed to funding the Saadians ever since their early days in the Sous. The expansion of European trade routes around the whole coast of Africa, however, had undermined its importance and
3220:
or the Battle of Alcácer Quibir, the Saadians inflicted a heavy defeat on the Portuguese. Both King Sebastian and Al-Mutawakkil were killed in the battle, while on the Moroccan side Abd al-Malik also died during the battle in uncertain circumstances – either in combat or, by some accounts, poisoned
3035:
and other positions on the Algerian coast, to secure an anti-Ottoman alliance with Spain. Alcaudete concluded an agreement in 1555 to offer Al-Shaykh Spanish troops, but the Spanish government initially refused to endorse the plan. Meanwhile, Al-Shaykh had his older brother, Ahmad al-Araj, executed
2948:
that same year and announced the collapse of Portuguese colonial power in Morocco. This greatly enhanced Muhammad al-Shaykh's reputation across the country and further undermined the Wattasids who had sought coexistence with the Portuguese. At around this time the relations between Muhammad and his
2859:
became the true founders of the Saadian dynasty and its growing power. Among other things, Muhammad al-Shaykh also encouraged the production and export of sugar from the Sous, which thereafter became the region's main export. While famine or plague in 1520-1521 interrupted military efforts, Saadian
4089:
Europe around the same time. In particular, territorial borders became more clearly defined and more closely resembled Morocco's modern borders, while the inhabitants of the territory began to more clearly identify themselves as belonging to a country distinct from its neighbours. Rivet also notes
4008:
In addition to the Andalusians and Moriscos, other foreigners arrived due to varying geopolitical and military factors. There is a documented presence of relatively large numbers of Christian European captives resulting from Saadian victories against the Portuguese. By the end of the 16th century,
3651:
to Spain in return for Spanish military assistance. In November 1610 he landed in Larache with Spanish troops under the command of Marquis of San Germán and tried to intimidate the elites of Fes into recognizing him as ruler. However the plan backfired as his surrender of Moroccan territory to the
3423:
in exchange, and from this time on the English were often supplying the Saadians with weapons and military equipment. John Williams, the first English merchant to buy saltpeter in Morocco, was initially unable to obtain permission to provide the Moroccans with ammunition as Queen Elizabeth worried
2927:
region) between the Wattasids in the north and the Saadians in the south. Conflict broke out again in 1530 but resulted in similar truce. In 1536 the Saadians decisively routed the Wattasid army at Wadi al-'Abid (or Oued el-'Abid), forcing the Wattasids to recognize their rule over the south along
2842:
routes and, despite the jihad against Portuguese encroachment, European trade also increased in the region, all of which brought great profit to Al-Araj and to the Saadian movement. In 1515 the Saadians helped repel a Portuguese attack on Marrakesh but they were not yet in a position to claim the
3092:
to the north of Fez in early 1558. The battle has been called indecisive by historian Abun-Nasr since Hasan withdrew from Morocco in part because he had to deal with the Spanish in Algeria, while other authors characterize it as a Saadian victory which effectively ended Ottoman attempts to enter
2983:
in June 1550, but the army was partly diverted to the Tafilalt soon after in order to suppress a rebellion there by the exiled Ahmad al-Araj. Al-Shaykh was in turn preoccupied by other rebellions and was unable to send more reinforcements to his son. Al-Harran died of sickness in Tlemcen shortly
4039:
At the height of Saadian power, especially under Ahmad al-Mansur, the authority of the central government in Morocco became more absolute. The presence of the central government made itself felt in the lives of everyday Moroccans in a way that that had not been true under previous dynasties and
3402:
on the Moroccan coast and on Moroccan ships. In 1583, the Saadian and Ottoman sultans even tentatively discussed a joint military operation against the Spanish in Oran. Al-Mansur sent a payment to Istanbul every year, which the Saadians interpreted as a "gift" to the Ottomans while the Ottomans
3321:
Al-Mansur's army, in turn, helped him ensure his absolute authority, turning the institution of government into a more dominant force across the country. He levied heavy taxes on people in order to support the largesse of his court and his construction projects, which attracted criticism from
3618:
Abu Faris initially held Marrakesh until 1606 while Moulay Zaydan held Fes for a year before being defeated and expelled by Al-Ma'mun in 1604, who then ruled from Fes. In the period around 1606 Marrakesh changed hands especially frequently – as many as six times according to one source – but
3097:
in Algeria, where he died in a disastrous defeat for the Spanish. Abdallah's reign was not marked by significant conquests. In 1560 or 1561 he launched another expedition to re-occupy Tlemcen which failed, marking the end of Saadian attempts to expand eastward. To counter Ottoman and Spanish
4151:
While the Saadian dynasty marked a political shift from previous Berber-led empires to sultanates led by Arab sharifian dynasties, artistically and architecturally there was broad continuity between these periods. The Saadians are seen by modern scholars as continuing to refine the existing
2935:
The treaty between Al-Araj and the Wattasids, along with Al-Araj's growing power, provoked the jealousy of his brother Muhammad and of the Sous tribes, who worried that their influence in the Saadian movement was waning. After the war with the Wattasids, however, the Saadians focused on the
3171:
with the help of Turkish officers. This made him the first Saadian ruler to accept vassal status with a foreign power. Nonetheless, Abd al-Malik remained wary of Ottoman motives towards his kingdom and maintained relations with Spain as well as continuing to pursue relations with France
3970:
from the Iberian Peninsula also had a profound impact on the Jewish community in Morocco and North Africa. It increased the Jewish population and revitalized Jewish cultural activity, while also splitting the community along ethnic lines for many generations. In Fez, for example, the
3415:. Early relations focused on trade as English merchants, despite the objections of the Portuguese, had been trading in Morocco since the early 16th century. This trade initially consisted of English cloth for Moroccan sugar, but after 1572 the English learned that they could find
3390:, the Ottoman sultan. In response to the removal of his name from Friday prayers, Murad III began preparations for an attack on Morocco. After getting word of this, Al-Mansur rushed to send an ambassador to Istanbul with sizeable gifts and the attack was cancelled. He paid a
3267:
which drained Portugal's finances while filling the coffers of the Saadian state. This allowed the sultan to strike new and higher-quality gold coins, earning him the additional title "ad-Dhahabi" ("the Golden"). Meanwhile, King Sebastian's lack of an immediate heir led to a
3207:
and hiring a large force of mercenaries. Sebastian, however, did not use the fortified Portuguese positions along the coast to his advantage and instead decided to march directly into the country's interior. The Saadian army, led by Abd al-Malik, accompanied by his brother
3530:, a commander of Spanish origin. The Saadian army suffered while crossing the desert, but Askia Ishaq II was surprised when they arrived and had to assemble his forces quickly. While the Songhai army was reportedly larger, it lacked firearms, unlike the Moroccans. At the
4337:
today may have come from Saadian embassies. In return, the Saadian libraries acquired an even larger number of Ottoman or Middle Eastern manuscripts, some of which remain in Moroccan royal libraries today. Another major and important collection of royal manuscripts, the
10686:"0522868 - BRITISH LIBRARY. A Qur'an written in Maghribi script with rich margined ornaments. The Qur'an was commissioned by the Sharifi Sultan of Morocco, 'Abdallah Ibn Muhammad, Morocco, 1568. Full credit: British Library / Granger, NYC -- All rights reserved"
2962:
to the Saadians. Al-Shaykh nonetheless laid siege to Fes, the Wattasid capital, that same year. The siege lasted until January 28, 1549, when the Saadians finally took the city, leaving Al-Shaykh as sole ruler of Morocco. Further north, the Portuguese evacuated
4333:(1595–1603), resulted in numerous embassies to the Ottoman court which exchanged gifts, including richly-produced Qur'an manuscripts. Older manuscripts produced in Al-Andalus were seen as especially dignified gifts and many such examples in the library of
3326:, particularly the religious elites in Fes. Some Muslim scholars also criticized him for the elaborate ceremonialism he introduced at court, where he often remaining concealed behind a veil when receiving guests, imitating the seclusion of the old
3646:
Around the same time (in 1609), Abdallah al-Ghalib II had Abu Faris assassinated and took control of his father's former realm in Fes, which he ruled until 1623. Al-Ma'mun attempted to make a comeback by agreeing to cede the northern port city of
2650:, establishing a model of political-religious legitimacy which continued under the later 'Alawis, another Sharifian dynasty. They successfully resisted Ottoman expansion, making Morocco the only part of North Africa to remain outside Ottoman
3652:
Spanish instead cost himself and the wider Saadian dynasty a great deal of credibility. He was eventually assassinated in 1613. This left his son, Abdallah al-Ghalib II, as ruler of Fes and his brother, Moulay Zaydan, as ruler of Marrakesh.
2772:
The Saadians were a Sharifian family which had first established themselves in the Draa valley in the 14th century before moving or spreading to Tidsi in the Sous valley in the following century. Here they lived alongside Sufi teachers and
3153:(governor) of Algiers, Ramazan Pasha, to assist Abd al-Malik in invading Morocco. In early 1576 the Ottoman army, including a contingent of Janissaries and a supplement of troops led by Abd al-Malik himself, won a decisive victory at the
3411:
the northern European states. Most notably, he increased friendly relations with England when the latter made diplomatic overtures to him after 1580 with a view to find allies against Spain at the time. This led to the development of an
2979:. The latter had already provided some aid to the Wattasids in an attempt to stem the growing power of the Saadians. Both sides saw Tlemcen as their next objective. The Saadian army, led by Muhammad al-Harran, son of Muhammad al-Shaykh,
4443:(also known as Sidi Ben Sliman or simply al-Jazuli), a Sufi figure of Berber origin from the Sous region. Some of the oldest known manuscripts of this text were produced in the 16th century and subsequently made their way as far as
2957:
Now the sole ruler of the Saadian realm, Muhammad al-Shaykh turned his attention to the Wattasids. In 1545 he defeated and captured Ahmad al-Wattasi near Wadi Derna. Ahmad al-Wattasi was released two years later, in 1547, and ceded
3677:
as Sultan of Morocco by multiple foreign powers. When both Moulay Zaydan and Abd al-Malik al-Mu'tasim died in 1627, the two Saadian splinter states in Marrakesh and Fes were finally reunified and inherited by Moulay Zaydan's son,
3938:
The 16th century during which the Saadians rose to power also saw many social and demographic changes in Morocco. The existing population was joined by large waves of emigrants and refugees from the Iberian Peninsula after the
4264:
did not introduce major new innovations. Ornate architectural elements from Saadian buildings, most famously from the El Badi Palace, were also stripped and reused in buildings elsewhere during the reign of the 'Alawi sultan
3515:(r. 1549–1582), asking the latter to pay him the equivalent of the tax revenues generated from the mines. In 1583 Al-Mansur's forces successfully occupied the Touat and the Gourara oases. In 1589 or early 1590 he then asked
4198:
of Marrakesh were built under the reign of Moulay Abdallah al-Ghalib and are notable for the fact that they were designed as part of larger civic complexes designed to serve local residents, similar to contemporary Ottoman
3317:
recruits, and European mercenaries. Possibly to limit Turkish/Ottoman influence, Al-Mansur entrusted the highest military positions to Andalusians and Europeans, and also employed them as his personal guard on campaigns.
3221:
by one of his Turkish officers in order to secure total Ottoman control of Morocco in the aftermath. As a result of the presence and death of these three, the 1578 battle is also known as the "Battle of the Three Kings".
3720:
in the region. In 1615 they also agreed to an alliance with Muhammad al-'Ayyashi, a religious warrior who started out as one of Moulay Zaydan's governors. As governor, Al-'Ayyashi had repeatedly attacked the Spanish at
2876:, thus finally taking control of the city. At this time, or slightly before, Al-Araj arranged for the remains of his father Al-Qa'im and of Al-Jazuli to be transferred to Marrakesh, founding a new funerary complex (the
3590:
as his heir as early as 1579 and again in 1584, but he had also given all of his sons administrative roles during his reign. Upon his death in 1603, Al-Ma'mun's accession was immediately contested by his two brothers,
3087:
Hasan Pasha, re-appointed as Ottoman pasha of Algiers, also sent an army to expel the Saadians from Tlemcen once again. The Saadians evacuated the city and were pursued by the Ottomans into Morocco, resulting in the
2826:) was formally recognized in Tidsi by the tribes of the Sous and the Sufi groups as their military leader and political representative. Tidsi remained Al-Qa'im's base for three years until he moved to Afughal in the
4587:(1604–1606, contested until 1613; established power in Fes in 1604 but his position weakened and he fled to Spain in 1608; he returned with Spanish aid in 1610, but lost support until he was assassinated in 1613)
4373:
The increased cultural contacts with the Ottoman Empire are also apparent in the experimentation of Maghrebi authors with eastern traditions of manuscript production and calligraphy. For example, the use of
3510:
salt mines. Since Al-Araj and his successors were preoccupied with challenges to the north, this claim was not pursued further. In 1583 or 1584, however, Al-Mansur brought the issue up again with Emperor
4182:
to suit their own needs, though little of this survives. Ahmad al-Mansur famously constructed the extremely lavish reception palace known as El Badi, for which he also imported significant quantities of
3027:
and to retake Fes in September 1554. Abu Hassun died in the battle, putting a definitive end to Wattasid prospects in Morocco. Immediately after this, Muhammad al-Shaykh entered into negotiations with
3951:. At the beginning of the century around 100,000 Andalusi Muslims and Jews settled in the country as a result, and were followed by another 20,000 to 30,000 around a century later when Spain began
3137:
inherited the throne. Meanwhile, his uncle, Abd al-Malik, had worked to further secure Ottoman support. He served in the Ottoman army and won some favour by participating in the successful Ottoman
2738:
respectable in Morocco. The name Saadi or Saadian derives from "sa'ada" meaning happiness or salvation. Others think it derives from the name Bani Zaydan or that it was given to the Bani Zaydan (
2872:
leader Muhammad ibn Nasir Bu Shantuf who was occupying the city, but in 1524 or 1525 he had Bu Shantuf assassinated and, with the help of his brother Muhammad and reinforcements, captured the
2851:
Upon Al-Qa'im's death in 1517 he was buried next to Al-Jazuli in Afughal. Al-Araj inherited his father's main position at Afughal, north of the Atlas Mountains, while his younger brother
9608:
4346:
up to the present day. Among other volumes, it contains a richly-produced royal Qur'an dated to 1599, commissioned by Ahmad al-Mansur but known as the Qur'an of Moulay Zaydan (or
3448:
and expressed a desire for Morocco to colonize those territories if they were victorious. Elizabeth did not agree to either plan, but commercial relations continued to develop.
2793:
in the north, had little authority over the south of the country. Under their reign, Portuguese expansion along the Moroccan coast reached its apogee. Many local resistance and
9409:
The use of Analogy and the Role of the Sufi Shaykh in Post-Marinid Morocco, Vincent Cornell, International Journal of Middle East Studies, vol. 15, no. 1 (Feb. 1983), pp. 67–93
3569:, and the caravans themselves were costly. A part of their function was to provide an impressive display to the inhabitants of Marrakesh and to the sultan's guests every year.
2674:. The Saadians were also significant patrons of art and architecture, with Abdallah al-Ghalib and Ahmad al-Mansur both responsible for some of the most celebrated monuments of
10570:
3394:
of over 100,000 gold coins, agreed to show respect to the Ottoman sultan and in return he was left alone. The embassy nearly failed to reach Istanbul due to the opposition of
2491:
8439:
eventually strangled on the orders of Abdallah al-Ghalib II in 1609, and Bosworth's "The New Islamic Dynasties" (2004) indicates that the latter then ruled in Fes after 1609.
3283:
In the aftermath of the battle, Ahmad al-Mansur followed Abd al-Malik's example in organizing his army along Ottoman patterns, staffing it with officers and instructors from
11520:
8353:
3549:
After this victory, however, the Moroccans struggled to have their authority accepted in the region and continued to wage a protracted war with the remnants of the defeated
3276:
of Spain annexing Portugal in 1580. In the long term, Morocco's international standing was greatly increased, giving it the status of a major regional power in the western
70:
3432:, which managed the activities of English traders in Morocco and obtained trading privileges from the sultan. The English also attempted to convince Al-Mansur to support
8354:
2911:, attacked it twice, unsuccessfully: he besieged the city in 1527 but was forced to withdraw early, and he failed again in an indecisive battle in 1529 at Animay, near
8343:
4085:
Some scholars argue that the Saadian period marks the beginning of the formation of a modern Moroccan national identity, similar to some of the processes happening in
412:
398:
384:
370:
345:
331:
8349:
4017:
collapse of the Saadian state many would go on to play independent roles, sometimes as outlaws or, in the case of the Moriscos in Salé for example, as corsairs.
3948:
3106:
in 1571. While Al-Ghalib was more passive in foreign policy and military ventures, he was a major builder at home in Marrakesh. Among other things, he built the
2907:
The Wattasids, unable to prevent the capture of Marrakesh, attempted to retake the city and expel the Saadians several times. Muhammad al-Burtuqali's successor,
8365:
8347:
8345:
13228:
4388:
art (13th-15th centuries) or even earlier. However, in the late 16th century it became more systematized in manuscripts, often used for important words or for
10272:
Gilson Miller, Susan; Petruccioli, Attilio; Bertagnin, Mauro (2001). "Inscribing Minority Space in the Islamic City: The Jewish Quarter of Fez (1438-1912)".
4233:, a water trough for animals, and a public fountain for distributing water to locals. The Saadians also contributed to founding, building, or expanding the
3586:, which arrived from Spain in 1597 and wrought severe destruction. Ahmad al-Mansur died of the plague himself on August 25, 1603. He had designated his son
3440:
as ambassador to Elizabeth's court to negotiate a military alliance to invade Spain. In his letter to the Queen he even suggested a second option to invade
3407:
in the later part of his reign, seeing himself as the rival, rather than subordinate, of the Ottomans, and even as the rightful leader of the Muslim world.
8374:
8362:
8360:
4392:
titles. Additionally, the repertoire of decorative motifs drew in Ottoman influences by increasing the use of vegetal and especially floral motifs, while
13223:
2658:
weapons. During the long reign of Ahmad al-Mansur in the late 16th century, Morocco established itself as an ambitious regional power that expanded into
3669:. He was about to leave Morocco for Spain but was spared from doing so when he received the support of Yahya ibn Abdullah al-Hahi, a chieftain from the
9682:
2484:
1040:
11513:
10247:
Chetrit, Joseph (2014). "Juifs du Maroc et Juifs d'Espagne: deux destins imbriqués". In Lintz, Yannick; Déléry, Claire; Tuil Leonetti, Bulle (eds.).
4005:
became dominant in religious practice; a situation which was repeated elsewhere in Morocco, with the notable exception of the Marrakesh community.
3565:
for the first time. Saadian gold nonetheless had difficulty competing with the abundant high-quality gold shipped from the Spanish colonies in the
2865:
8361:
3180:). He also sent the majority of Ottoman troops who had helped him – including the Janissaries – back to Algiers shortly after winning his throne.
13243:
4581:(1603–1604; ruled in Fez and Tlemcen until defeated by al-Ma'mun in 1604, ruled in the Sous from 1604 to 1609, and ruled in Marrakesh after 1609)
626:
12062:
2754:
Saadiyya, Muhammad's wet nurse. They are also known as the Zaydanids, based on their putative ancestor Zaydan Ibn Ahmed, a Sharif from Yanbu.
9924:
Sharifs and Padishahs: Moroccan-Ottoman relations from the 16th through the 18th centuries. Contribution to the study of a diplomatic culture
3987:, who spoke Arabic and were of Arab and Berber heritage, followed their own traditions. Members of the two communities worshiped in separate
2477:
4059:
the fore. Hand in hand with this development was an increasingly strong association between the status of sovereign ruler and the status of
3553:. In the end, Moroccan control was tenuously established over a large region stretching between Kukiya (also spelled Koukya or Koukiya) and
11506:
8359:
1154:
1084:
10578:
3309:
were also used in the army. In addition to local troops from the Sous and various tribes, the army also included troops from the Algerian
8357:
8356:
3342:. Immediately after his accession in 1578 he began the construction of a monumental reception palace in the Kasbah of Marrakesh known as
3280:. The subsequent 24-year reign of Ahmad al-Mansur, among the longest in Moroccan history, marked the apogee of Saadian power and wealth.
9988:
Kaba, Lansiné (1981). "Archers, Musketeers, and Mosquitoes: The Moroccan Invasion of the Sudan and the Songhay Resistance (1591–1612)".
8351:
2646:
The Saadians were an important chapter in the history of Morocco. They were the first Arab Sharifian dynasty to rule Morocco since the
8355:
8344:
9812:
3099:
4321:
Relatively little is known of Saadian-period art beyond architecture, with the relative exception of decorated manuscripts. Western
10879:
8348:
3708:
Several centers of political opposition and dissent to the Saadians also became clear in this period. On the western coast, recent
9794:"Fooling the Sultan: Information, Decision-Making and the "Mediterranean Faction" (1585-1587) - Journal of Ottoman Studies (AHCI)"
3157:
near Fez, allowing Abd al-Malik to depose Al-Mutawakkil, who fled. Once on the throne, as an Ottoman vassal, Abd al-Malik had the
11139:
8461:
4240:
3655:
Moulay Zaydan spent another year in exile between 1612 and 1613 after being expelled from Marrakesh by a local religious leader,
3093:
Morocco by military means. Count Alcaudete, in turn, seeing that his alliance with Muhammad al-Shaykh was now moot, attempted to
2888:
2877:
508:
3491:, who, having failed to secure support from the Ottoman Empire, expressed willingness to recognize Al-Mansur as caliph instead.
969:
965:
13233:
11224:
3457:
2620:
8352:
13015:
12397:
10793:
10736:
10669:
10637:
10506:
10362:
10256:
10231:
10204:
10156:
10109:
10077:
10045:
9903:
9876:
9849:
9822:
9773:
9721:
9692:
9645:
9618:
9584:
9534:
9504:
9477:
9435:
9285:
8871:
8819:
8781:
8754:
8573:
8471:
8350:
8346:
4069:), which eventually became irreversible under the following 'Alawi dynasty. This became apparent also in the use of the word
3519:
to pay him an amount of gold proportional to the amount of salt taken from the mines, which Ishaq II contemptuously refused.
2864:) from their posts in the region. In 1523 open hostilities were declared between the Saadians and the Wattasid ruler in Fes,
918:
3991:
and were even buried separately. It was only in the 18th century that the two communities eventually blended together, with
2838:
as his successor and left him as governor in the Sous while he moved to Afughal. The Sous valley was a crucial stage in the
11124:
10539:"Tulipes, œillets et maghribî: évolutions et conservatisme de l'art du livre maghrébin à l'épreuve de l'expansion ottomane"
10194:
3522:
The Saadian military expedition, numbering between 4,000 and 20,000 men, left Marrakesh on 16 October 1590 and reached the
3441:
3269:
3241:
The battle had immediate and long-term consequences. The most immediate result was the accession of Abd al-Malik's brother
759:
12921:
8342:
11529:
10711:
10175:
Hunwick, J.O. (2012). "Timbuktu". In Bearman, P.; Bianquis, Th.; Bosworth, C.E.; van Donzel, E.; Heinrichs, W.P. (eds.).
8771:
3475:– on which the sugar processing industry relied and which were necessary to compete with the prices of sugar coming from
3751:
from the Tafilalt, defeated all other factions to become the sole rulers of Morocco. The first effective 'Alawi sultan,
13067:
12067:
11231:
9373:"A Manuscript of the Last Sultan of al-Andalus and the Fate of the Royal Library of the Nasrid Sultans at the Alhambra"
8358:
933:
784:
4164:
in Marrakesh as one of its apogees. Other major examples of this Saadian style which survive today include the ornate
3494:
Saadian interest in the Sudan region preceded Al-Mansur. Earlier that century the Saadians occupied the oasis area of
913:
13208:
13203:
11711:
11473:
10892:
10764:
10335:
9946:
9109:
8844:
8725:
3354:, translated as "the Incomparable"), which was famous for its lavishness and expensive materials (including imported
2799:
movements, often associated with various Sufi brotherhoods or establishments, arose to oppose the European presence.
8744:
13218:
13213:
11383:
10401:
10352:
3462:
Al-Mansur's only major foreign military venture was the invasion of West Africa – or more particularly the western
1147:
830:
12693:
11192:
11079:
11028:
4508:
3861:
3098:
influence, Al-Ghalib sought to develop relations with France and Northern European powers. He also supported the
3094:
3077:
3007:, sent a diplomatic embassy to Muhammad al-Shaykh in 1552 in an attempt to persuade the latter to accept Ottoman
2997:
2908:
1443:
1003:
877:
11855:
9763:
4403:
3602:
11447:
11119:
11023:
8384:
7956:
4502:
4353:
Another richly-decorated royal Qur'an, written for Sultan Abdallah al-Ghalib and dated to 1568, is kept by the
4269:
3168:
3134:
3102:
in Spain between 1568 and 1570. In the end, Ottoman pressure on Morocco was reduced by their own defeat at the
3011:, even if just nominally, but this was refused. The Ottomans sent an army, including Janissaries again, led by
2608:
2123:
1069:
872:
575:
2781:. The beginning of the Saadian rise to power took place in the context of weak central rule in Morocco and of
2603:
enjoyed a relatively peaceful reign. His successors, however, fought with each other, culminating in the 1578
13131:
11302:
10441:
8563:
8202:
4801:
4634:
4559:(1609–1627; in Fez and Sous before 1609, expelled from Marrakesh by local rebel leader between 1612 and 1613)
3694:
779:
560:
17:
3626:
1688:
13126:
13010:
11262:
11170:
10915:
10872:
7990:
4810:
4584:
3908:
3587:
3183:
8363:
3167:
in mosques delivered in the Ottoman sultan's name, adopted Ottoman clothing, and organized his army along
850:
453:
13136:
12173:
11197:
11134:
10220:
Touri, Abdelaziz; Benaboud, Mhammad; Boujibar El-Khatib, Naïma; Lakhdar, Kamal; Mezzine, Mohamed (2010).
5469:
4175:
3911:; Saadian realm is split between different factions, with Marrakesh and Fes changing hands multiple times
3631:
2860:
power continue to grow across much of southern Morocco and began expelling the Europeans (Portuguese and
2703:
1140:
1079:
1074:
433:
3868:
3234:
3217:
2604:
1618:
13238:
8896:"دراسة في مضمون النقوش الكتابية على عمائر الأشراف السعديين بالمغرب الأقصى (915 - 1069هـ/ 1510 - 1658م)"
8172:
4622:
4393:
3918:
3678:
3437:
3355:
2619:
and presided over the apogee of Saadian power. In the later half of his reign he launched a successful
1089:
906:
884:
835:
3959:. The Andalusi arrivals revitalized many of the country's northern cities, with notable examples like
3433:
3299:
in the Moroccan military, which aided Al-Mansur in his later conquests. Turkish titles and terms like
3126:. Fes became the second capital of the kingdom and the main military garrison in the north, where the
13094:
12242:
11806:
11292:
11219:
11185:
11114:
10226:(2 ed.). Ministère des Affaires Culturelles du Royaume du Maroc & Museum With No Frontiers.
7810:
3952:
3857:
3119:
1055:
678:
261:
84:
9450:
H. J. Kissling, Bertold Spuler, N. Barbour, J. S. Trimingham, F. R. C. Bagley, H. Braun, H. Hartel,
13052:
13027:
12877:
12536:
12531:
11267:
10769:
Morocco in the Sixteenth Century. Problems and Patterns in African Foreign Policy by Dahiru Yahya,
4325:
books, including Qur'ans, had by this point established a calligraphic tradition of writing in the
4244:
3914:
1609–1627: Moulay Zaydan rules in Marrakesh while the sons of Al-Ma'mun rule a rival kingdom in Fes
3871:(also known as Battle of the Three Kings), with Saadian victory over the Portuguese army; reign of
3611:
3138:
3004:
2367:
463:
13198:
13119:
13000:
12541:
12494:
12437:
12136:
12080:
11828:
11393:
11348:
11202:
11093:
10865:
4342:, was taken from Sultan Moulay Zaydan by the Spanish in 1612 and has been kept in the library of
4239:
s (religious complexes centered around a tomb) of major Sufi shrines in Marrakesh, including the
3844:
1554 (September): Muhammay al-Shaykh conquers Fes again, putting a permanent end to Wattasid rule
3412:
3089:
2113:
996:
979:
803:
9839:
9372:
8770:
Akyeampong, Emmanuel Kwaku (2012). Akyeampong, Emmanuel Kwaku; Gates (Jr.), Henry Louis (eds.).
641:
13193:
13141:
13042:
13037:
12725:
12673:
12593:
12526:
12430:
12415:
12308:
12075:
12029:
11870:
11757:
11207:
11069:
8895:
4389:
3673:
Mountains, who helped him regain Marrakesh in 1613 with a coalition of Arab and Berber tribes.
3488:
2595:, securing control over nearly all of Morocco. After Muhammad al-Shaykh's assassination by the
2518:
2218:
2163:
739:
31:
10469:
9866:
9792:
Dergisi, Journal of Ottoman Studies / Osmanlı Araştırmaları; Gürkan (ESG), Emrah Safa (2015).
9524:
9467:
8861:
4357:. Although the script was written generally in black ink, various orthographic signs (such as
3373:
13072:
13032:
12845:
12720:
11784:
11774:
11733:
11704:
11333:
11282:
11277:
11214:
11049:
9893:
9709:
9635:
9494:
8144:
4596:
4550:
4435:
4409:
4380:, an eastern script adapted into a regional variation known as Maghrebi thuluth, was used in
4153:
4108:
3659:, who rebelled against him. Abu Mahalli managed to occupy Marrakesh and declared himself the
3656:
3639:
3620:
3200:
3188:
3154:
3016:
2751:
2675:
2208:
2178:
808:
248:
12960:
10221:
10144:
10097:
10065:
9574:
9423:
4031:
2880:) and symbolically cementing the city as a spiritual and political capital of the Saadians.
13165:
12995:
12965:
12840:
12771:
12742:
12661:
11995:
11833:
11823:
11401:
11102:
11054:
10925:
9665:
7536:
4465:
4417:, dated to 1599. The page on the right contains a schematic representation of the tombs of
4235:
4157:
3765:
3752:
3698:
3053:
2868:. Al-Araj was admitted peacefully into Marrakesh in 1521 upon marrying the daughter of the
2819:
2632:
2624:
2560:
2352:
2233:
540:
391:
188:
12945:
10600:
8:
12857:
12737:
12703:
12605:
12425:
12420:
12232:
11951:
11887:
11762:
11747:
11373:
11358:
11153:
8728:. In Bearman, P.; Bianquis, Th.; Bosworth, C.E.; van Donzel, E.; Heinrichs, W.P. (eds.).
4490:
4477:
4206:
4195:
4179:
4165:
4136:
4090:
that around this time the name "Morocco", derived from the name of Marrakesh via Spanish
4086:
3785:
3467:
3173:
3115:
3111:
3058:
2980:
2873:
2852:
2839:
2663:
2584:
2442:
1453:
974:
813:
791:
774:
545:
12573:
12563:
3713:
2607:(or "Battle of the Three Kings"), where a Portuguese military intervention on behalf of
1758:
744:
377:
12970:
12950:
12933:
12884:
12749:
12558:
12509:
12442:
12360:
12301:
12296:
12291:
12247:
12217:
12109:
12007:
11875:
11850:
11587:
11466:
11321:
11297:
11287:
11245:
11165:
11129:
10900:
10289:
10013:
8379:
8187:
7973:
7793:
7670:
4628:
4590:
4541:
4496:
4440:
4414:
4385:
4144:
4013:
3904:
3851:
3775:
3690:
3607:
3596:
3419:
and mainly sought to obtain this material. At that time, Sultan al-Mutawakkil demanded
3273:
3073:
3066:
3037:
3036:
along with many of his sons and grandsons, thus securing the succession of his own son
3000:, expelled the Saadian forces from the city and from western Algeria in February 1551.
2900:
2778:
2600:
2148:
1913:
1798:
1658:
1383:
1318:
1008:
734:
442:
363:
11498:
1738:
13079:
12975:
12911:
12906:
12835:
12732:
12447:
12375:
12370:
12212:
12141:
12124:
12119:
12114:
11914:
11865:
11671:
11623:
11611:
11593:
11440:
11338:
11272:
10982:
10977:
10789:
10760:
10732:
10665:
10633:
10502:
10358:
10331:
10252:
10227:
10200:
10152:
10105:
10073:
10041:
10005:
9942:
9899:
9872:
9845:
9818:
9769:
9717:
9688:
9641:
9614:
9580:
9530:
9500:
9473:
9431:
9392:
9281:
9105:
8915:
8867:
8840:
8815:
8777:
8750:
8569:
8467:
5360:
4396:, formerly dominant, were less emphasized. The most iconic Ottoman floral motif, the
4381:
4362:
4358:
4265:
3890:
3712:(Andalusian) exiles had arrived in Salé and Rabat in 1609 and eventually founded the
3582:
Al-Mansur's final years were marked by growing rivalries between his sons and by the
3531:
3425:
3327:
3277:
3212:(yet another son of Muhammad al-Shaykh), met the Portuguese at Wadi al-Makhazin near
3199:
Meanwhile, his deposed nephew, Al-Mutawakkil, sought help from Portugal, whose king,
3103:
2920:
2815:
2695:
2636:
2258:
2103:
1708:
1348:
1338:
1328:
1213:
798:
698:
693:
646:
580:
274:
10685:
10538:
10017:
4365:
manuscripts. Blue and gold ornamentation, consisting of specific shapes filled with
4334:
4160:
style, with some seeing Saadian art as the last "renaissance" of this style and the
2814:, and from their territory here other European merchants also operated, notably the
12928:
12715:
12710:
12666:
12653:
12583:
12551:
12546:
12410:
12405:
12387:
12348:
12281:
12264:
12205:
12195:
12190:
12131:
12087:
12057:
12017:
12000:
11983:
11946:
11697:
11665:
11647:
11635:
11605:
11581:
11563:
11551:
11545:
11482:
11423:
11416:
11378:
11368:
11363:
11343:
11307:
11074:
11064:
11059:
10992:
10956:
10849:
10831:
10550:
10281:
9997:
9384:
8907:
8807:
4191:
3978:
3583:
3534:
the Saadian army thus won a decisive victory. The Songhai evacuated their capital,
3107:
2786:
2592:
2545:
2412:
2408:
2397:
2378:
2043:
2023:
2003:
1923:
1718:
1598:
1523:
1513:
1463:
1393:
1293:
1243:
1050:
1045:
1033:
901:
710:
594:
523:
336:
137:
3665:, granting his rebellion a distinctive religious character. Moulay Zaydan fled to
13146:
13114:
12987:
12955:
12938:
12894:
12867:
12862:
12820:
12813:
12788:
12648:
12643:
12484:
12365:
12259:
12254:
12222:
12047:
12037:
11931:
11924:
11919:
11904:
11860:
11742:
11728:
11641:
11569:
11435:
11428:
11411:
11353:
11257:
11175:
11033:
11002:
10987:
10972:
10946:
9941:. Translated by Williams, Malcolm; Waterson, Gavin. RoutledgeCurzon. p. 13.
9868:
The Forgotten Frontier: A History of the Sixteenth-century Ibero-African Frontier
9610:
The Forgotten Frontier: A History of the Sixteenth-Century Ibero-African Frontier
9455:
8009:
7829:
5251:
4682:
4599:, son of Muhammad al-Sheikh al-Ma'mun (1609–1623; ruled in Marrakesh before 1609)
4578:
4556:
4514:
4354:
4339:
4326:
4308:
4126:
4074:
4047:
3995:
eventually becoming the main language of the entire community while the Spanish (
3944:
3872:
3801:
3592:
3429:
3399:
3367:
3347:
3284:
3245:
to the throne of Morocco. Drawing on the prestige of the victory, he took on the
3242:
3209:
3141:
in 1574, which expelled the Spanish forces there. That same year he travelled to
3081:
3028:
3024:
2916:
2647:
2640:
2612:
2533:
2509:
2348:
2318:
2083:
2073:
1983:
1963:
1853:
1788:
1748:
1728:
1638:
1563:
1553:
1543:
1503:
1473:
1413:
1403:
1283:
1233:
1013:
958:
720:
703:
611:
493:
405:
54:
12568:
4077:, meaning "my master") becoming a standard part of the sultan's name and title.
3924:
1659: Last Saadian sultan, Ahmad al-Abbas, is killed, ending the Saadian dynasty
13089:
13084:
13047:
13022:
13005:
12916:
12901:
12872:
12830:
12678:
12638:
12633:
12588:
12514:
12474:
12464:
12454:
12269:
12148:
12042:
11909:
11791:
11629:
11487:
8315:
4640:
4184:
3894:
3886:
3838:
3810:
3744:
3729:
3550:
3516:
3503:
3466:, as it was known in Arabic. This was likely motivated by a number of factors.
3463:
3378:
3343:
3288:
3251:
3145:
and obtained support for his bid to the Saadian throne from the Ottoman sultan
3020:
2972:
2964:
2937:
2596:
2423:
2333:
2277:
2053:
1943:
1873:
1573:
1126:
1112:
986:
488:
350:
235:
200:
10001:
9388:
8911:
8859:
8811:
4294:
4285:
4132:
2718:. In the mid-15th century some of them established themselves at Tidsi in the
13187:
13170:
13057:
12852:
12825:
12798:
12776:
12754:
12521:
12504:
12489:
12333:
12286:
12274:
12200:
12092:
11966:
11961:
11936:
11818:
11659:
11617:
11599:
11180:
11018:
10997:
10941:
10555:
9667:
La bataille de l'oued el-Makhazen: dite bataille des Trois Rois (4 août 1578)
9637:
Death in Babylon: Alexander the Great and Iberian Empire in the Muslim Orient
9396:
8919:
7655:
5144:
4471:
4304:
4161:
4118:
3996:
3967:
3900:
3781:
3666:
3499:
3213:
3158:
3127:
3123:
2945:
2896:
2835:
2707:
2576:
2303:
1808:
1668:
865:
818:
715:
599:
587:
12598:
12578:
8801:
3921:, Moulay Zaydan's son, but decline of Saadian authority in Morocco continues
2883:
1176:
13062:
12803:
12793:
12759:
12688:
12683:
12610:
12400:
12382:
12343:
12338:
12318:
12313:
12185:
12178:
12168:
12163:
12158:
12052:
11990:
11971:
11956:
11892:
10628:
Gacek, Adam (2006). "Manuscripts and the Qur'an". In Leaman, Oliver (ed.).
10009:
4433:
After the Qur'an, the most popular text transcribed in this period was the
4218:
4010:
3899:
1603: Death of Ahmad al-Mansur; civil war breaks out among his three sons,
3831:
3737:
3733:
3635:
3484:
3246:
3062:
2827:
2790:
2699:
2588:
2307:
1778:
1533:
528:
117:
4025:
3076:
succeeded his father as sultan. At the same time, three of his brothers –
12781:
12766:
12615:
12328:
12237:
12227:
12153:
11801:
11796:
11557:
10757:
African Islam and Islam in Africa: Encounters Between Sufis and Islamists
4602:
Abd al-Malik al-Mu'tasim, son of Muhammad al-Sheikh al-Ma'mun (1623–1627)
4547:(In 1606 control of the city changes from one side to another six times.)
4448:
4343:
4312:
4113:
3940:
3702:
3527:
3523:
3512:
3339:
3177:
2659:
2167:
1933:
1843:
1628:
1483:
1433:
991:
147:
4213:. These complexes included various institutions and amenities such as a
3538:, and retreated south, while Judar Pasha's army occupied Gao along with
2611:
was thoroughly defeated by Saadian forces. In the wake of this victory,
12808:
12625:
12499:
12459:
12392:
11575:
10951:
10920:
4330:
3973:
3748:
3670:
3420:
3314:
3012:
3008:
2807:
2715:
2651:
2453:
2093:
2063:
1893:
1698:
1263:
653:
606:
535:
476:
10330:] (in French) (1st ed.). Casablanca: Sochepress. p. 70.
10293:
10219:
9939:
Britain and Morocco During the Embassy of John Drummond Hay, 1845-1886
4201:
3960:
2952:
2654:, but followed Ottoman example by modernizing their army and adopting
12698:
12469:
12353:
12323:
12104:
11978:
11769:
11677:
9895:
Conflict and Conquest in the Islamic World: A Historical Encyclopedia
4533:
4366:
4257:
4140:
4122:
4061:
3988:
3797:
3791:
3722:
3480:
3445:
3404:
3387:
3296:
3150:
3146:
2985:
2892:
2855:
was in turn charged with the Sous, south of the mountains. These two
2746:) by later generations and rivals for power, who tried to deny their
2743:
2723:
2711:
2655:
2580:
2553:
2438:
2393:
2363:
2288:
2273:
1678:
1648:
1493:
1253:
1193:
889:
471:
161:
109:
9793:
4553:, son of Muhammad al-Sheikh al-Ma'mun (1606–1609; in Fez after 1609)
3554:
12099:
11882:
11840:
11779:
10857:
10786:السلطان الشريف – الجذور الدينية والسياسية للدولة المخزنية في المغرب
10727:
Lintz, Yannick; Déléry, Claire; Tuil Leonetti, Bulle, eds. (2014).
10285:
4919:
4422:
4418:
4066:
3983:
3943:
in 1492, the last Muslim emirate of Al-Andalus, and the subsequent
3824:
3814:
3566:
3562:
3539:
3395:
3331:
3310:
3260:
3204:
3142:
2941:
2929:
2782:
2774:
2747:
2691:
2628:
2568:
2222:
1993:
1953:
1903:
1863:
1768:
1423:
1373:
1273:
953:
948:
825:
663:
157:
10309:
Mellah of Marrakesh: Jewish and Muslim Space in Morocco's Red City
8565:
The New Islamic Dynasties: A Chronological and Genealogical Manual
4178:
in Fes. The Saadians also rebuilt the royal palace complex in the
3823:
1543: Muhammad al-Shaykh exiles his brother Ahmad al-'Araj to the
3428:, was able to obtain in 1585 a royal charter to found the English
2971:
in 1550. This set up a confrontation between the Saadians and the
2928:
the established frontier. In 1537 they also took control over the
12012:
11941:
11897:
11752:
11533:
10888:
10839:
10814:
10271:
9737:
4376:
4322:
4230:
4214:
4042:
3956:
3709:
3648:
3507:
3472:
3391:
3292:
3163:
2993:
2976:
2912:
2869:
2667:
2541:
2382:
2292:
2262:
2197:
2033:
2013:
1973:
1883:
1818:
1608:
1223:
894:
658:
481:
75:
Extent of the Saadian empire at the beginning of the 17th century
11813:
3689:
Abu Marwan Abd al-Malik II was in turn succeeded by his brother
3451:
3229:
11845:
11720:
11406:
10800:(Full text of Arabic translation of Nabil Mouline's 2009 book,
5035:
4252:
4001:
3992:
3818:
3717:
3476:
3363:
3335:
3330:. Nonetheless, the Saadians' status as sharifs, descendants of
3305:
3264:
3256:
2968:
2959:
2803:
2739:
2735:
2727:
2616:
2572:
2457:
2337:
2193:
1203:
169:
133:
8806:(in French). Presses Universitaires de France. pp. 1–53.
8341:
3837:
1554 (January): 'Ali Abu Hassun, a Wattasid, retakes Fes with
3774:
1513: Al-Qa'im moves his base to Afughal, the burial place of
2824:
Abū ʿAbd Allāh Muḥammad ibnʿAbd al-Raḥman al-Qāʾim Biamr Allāh
12479:
10713:
The Ideological Power of Some Almohad Illuminated Manuscripts
4444:
4397:
4250:
In the 16th century and in subsequent centuries the usage of
4210:
3879:
3661:
3558:
3416:
3323:
2989:
2940:
from the Portuguese. This caused the latter to also evacuate
2924:
2861:
2795:
2731:
2687:
2671:
2427:
2182:
2152:
302:
10497:
M. Bloom, Jonathan; S. Blair, Sheila, eds. (2009). "Sa῾di".
9712:. In Kwaku Akyeampong, Emmanuel; Gates, Henry Louis (eds.).
8776:. Oxford University Press. pp. 22, 312, and elsewhere.
3780:
1517: Al-Qa'im dies; Saadian realm divided between his sons
2710:. Since the early 14th century they had been established at
2587:
captured Agadir from the Portuguese and eventually captured
9814:
Verses and Visions: The Maltese Islands in World Literature
8860:
Muzaffar Husain Syed; Syed Saud Akhtar; B D Usmani (2011).
4426:
4222:
4170:
4168:
in Marrakesh and the ablutions pavilions in the courtyard (
4080:
3769:
3543:
3495:
3359:
3255:) "al-Mansur". The capture of a large number of Portuguese
3224:
3032:
3031:, the governor and general of the Spanish forces occupying
2856:
2719:
2567:
valley in southern Morocco in their resistance against the
2564:
2322:
11689:
4040:
rulers. This marked a new stage in the development of the
10068:. In Akyeampong, Emmanuel K.; Louis Gates, Henry (eds.).
5024:
4570:
4054:), the royal or sultanic government in Morocco. The word
4035:) used by the Saadi sultanate, according to Nabil Mouline
3800:
recognize Saadian rule over southern Morocco through the
3535:
10726:
10464:
10462:
10096:
Appiah, Kwame Anthony; Louis Gates, Henry, eds. (2010).
3291:). One consequence of this was a widespread adoption of
3048:
11528:
9523:
Fage, J. D.; Oliver, Roland; Clark, Desmond J. (1975).
9493:
Akyeampong, Emmanuel Kwaku; Gates, Henry Louis (2012).
9466:
Fage, J. D.; Oliver, Roland; Clark, Desmond J. (1975).
4370:
that seen in some Andalusi examples centuries earlier.
10499:
The Grove Encyclopedia of Islamic Art and Architecture
9926:. Princeton University (PhD thesis). pp. 127–130.
9576:
Reviving the Islamic caliphate in early modern Morocco
4616:
4020:
3847:
1557: Muhammad al-Shaykh assassinated by Ottoman agent
3061:, built between 1557 and 1571 with the sponsorship of
2750:
descent by claiming that they came from the family of
10459:
2702:(Muhammad's daughter), and more specifically through
10196:
Sufism and Politics in Morocco: Activism and Dissent
10038:
Black Morocco: A History of Slavery, Race, and Islam
8746:
Sufism and Politics in Morocco: Activism and Dissent
8375:
Conflicts between the Regency of Algiers and Morocco
4439:, a collection of prayers for Muhammad, composed by
3977:
of Spanish origin retained their heritage and their
3860:, Al-Ghalib's successor, is overthrown by his uncle
3806:
1536: Saadians defeat Wattasid army at Wadi al-'Abid
3630:
The ornate western pavilion in the courtyard of the
2919:, whereby Morocco was partitioned roughly along the
2767:
2583:
by 1525 and, after a period of rivalry, his brother
2523:
10149:
Africa from the Sixteenth to the Eighteenth Century
9791:
9428:
Africa from the Sixteenth to the Eighteenth Century
8460:Sluglett, Peter; Currie, Andrew (30 January 2015).
2953:
Conquest of Fes and confrontation with the Ottomans
10729:Maroc médiéval: Un empire de l'Afrique à l'Espagne
10274:Journal of the Society of Architectural Historians
10249:Maroc médiéval: Un empire de l'Afrique à l'Espagne
9961:
2559:The dynasty's rise to power started in 1510, when
2548:in the 16th and 17th centuries. It was led by the
10755:Rosander, E. Evers and Westerlund, David (1997).
10428:A practical guide to Islamic Monuments in Morocco
10354:Ahmad al-Mansur: The Beginnings of Modern Morocco
10095:
9684:Ahmad al-Mansur: the beginnings of modern Morocco
3287:or of other Ottoman background (many of them non-
3216:on August 4. In the ensuing battle, known as the
13185:
10664:. Edinburgh University Press. pp. 566–569.
10496:
9228:Histoire du Maroc: de Moulay Idrîs à Mohammed VI
4484:
3684:
3149:himself. Soon afterwards the sultan ordered the
3133:Upon Abdallah al-Ghalib's death in 1574 his son
9522:
9492:
9465:
8800:Mouline, Nabil (2009). "La genèse d'un règne".
4466:Muhammad ibn Abd al-Rahman Abu Abdallah al-Qaim
27:1510–1659 state in Morocco and Northwest Africa
10406:Discover Islamic Art, Museum With No Frontiers
10399:
9102:A history of the Maghrib in the Islamic period
8459:
4275:
3790:1524 or 1525: Ahmad al-'Araj takes control of
3716:, becoming one of the most important bases of
3693:(r. 1631–1636), followed by his other brother
2834:In 1513 Al-Qa'im also appointed his elder son
2635:later conquered Marrakesh in 1668 and led the
13229:States and territories disestablished in 1659
11705:
11514:
10873:
10350:
10223:Andalusian Morocco: A Discovery in Living Art
10129:. Rabat: Éditions Techniques Nord-Africaines.
9680:
9360:. Rabat: Éditions Techniques Nord-Africaines.
4480:(1544–49; viceroy in the Sous before 1543–44)
3577:
3452:Conquest of the western Sudan under Al-Mansur
2485:
1148:
13162:"Empire" as a description of foreign policy
10251:. Paris: Louvre éditions. pp. 309–311.
9798:Journal of Ottoman Studies 45 (2015): 57-96.
46:
10788:(in Arabic). Rabat: Centre Jacques-Berque.
9891:
9640:. University of Chicago Press. p. 82.
9529:. Cambridge University Press. p. 408.
9472:. Cambridge University Press. p. 406.
9278:Marrakech: Splendeurs saadiennes: 1550-1650
3642:in 1609, after gaining control of the city.
2785:expansionism along its Atlantic coast. The
2686:The Saadi dynasty claimed descent from the
13224:States and territories established in 1510
11712:
11698:
11521:
11507:
10880:
10866:
10709:
9921:
9444:
8834:
8769:
4521:
3740:, with whom they signed a treaty in 1651.
2575:and other coastal cities. Al-Qai'm's son,
2492:
2478:
1155:
1141:
69:
10773:, Vol. 18, No. 1 (1984), pp. 252–253
10554:
10306:
9936:
9104:. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
9099:
8893:
4459:
2681:
2563:was declared leader of the tribes of the
10430:. Charlottesville, VA: The Baraka Press.
10192:
10124:
10035:
9964:Britain and the Islamic World: 1558-1713
9837:
9707:
9663:
9633:
9355:
8866:. Vij Books India Pvt Ltd. p. 150.
8742:
8719:
8717:
8715:
8713:
8711:
8709:
8707:
8705:
8703:
8701:
8699:
8697:
8695:
8693:
8691:
8689:
8687:
8685:
8683:
8681:
8679:
8677:
8675:
8673:
8671:
8669:
8667:
8665:
8663:
8661:
8659:
8657:
8655:
8653:
8651:
8649:
8647:
8645:
8643:
8641:
8639:
8637:
8635:
8633:
8631:
8629:
8627:
8625:
8623:
8621:
8619:
8617:
8615:
8613:
8611:
8609:
8607:
8605:
8561:
4402:
4190:In terms of religious architecture, the
4131:
4112:
4081:Beginnings of Moroccan national identity
4024:
3758:
3625:
3601:
3498:for a time and Ahmad al-'Araj had asked
3372:
3228:
3225:The reign of Ahmad al-Mansur (1578-1603)
3182:
3052:
2882:
12986:
10802:Le califat imaginaire d'Ahmad al-Mansûr
10731:. Paris: Louvre éditions. p. 555.
10710:Bongianino, Umberto (8 February 2018).
10384:
10321:
10246:
10174:
10170:
10168:
10142:
10138:
10136:
9955:
9892:Mikaberidze, Alexander (31 July 2011).
9810:
9716:. Oxford University Press. p. 23.
9499:. Oxford University Press. p. 23.
9421:
9351:
9349:
9347:
9345:
9343:
9341:
9339:
9337:
9335:
9333:
9331:
9329:
9327:
9325:
9323:
9321:
9319:
9317:
9271:
9269:
9267:
9265:
9263:
9261:
9259:
9257:
9095:
9093:
9091:
9089:
9087:
9085:
9083:
9081:
9079:
9077:
9075:
9073:
9071:
9069:
9067:
9065:
9063:
9061:
9059:
9057:
9055:
9053:
9051:
9049:
9047:
9045:
9043:
9041:
9039:
9037:
9035:
9033:
9031:
9029:
9027:
9025:
9023:
9021:
9019:
9017:
9015:
9013:
9011:
9009:
9007:
9005:
9003:
9001:
8999:
8997:
8995:
8993:
8991:
8989:
8987:
8985:
8983:
8981:
8979:
8977:
8975:
8973:
8971:
8969:
8967:
8965:
8963:
8961:
8959:
8957:
8955:
8953:
8951:
8949:
8837:Christendom Destroyed: Europe 1517-1648
8803:Le califat imaginaire d'Ahmad al-Mansûr
8799:
8723:
8603:
8601:
8599:
8597:
8595:
8593:
8591:
8589:
8587:
8585:
3917:1627: Saadian realm is reunified under
3732:, an important Sufi brotherhood in the
3114:, redeveloped the royal palaces in the
2936:Portuguese. In 1541 Muhammad al-Shaykh
2846:
2540:), was a state which ruled present-day
14:
13244:Tributary states of the Ottoman Empire
13186:
10655:
10653:
10651:
10649:
10623:
10621:
10492:
10490:
10425:
10380:
10378:
10376:
10374:
10177:Encyclopaedia of Islam, Second Edition
10031:
10029:
10027:
9917:
9915:
9787:
9785:
9659:
9657:
9602:
9600:
9598:
9596:
9568:
9566:
9417:
9415:
9315:
9313:
9311:
9309:
9307:
9305:
9303:
9301:
9299:
9297:
9275:
9255:
9253:
9251:
9249:
9247:
9245:
9243:
9241:
9239:
9237:
9221:
9219:
9217:
9215:
9213:
9211:
9209:
9207:
9205:
9203:
9201:
9199:
9197:
9195:
9193:
9191:
9189:
9187:
9185:
9183:
9181:
9179:
9177:
9175:
9173:
9171:
9169:
9167:
9165:
9163:
9161:
9159:
9157:
9155:
9153:
9151:
9149:
9147:
9145:
9143:
9141:
8947:
8945:
8943:
8941:
8939:
8937:
8935:
8933:
8931:
8929:
8730:Encyclopaedia of Islam, Second Edition
4503:Abu Abdallah Mohammed II al-Mutawakkil
3885:1591: Saadian invasion of the western
3610:built the mosque and mausoleum in the
3458:Saadian invasion of the Songhai Empire
3187:Portuguese depiction of the corpse of
2988:and tribal allies sent by the Ottoman
2666:, including a potential alliance with
2623:, resulting in the establishment of a
11693:
11502:
10861:
10783:
10659:
10627:
10532:
10530:
10528:
10526:
10524:
10522:
10520:
10518:
10188:
10186:
10091:
10089:
10059:
10057:
9983:
9981:
9979:
9977:
9975:
9973:
9962:MacLean, Gerald; Nabil Matar (2011).
9844:. Vol. 1. Scribner. p. 14.
9761:
9564:
9562:
9560:
9558:
9556:
9554:
9552:
9550:
9548:
9546:
9518:
9516:
9370:
9225:
9139:
9137:
9135:
9133:
9131:
9129:
9127:
9125:
9123:
9121:
8795:
8793:
8557:
8555:
8553:
8551:
8549:
8547:
8545:
8543:
8541:
8539:
8537:
8535:
8533:
8531:
8529:
8527:
8525:
8523:
8521:
8519:
8517:
8515:
8513:
8511:
8509:
8507:
8505:
8503:
8313:
8311:
8309:
8307:
8305:
8303:
8301:
8299:
8297:
8295:
8293:
8291:
8289:
8287:
8285:
8283:
8281:
8279:
8277:
8275:
8273:
8267:
8265:
8259:
8257:
8255:
8253:
8251:
8249:
8247:
8245:
8243:
8241:
8239:
8237:
8235:
8233:
8231:
8229:
8227:
8225:
8223:
8221:
8219:
8200:
8198:
8185:
8183:
8170:
8168:
8157:
8155:
8142:
8140:
8138:
8136:
8134:
8096:
8094:
8070:
8068:
8066:
8050:
8048:
8046:
8044:
8042:
8036:
8034:
8032:
8030:
8028:
8026:
8024:
8022:
8007:
8005:
7988:
7986:
7971:
7969:
7954:
7926:
7924:
7922:
7920:
7918:
7916:
7914:
7912:
7910:
7908:
7882:
7880:
7878:
7872:
7866:
7864:
7862:
7860:
7858:
7856:
7854:
7852:
7850:
7848:
7846:
7844:
7827:
7825:
7808:
7806:
7791:
7763:
7761:
7759:
7757:
7755:
7753:
7751:
7749:
7747:
7745:
7743:
7741:
7739:
7737:
7713:
7707:
7705:
7703:
7701:
7699:
7697:
7695:
7693:
7691:
7689:
7687:
7685:
7668:
7666:
7653:
7651:
7649:
7647:
7645:
7627:
7625:
7623:
7621:
7619:
7617:
7615:
7613:
7611:
7609:
7607:
7605:
7603:
7601:
7585:
7583:
7581:
7579:
7577:
7571:
7569:
7567:
7565:
7563:
7561:
7559:
7557:
7555:
7553:
7551:
7549:
7534:
7532:
7530:
7528:
7526:
7524:
7522:
7520:
7518:
7512:
7510:
7508:
7506:
7504:
7502:
7500:
7498:
7496:
7494:
7492:
7490:
7488:
7486:
7480:
7478:
7476:
7474:
7472:
7470:
7468:
7466:
7464:
7458:
7456:
7454:
7452:
7450:
7448:
7446:
7444:
7442:
7440:
7438:
7436:
7431:
7429:
7427:
7425:
7423:
7421:
7419:
7417:
7415:
7409:
7407:
7405:
7403:
7401:
7399:
7397:
7395:
7393:
7391:
7389:
7387:
7385:
7383:
7377:
7375:
7373:
7371:
7369:
7367:
7365:
7363:
7361:
7355:
7353:
7351:
7349:
7347:
7345:
7343:
7341:
7339:
7337:
7335:
7333:
7328:
7326:
7324:
7322:
7320:
7318:
7316:
7314:
7312:
7306:
7304:
7302:
7300:
7298:
7296:
7294:
7292:
7290:
7288:
7286:
7284:
7282:
7280:
7274:
7272:
7270:
7268:
7266:
7264:
7262:
7260:
7258:
7252:
7250:
7248:
7246:
7244:
7242:
7240:
7238:
7236:
7234:
7232:
7230:
7225:
7223:
7221:
7219:
7217:
7215:
7213:
7211:
7209:
7203:
7201:
7199:
7197:
7195:
7193:
7191:
7189:
7187:
7185:
7183:
7181:
7179:
7177:
7171:
7169:
7167:
7165:
7163:
7161:
7159:
7157:
7155:
7149:
7147:
7145:
7143:
7141:
7139:
7137:
7135:
7133:
7131:
7129:
7127:
7122:
7120:
7118:
7116:
7114:
7112:
7110:
7108:
7106:
7100:
7098:
7096:
7094:
7092:
7090:
7088:
7086:
7084:
7082:
7080:
7078:
7076:
7074:
7068:
7066:
7064:
7062:
7060:
7058:
7056:
7054:
7052:
7046:
7044:
7042:
7040:
7038:
7036:
7034:
7032:
7030:
7028:
7026:
7024:
7019:
7017:
7015:
7013:
7011:
7009:
7007:
7005:
7003:
6997:
6995:
6993:
6991:
6989:
6987:
6985:
6983:
6981:
6979:
6977:
6975:
6973:
6971:
6965:
6963:
6961:
6959:
6957:
6955:
6953:
6951:
6949:
6943:
6941:
6939:
6937:
6935:
6933:
6931:
6929:
6927:
6925:
6923:
6921:
6916:
6914:
6912:
6910:
6908:
6906:
6904:
6902:
6900:
6894:
6892:
6890:
6888:
6886:
6884:
6882:
6880:
6878:
6876:
6874:
6872:
6870:
6868:
6862:
6860:
6858:
6856:
6854:
6852:
6850:
6848:
6846:
6840:
6838:
6836:
6834:
6832:
6830:
6828:
6826:
6824:
6822:
6820:
6818:
6813:
6811:
6809:
6807:
6805:
6803:
6801:
6799:
6797:
6791:
6789:
6787:
6785:
6783:
6781:
6779:
6777:
6775:
6773:
6771:
6769:
6767:
6765:
6759:
6757:
6755:
6753:
6751:
6749:
6747:
6745:
6743:
6737:
6735:
6733:
6731:
6729:
6727:
6725:
6723:
6721:
6719:
6717:
6715:
6710:
6708:
6706:
6704:
6702:
6700:
6698:
6696:
6694:
6688:
6686:
6684:
6682:
6680:
6678:
6676:
6674:
6672:
6670:
6668:
6666:
6664:
6662:
6656:
6654:
6652:
6650:
6648:
6646:
6644:
6642:
6640:
6634:
6632:
6630:
6628:
6626:
6624:
6622:
6620:
6618:
6616:
6614:
6612:
6607:
6605:
6603:
6601:
6599:
6597:
6595:
6593:
6591:
6585:
6583:
6581:
6579:
6577:
6575:
6573:
6571:
6569:
6567:
6565:
6563:
6561:
6559:
6553:
6551:
6549:
6547:
6545:
6543:
6541:
6539:
6537:
6531:
6529:
6527:
6525:
6523:
6521:
6519:
6517:
6515:
6513:
6511:
6509:
6504:
6502:
6500:
6498:
6496:
6494:
6492:
6490:
6488:
6482:
6480:
6478:
6476:
6474:
6472:
6470:
6468:
6466:
6464:
6462:
6460:
6458:
6456:
6450:
6448:
6446:
6444:
6442:
6440:
6438:
6436:
6434:
6428:
6426:
6424:
6422:
6420:
6418:
6416:
6414:
6412:
6410:
6408:
6406:
6401:
6399:
6397:
6395:
6393:
6391:
6389:
6387:
6385:
6379:
6377:
6375:
6373:
6371:
6369:
6367:
6365:
6363:
6361:
6359:
6357:
6355:
6353:
6347:
6345:
6343:
6341:
6339:
6337:
6335:
6333:
6331:
6325:
6323:
6321:
6319:
6317:
6315:
6313:
6311:
6309:
6307:
6305:
6303:
6298:
6296:
6294:
6292:
6290:
6288:
6286:
6284:
6282:
6276:
6274:
6272:
6270:
6268:
6266:
6264:
6262:
6260:
6258:
6256:
6254:
6252:
6250:
6244:
6242:
6240:
6238:
6236:
6234:
6232:
6230:
6228:
6222:
6220:
6218:
6216:
6214:
6212:
6210:
6208:
6206:
6204:
6202:
6200:
6195:
6193:
6191:
6189:
6187:
6185:
6183:
6181:
6179:
6173:
6171:
6169:
6167:
6165:
6163:
6161:
6159:
6157:
6155:
6153:
6151:
6149:
6147:
6141:
6139:
6137:
6135:
6133:
6131:
6129:
6127:
6125:
6119:
6117:
6115:
6113:
6111:
6109:
6107:
6105:
6103:
6101:
6099:
6097:
6092:
6090:
6088:
6086:
6084:
6082:
6080:
6078:
6076:
6070:
6068:
6066:
6064:
6062:
6060:
6058:
6056:
6054:
6052:
6050:
6048:
6046:
6044:
6038:
6036:
6034:
6032:
6030:
6028:
6026:
6024:
6022:
6016:
6014:
6012:
6010:
6008:
6006:
6004:
6002:
6000:
5998:
5996:
5994:
5989:
5987:
5985:
5983:
5981:
5979:
5977:
5975:
5973:
5967:
5965:
5963:
5961:
5959:
5957:
5955:
5953:
5951:
5949:
5947:
5945:
5943:
5941:
5935:
5933:
5931:
5929:
5927:
5925:
5923:
5921:
5919:
5913:
5911:
5909:
5907:
5905:
5903:
5901:
5899:
5897:
5895:
5893:
5891:
5886:
5884:
5882:
5880:
5878:
5876:
5874:
5872:
5870:
5864:
5862:
5860:
5858:
5856:
5854:
5852:
5850:
5848:
5846:
5844:
5842:
5840:
5838:
5832:
5830:
5828:
5826:
5824:
5822:
5820:
5818:
5816:
5810:
5808:
5806:
5804:
5802:
5800:
5798:
5796:
5794:
5792:
5790:
5788:
5783:
5781:
5779:
5777:
5775:
5773:
5771:
5769:
5767:
5761:
5759:
5757:
5755:
5753:
5751:
5749:
5747:
5745:
5743:
5741:
5739:
5737:
5735:
5729:
5727:
5725:
5723:
5721:
5719:
5717:
5715:
5713:
5707:
5705:
5703:
5701:
5699:
5697:
5695:
5693:
5691:
5689:
5687:
5685:
5680:
5678:
5676:
5674:
5672:
5670:
5668:
5666:
5664:
5658:
5656:
5654:
5652:
5650:
5648:
5646:
5644:
5642:
5640:
5638:
5636:
5634:
5632:
5626:
5624:
5622:
5620:
5618:
5616:
5614:
5612:
5610:
5604:
5602:
5600:
5598:
5596:
5594:
5592:
5590:
5588:
5586:
5584:
5582:
5577:
5575:
5573:
5571:
5569:
5567:
5565:
5563:
5561:
5555:
5553:
5551:
5549:
5547:
5545:
5543:
5541:
5539:
5537:
5535:
5533:
5531:
5529:
5523:
5521:
5519:
5517:
5515:
5513:
5511:
5509:
5507:
5501:
5499:
5497:
5495:
5493:
5491:
5489:
5487:
5485:
5483:
5481:
5479:
5468:
5466:
5464:
5462:
5460:
5458:
5456:
5454:
5452:
5446:
5444:
5442:
5440:
5438:
5436:
5434:
5432:
5430:
5428:
5426:
5424:
5422:
5420:
5414:
5412:
5410:
5408:
5406:
5404:
5402:
5400:
5398:
5392:
5390:
5388:
5386:
5384:
5382:
5380:
5378:
5376:
5374:
5372:
5370:
5359:
5357:
5355:
5353:
5351:
5349:
5347:
5345:
5343:
5337:
5335:
5333:
5331:
5329:
5327:
5325:
5323:
5321:
5319:
5317:
5315:
5313:
5311:
5305:
5303:
5301:
5299:
5297:
5295:
5293:
5291:
5289:
5283:
5281:
5279:
5277:
5275:
5273:
5271:
5269:
5267:
5265:
5263:
5261:
5250:
5248:
5246:
5244:
5242:
5240:
5238:
5236:
5234:
5228:
5226:
5224:
5222:
5220:
5218:
5216:
5214:
5212:
5210:
5208:
5206:
5204:
5202:
5196:
5194:
5192:
5190:
5188:
5186:
5184:
5182:
5180:
5174:
5172:
5170:
5168:
5166:
5164:
5162:
5160:
5158:
5156:
5154:
5152:
5143:
5141:
5139:
5137:
5135:
5133:
5131:
5129:
5127:
5121:
5119:
5117:
5115:
5113:
5111:
5109:
5107:
5105:
5103:
5101:
5099:
5097:
5095:
5089:
5087:
5085:
5083:
5081:
5079:
5077:
5075:
5073:
5063:
5061:
5059:
5057:
5055:
5053:
5051:
5049:
5047:
5045:
5034:
5023:
5021:
5019:
5017:
5015:
5013:
5011:
5005:
5003:
5001:
4999:
4997:
4995:
4993:
4991:
4989:
4987:
4985:
4983:
4977:
4975:
4973:
4967:
4965:
4963:
4961:
4959:
4957:
4955:
4949:
4947:
4945:
4943:
4941:
4939:
4937:
4935:
4933:
4931:
4918:
4916:
4914:
4908:
4906:
4904:
4902:
4900:
4898:
4896:
4890:
4888:
4886:
4884:
4882:
4880:
4878:
4876:
4874:
4872:
4870:
4868:
4862:
4860:
4858:
4852:
4850:
4848:
4846:
4844:
4842:
4840:
4834:
4832:
4830:
4828:
4826:
4824:
4822:
4820:
4818:
4816:
4809:
4807:
4800:
4798:
4796:
4794:
4792:
4790:
4788:
4770:
4768:
4766:
4764:
4762:
4760:
4758:
4756:
4754:
4752:
4750:
4748:
4730:
4728:
4726:
4724:
4722:
4720:
4718:
4712:
4710:
4708:
4706:
4704:
4702:
4700:
4698:
4696:
4694:
4692:
4690:
4681:
4679:
4677:
4675:
4673:
4671:
4669:
4667:
4665:
3606:During his short reign in Marrakesh,
3049:Abdallah al-Ghalib and his successors
2806:(on the coast, near the mouth of the
919:Revolution of the King and the People
10887:
10720:
10536:
10419:
10389:. Paris: Arts et métiers graphiques.
10265:
10240:
10213:
10165:
10133:
10118:
10063:
9987:
9864:
9606:
9572:
8582:
8501:
8499:
8497:
8495:
8493:
8491:
8489:
8487:
8485:
8483:
4526:
3681:, who ruled the country until 1631.
3561:, as well as exotic animals such as
2878:Zawiya of Sidi Ben Slimane al-Jazuli
1170:Historical Arab states and dynasties
10771:Canadian Journal of African Studies
10703:
10646:
10618:
10487:
10387:L'architecture musulmane d'Occident
10371:
10300:
10024:
9912:
9782:
9730:
9654:
9593:
9412:
9294:
9234:
8926:
4617:1627–59: Reunified rule and decline
4303:Pages from the so-called Qur'an of
4241:Zawiya of Sidi Ben Sliman al-Jazuli
4051:
4029:Possible appearance of the banner (
4021:The role of the Sultan's government
3612:religious complex of Sidi Bel Abbès
3351:
3233:A Portuguese depiction of the 1578
2915:. The two sides agreed to the 1527
2537:
2513:
47:
24:
10749:
10515:
10434:
10322:Mouline, Nabil (11 January 2024).
10183:
10086:
10054:
9970:
9765:Ahmad Al-Mansur: Islamic Visionary
9543:
9513:
9118:
8790:
8562:Bosworth, Clifford Edmund (2004).
3830:1549: Muhammad al-Shaykh conquers
3595:(also known as Moulay Zaydan) and
25:
13255:
10777:
10759:. C. Hurst & Co. Publishers.
10064:Cory, Stephen (2 February 2012).
9922:El Moudden, Abderrahmane (1992).
9634:Barletta, Vincent (15 May 2010).
8480:
8429:decisive battle of Wadi al-'Abid.
4454:
4217:, a library, a primary school, a
3272:that ultimately resulted in King
3019:in January 1554. They installed '
2889:Zawiya and mausoleum of Al-Jazuli
2768:The rise of Al-Qa'im in the south
2730:origins through an ancestor from
513:(8th century BC – 7th century AD)
11384:Jewellery of the Berber cultures
11092:
10601:"الصحافة بأسفي - Presse de Safi"
10351:Garcia-Arenal, Mercedes (2012).
9817:. Fondazzjoni patrimonju Malti.
9681:Garcia-Arenal, Mercedes (2012).
9371:Ženka, Josef (25 October 2018).
4311:in 1599, kept at the library of
4293:
4284:
3966:The arrival of large numbers of
3945:expulsion of the Jews from Spain
3526:in February 1591. It was led by
2802:In 1505 the Portuguese occupied
2762:
1591:Western dynasties and caliphates
1175:
1120:
1106:
831:Bombardment of Casablanca (1907)
452:
410:
396:
382:
368:
343:
329:
10678:
10593:
10577:. 5 August 2012. Archived from
10563:
10393:
10344:
10315:
10145:"The end of the Songhay Empire"
10070:Dictionary of African Biography
9930:
9885:
9871:. University of Chicago Press.
9858:
9841:Encyclopedia of the Renaissance
9838:Grendler, Paul F., ed. (1999).
9831:
9804:
9755:
9714:Dictionary of African Biography
9701:
9674:
9627:
9613:. University of Chicago Press.
9526:The Cambridge History of Africa
9496:Dictionary of African Biography
9486:
9469:The Cambridge History of Africa
9459:
9403:
9364:
8887:
8773:Dictionary of African Biography
8724:Véronne, Chantal de la (2012).
8432:
8422:
4441:Muhammad ibn Sulayman al-Jazuli
4102:
3755:, conquered Marrakesh in 1668.
3502:(r. 1539–1549), emperor of the
2975:, whose empire now extended to
10147:. In Ogot, Bethwell A. (ed.).
10127:Marrakech: Des origines à 1912
10040:. Cambridge University Press.
9990:The Journal of African History
9426:. In Ogot, Bethwell A. (ed.).
9377:Journal of Islamic Manuscripts
9358:Marrakech: Des origines à 1912
8853:
8839:. Penguin Books. p. 503.
8828:
8763:
8736:
8568:. Edinburgh University Press.
8453:
8397:
8385:List of Sunni Muslim dynasties
4647:
4544:(1603–1606; in Fez after 1606)
3981:while the indigenous Moroccan
3878:1583: Saadian conquest of the
3827:and becomes sole Saadian ruler
3506:, to grant him control of the
3338:(birthday of the Prophet) and
3130:typically served as governor.
2777:who promoted the doctrines of
2621:invasion of the Songhai Empire
914:Opposition to European control
13:
1:
13234:1510 establishments in Africa
9452:The Last Great Muslim Empires
8446:
4579:Abu al-Ma'ali Zaydan al-Nasir
4557:Abu al-Ma'ali Zaydan al-Nasir
4485:1549–1603: Sultans of Morocco
3933:
3685:Reunification and final years
3593:Abu al-Ma'ali Zaydan al-Nasir
3193:Caetano Moreira de Costa Lima
3072:Following the assassination,
3065:, during the reign of Moulay
780:Anglo-Moroccan Treaty of 1856
10193:Bouasria, Abdelilah (2015).
8894:Abgadiyat, E. (9 May 2014).
8743:Bouasria, Abdelilah (2015).
8403:Also rendered in English as
4635:Muhammad al-Sheikh al-Saghir
4591:Abu Faris Abdallah al-Wathiq
4585:Muhammad al-Sheikh al-Ma'mun
4542:Abu Faris Abdallah al-Wathiq
3768:recognized as leader of the
3743:The last Saadian sultan was
3695:Muhammad al-Shaykh al-Saghir
3588:Muhammad al-Sheikh al-Ma'mun
7:
11719:
10630:The Qur'an: an encyclopedia
10501:. Oxford University Press.
10400:El Khatib-Boujibar, Naima.
10311:. Indiana University Press.
10104:. Oxford University Press.
10072:. Oxford University Press.
9762:Smith, Richard Lee (2006).
9708:Bennison, Amira K. (2012).
8368:
8336:
4276:Manuscripts and calligraphy
2812:Santa Cruz do Cabo de Aguer
2704:Muhammad al-Nafs al-Zakiyya
2662:and pursued relations with
2524:
1311:Arab empires and caliphates
966:Coup d'état attempt in 1971
764:(beginning 19th century AD)
683:(beginning 11th century AD)
509:Classical to Late Antiquity
10:
13260:
10632:. Routledge. p. 387.
9937:Ben-Srhir, Khalid (2005).
4623:Abu Marwan Abd al-Malik II
4106:
4097:
3928:
3679:Abu Marwan Abd al-Malik II
3578:Succession war (1603–1627)
3572:
3455:
3438:Abd el-Ouahed ben Messaoud
3218:Battle of Wadi al-Makhazin
3015:to attack Fes, where they
2984:before an army of Ottoman
2757:
907:Tangier International Zone
836:French conquest of Morocco
121:(1603–1627, rival capital)
29:
13155:
13107:
12624:
12028:
11727:
11541:
11460:
11392:
11329:
11320:
11253:
11244:
11161:
11152:
11125:Prefectures and provinces
11110:
11101:
11090:
11042:
11011:
10965:
10934:
10908:
10899:
10846:
10836:
10828:
10810:
10660:Blair, Sheila S. (2006).
10442:"Qantara - Saadian tombs"
10385:Marçais, Georges (1954).
10307:Gottreich, Emily (2006).
10125:Deverdun, Gaston (1959).
10036:El Hamel, Chouki (2013).
10002:10.1017/S0021853700019861
9664:Berthier, Pierre (1985).
9389:10.1163/1878464X-00902013
9356:Deverdun, Gaston (1959).
9100:Abun-Nasr, Jamil (1987).
8912:10.1163/22138609-90000027
8835:Greengrass, Mark (2014).
8812:10.3917/puf.mouli.2009.01
8466:. Routledge. p. 58.
8263:
8261:
8128:
8126:
8124:
8118:
8116:
8114:
8108:
8106:
8104:
8092:
8088:
8086:
8084:
8082:
8080:
8078:
8076:
8072:
8064:
8060:
8058:
8056:
7948:
7946:
7944:
7938:
7936:
7934:
7906:
7902:
7900:
7898:
7892:
7890:
7888:
7876:
7874:
7785:
7783:
7781:
7775:
7773:
7771:
7735:
7731:
7729:
7727:
7725:
7723:
7721:
7719:
7639:
7637:
7635:
7599:
7595:
7593:
7591:
7484:
7482:
7381:
7379:
7278:
7276:
7175:
7173:
7072:
7070:
6969:
6967:
6866:
6864:
6763:
6761:
6660:
6658:
6557:
6555:
6454:
6452:
6351:
6349:
6248:
6246:
6145:
6143:
6042:
6040:
5939:
5937:
5836:
5834:
5733:
5731:
5630:
5628:
5527:
5525:
5418:
5416:
5309:
5307:
5200:
5198:
5093:
5091:
5032:
4981:
4979:
4971:
4969:
4912:
4910:
4866:
4864:
4856:
4854:
4782:
4780:
4778:
4746:
4742:
4736:
4509:Abu Marwan Abd al-Malik I
4147:, completed in 1564-65 CE
3858:Muhammad II al-Mutawakkil
3852:Moulay Abdallah al-Ghalib
3135:Muhammad II al-Mutawakkil
3043:
2609:Muhammad II al-Mutawakkil
627:Territorial fragmentation
308:
298:
294:
284:
271:
262:Battle of the Three Kings
258:
245:
232:
222:
218:
210:
206:
194:
182:
178:
168:
153:
143:
129:
90:
85:Ruling dynasty of Morocco
80:
68:
63:
41:
13209:17th-century Arab people
13204:16th-century Arab people
10556:10.4000/perspective.7643
10426:Parker, Richard (1981).
10143:Abitbol, Michel (1992).
9865:Hess, Andrew C. (2010).
9811:Freller, Thomas (2008).
9670:. Paris: Éd. du C.N.R.S.
8863:Concise History of Islam
8463:Atlas of Islamic History
8390:
4245:Zawiya of Sidi Bel Abbes
3949:soon after from Portugal
3869:Battle of Alcácer Quibir
3834:and expels the Wattasids
3487:, the Mai (king) of the
3263:resulted in a flurry of
3235:Battle of Alcácer Quibir
3191:before Ahmad al-Mansur,
3005:Suleiman the Magnificent
2903:'s body here around 1524
1619:Umayyad state of Córdoba
728:other political entities
275:Defeat of Songhai Empire
13219:17th century in Morocco
13214:16th century in Morocco
10784:Nabil, Mouline (2013).
10470:"Koran of Muley Zaidan"
10151:. UNESCO. p. 201.
9430:. UNESCO. p. 201.
9276:Salmon, Xavier (2016).
4522:1603–27: Succession war
4221:(public bathhouse), an
4125:, mausoleum chamber of
3413:Anglo-Moroccan alliance
3090:Battle of Wadi al-Laban
2605:Battle of Ksar el-Kebir
997:Western Sahara conflict
10952:Barghawata Confederacy
10357:. Simon and Schuster.
10102:Encyclopedia of Africa
9687:. Simon and Schuster.
9573:Cory, Stephen (2016).
9226:Rivet, Daniel (2012).
4460:1510–49: Rise to power
4430:
4148:
4129:
4036:
3714:Republic of Bou Regreg
3643:
3615:
3382:
3238:
3196:
3069:
2904:
2682:Origins of the dynasty
740:Principality of Debdou
631:(10th–11th century AD)
286:• Disestablished
32:Saadi (disambiguation)
13132:Medieval great powers
11232:Western Sahara status
11012:European protectorate
10921:Kingdom of Mauretania
9607:Hess, Andrew (1978).
4597:Abdallah al-Ghalib II
4551:Abdallah al-Ghalib II
4406:
4359:vowels and diacritics
4348:Koran de Muley Zaidan
4135:
4116:
4109:Moroccan architecture
4107:Further information:
4028:
3759:Chronological summary
3640:Abdallah al-Ghalib II
3629:
3621:Abdallah al-Ghalib II
3605:
3542:(both in present-day
3376:
3232:
3186:
3056:
3017:defeated the Saadians
2886:
2866:Muhammad al-Burtuqali
2843:city for themselves.
2810:), which they called
2714:in the valley of the
2676:Moroccan architecture
2579:, secured control of
2528:), also known as the
2209:Sultanate of Zanzibar
2124:Mutawakkilite Kingdom
607:Barghwata confederacy
565:(8th–10th century AD)
130:Common languages
13142:European colonialism
13127:Ancient great powers
11140:World Heritage Sites
11029:Spanish Protectorate
10926:Mauretania Tingitana
10822:House of Banu Zaydan
9454:, BRILL 1997, p.102
9422:El Fasi, M. (1992).
4014:sub-Saharan Africans
3850:1557–1574: Reign of
3764:1510: Saadian chief
3699:Pashalik of Timbuktu
3638:was commissioned by
3003:The Ottoman sultan,
2847:The sons of Al-Qa'im
2694:through the line of
878:Spanish protectorate
785:Hispano-Moroccan War
642:Caliphate of Córdoba
600:Emirate of Sijilmasa
541:Mauretania Tingitana
392:Pashalik of Timbuktu
30:For other uses, see
13137:Modern great powers
11024:French Protectorate
10662:Islamic Calligraphy
10537:Abid, Hiba (2017).
10446:www.qantara-med.org
9768:. Pearson Longman.
4207:Mamluk architecture
4196:Bab Doukkala Mosque
4180:Kasbah of Marrakesh
4166:Ben Youssef Madrasa
4137:Ben Youssef Madrasa
3864:, with Ottoman help
3468:Trans-Saharan trade
3377:The remains of the
3237:, published in 1629
3112:Ben Youssef Madrasa
3059:Bab Doukkala Mosque
2840:trans-Saharan trade
2789:, which ruled from
2530:Sharifian Sultanate
1186:Ancient Arab states
975:Moulay Bouazza plot
873:French protectorate
814:Treaty of Algeciras
775:Franco-Moroccan War
546:Exarchate of Africa
378:Bou Regreg Republic
224:• Established
11303:Telecommunications
10571:"الأشراف السعديون"
10474:Ziereis Facsimiles
9280:. Paris: LienArt.
8380:History of Morocco
4497:Abdallah al-Ghalib
4491:Muhammad al-Shaykh
4478:Muhammad al-Shaykh
4436:Dala'il al-Khayrat
4431:
4410:Dala'il al-Khayrat
4307:, commissioned by
4270:French authorities
4205:s and the earlier
4149:
4145:Abdallah al-Ghalib
4143:, built by Sultan
4130:
4037:
4032:al-'alam al-mansûr
3893:and defeat of the
3786:Muhammad al-Shaykh
3644:
3616:
3597:Abdallah al-Wathiq
3489:Kanem-Bornu Empire
3383:
3381:today in Marrakesh
3324:religious scholars
3239:
3197:
3122:, and started the
3095:attack Mustaghanim
3074:Abdallah al-Ghalib
3070:
3067:Abdallah al-Ghalib
2981:conquered the city
2905:
2891:today, founded in
2853:Muhammad al-Shaykh
2601:Abdallah al-Ghalib
2585:Muhammad al-Shaykh
2251:Current monarchies
1914:Sharifate of Mecca
1384:Emirate of Tbilisi
1374:Emirate of Armenia
1224:Kingdom of Osroene
1127:History portal
1113:Morocco portal
1009:Hirak Rif Movement
1004:2011–2012 protests
364:Dila'iya Sultanate
337:Wattasid Sultanate
13239:Former sultanates
13181:
13180:
13103:
13102:
13068:Polish–Lithuanian
12243:Gurjara-Pratihara
11687:
11686:
11530:Islamic dynasties
11496:
11495:
11456:
11455:
11316:
11315:
11240:
11239:
11171:Foreign relations
11148:
11147:
11088:
11087:
10856:
10855:
10847:Succeeded by
10795:978-9954-538-15-9
10738:978-2-35031-490-7
10671:978-0-7486-3540-5
10639:978-0-415-32639-1
10605:www.safipress.com
10508:978-0-19-530991-1
10364:978-1-78074-208-3
10324:Drapeaux du Maroc
10258:978-2-35031-490-7
10233:978-3-902782-31-1
10206:978-1-317-68143-4
10158:978-92-3-101711-7
10111:978-0-19-533770-9
10079:978-0-19-538207-5
10047:978-1-107-02577-6
9905:978-1-59884-336-1
9878:978-0-226-33031-0
9851:978-0-684-80508-5
9824:978-99932-7-191-8
9775:978-0-321-25044-5
9723:978-0-19-538207-5
9710:"'Abd al-Malik I"
9694:978-1-78074-208-3
9647:978-0-226-03739-4
9620:978-0-226-33031-0
9586:978-1-317-06343-8
9536:978-0-521-20981-6
9506:978-0-19-538207-5
9479:978-0-521-20981-6
9437:978-92-3-101711-7
9287:978-2-35906-182-6
8873:978-93-82573-47-0
8821:978-2-13-057240-4
8783:978-0-19-538207-5
8756:978-1-317-68143-4
8575:978-0-7486-2137-8
8473:978-1-317-58897-9
8334:
8333:
8330:
8329:
8324:
8213:
8196:
8181:
8166:
8153:
8020:
8003:
7984:
7967:
7842:
7823:
7804:
7683:
7664:
7547:
5474:Abd Allah al-Nafs
5027:Ali ibn Abi Talib
4629:Muhammad al-Walid
4613:
4612:
4176:Qarawiyyin Mosque
3891:Battle of Tondibi
3691:Muhammad al-Walid
3632:Qarawiyyin Mosque
3532:Battle of Tondibi
3426:Earl of Leicester
3400:Algerian corsairs
3270:succession crisis
3155:Battle of ar-Rukn
3104:Battle of Lepanto
3100:Morisco uprisings
2921:Oum Er-Rbia River
2820:Muhammad al-Qa'im
2696:Ali ibn Abi Talib
2561:Muhammad al-Qa'im
2522:
2502:
2501:
2467:
2466:
2242:
2241:
2234:Tippu Tip's State
2132:
2131:
2104:Emirate of Beihan
1836:Arabian Peninsula
1827:
1826:
1582:
1581:
1366:Eastern dynasties
1357:
1356:
1302:
1301:
1214:Nabataean Kingdom
1204:Kingdom of Lihyan
1165:
1164:
799:Treaty of Wad Ras
730:
647:Fatimid Caliphate
581:Umayyad Caliphate
426:
425:
422:
421:
418:
417:
356:
355:
236:Capture of Agadir
196:• 1655–1659
189:Muhammad al-Qa'im
184:• 1510–1517
122:
114:
106:
100:
16:(Redirected from
13251:
12984:
12983:
12649:Austro-Hungarian
12349:Chagatai Khanate
11714:
11707:
11700:
11691:
11690:
11523:
11516:
11509:
11500:
11499:
11476:
11469:
11417:Hassaniya Arabic
11327:
11326:
11251:
11250:
11193:Sûreté Nationale
11159:
11158:
11108:
11107:
11096:
11080:2011–12 protests
10957:Kingdom of Nekor
10906:
10905:
10882:
10875:
10868:
10859:
10858:
10850:Alaouite dynasty
10838:Ruling house of
10832:Wattasid dynasty
10829:Preceded by
10808:
10807:
10799:
10743:
10742:
10724:
10718:
10717:
10707:
10701:
10700:
10698:
10696:
10682:
10676:
10675:
10657:
10644:
10643:
10625:
10616:
10615:
10613:
10611:
10597:
10591:
10590:
10588:
10586:
10581:on 5 August 2012
10567:
10561:
10560:
10558:
10534:
10513:
10512:
10494:
10485:
10484:
10482:
10480:
10466:
10457:
10456:
10454:
10452:
10438:
10432:
10431:
10423:
10417:
10416:
10414:
10412:
10397:
10391:
10390:
10382:
10369:
10368:
10348:
10342:
10341:
10328:Flags of Morocco
10319:
10313:
10312:
10304:
10298:
10297:
10269:
10263:
10262:
10244:
10238:
10237:
10217:
10211:
10210:
10190:
10181:
10180:
10172:
10163:
10162:
10140:
10131:
10130:
10122:
10116:
10115:
10098:"Songhai Empire"
10093:
10084:
10083:
10061:
10052:
10051:
10033:
10022:
10021:
9985:
9968:
9967:
9959:
9953:
9952:
9934:
9928:
9927:
9919:
9910:
9909:
9889:
9883:
9882:
9862:
9856:
9855:
9835:
9829:
9828:
9808:
9802:
9801:
9789:
9780:
9779:
9759:
9753:
9752:
9750:
9748:
9734:
9728:
9727:
9705:
9699:
9698:
9678:
9672:
9671:
9661:
9652:
9651:
9631:
9625:
9624:
9604:
9591:
9590:
9570:
9541:
9540:
9520:
9511:
9510:
9490:
9484:
9483:
9463:
9457:
9448:
9442:
9441:
9419:
9410:
9407:
9401:
9400:
9383:(2–3): 341–376.
9368:
9362:
9361:
9353:
9292:
9291:
9273:
9232:
9231:
9223:
9116:
9115:
9097:
8924:
8923:
8891:
8885:
8884:
8882:
8880:
8857:
8851:
8850:
8832:
8826:
8825:
8797:
8788:
8787:
8767:
8761:
8760:
8740:
8734:
8733:
8721:
8580:
8579:
8559:
8478:
8477:
8457:
8440:
8436:
8430:
8426:
8420:
8401:
8322:
8211:
8194:
8179:
8164:
8151:
8018:
8001:
7982:
7965:
7840:
7821:
7802:
7681:
7662:
7545:
4663:
4662:
4652:
4651:
4527:
4394:geometric motifs
4297:
4288:
4258:Dar Batha Museum
4192:Mouassine Mosque
4053:
3979:Spanish language
3442:Spanish colonies
3353:
3189:King Sebastian I
3108:Mouassine Mosque
2909:Ahmad al-Wattasi
2787:Wattasid dynasty
2633:Moulay al-Rashid
2599:in 1557 his son
2546:Northwest Africa
2539:
2527:
2517:
2515:
2494:
2487:
2480:
2255:
2254:
2219:Nabahani dynasty
2164:Nabahani dynasty
2149:Makhzumi dynasty
2145:
2144:
1840:
1839:
1595:
1594:
1394:Emirate of Crete
1370:
1369:
1315:
1314:
1294:Kingdom of Kinda
1244:Kingdom of Hatra
1194:Kingdom of Qedar
1190:
1189:
1179:
1167:
1166:
1157:
1150:
1143:
1125:
1124:
1123:
1111:
1110:
1109:
1063:History by topic
940:
939:
902:Tangier Protocol
857:
856:
804:Treaty of Madrid
766:
765:
745:Republic of Salé
727:
685:
684:
633:
632:
595:Emirate of Nekor
567:
566:
515:
514:
456:
446:
428:
427:
414:
413:
400:
399:
386:
385:
372:
371:
360:
359:
347:
346:
333:
332:
326:
325:
310:
309:
138:Berber languages
120:
112:
104:
98:
73:
58:
50:
49:
39:
38:
21:
13259:
13258:
13254:
13253:
13252:
13250:
13249:
13248:
13184:
13183:
13182:
13177:
13166:American Empire
13151:
13147:African empires
13099:
12982:
12674:Central African
12620:
12438:Romano-Germanic
12024:
11758:Middle Assyrian
11731:
11723:
11718:
11688:
11683:
11537:
11527:
11497:
11492:
11479:
11472:
11465:
11452:
11436:Moroccan people
11412:Moroccan Arabic
11388:
11312:
11258:Bank Al-Maghrib
11236:
11144:
11097:
11084:
11038:
11034:Operation Torch
11007:
10961:
10947:Idrisid dynasty
10930:
10895:
10886:
10852:
10843:
10834:
10824:
10819:
10796:
10780:
10752:
10750:Further reading
10747:
10746:
10739:
10725:
10721:
10708:
10704:
10694:
10692:
10684:
10683:
10679:
10672:
10658:
10647:
10640:
10626:
10619:
10609:
10607:
10599:
10598:
10594:
10584:
10582:
10569:
10568:
10564:
10535:
10516:
10509:
10495:
10488:
10478:
10476:
10468:
10467:
10460:
10450:
10448:
10440:
10439:
10435:
10424:
10420:
10410:
10408:
10398:
10394:
10383:
10372:
10365:
10349:
10345:
10338:
10320:
10316:
10305:
10301:
10270:
10266:
10259:
10245:
10241:
10234:
10218:
10214:
10207:
10191:
10184:
10173:
10166:
10159:
10141:
10134:
10123:
10119:
10112:
10094:
10087:
10080:
10062:
10055:
10048:
10034:
10025:
9986:
9971:
9960:
9956:
9949:
9935:
9931:
9920:
9913:
9906:
9890:
9886:
9879:
9863:
9859:
9852:
9836:
9832:
9825:
9809:
9805:
9790:
9783:
9776:
9760:
9756:
9746:
9744:
9736:
9735:
9731:
9724:
9706:
9702:
9695:
9679:
9675:
9662:
9655:
9648:
9632:
9628:
9621:
9605:
9594:
9587:
9571:
9544:
9537:
9521:
9514:
9507:
9491:
9487:
9480:
9464:
9460:
9449:
9445:
9438:
9420:
9413:
9408:
9404:
9369:
9365:
9354:
9295:
9288:
9274:
9235:
9224:
9119:
9112:
9098:
8927:
8892:
8888:
8878:
8876:
8874:
8858:
8854:
8847:
8833:
8829:
8822:
8798:
8791:
8784:
8768:
8764:
8757:
8741:
8737:
8722:
8583:
8576:
8560:
8481:
8474:
8458:
8454:
8449:
8444:
8443:
8437:
8433:
8427:
8423:
8402:
8398:
8393:
8371:
8366:
8364:
8339:
8321:
8317:
8210:
8206:
8204:
8193:
8189:
8178:
8175:Abd al-Malik II
8174:
8163:
8160:
8150:
8146:
8017:
8013:
8011:
8000:
7996:
7994:
7992:
7981:
7977:
7975:
7964:
7960:
7958:
7839:
7835:
7833:
7831:
7820:
7816:
7814:
7812:
7801:
7797:
7795:
7680:
7676:
7674:
7672:
7661:
7657:
7544:
7540:
7538:
7433:
7330:
7227:
7124:
7021:
6918:
6815:
6712:
6609:
6506:
6403:
6300:
6197:
6094:
5991:
5888:
5785:
5682:
5579:
5475:
5473:
5471:
5366:
5364:
5362:
5257:
5255:
5253:
5148:
5146:
5041:
5039:
5037:
5028:
5026:
4927:
4925:
4923:
4921:
4813:Abd al-Muttalib
4812:
4804:Abd al-Muttalib
4803:
4686:
4684:
4683:Abd al-Muttalib
4650:
4619:
4614:
4563:
4524:
4515:Ahmad al-Mansur
4487:
4462:
4457:
4355:British Library
4340:Zaydani Library
4327:Maghrebi script
4319:
4318:
4317:
4316:
4309:Ahmad al-Mansur
4300:
4299:
4298:
4290:
4289:
4278:
4127:Ahmad al-Mansur
4111:
4105:
4100:
4083:
4075:Moroccan Arabic
4065:(descendant of
4023:
3941:fall of Granada
3936:
3931:
3919:Abd al-Malik II
3873:Ahmad al-Mansur
3809:1541: Saadians
3802:Treaty of Tadla
3761:
3701:, ruled by the
3687:
3580:
3575:
3460:
3454:
3430:Barbary Company
3328:Abbasid caliphs
3285:Ottoman Algeria
3227:
3178:Queen Elizabeth
3176:) and England (
3118:, repaired the
3051:
3046:
3029:Count Alcaudete
3025:Battle of Tadla
2955:
2938:captured Agadir
2917:Treaty of Tadla
2849:
2770:
2765:
2760:
2726:. They claimed
2684:
2639:to establish a
2613:Ahmad al-Mansur
2538:السلطنة الشريفة
2506:Saadi Sultanate
2498:
2469:
2468:
2252:
2244:
2243:
2179:Mahdali dynasty
2142:
2134:
2133:
2074:Muscat and Oman
1844:Imamate of Oman
1837:
1829:
1828:
1592:
1584:
1583:
1367:
1359:
1358:
1312:
1304:
1303:
1234:Emesene Dynasty
1187:
1161:
1132:
1121:
1119:
1107:
1105:
1096:
1095:
1094:
1090:Imperial cities
1035:
1028:
1020:
1019:
1018:
1014:Abraham Accords
959:Moroccanization
943:
942:
937:
936:
935:
925:
924:
923:
885:French Conquest
860:
859:
854:
853:
852:
842:
841:
840:
769:
768:
763:
762:
761:
751:
750:
749:
735:Zawiya Dila'iya
729:
723:
688:
687:
682:
681:
680:
670:
669:
668:
636:
635:
630:
629:
628:
618:
617:
616:
612:Idrisid dynasty
576:Muslim conquest
570:
569:
564:
563:
562:
552:
551:
550:
518:
517:
512:
511:
510:
500:
499:
498:
466:
444:
437:
411:
406:Alawi Sultanate
397:
383:
369:
344:
330:
287:
277:
264:
251:
238:
225:
197:
185:
125:
76:
59:
52:
44:
43:Saadi Sultanate
35:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
13257:
13247:
13246:
13241:
13236:
13231:
13226:
13221:
13216:
13211:
13206:
13201:
13199:Arab dynasties
13196:
13179:
13178:
13176:
13175:
13174:
13173:
13168:
13159:
13157:
13153:
13152:
13150:
13149:
13144:
13139:
13134:
13129:
13124:
13123:
13122:
13111:
13109:
13105:
13104:
13101:
13100:
13098:
13097:
13092:
13087:
13082:
13077:
13076:
13075:
13065:
13060:
13055:
13050:
13045:
13040:
13035:
13030:
13025:
13020:
13019:
13018:
13013:
13003:
12998:
12992:
12990:
12981:
12980:
12979:
12978:
12973:
12968:
12963:
12958:
12948:
12943:
12942:
12941:
12931:
12926:
12925:
12924:
12919:
12914:
12904:
12899:
12898:
12897:
12892:
12882:
12881:
12880:
12875:
12870:
12865:
12860:
12850:
12849:
12848:
12843:
12833:
12828:
12823:
12818:
12817:
12816:
12811:
12806:
12801:
12796:
12786:
12785:
12784:
12779:
12769:
12764:
12763:
12762:
12757:
12747:
12746:
12745:
12740:
12730:
12729:
12728:
12723:
12713:
12708:
12707:
12706:
12701:
12696:
12691:
12686:
12676:
12671:
12670:
12669:
12664:
12656:
12651:
12646:
12641:
12636:
12630:
12628:
12622:
12621:
12619:
12618:
12613:
12608:
12603:
12602:
12601:
12596:
12591:
12586:
12581:
12576:
12571:
12561:
12556:
12555:
12554:
12549:
12544:
12539:
12534:
12529:
12519:
12518:
12517:
12512:
12507:
12502:
12492:
12487:
12482:
12477:
12472:
12467:
12462:
12457:
12452:
12451:
12450:
12445:
12435:
12434:
12433:
12428:
12423:
12418:
12413:
12408:
12395:
12390:
12385:
12380:
12379:
12378:
12373:
12368:
12358:
12357:
12356:
12351:
12346:
12341:
12331:
12326:
12321:
12316:
12311:
12306:
12305:
12304:
12299:
12294:
12289:
12279:
12278:
12277:
12272:
12267:
12262:
12252:
12251:
12250:
12245:
12240:
12230:
12225:
12220:
12215:
12210:
12209:
12208:
12203:
12198:
12188:
12183:
12182:
12181:
12176:
12171:
12166:
12161:
12156:
12146:
12145:
12144:
12139:
12129:
12128:
12127:
12122:
12117:
12112:
12102:
12097:
12096:
12095:
12085:
12084:
12083:
12078:
12070:
12065:
12060:
12055:
12050:
12045:
12040:
12034:
12032:
12030:Post-classical
12026:
12025:
12023:
12022:
12021:
12020:
12010:
12005:
12004:
12003:
11998:
11988:
11987:
11986:
11976:
11975:
11974:
11969:
11964:
11959:
11954:
11949:
11939:
11934:
11929:
11928:
11927:
11922:
11917:
11912:
11902:
11901:
11900:
11895:
11885:
11880:
11879:
11878:
11873:
11868:
11863:
11858:
11848:
11843:
11838:
11837:
11836:
11831:
11829:Middle Kingdom
11826:
11816:
11811:
11810:
11809:
11804:
11799:
11789:
11788:
11787:
11785:Neo-Babylonian
11782:
11777:
11775:Old Babylonian
11767:
11766:
11765:
11760:
11750:
11745:
11739:
11737:
11725:
11724:
11717:
11716:
11709:
11702:
11694:
11685:
11684:
11682:
11681:
11675:
11669:
11663:
11662:(1666–present)
11657:
11651:
11645:
11639:
11633:
11627:
11621:
11615:
11609:
11603:
11597:
11591:
11585:
11579:
11573:
11567:
11561:
11555:
11549:
11542:
11539:
11538:
11526:
11525:
11518:
11511:
11503:
11494:
11493:
11491:
11490:
11485:
11478:
11477:
11470:
11462:
11461:
11458:
11457:
11454:
11453:
11451:
11450:
11448:Western Sahara
11445:
11444:
11443:
11433:
11432:
11431:
11426:
11421:
11420:
11419:
11414:
11398:
11396:
11390:
11389:
11387:
11386:
11381:
11376:
11371:
11366:
11361:
11356:
11351:
11346:
11341:
11336:
11330:
11324:
11318:
11317:
11314:
11313:
11311:
11310:
11305:
11300:
11295:
11293:Western Sahara
11290:
11285:
11280:
11275:
11270:
11265:
11260:
11254:
11248:
11242:
11241:
11238:
11237:
11235:
11234:
11229:
11228:
11227:
11220:Prime Minister
11217:
11212:
11211:
11210:
11200:
11195:
11190:
11189:
11188:
11183:
11173:
11168:
11162:
11156:
11150:
11149:
11146:
11145:
11143:
11142:
11137:
11135:Western Sahara
11132:
11127:
11122:
11117:
11111:
11105:
11099:
11098:
11091:
11089:
11086:
11085:
11083:
11082:
11077:
11072:
11067:
11062:
11057:
11052:
11046:
11044:
11040:
11039:
11037:
11036:
11031:
11026:
11021:
11015:
11013:
11009:
11008:
11006:
11005:
11000:
10995:
10990:
10985:
10980:
10975:
10969:
10967:
10963:
10962:
10960:
10959:
10954:
10949:
10944:
10938:
10936:
10932:
10931:
10929:
10928:
10923:
10918:
10912:
10910:
10903:
10897:
10896:
10885:
10884:
10877:
10870:
10862:
10854:
10853:
10848:
10845:
10835:
10830:
10826:
10825:
10820:
10811:
10806:
10805:
10794:
10779:
10778:External links
10776:
10775:
10774:
10767:
10751:
10748:
10745:
10744:
10737:
10719:
10702:
10677:
10670:
10645:
10638:
10617:
10592:
10562:
10549:(2): 173–188.
10514:
10507:
10486:
10458:
10433:
10418:
10402:"Zellij panel"
10392:
10370:
10363:
10343:
10336:
10314:
10299:
10286:10.2307/991758
10280:(3): 310–327.
10264:
10257:
10239:
10232:
10212:
10205:
10182:
10164:
10157:
10132:
10117:
10110:
10085:
10078:
10053:
10046:
10023:
9996:(4): 457–475.
9969:
9954:
9947:
9929:
9911:
9904:
9884:
9877:
9857:
9850:
9830:
9823:
9803:
9781:
9774:
9754:
9738:"Badi' Palace"
9729:
9722:
9700:
9693:
9673:
9653:
9646:
9626:
9619:
9592:
9585:
9542:
9535:
9512:
9505:
9485:
9478:
9458:
9443:
9436:
9411:
9402:
9363:
9293:
9286:
9233:
9117:
9110:
8925:
8906:(1): 150–194.
8886:
8872:
8852:
8845:
8827:
8820:
8789:
8782:
8762:
8755:
8735:
8581:
8574:
8479:
8472:
8451:
8450:
8448:
8445:
8442:
8441:
8431:
8421:
8395:
8394:
8392:
8389:
8388:
8387:
8382:
8377:
8370:
8367:
8340:
8338:
8335:
8332:
8331:
8328:
8326:
8325:
8312:
8310:
8308:
8306:
8304:
8302:
8300:
8298:
8296:
8294:
8292:
8290:
8288:
8286:
8284:
8282:
8280:
8278:
8276:
8274:
8271:
8269:
8268:
8266:
8264:
8262:
8260:
8258:
8256:
8254:
8252:
8250:
8248:
8246:
8244:
8242:
8240:
8238:
8236:
8234:
8232:
8230:
8228:
8226:
8224:
8222:
8220:
8217:
8215:
8214:
8199:
8197:
8184:
8182:
8169:
8167:
8156:
8154:
8141:
8139:
8137:
8135:
8132:
8131:
8129:
8127:
8125:
8123:
8121:
8119:
8117:
8115:
8113:
8111:
8109:
8107:
8105:
8103:
8101:
8098:
8097:
8095:
8093:
8091:
8089:
8087:
8085:
8083:
8081:
8079:
8077:
8075:
8073:
8071:
8069:
8067:
8065:
8063:
8061:
8059:
8057:
8055:
8053:
8051:
8049:
8047:
8045:
8043:
8040:
8038:
8037:
8035:
8033:
8031:
8029:
8027:
8025:
8023:
8021:
8006:
8004:
7987:
7985:
7970:
7968:
7952:
7951:
7949:
7947:
7945:
7943:
7941:
7939:
7937:
7935:
7933:
7931:
7928:
7927:
7925:
7923:
7921:
7919:
7917:
7915:
7913:
7911:
7909:
7907:
7905:
7903:
7901:
7899:
7897:
7895:
7893:
7891:
7889:
7887:
7885:
7883:
7881:
7879:
7877:
7875:
7873:
7870:
7868:
7867:
7865:
7863:
7861:
7859:
7857:
7855:
7853:
7851:
7849:
7847:
7845:
7843:
7826:
7824:
7813:Abd al-Malik I
7807:
7805:
7789:
7788:
7786:
7784:
7782:
7780:
7778:
7776:
7774:
7772:
7770:
7768:
7765:
7764:
7762:
7760:
7758:
7756:
7754:
7752:
7750:
7748:
7746:
7744:
7742:
7740:
7738:
7736:
7734:
7732:
7730:
7728:
7726:
7724:
7722:
7720:
7718:
7716:
7714:
7711:
7709:
7708:
7706:
7704:
7702:
7700:
7698:
7696:
7694:
7692:
7690:
7688:
7686:
7684:
7667:
7665:
7652:
7650:
7648:
7646:
7643:
7642:
7640:
7638:
7636:
7634:
7632:
7629:
7628:
7626:
7624:
7622:
7620:
7618:
7616:
7614:
7612:
7610:
7608:
7606:
7604:
7602:
7600:
7598:
7596:
7594:
7592:
7590:
7588:
7586:
7584:
7582:
7580:
7578:
7575:
7573:
7572:
7570:
7568:
7566:
7564:
7562:
7560:
7558:
7556:
7554:
7552:
7550:
7548:
7533:
7531:
7529:
7527:
7525:
7523:
7521:
7519:
7516:
7514:
7513:
7511:
7509:
7507:
7505:
7503:
7501:
7499:
7497:
7495:
7493:
7491:
7489:
7487:
7485:
7483:
7481:
7479:
7477:
7475:
7473:
7471:
7469:
7467:
7465:
7462:
7460:
7459:
7457:
7455:
7453:
7451:
7449:
7447:
7445:
7443:
7441:
7439:
7437:
7435:
7430:
7428:
7426:
7424:
7422:
7420:
7418:
7416:
7413:
7411:
7410:
7408:
7406:
7404:
7402:
7400:
7398:
7396:
7394:
7392:
7390:
7388:
7386:
7384:
7382:
7380:
7378:
7376:
7374:
7372:
7370:
7368:
7366:
7364:
7362:
7359:
7357:
7356:
7354:
7352:
7350:
7348:
7346:
7344:
7342:
7340:
7338:
7336:
7334:
7332:
7327:
7325:
7323:
7321:
7319:
7317:
7315:
7313:
7310:
7308:
7307:
7305:
7303:
7301:
7299:
7297:
7295:
7293:
7291:
7289:
7287:
7285:
7283:
7281:
7279:
7277:
7275:
7273:
7271:
7269:
7267:
7265:
7263:
7261:
7259:
7256:
7254:
7253:
7251:
7249:
7247:
7245:
7243:
7241:
7239:
7237:
7235:
7233:
7231:
7229:
7224:
7222:
7220:
7218:
7216:
7214:
7212:
7210:
7207:
7205:
7204:
7202:
7200:
7198:
7196:
7194:
7192:
7190:
7188:
7186:
7184:
7182:
7180:
7178:
7176:
7174:
7172:
7170:
7168:
7166:
7164:
7162:
7160:
7158:
7156:
7153:
7151:
7150:
7148:
7146:
7144:
7142:
7140:
7138:
7136:
7134:
7132:
7130:
7128:
7126:
7121:
7119:
7117:
7115:
7113:
7111:
7109:
7107:
7104:
7102:
7101:
7099:
7097:
7095:
7093:
7091:
7089:
7087:
7085:
7083:
7081:
7079:
7077:
7075:
7073:
7071:
7069:
7067:
7065:
7063:
7061:
7059:
7057:
7055:
7053:
7050:
7048:
7047:
7045:
7043:
7041:
7039:
7037:
7035:
7033:
7031:
7029:
7027:
7025:
7023:
7018:
7016:
7014:
7012:
7010:
7008:
7006:
7004:
7001:
6999:
6998:
6996:
6994:
6992:
6990:
6988:
6986:
6984:
6982:
6980:
6978:
6976:
6974:
6972:
6970:
6968:
6966:
6964:
6962:
6960:
6958:
6956:
6954:
6952:
6950:
6947:
6945:
6944:
6942:
6940:
6938:
6936:
6934:
6932:
6930:
6928:
6926:
6924:
6922:
6920:
6915:
6913:
6911:
6909:
6907:
6905:
6903:
6901:
6898:
6896:
6895:
6893:
6891:
6889:
6887:
6885:
6883:
6881:
6879:
6877:
6875:
6873:
6871:
6869:
6867:
6865:
6863:
6861:
6859:
6857:
6855:
6853:
6851:
6849:
6847:
6844:
6842:
6841:
6839:
6837:
6835:
6833:
6831:
6829:
6827:
6825:
6823:
6821:
6819:
6817:
6812:
6810:
6808:
6806:
6804:
6802:
6800:
6798:
6795:
6793:
6792:
6790:
6788:
6786:
6784:
6782:
6780:
6778:
6776:
6774:
6772:
6770:
6768:
6766:
6764:
6762:
6760:
6758:
6756:
6754:
6752:
6750:
6748:
6746:
6744:
6741:
6739:
6738:
6736:
6734:
6732:
6730:
6728:
6726:
6724:
6722:
6720:
6718:
6716:
6714:
6709:
6707:
6705:
6703:
6701:
6699:
6697:
6695:
6692:
6690:
6689:
6687:
6685:
6683:
6681:
6679:
6677:
6675:
6673:
6671:
6669:
6667:
6665:
6663:
6661:
6659:
6657:
6655:
6653:
6651:
6649:
6647:
6645:
6643:
6641:
6638:
6636:
6635:
6633:
6631:
6629:
6627:
6625:
6623:
6621:
6619:
6617:
6615:
6613:
6611:
6606:
6604:
6602:
6600:
6598:
6596:
6594:
6592:
6589:
6587:
6586:
6584:
6582:
6580:
6578:
6576:
6574:
6572:
6570:
6568:
6566:
6564:
6562:
6560:
6558:
6556:
6554:
6552:
6550:
6548:
6546:
6544:
6542:
6540:
6538:
6535:
6533:
6532:
6530:
6528:
6526:
6524:
6522:
6520:
6518:
6516:
6514:
6512:
6510:
6508:
6503:
6501:
6499:
6497:
6495:
6493:
6491:
6489:
6486:
6484:
6483:
6481:
6479:
6477:
6475:
6473:
6471:
6469:
6467:
6465:
6463:
6461:
6459:
6457:
6455:
6453:
6451:
6449:
6447:
6445:
6443:
6441:
6439:
6437:
6435:
6432:
6430:
6429:
6427:
6425:
6423:
6421:
6419:
6417:
6415:
6413:
6411:
6409:
6407:
6405:
6400:
6398:
6396:
6394:
6392:
6390:
6388:
6386:
6383:
6381:
6380:
6378:
6376:
6374:
6372:
6370:
6368:
6366:
6364:
6362:
6360:
6358:
6356:
6354:
6352:
6350:
6348:
6346:
6344:
6342:
6340:
6338:
6336:
6334:
6332:
6329:
6327:
6326:
6324:
6322:
6320:
6318:
6316:
6314:
6312:
6310:
6308:
6306:
6304:
6302:
6297:
6295:
6293:
6291:
6289:
6287:
6285:
6283:
6280:
6278:
6277:
6275:
6273:
6271:
6269:
6267:
6265:
6263:
6261:
6259:
6257:
6255:
6253:
6251:
6249:
6247:
6245:
6243:
6241:
6239:
6237:
6235:
6233:
6231:
6229:
6226:
6224:
6223:
6221:
6219:
6217:
6215:
6213:
6211:
6209:
6207:
6205:
6203:
6201:
6199:
6194:
6192:
6190:
6188:
6186:
6184:
6182:
6180:
6177:
6175:
6174:
6172:
6170:
6168:
6166:
6164:
6162:
6160:
6158:
6156:
6154:
6152:
6150:
6148:
6146:
6144:
6142:
6140:
6138:
6136:
6134:
6132:
6130:
6128:
6126:
6123:
6121:
6120:
6118:
6116:
6114:
6112:
6110:
6108:
6106:
6104:
6102:
6100:
6098:
6096:
6091:
6089:
6087:
6085:
6083:
6081:
6079:
6077:
6074:
6072:
6071:
6069:
6067:
6065:
6063:
6061:
6059:
6057:
6055:
6053:
6051:
6049:
6047:
6045:
6043:
6041:
6039:
6037:
6035:
6033:
6031:
6029:
6027:
6025:
6023:
6020:
6018:
6017:
6015:
6013:
6011:
6009:
6007:
6005:
6003:
6001:
5999:
5997:
5995:
5993:
5988:
5986:
5984:
5982:
5980:
5978:
5976:
5974:
5971:
5969:
5968:
5966:
5964:
5962:
5960:
5958:
5956:
5954:
5952:
5950:
5948:
5946:
5944:
5942:
5940:
5938:
5936:
5934:
5932:
5930:
5928:
5926:
5924:
5922:
5920:
5917:
5915:
5914:
5912:
5910:
5908:
5906:
5904:
5902:
5900:
5898:
5896:
5894:
5892:
5890:
5885:
5883:
5881:
5879:
5877:
5875:
5873:
5871:
5868:
5866:
5865:
5863:
5861:
5859:
5857:
5855:
5853:
5851:
5849:
5847:
5845:
5843:
5841:
5839:
5837:
5835:
5833:
5831:
5829:
5827:
5825:
5823:
5821:
5819:
5817:
5814:
5812:
5811:
5809:
5807:
5805:
5803:
5801:
5799:
5797:
5795:
5793:
5791:
5789:
5787:
5782:
5780:
5778:
5776:
5774:
5772:
5770:
5768:
5765:
5763:
5762:
5760:
5758:
5756:
5754:
5752:
5750:
5748:
5746:
5744:
5742:
5740:
5738:
5736:
5734:
5732:
5730:
5728:
5726:
5724:
5722:
5720:
5718:
5716:
5714:
5711:
5709:
5708:
5706:
5704:
5702:
5700:
5698:
5696:
5694:
5692:
5690:
5688:
5686:
5684:
5679:
5677:
5675:
5673:
5671:
5669:
5667:
5665:
5662:
5660:
5659:
5657:
5655:
5653:
5651:
5649:
5647:
5645:
5643:
5641:
5639:
5637:
5635:
5633:
5631:
5629:
5627:
5625:
5623:
5621:
5619:
5617:
5615:
5613:
5611:
5608:
5606:
5605:
5603:
5601:
5599:
5597:
5595:
5593:
5591:
5589:
5587:
5585:
5583:
5581:
5576:
5574:
5572:
5570:
5568:
5566:
5564:
5562:
5559:
5557:
5556:
5554:
5552:
5550:
5548:
5546:
5544:
5542:
5540:
5538:
5536:
5534:
5532:
5530:
5528:
5526:
5524:
5522:
5520:
5518:
5516:
5514:
5512:
5510:
5508:
5505:
5503:
5502:
5500:
5498:
5496:
5494:
5492:
5490:
5488:
5486:
5484:
5482:
5480:
5478:
5467:
5465:
5463:
5461:
5459:
5457:
5455:
5453:
5450:
5448:
5447:
5445:
5443:
5441:
5439:
5437:
5435:
5433:
5431:
5429:
5427:
5425:
5423:
5421:
5419:
5417:
5415:
5413:
5411:
5409:
5407:
5405:
5403:
5401:
5399:
5396:
5394:
5393:
5391:
5389:
5387:
5385:
5383:
5381:
5379:
5377:
5375:
5373:
5371:
5369:
5358:
5356:
5354:
5352:
5350:
5348:
5346:
5344:
5341:
5339:
5338:
5336:
5334:
5332:
5330:
5328:
5326:
5324:
5322:
5320:
5318:
5316:
5314:
5312:
5310:
5308:
5306:
5304:
5302:
5300:
5298:
5296:
5294:
5292:
5290:
5287:
5285:
5284:
5282:
5280:
5278:
5276:
5274:
5272:
5270:
5268:
5266:
5264:
5262:
5260:
5249:
5247:
5245:
5243:
5241:
5239:
5237:
5235:
5232:
5230:
5229:
5227:
5225:
5223:
5221:
5219:
5217:
5215:
5213:
5211:
5209:
5207:
5205:
5203:
5201:
5199:
5197:
5195:
5193:
5191:
5189:
5187:
5185:
5183:
5181:
5178:
5176:
5175:
5173:
5171:
5169:
5167:
5165:
5163:
5161:
5159:
5157:
5155:
5153:
5151:
5149:Ali al-Mujtaba
5142:
5140:
5138:
5136:
5134:
5132:
5130:
5128:
5125:
5123:
5122:
5120:
5118:
5116:
5114:
5112:
5110:
5108:
5106:
5104:
5102:
5100:
5098:
5096:
5094:
5092:
5090:
5088:
5086:
5084:
5082:
5080:
5078:
5076:
5074:
5071:
5070:
5068:
5065:
5064:
5062:
5060:
5058:
5056:
5054:
5052:
5050:
5048:
5046:
5044:
5033:
5031:
5022:
5020:
5018:
5016:
5014:
5012:
5009:
5007:
5006:
5004:
5002:
5000:
4998:
4996:
4994:
4992:
4990:
4988:
4986:
4984:
4982:
4980:
4978:
4976:
4974:
4972:
4970:
4968:
4966:
4964:
4962:
4960:
4958:
4956:
4953:
4951:
4950:
4948:
4946:
4944:
4942:
4940:
4938:
4936:
4934:
4932:
4930:
4917:
4915:
4913:
4911:
4909:
4907:
4905:
4903:
4901:
4899:
4897:
4894:
4892:
4891:
4889:
4887:
4885:
4883:
4881:
4879:
4877:
4875:
4873:
4871:
4869:
4867:
4865:
4863:
4861:
4859:
4857:
4855:
4853:
4851:
4849:
4847:
4845:
4843:
4841:
4838:
4836:
4835:
4833:
4831:
4829:
4827:
4825:
4823:
4821:
4819:
4817:
4815:
4808:
4806:
4799:
4797:
4795:
4793:
4791:
4789:
4786:
4785:
4783:
4781:
4779:
4777:
4775:
4772:
4771:
4769:
4767:
4765:
4763:
4761:
4759:
4757:
4755:
4753:
4751:
4749:
4747:
4745:
4743:
4741:
4739:
4737:
4735:
4733:
4731:
4729:
4727:
4725:
4723:
4721:
4719:
4716:
4714:
4713:
4711:
4709:
4707:
4705:
4703:
4701:
4699:
4697:
4695:
4693:
4691:
4689:
4680:
4678:
4676:
4674:
4672:
4670:
4668:
4666:
4659:
4658:
4649:
4646:
4645:
4644:
4641:Ahmad al-Abbas
4638:
4632:
4626:
4618:
4615:
4611:
4610:
4605:
4604:
4603:
4600:
4594:
4588:
4582:
4565:
4561:
4560:
4554:
4548:
4545:
4525:
4523:
4520:
4519:
4518:
4512:
4506:
4500:
4494:
4486:
4483:
4482:
4481:
4475:
4469:
4461:
4458:
4456:
4455:List of Rulers
4453:
4407:A copy of the
4335:Topkapi Palace
4302:
4301:
4292:
4291:
4283:
4282:
4281:
4280:
4279:
4277:
4274:
4266:Moulay Isma'il
4185:Italian marble
4104:
4101:
4099:
4096:
4082:
4079:
4022:
4019:
3968:Sephardic Jews
3935:
3932:
3930:
3927:
3926:
3925:
3922:
3915:
3912:
3897:
3895:Songhai Empire
3883:
3876:
3865:
3854:
3848:
3845:
3842:
3835:
3828:
3821:
3807:
3804:
3794:
3788:
3782:Ahmad al-'Araj
3778:
3772:
3760:
3757:
3745:Ahmad al-Abbas
3686:
3683:
3579:
3576:
3574:
3571:
3551:Songhai Empire
3517:Askia Ishaq II
3504:Songhai Empire
3456:Main article:
3453:
3450:
3379:El Badi Palace
3356:Italian marble
3226:
3223:
3174:King Henri III
3159:Friday prayers
3139:Siege of Tunis
3050:
3047:
3045:
3042:
3021:Ali Abu Hassun
2965:Ksar al-Seghir
2954:
2951:
2848:
2845:
2836:Ahmad al-'Araj
2769:
2766:
2764:
2761:
2759:
2756:
2706:, grandson of
2683:
2680:
2643:over Morocco.
2637:'Alawi dynasty
2500:
2499:
2497:
2496:
2489:
2482:
2474:
2471:
2470:
2465:
2464:
2461:
2450:
2449:
2446:
2435:
2434:
2431:
2420:
2419:
2416:
2405:
2404:
2401:
2390:
2389:
2386:
2375:
2374:
2371:
2360:
2359:
2356:
2345:
2344:
2341:
2330:
2329:
2326:
2315:
2314:
2311:
2300:
2299:
2296:
2285:
2284:
2281:
2278:Ras al Khaymah
2270:
2269:
2266:
2253:
2250:
2249:
2246:
2245:
2240:
2239:
2236:
2230:
2229:
2226:
2215:
2214:
2211:
2205:
2204:
2201:
2194:Mazrui dynasty
2190:
2189:
2186:
2175:
2174:
2171:
2160:
2159:
2156:
2143:
2140:
2139:
2136:
2135:
2130:
2129:
2126:
2120:
2119:
2116:
2110:
2109:
2106:
2100:
2099:
2096:
2090:
2089:
2086:
2080:
2079:
2076:
2070:
2069:
2066:
2060:
2059:
2056:
2050:
2049:
2046:
2040:
2039:
2036:
2030:
2029:
2026:
2020:
2019:
2016:
2010:
2009:
2006:
2000:
1999:
1996:
1990:
1989:
1986:
1980:
1979:
1976:
1970:
1969:
1966:
1960:
1959:
1956:
1950:
1949:
1946:
1940:
1939:
1936:
1930:
1929:
1926:
1920:
1919:
1916:
1910:
1909:
1906:
1900:
1899:
1896:
1890:
1889:
1886:
1880:
1879:
1876:
1870:
1869:
1866:
1860:
1859:
1856:
1850:
1849:
1846:
1838:
1835:
1834:
1831:
1830:
1825:
1824:
1821:
1815:
1814:
1811:
1805:
1804:
1801:
1795:
1794:
1791:
1785:
1784:
1781:
1775:
1774:
1771:
1765:
1764:
1761:
1755:
1754:
1751:
1745:
1744:
1741:
1735:
1734:
1731:
1725:
1724:
1721:
1715:
1714:
1711:
1705:
1704:
1701:
1695:
1694:
1691:
1685:
1684:
1681:
1675:
1674:
1671:
1665:
1664:
1661:
1655:
1654:
1651:
1645:
1644:
1641:
1635:
1634:
1631:
1625:
1624:
1621:
1615:
1614:
1611:
1609:Fihrid Emirate
1605:
1604:
1601:
1593:
1590:
1589:
1586:
1585:
1580:
1579:
1576:
1570:
1569:
1566:
1560:
1559:
1556:
1550:
1549:
1546:
1540:
1539:
1536:
1530:
1529:
1526:
1520:
1519:
1516:
1510:
1509:
1506:
1500:
1499:
1496:
1490:
1489:
1486:
1480:
1479:
1476:
1470:
1469:
1466:
1460:
1459:
1456:
1450:
1449:
1446:
1440:
1439:
1436:
1430:
1429:
1426:
1420:
1419:
1416:
1410:
1409:
1406:
1400:
1399:
1396:
1390:
1389:
1386:
1380:
1379:
1376:
1368:
1365:
1364:
1361:
1360:
1355:
1354:
1351:
1345:
1344:
1341:
1335:
1334:
1331:
1325:
1324:
1321:
1313:
1310:
1309:
1306:
1305:
1300:
1299:
1296:
1290:
1289:
1286:
1280:
1279:
1276:
1270:
1269:
1266:
1260:
1259:
1256:
1250:
1249:
1246:
1240:
1239:
1236:
1230:
1229:
1226:
1220:
1219:
1216:
1210:
1209:
1206:
1200:
1199:
1196:
1188:
1185:
1184:
1181:
1180:
1172:
1171:
1163:
1162:
1160:
1159:
1152:
1145:
1137:
1134:
1133:
1131:
1130:
1116:
1101:
1098:
1097:
1093:
1092:
1087:
1082:
1077:
1072:
1066:
1065:
1059:
1058:
1053:
1048:
1043:
1038:
1034:Morocco in the
1030:
1029:
1027:Related topics
1026:
1025:
1022:
1021:
1017:
1016:
1011:
1006:
1000:
999:
994:
989:
987:Madrid Accords
983:
982:
977:
972:
962:
961:
956:
951:
945:
944:
938:(1956–present)
932:
931:
930:
927:
926:
922:
921:
916:
910:
909:
904:
898:
897:
892:
887:
881:
880:
875:
869:
868:
862:
861:
849:
848:
847:
844:
843:
839:
838:
833:
828:
822:
821:
816:
811:
809:Tangier Crisis
806:
801:
795:
794:
792:Protégé system
788:
787:
782:
777:
771:
770:
758:
757:
756:
753:
752:
748:
747:
742:
737:
725:
724:
718:
713:
707:
706:
701:
696:
690:
689:
677:
676:
675:
672:
671:
667:
666:
661:
656:
650:
649:
644:
638:
637:
625:
624:
623:
620:
619:
615:
614:
609:
603:
602:
597:
591:
590:
584:
583:
578:
572:
571:
559:
558:
557:
554:
553:
549:
548:
543:
538:
532:
531:
526:
520:
519:
507:
506:
505:
502:
501:
497:
496:
491:
489:Iberomaurusian
485:
484:
479:
474:
468:
467:
462:
461:
458:
457:
449:
448:
439:
438:
431:
424:
423:
420:
419:
416:
415:
408:
402:
401:
394:
388:
387:
380:
374:
373:
366:
357:
354:
353:
351:Songhai Empire
348:
340:
339:
334:
322:
321:
316:
306:
305:
300:
296:
295:
292:
291:
288:
285:
282:
281:
278:
272:
269:
268:
265:
259:
256:
255:
252:
246:
243:
242:
239:
233:
230:
229:
226:
223:
220:
219:
216:
215:
212:
208:
207:
204:
203:
201:Ahmad al-Abbas
198:
195:
192:
191:
186:
183:
180:
179:
176:
175:
172:
166:
165:
155:
151:
150:
145:
141:
140:
131:
127:
126:
124:
123:
115:
107:
101:
94:
92:
88:
87:
82:
78:
77:
74:
66:
65:
61:
60:
45:
42:
26:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
13256:
13245:
13242:
13240:
13237:
13235:
13232:
13230:
13227:
13225:
13222:
13220:
13217:
13215:
13212:
13210:
13207:
13205:
13202:
13200:
13197:
13195:
13194:Saadi dynasty
13192:
13191:
13189:
13172:
13171:Soviet empire
13169:
13167:
13164:
13163:
13161:
13160:
13158:
13156:Miscellaneous
13154:
13148:
13145:
13143:
13140:
13138:
13135:
13133:
13130:
13128:
13125:
13121:
13118:
13117:
13116:
13113:
13112:
13110:
13106:
13096:
13093:
13091:
13088:
13086:
13083:
13081:
13078:
13074:
13071:
13070:
13069:
13066:
13064:
13061:
13059:
13056:
13054:
13051:
13049:
13046:
13044:
13041:
13039:
13036:
13034:
13031:
13029:
13026:
13024:
13021:
13017:
13014:
13012:
13009:
13008:
13007:
13004:
13002:
12999:
12997:
12994:
12993:
12991:
12989:
12985:
12977:
12974:
12972:
12969:
12967:
12964:
12962:
12959:
12957:
12954:
12953:
12952:
12949:
12947:
12944:
12940:
12937:
12936:
12935:
12932:
12930:
12927:
12923:
12920:
12918:
12915:
12913:
12910:
12909:
12908:
12905:
12903:
12900:
12896:
12893:
12891:
12888:
12887:
12886:
12883:
12879:
12876:
12874:
12871:
12869:
12866:
12864:
12861:
12859:
12856:
12855:
12854:
12851:
12847:
12844:
12842:
12839:
12838:
12837:
12834:
12832:
12829:
12827:
12824:
12822:
12819:
12815:
12812:
12810:
12807:
12805:
12802:
12800:
12797:
12795:
12792:
12791:
12790:
12787:
12783:
12780:
12778:
12775:
12774:
12773:
12770:
12768:
12765:
12761:
12758:
12756:
12755:German Empire
12753:
12752:
12751:
12748:
12744:
12741:
12739:
12736:
12735:
12734:
12731:
12727:
12724:
12722:
12719:
12718:
12717:
12714:
12712:
12709:
12705:
12702:
12700:
12697:
12695:
12692:
12690:
12687:
12685:
12682:
12681:
12680:
12677:
12675:
12672:
12668:
12665:
12663:
12660:
12659:
12657:
12655:
12652:
12650:
12647:
12645:
12642:
12640:
12637:
12635:
12632:
12631:
12629:
12627:
12623:
12617:
12614:
12612:
12609:
12607:
12604:
12600:
12597:
12595:
12592:
12590:
12587:
12585:
12582:
12580:
12577:
12575:
12572:
12570:
12567:
12566:
12565:
12562:
12560:
12557:
12553:
12550:
12548:
12545:
12543:
12540:
12538:
12535:
12533:
12530:
12528:
12525:
12524:
12523:
12520:
12516:
12513:
12511:
12508:
12506:
12503:
12501:
12498:
12497:
12496:
12495:Turco-Persian
12493:
12491:
12488:
12486:
12483:
12481:
12478:
12476:
12473:
12471:
12468:
12466:
12463:
12461:
12458:
12456:
12453:
12449:
12446:
12444:
12441:
12440:
12439:
12436:
12432:
12429:
12427:
12424:
12422:
12419:
12417:
12414:
12412:
12409:
12407:
12404:
12403:
12402:
12399:
12396:
12394:
12391:
12389:
12386:
12384:
12381:
12377:
12374:
12372:
12369:
12367:
12364:
12363:
12362:
12359:
12355:
12352:
12350:
12347:
12345:
12342:
12340:
12337:
12336:
12335:
12332:
12330:
12327:
12325:
12322:
12320:
12317:
12315:
12312:
12310:
12307:
12303:
12300:
12298:
12295:
12293:
12290:
12288:
12285:
12284:
12283:
12280:
12276:
12273:
12271:
12268:
12266:
12263:
12261:
12258:
12257:
12256:
12253:
12249:
12246:
12244:
12241:
12239:
12236:
12235:
12234:
12231:
12229:
12226:
12224:
12221:
12219:
12216:
12214:
12211:
12207:
12204:
12202:
12199:
12197:
12194:
12193:
12192:
12189:
12187:
12184:
12180:
12177:
12175:
12172:
12170:
12167:
12165:
12162:
12160:
12157:
12155:
12152:
12151:
12150:
12147:
12143:
12140:
12138:
12135:
12134:
12133:
12130:
12126:
12123:
12121:
12118:
12116:
12113:
12111:
12108:
12107:
12106:
12103:
12101:
12098:
12094:
12091:
12090:
12089:
12086:
12082:
12079:
12077:
12074:
12073:
12071:
12069:
12066:
12064:
12061:
12059:
12056:
12054:
12051:
12049:
12046:
12044:
12041:
12039:
12036:
12035:
12033:
12031:
12027:
12019:
12016:
12015:
12014:
12011:
12009:
12006:
12002:
11999:
11997:
11994:
11993:
11992:
11989:
11985:
11982:
11981:
11980:
11977:
11973:
11970:
11968:
11965:
11963:
11960:
11958:
11955:
11953:
11950:
11948:
11945:
11944:
11943:
11940:
11938:
11935:
11933:
11930:
11926:
11923:
11921:
11918:
11916:
11913:
11911:
11908:
11907:
11906:
11903:
11899:
11896:
11894:
11891:
11890:
11889:
11886:
11884:
11881:
11877:
11874:
11872:
11869:
11867:
11864:
11862:
11859:
11857:
11854:
11853:
11852:
11849:
11847:
11844:
11842:
11839:
11835:
11832:
11830:
11827:
11825:
11822:
11821:
11820:
11817:
11815:
11812:
11808:
11805:
11803:
11800:
11798:
11795:
11794:
11793:
11790:
11786:
11783:
11781:
11778:
11776:
11773:
11772:
11771:
11768:
11764:
11761:
11759:
11756:
11755:
11754:
11751:
11749:
11746:
11744:
11741:
11740:
11738:
11735:
11730:
11726:
11722:
11715:
11710:
11708:
11703:
11701:
11696:
11695:
11692:
11679:
11676:
11673:
11670:
11667:
11664:
11661:
11658:
11655:
11652:
11649:
11646:
11643:
11640:
11637:
11634:
11631:
11628:
11625:
11622:
11619:
11616:
11613:
11610:
11607:
11604:
11601:
11598:
11595:
11592:
11589:
11586:
11583:
11580:
11577:
11574:
11571:
11568:
11565:
11562:
11559:
11556:
11553:
11550:
11547:
11544:
11543:
11540:
11535:
11531:
11524:
11519:
11517:
11512:
11510:
11505:
11504:
11501:
11489:
11486:
11484:
11481:
11480:
11475:
11471:
11468:
11464:
11463:
11459:
11449:
11446:
11442:
11439:
11438:
11437:
11434:
11430:
11427:
11425:
11422:
11418:
11415:
11413:
11410:
11409:
11408:
11405:
11404:
11403:
11400:
11399:
11397:
11395:
11391:
11385:
11382:
11380:
11377:
11375:
11372:
11370:
11367:
11365:
11362:
11360:
11357:
11355:
11352:
11350:
11347:
11345:
11342:
11340:
11337:
11335:
11332:
11331:
11328:
11325:
11323:
11319:
11309:
11306:
11304:
11301:
11299:
11296:
11294:
11291:
11289:
11286:
11284:
11281:
11279:
11276:
11274:
11271:
11269:
11266:
11264:
11261:
11259:
11256:
11255:
11252:
11249:
11247:
11243:
11233:
11230:
11226:
11223:
11222:
11221:
11218:
11216:
11213:
11209:
11206:
11205:
11204:
11201:
11199:
11196:
11194:
11191:
11187:
11184:
11182:
11181:Alawi dynasty
11179:
11178:
11177:
11174:
11172:
11169:
11167:
11164:
11163:
11160:
11157:
11155:
11151:
11141:
11138:
11136:
11133:
11131:
11128:
11126:
11123:
11121:
11118:
11116:
11113:
11112:
11109:
11106:
11104:
11100:
11095:
11081:
11078:
11076:
11073:
11071:
11068:
11066:
11063:
11061:
11058:
11056:
11053:
11051:
11048:
11047:
11045:
11041:
11035:
11032:
11030:
11027:
11025:
11022:
11020:
11019:Treaty of Fez
11017:
11016:
11014:
11010:
11004:
11001:
10999:
10996:
10994:
10991:
10989:
10986:
10984:
10981:
10979:
10976:
10974:
10971:
10970:
10968:
10964:
10958:
10955:
10953:
10950:
10948:
10945:
10943:
10942:Berber Revolt
10940:
10939:
10937:
10935:Early Islamic
10933:
10927:
10924:
10922:
10919:
10917:
10914:
10913:
10911:
10907:
10904:
10902:
10898:
10894:
10890:
10883:
10878:
10876:
10871:
10869:
10864:
10863:
10860:
10851:
10842:
10841:
10833:
10827:
10823:
10818:
10816:
10809:
10803:
10797:
10791:
10787:
10782:
10781:
10772:
10768:
10766:
10765:1-85065-282-1
10762:
10758:
10754:
10753:
10740:
10734:
10730:
10723:
10715:
10714:
10706:
10691:
10687:
10681:
10673:
10667:
10663:
10656:
10654:
10652:
10650:
10641:
10635:
10631:
10624:
10622:
10606:
10602:
10596:
10580:
10576:
10572:
10566:
10557:
10552:
10548:
10544:
10540:
10533:
10531:
10529:
10527:
10525:
10523:
10521:
10519:
10510:
10504:
10500:
10493:
10491:
10475:
10471:
10465:
10463:
10447:
10443:
10437:
10429:
10422:
10407:
10403:
10396:
10388:
10381:
10379:
10377:
10375:
10366:
10360:
10356:
10355:
10347:
10339:
10337:9789920500203
10333:
10329:
10325:
10318:
10310:
10303:
10295:
10291:
10287:
10283:
10279:
10275:
10268:
10260:
10254:
10250:
10243:
10235:
10229:
10225:
10224:
10216:
10208:
10202:
10199:. Routledge.
10198:
10197:
10189:
10187:
10178:
10171:
10169:
10160:
10154:
10150:
10146:
10139:
10137:
10128:
10121:
10113:
10107:
10103:
10099:
10092:
10090:
10081:
10075:
10071:
10067:
10066:"Judar Pasha"
10060:
10058:
10049:
10043:
10039:
10032:
10030:
10028:
10019:
10015:
10011:
10007:
10003:
9999:
9995:
9991:
9984:
9982:
9980:
9978:
9976:
9974:
9965:
9958:
9950:
9948:0-7146-5432-9
9944:
9940:
9933:
9925:
9918:
9916:
9907:
9901:
9897:
9896:
9888:
9880:
9874:
9870:
9869:
9861:
9853:
9847:
9843:
9842:
9834:
9826:
9820:
9816:
9815:
9807:
9799:
9795:
9788:
9786:
9777:
9771:
9767:
9766:
9758:
9743:
9739:
9733:
9725:
9719:
9715:
9711:
9704:
9696:
9690:
9686:
9685:
9677:
9669:
9668:
9660:
9658:
9649:
9643:
9639:
9638:
9630:
9622:
9616:
9612:
9611:
9603:
9601:
9599:
9597:
9588:
9582:
9579:. Routledge.
9578:
9577:
9569:
9567:
9565:
9563:
9561:
9559:
9557:
9555:
9553:
9551:
9549:
9547:
9538:
9532:
9528:
9527:
9519:
9517:
9508:
9502:
9498:
9497:
9489:
9481:
9475:
9471:
9470:
9462:
9456:
9453:
9447:
9439:
9433:
9429:
9425:
9418:
9416:
9406:
9398:
9394:
9390:
9386:
9382:
9378:
9374:
9367:
9359:
9352:
9350:
9348:
9346:
9344:
9342:
9340:
9338:
9336:
9334:
9332:
9330:
9328:
9326:
9324:
9322:
9320:
9318:
9316:
9314:
9312:
9310:
9308:
9306:
9304:
9302:
9300:
9298:
9289:
9283:
9279:
9272:
9270:
9268:
9266:
9264:
9262:
9260:
9258:
9256:
9254:
9252:
9250:
9248:
9246:
9244:
9242:
9240:
9238:
9229:
9222:
9220:
9218:
9216:
9214:
9212:
9210:
9208:
9206:
9204:
9202:
9200:
9198:
9196:
9194:
9192:
9190:
9188:
9186:
9184:
9182:
9180:
9178:
9176:
9174:
9172:
9170:
9168:
9166:
9164:
9162:
9160:
9158:
9156:
9154:
9152:
9150:
9148:
9146:
9144:
9142:
9140:
9138:
9136:
9134:
9132:
9130:
9128:
9126:
9124:
9122:
9113:
9111:0-521-33767-4
9107:
9103:
9096:
9094:
9092:
9090:
9088:
9086:
9084:
9082:
9080:
9078:
9076:
9074:
9072:
9070:
9068:
9066:
9064:
9062:
9060:
9058:
9056:
9054:
9052:
9050:
9048:
9046:
9044:
9042:
9040:
9038:
9036:
9034:
9032:
9030:
9028:
9026:
9024:
9022:
9020:
9018:
9016:
9014:
9012:
9010:
9008:
9006:
9004:
9002:
9000:
8998:
8996:
8994:
8992:
8990:
8988:
8986:
8984:
8982:
8980:
8978:
8976:
8974:
8972:
8970:
8968:
8966:
8964:
8962:
8960:
8958:
8956:
8954:
8952:
8950:
8948:
8946:
8944:
8942:
8940:
8938:
8936:
8934:
8932:
8930:
8921:
8917:
8913:
8909:
8905:
8901:
8897:
8890:
8875:
8869:
8865:
8864:
8856:
8848:
8846:9780241005965
8842:
8838:
8831:
8823:
8817:
8813:
8809:
8805:
8804:
8796:
8794:
8785:
8779:
8775:
8774:
8766:
8758:
8752:
8749:. Routledge.
8748:
8747:
8739:
8731:
8727:
8720:
8718:
8716:
8714:
8712:
8710:
8708:
8706:
8704:
8702:
8700:
8698:
8696:
8694:
8692:
8690:
8688:
8686:
8684:
8682:
8680:
8678:
8676:
8674:
8672:
8670:
8668:
8666:
8664:
8662:
8660:
8658:
8656:
8654:
8652:
8650:
8648:
8646:
8644:
8642:
8640:
8638:
8636:
8634:
8632:
8630:
8628:
8626:
8624:
8622:
8620:
8618:
8616:
8614:
8612:
8610:
8608:
8606:
8604:
8602:
8600:
8598:
8596:
8594:
8592:
8590:
8588:
8586:
8577:
8571:
8567:
8566:
8558:
8556:
8554:
8552:
8550:
8548:
8546:
8544:
8542:
8540:
8538:
8536:
8534:
8532:
8530:
8528:
8526:
8524:
8522:
8520:
8518:
8516:
8514:
8512:
8510:
8508:
8506:
8504:
8502:
8500:
8498:
8496:
8494:
8492:
8490:
8488:
8486:
8484:
8475:
8469:
8465:
8464:
8456:
8452:
8435:
8425:
8418:
8414:
8410:
8406:
8400:
8396:
8386:
8383:
8381:
8378:
8376:
8373:
8372:
8327:
8320:
8319:
8272:
8270:
8218:
8216:
8209:
8208:
8192:
8191:
8177:
8176:
8162:
8149:
8148:
8133:
8130:
8122:
8120:
8112:
8110:
8102:
8100:
8099:
8090:
8074:
8062:
8054:
8052:
8041:
8039:
8016:
8015:
7999:
7998:
7980:
7979:
7963:
7962:
7961:al-Mutawakkil
7957:Abu Abd Allah
7953:
7950:
7942:
7940:
7932:
7930:
7929:
7904:
7896:
7894:
7886:
7884:
7871:
7869:
7838:
7837:
7819:
7818:
7800:
7799:
7790:
7787:
7779:
7777:
7769:
7767:
7766:
7733:
7717:
7715:
7712:
7710:
7679:
7678:
7671:Abu Abd Allah
7660:
7659:
7658:Ahmad al-Araj
7644:
7641:
7633:
7631:
7630:
7597:
7589:
7587:
7576:
7574:
7543:
7542:
7537:Abu Abd Allah
7517:
7515:
7463:
7461:
7414:
7412:
7360:
7358:
7311:
7309:
7257:
7255:
7208:
7206:
7154:
7152:
7105:
7103:
7051:
7049:
7002:
7000:
6948:
6946:
6899:
6897:
6845:
6843:
6796:
6794:
6742:
6740:
6693:
6691:
6639:
6637:
6590:
6588:
6536:
6534:
6505:Abd Allah ibn
6487:
6485:
6433:
6431:
6384:
6382:
6330:
6328:
6281:
6279:
6227:
6225:
6178:
6176:
6124:
6122:
6075:
6073:
6021:
6019:
5972:
5970:
5918:
5916:
5869:
5867:
5815:
5813:
5766:
5764:
5712:
5710:
5663:
5661:
5609:
5607:
5560:
5558:
5506:
5504:
5477:
5470:Abu Abd Allah
5451:
5449:
5397:
5395:
5368:
5342:
5340:
5288:
5286:
5259:
5233:
5231:
5179:
5177:
5150:
5126:
5124:
5072:
5069:
5067:
5066:
5043:
5030:
5010:
5008:
4954:
4952:
4929:
4928:ibn Abd Allah
4895:
4893:
4839:
4837:
4814:
4805:
4802:Abu Talib ibn
4787:
4784:
4776:
4774:
4773:
4744:
4740:
4738:
4734:
4732:
4717:
4715:
4688:
4664:
4661:
4660:
4657:
4656:Sa'di dynasty
4654:
4653:
4642:
4639:
4636:
4633:
4630:
4627:
4624:
4621:
4620:
4609:
4606:
4601:
4598:
4595:
4592:
4589:
4586:
4583:
4580:
4577:
4576:
4575:
4574:
4572:
4566:
4564:
4558:
4555:
4552:
4549:
4546:
4543:
4540:
4539:
4538:
4537:
4535:
4529:
4528:
4516:
4513:
4510:
4507:
4504:
4501:
4498:
4495:
4492:
4489:
4488:
4479:
4476:
4473:
4472:Ahmad al-Araj
4470:
4467:
4464:
4463:
4452:
4450:
4446:
4442:
4438:
4437:
4428:
4424:
4420:
4416:
4412:
4411:
4405:
4401:
4399:
4395:
4391:
4387:
4383:
4379:
4378:
4371:
4368:
4364:
4360:
4356:
4351:
4350:in Spanish).
4349:
4345:
4341:
4336:
4332:
4328:
4324:
4314:
4310:
4306:
4305:Moulay Zaydan
4296:
4287:
4273:
4271:
4267:
4261:
4259:
4255:
4254:
4248:
4246:
4242:
4238:
4237:
4232:
4228:
4224:
4220:
4216:
4212:
4208:
4204:
4203:
4197:
4193:
4188:
4186:
4181:
4177:
4173:
4172:
4167:
4163:
4162:Saadian Tombs
4159:
4155:
4146:
4142:
4138:
4134:
4128:
4124:
4120:
4119:Saadian Tombs
4115:
4110:
4095:
4093:
4088:
4078:
4076:
4072:
4068:
4064:
4063:
4057:
4049:
4045:
4044:
4034:
4033:
4027:
4018:
4015:
4012:
4006:
4004:
4003:
3998:
3994:
3990:
3986:
3985:
3980:
3976:
3975:
3969:
3964:
3962:
3958:
3954:
3950:
3946:
3942:
3923:
3920:
3916:
3913:
3910:
3906:
3902:
3901:Moulay Zaydan
3898:
3896:
3892:
3888:
3884:
3881:
3877:
3874:
3870:
3866:
3863:
3859:
3855:
3853:
3849:
3846:
3843:
3840:
3836:
3833:
3829:
3826:
3822:
3820:
3816:
3812:
3808:
3805:
3803:
3799:
3795:
3793:
3789:
3787:
3783:
3779:
3777:
3773:
3771:
3767:
3763:
3762:
3756:
3754:
3753:Moulay Rashid
3750:
3746:
3741:
3739:
3735:
3731:
3726:
3724:
3719:
3715:
3711:
3706:
3704:
3700:
3696:
3692:
3682:
3680:
3674:
3672:
3668:
3664:
3663:
3658:
3653:
3650:
3641:
3637:
3633:
3628:
3624:
3622:
3613:
3609:
3604:
3600:
3598:
3594:
3589:
3585:
3570:
3568:
3564:
3560:
3556:
3552:
3547:
3545:
3541:
3537:
3533:
3529:
3525:
3520:
3518:
3514:
3509:
3505:
3501:
3500:Askia Ishaq I
3497:
3492:
3490:
3486:
3482:
3478:
3474:
3469:
3465:
3459:
3449:
3447:
3443:
3439:
3435:
3431:
3427:
3422:
3418:
3414:
3408:
3406:
3401:
3397:
3393:
3389:
3380:
3375:
3371:
3369:
3365:
3361:
3357:
3349:
3345:
3341:
3337:
3333:
3329:
3325:
3319:
3316:
3312:
3308:
3307:
3302:
3298:
3294:
3290:
3286:
3281:
3279:
3278:Mediterranean
3275:
3271:
3266:
3262:
3258:
3254:
3253:
3248:
3244:
3236:
3231:
3222:
3219:
3215:
3214:Ksar al-Kebir
3211:
3206:
3202:
3194:
3190:
3185:
3181:
3179:
3175:
3170:
3169:Ottoman lines
3166:
3165:
3160:
3156:
3152:
3148:
3144:
3140:
3136:
3131:
3129:
3128:heir apparent
3125:
3124:Saadian Tombs
3121:
3120:Kasbah Mosque
3117:
3113:
3109:
3105:
3101:
3096:
3091:
3085:
3083:
3079:
3075:
3068:
3064:
3063:Lalla Mas'uda
3060:
3055:
3041:
3039:
3034:
3030:
3026:
3022:
3018:
3014:
3010:
3006:
3001:
2999:
2995:
2991:
2987:
2982:
2978:
2974:
2970:
2966:
2961:
2950:
2947:
2943:
2939:
2933:
2931:
2926:
2922:
2918:
2914:
2910:
2902:
2898:
2897:Ahmad al-Araj
2894:
2890:
2885:
2881:
2879:
2875:
2871:
2867:
2863:
2858:
2854:
2844:
2841:
2837:
2832:
2829:
2825:
2821:
2817:
2813:
2809:
2805:
2800:
2798:
2797:
2792:
2788:
2784:
2780:
2776:
2763:Rise to power
2755:
2753:
2749:
2745:
2741:
2737:
2734:and rendered
2733:
2729:
2725:
2722:valley, near
2721:
2717:
2713:
2709:
2708:Hasan ibn Ali
2705:
2701:
2697:
2693:
2689:
2679:
2677:
2673:
2669:
2665:
2661:
2657:
2653:
2649:
2644:
2642:
2641:new sultanate
2638:
2634:
2630:
2626:
2622:
2618:
2614:
2610:
2606:
2602:
2598:
2594:
2590:
2586:
2582:
2578:
2577:Ahmad al-Araj
2574:
2571:who occupied
2570:
2566:
2562:
2557:
2555:
2551:
2550:Saadi dynasty
2547:
2544:and parts of
2543:
2535:
2531:
2526:
2520:
2511:
2507:
2495:
2490:
2488:
2483:
2481:
2476:
2475:
2473:
2472:
2462:
2459:
2455:
2452:
2451:
2447:
2444:
2440:
2437:
2436:
2432:
2429:
2425:
2422:
2421:
2417:
2414:
2410:
2407:
2406:
2402:
2399:
2395:
2392:
2391:
2387:
2384:
2380:
2377:
2376:
2372:
2369:
2368:Umm al-Quwain
2365:
2362:
2361:
2357:
2354:
2350:
2347:
2346:
2342:
2339:
2335:
2332:
2331:
2327:
2324:
2320:
2317:
2316:
2312:
2309:
2305:
2302:
2301:
2297:
2294:
2290:
2287:
2286:
2282:
2279:
2275:
2272:
2271:
2267:
2264:
2260:
2257:
2256:
2248:
2247:
2237:
2235:
2232:
2231:
2227:
2224:
2220:
2217:
2216:
2212:
2210:
2207:
2206:
2202:
2199:
2195:
2192:
2191:
2187:
2184:
2180:
2177:
2176:
2172:
2169:
2165:
2162:
2161:
2157:
2154:
2150:
2147:
2146:
2138:
2137:
2127:
2125:
2122:
2121:
2117:
2115:
2112:
2111:
2107:
2105:
2102:
2101:
2097:
2095:
2092:
2091:
2087:
2085:
2082:
2081:
2077:
2075:
2072:
2071:
2067:
2065:
2062:
2061:
2057:
2055:
2052:
2051:
2047:
2045:
2042:
2041:
2037:
2035:
2032:
2031:
2027:
2025:
2022:
2021:
2017:
2015:
2012:
2011:
2007:
2005:
2002:
2001:
1997:
1995:
1992:
1991:
1987:
1985:
1982:
1981:
1977:
1975:
1972:
1971:
1967:
1965:
1962:
1961:
1957:
1955:
1952:
1951:
1947:
1945:
1942:
1941:
1937:
1935:
1932:
1931:
1927:
1925:
1922:
1921:
1917:
1915:
1912:
1911:
1907:
1905:
1902:
1901:
1897:
1895:
1892:
1891:
1887:
1885:
1882:
1881:
1877:
1875:
1872:
1871:
1867:
1865:
1862:
1861:
1857:
1855:
1852:
1851:
1847:
1845:
1842:
1841:
1833:
1832:
1822:
1820:
1817:
1816:
1812:
1810:
1807:
1806:
1802:
1800:
1797:
1796:
1792:
1790:
1787:
1786:
1782:
1780:
1777:
1776:
1772:
1770:
1767:
1766:
1762:
1760:
1757:
1756:
1752:
1750:
1747:
1746:
1742:
1740:
1737:
1736:
1732:
1730:
1727:
1726:
1722:
1720:
1717:
1716:
1712:
1710:
1707:
1706:
1702:
1700:
1697:
1696:
1692:
1690:
1687:
1686:
1682:
1680:
1677:
1676:
1672:
1670:
1669:Muslim Sicily
1667:
1666:
1662:
1660:
1657:
1656:
1652:
1650:
1647:
1646:
1642:
1640:
1637:
1636:
1632:
1630:
1627:
1626:
1622:
1620:
1617:
1616:
1612:
1610:
1607:
1606:
1602:
1600:
1597:
1596:
1588:
1587:
1577:
1575:
1572:
1571:
1567:
1565:
1562:
1561:
1557:
1555:
1552:
1551:
1547:
1545:
1542:
1541:
1537:
1535:
1532:
1531:
1527:
1525:
1522:
1521:
1517:
1515:
1512:
1511:
1507:
1505:
1502:
1501:
1497:
1495:
1492:
1491:
1487:
1485:
1482:
1481:
1477:
1475:
1472:
1471:
1467:
1465:
1462:
1461:
1457:
1455:
1452:
1451:
1447:
1445:
1442:
1441:
1437:
1435:
1432:
1431:
1427:
1425:
1422:
1421:
1417:
1415:
1412:
1411:
1407:
1405:
1402:
1401:
1397:
1395:
1392:
1391:
1387:
1385:
1382:
1381:
1377:
1375:
1372:
1371:
1363:
1362:
1352:
1350:
1347:
1346:
1342:
1340:
1337:
1336:
1332:
1330:
1327:
1326:
1322:
1320:
1317:
1316:
1308:
1307:
1298:450 AD–550 AD
1297:
1295:
1292:
1291:
1287:
1285:
1282:
1281:
1277:
1275:
1272:
1271:
1267:
1265:
1262:
1261:
1257:
1255:
1252:
1251:
1247:
1245:
1242:
1241:
1238:64 BC–300s AD
1237:
1235:
1232:
1231:
1228:132 BC–244 AD
1227:
1225:
1222:
1221:
1218:400 BC–106 AD
1217:
1215:
1212:
1211:
1208:600 BC–100 BC
1207:
1205:
1202:
1201:
1198:800 BC–300 BC
1197:
1195:
1192:
1191:
1183:
1182:
1178:
1174:
1173:
1169:
1168:
1158:
1153:
1151:
1146:
1144:
1139:
1138:
1136:
1135:
1129:
1128:
1117:
1115:
1114:
1103:
1102:
1100:
1099:
1091:
1088:
1086:
1083:
1081:
1078:
1076:
1073:
1071:
1068:
1067:
1064:
1061:
1060:
1057:
1054:
1052:
1049:
1047:
1044:
1042:
1039:
1037:
1032:
1031:
1024:
1023:
1015:
1012:
1010:
1007:
1005:
1002:
1001:
998:
995:
993:
990:
988:
985:
984:
981:
980:Years of lead
978:
976:
973:
971:
967:
964:
963:
960:
957:
955:
952:
950:
947:
946:
941:
929:
928:
920:
917:
915:
912:
911:
908:
905:
903:
900:
899:
896:
893:
891:
888:
886:
883:
882:
879:
876:
874:
871:
870:
867:
866:Treaty of Fez
864:
863:
858:
846:
845:
837:
834:
832:
829:
827:
824:
823:
820:
819:Agadir Crisis
817:
815:
812:
810:
807:
805:
802:
800:
797:
796:
793:
790:
789:
786:
783:
781:
778:
776:
773:
772:
767:
755:
754:
746:
743:
741:
738:
736:
733:
732:
731:
722:
719:
717:
714:
712:
709:
708:
705:
702:
700:
697:
695:
692:
691:
686:
674:
673:
665:
662:
660:
657:
655:
652:
651:
648:
645:
643:
640:
639:
634:
622:
621:
613:
610:
608:
605:
604:
601:
598:
596:
593:
592:
589:
588:Berber Revolt
586:
585:
582:
579:
577:
574:
573:
568:
561:Early Islamic
556:
555:
547:
544:
542:
539:
537:
534:
533:
530:
527:
525:
522:
521:
516:
504:
503:
495:
492:
490:
487:
486:
483:
480:
478:
475:
473:
470:
469:
465:
460:
459:
455:
451:
450:
447:
441:
440:
435:
430:
429:
409:
407:
404:
403:
395:
393:
390:
389:
381:
379:
376:
375:
367:
365:
362:
361:
358:
352:
349:
342:
341:
338:
335:
328:
327:
324:
323:
320:
317:
315:
312:
311:
307:
304:
301:
297:
293:
289:
283:
279:
276:
270:
266:
263:
257:
253:
250:
249:Battle of Fez
244:
240:
237:
231:
227:
221:
217:
213:
209:
205:
202:
199:
193:
190:
187:
181:
177:
173:
171:
167:
163:
159:
156:
152:
149:
146:
142:
139:
135:
132:
128:
119:
116:
111:
108:
102:
96:
95:
93:
89:
86:
83:
79:
72:
67:
62:
56:
40:
37:
33:
19:
18:Saadi dynasty
12922:Contemporary
12889:
12772:Indo-Persian
12760:Nazi Germany
12704:Contemporary
12606:Vijayanagara
12505:Great Seljuk
12416:Thessalonica
12344:Golden Horde
11984:Carthaginian
11763:Neo-Assyrian
11748:Neo-Sumerian
11653:
11394:Demographics
11349:Coat of arms
11334:Architecture
11203:Human rights
10837:
10821:
10812:
10801:
10785:
10770:
10756:
10728:
10722:
10712:
10705:
10693:. Retrieved
10689:
10680:
10661:
10629:
10608:. Retrieved
10604:
10595:
10583:. Retrieved
10579:the original
10574:
10565:
10546:
10542:
10498:
10477:. Retrieved
10473:
10449:. Retrieved
10445:
10436:
10427:
10421:
10409:. Retrieved
10405:
10395:
10386:
10353:
10346:
10327:
10323:
10317:
10308:
10302:
10277:
10273:
10267:
10248:
10242:
10222:
10215:
10195:
10176:
10148:
10126:
10120:
10101:
10069:
10037:
9993:
9989:
9963:
9957:
9938:
9932:
9923:
9898:. ABC-CLIO.
9894:
9887:
9867:
9860:
9840:
9833:
9813:
9806:
9797:
9764:
9757:
9745:. Retrieved
9741:
9732:
9713:
9703:
9683:
9676:
9666:
9636:
9629:
9609:
9575:
9525:
9495:
9488:
9468:
9461:
9451:
9446:
9427:
9405:
9380:
9376:
9366:
9357:
9277:
9227:
9101:
8903:
8899:
8889:
8879:22 September
8877:. Retrieved
8862:
8855:
8836:
8830:
8802:
8772:
8765:
8745:
8738:
8729:
8564:
8462:
8455:
8434:
8424:
8416:
8412:
8408:
8404:
8399:
8323:r. 1655-1659
8314:
8212:r. 1636-1655
8201:
8195:r. 1631-1636
8186:
8180:r. 1627-1631
8171:
8165:r. 1623-1627
8159:Abd al-Malik
8158:
8152:r. 1606-1623
8147:al-Ghalib II
8143:
8019:r. 1603-1627
8008:
8002:r. 1603-1613
7993:Muhammad III
7991:Abu Abdullah
7989:
7983:r. 1603-1608
7972:
7966:r. 1574-1576
7955:
7841:r. 1578-1603
7830:Abu al-Abbas
7828:
7822:r. 1576-1578
7809:
7803:r. 1557-1574
7794:Abu Muhammad
7792:
7682:r. 1544-1557
7669:
7663:r. 1517-1544
7656:Abu al-Abbas
7654:
7546:r. 1509-1517
7535:
6919:Abu al-Qasim
6917:Muhammad ibn
6816:ibn Muhammad
6814:Abu al-Qasim
6713:ibn al-Hasan
6608:al-Hasan ibn
6196:al-Hasan ibn
5578:al-Qasim ibn
5472:Muhammad ibn
5365:ibn al-Hasan
5361:Abu Muhammad
5254:al-Hasan ibn
5252:Abu Muhammad
5147:al-Hasan ibn
5145:Abu Muhammad
5025:Abu al-Hasan
4924:Abu al-Qasim
4811:Abdullah ibn
4655:
4607:
4569:Ruling from
4568:
4567:
4562:
4532:Ruling from
4531:
4530:
4434:
4432:
4408:
4375:
4372:
4352:
4347:
4320:
4262:
4251:
4249:
4234:
4226:
4200:
4189:
4169:
4150:
4103:Architecture
4091:
4087:early modern
4084:
4070:
4060:
4055:
4041:
4038:
4030:
4007:
4000:
3982:
3972:
3965:
3937:
3887:Sudan region
3862:Abd al-Malik
3742:
3734:Middle Atlas
3727:
3707:
3688:
3675:
3660:
3654:
3645:
3617:
3581:
3548:
3521:
3493:
3485:Idris Alooma
3461:
3409:
3384:
3320:
3304:
3300:
3282:
3250:
3247:regnal title
3240:
3198:
3192:
3162:
3132:
3086:
3078:Abd al-Malik
3071:
3002:
2956:
2934:
2906:
2850:
2833:
2823:
2822:(full name:
2811:
2801:
2794:
2771:
2700:Fatima Zahra
2685:
2645:
2627:centered on
2558:
2549:
2529:
2525:as-saʿdiyyūn
2505:
2503:
2463:1921–present
2448:1900–present
2433:1868–present
2418:1833–present
2403:1810–present
2388:1783–present
2373:1775–present
2358:1761–present
2343:1752–present
2328:1749–present
2313:1744–present
2308:Saudi Arabia
2298:1727–present
2283:1727–present
2268:1631–present
1278:300s–500s AD
1118:
1104:
1062:
968: /
851:Protectorate
726:
524:Carthaginian
319:Succeeded by
318:
313:
36:
12510:Khwarezmian
12443:Carolingian
12248:Rashtrakuta
11952:Shaishunaga
11851:Hellenistic
11834:New Kingdom
11824:Old Kingdom
11680:(1837–1969)
11674:(1711–1835)
11672:Karamanlids
11668:(1705–1957)
11656:(1549–1659)
11650:(1472–1554)
11644:(1269–1465)
11638:(1235–1556)
11632:(1229–1574)
11626:(1147–1269)
11620:(1059–1158)
11618:Khurasanids
11614:(1040–1147)
11608:(1008–1152)
11588:Sulaymanids
11558:Muhallabids
11208:LGBT rights
11120:Earthquakes
11070:Mohammed VI
10815:Royal house
10543:Perspective
8161:al-Mu'tasim
7959:Muhammad II
7815:al-Mu'tasim
7798:al-Ghalib I
5681:Isma'il ibn
5258:al-Muthanna
5038:Fatima bint
4922:al-Nabiyyin
4648:Family tree
4593:(1606–1609)
4517:(1578–1603)
4449:Afghanistan
4390:illuminated
4344:El Escorial
4313:El Escorial
3703:Arma people
3657:Abu Mahalli
3528:Judar Pasha
3524:Niger River
3513:Askia Dawud
3434:Don Antonio
3421:cannonballs
3340:Eid al-Fitr
3201:Sebastian I
3013:Salah Ra'is
2998:Hasan Pasha
2986:Janissaries
2660:West Africa
2168:Pate Island
2141:East Africa
1934:Sulaymanids
1874:Ukhaidhirds
1659:Sulaymanids
1629:Muhallabids
1534:Munqidhites
1434:Shirvanshah
1288:300s–602 AD
1258:196–1100 AD
1248:100s–241 AD
992:Green March
443:History of
314:Preceded by
148:Sunni Islam
113:(1525–1659)
105:(1513–1525)
99:(1510–1513)
13188:Categories
13080:Portuguese
12961:Revival Le
12951:Vietnamese
12594:Later Tran
12564:Vietnamese
12460:Singhasari
12448:Holy Roman
12072:Bulgarian
12008:Satavahana
11979:Phoenician
11915:Achaemenid
11876:Indo-Greek
11856:Macedonian
11770:Babylonian
11612:Almoravids
11602:(973–1148)
11578:(790–1066)
11548:(710–1019)
11359:Literature
11283:Casablanca
11278:Investment
11215:Parliament
11050:Mohammed V
10978:Almoravids
10916:Prehistory
10844:1549–1659
10716:(Lecture).
10575:archive.is
8447:References
8173:Abu Marwan
8010:Abu Ma'ali
7836:al-Dhahabi
7811:Abu Marwan
7539:Muhammad I
7228:ibn Zaydan
5476:al-Zakiyya
5029:al-Murtada
4685:Shayba ibn
4429:in Medina.
4331:Mehmed III
3989:synagogues
3974:Megorashim
3934:Population
3815:Portuguese
3671:High Atlas
3315:Andalusian
3009:suzerainty
2808:Sous river
2783:Portuguese
2716:Draa River
2652:suzerainty
2569:Portuguese
2552:, an Arab
2454:Hashemites
2409:Al Maktoum
2379:Al Khalifa
2064:Upper Yafa
2054:Ya'arubids
1894:Qarmatians
1779:Sumadihids
1268:220–638 AD
1264:Ghassanids
694:Almoravids
536:Mauretania
477:Mousterian
464:Prehistory
154:Government
13073:Couronian
12711:Ethiopian
12699:Manchukuo
12654:Brazilian
12500:Ghaznavid
12470:Srivijaya
12421:Trebizond
12406:Byzantine
12388:North Sea
12383:Norwegian
12371:Almoravid
12354:Ilkhanate
12324:Majapahit
12297:Muromachi
12206:Solomonic
12191:Ethiopian
12105:Caliphate
12038:Aragonese
11866:Ptolemaic
11678:Senussids
11666:Husaynids
11648:Wattasids
11636:Zayyanids
11606:Hammadids
11596:(909–973)
11590:(814–922)
11584:(800–909)
11582:Aghlabids
11572:(788–985)
11566:(777–909)
11564:Rustamids
11560:(771–793)
11554:(757–976)
11552:Midrarids
11402:Languages
11263:Companies
11103:Geography
11055:Hassan II
10993:Wattasids
9424:"Morocco"
9397:1878-4631
9230:. Fayard.
8920:2213-8609
8900:Abgadiyat
8726:"Saʿdids"
8207:al-Saghir
8205:al-Shaykh
8145:Abd Allah
7997:al-Ma'mun
7995:al-Shaykh
7978:al-Wathiq
7976:Abd Allah
7974:Abu Faris
7834:al-Mansur
7796:Abd Allah
7675:al-Shaykh
7125:ibn Ahmad
7020:Ahmad ibn
6610:Abd Allah
6404:ibn Arafa
6299:Arafa ibn
5889:ibn Ahmad
5784:Ahmad ibn
5363:Abd Allah
5042:al-Zahra'
5036:Umm Abiha
4643:(1655–59)
4637:(1636–55)
4631:(1631–36)
4625:(1627–31)
4534:Marrakesh
4511:(1576–78)
4505:(1574–76)
4499:(1557–74)
4493:(1549–57)
4474:(1517–44)
4468:(1510–17)
4415:al-Jazuli
4367:arabesque
4272:in 1917.
4223:ablutions
4174:) of the
4141:Marrakesh
4123:Marrakesh
4092:Marruecos
3997:Sephardic
3953:expelling
3909:Al-Ma'mun
3905:Abu Faris
3798:Wattasids
3792:Marrakesh
3776:Al-Jazuli
3730:Dala'iyya
3608:Abu Faris
3563:elephants
3481:Caribbean
3446:New World
3417:saltpeter
3388:Murad III
3301:beylerbey
3297:artillery
3274:Philip II
3151:beylerbey
3147:Murad III
2901:Al-Jazuli
2893:Marrakesh
2779:al-Jazuli
2775:marabouts
2744:Tagmadert
2728:Sharifian
2724:Taroudant
2712:Tagmadert
2656:gunpowder
2593:Wattasids
2591:from the
2581:Marrakesh
2556:dynasty.
2554:Sharifian
2519:romanized
2439:Al Sharqi
2394:Al Nuaimi
2364:Al Mualla
2353:Abu Dhabi
2349:Al Nahyan
2289:Al Qasimi
2274:Al Qasimi
2238:1860–1887
2228:1858–1895
2213:1856–1964
2203:1746–1828
2188:1277–1495
2173:1203–1894
2128:1926–1970
2118:1906–1934
2108:1903–1967
2098:1858–1967
2094:Qu'aitids
2088:1836–1921
2084:Rashidids
2078:1820–1970
2068:1800–1967
2058:1624–1742
2048:1597–1872
2038:1463–1521
2028:1454–1526
2018:1395–1967
2014:Kathirids
2008:1305–1487
2004:Jarwanids
1998:1253–1320
1988:1229–1454
1978:1159–1174
1968:1154–1624
1964:Nabhanids
1958:1083–1174
1948:1076–1253
1938:1063–1174
1928:1047–1138
1924:Sulayhids
1823:1837–1969
1819:Senussids
1813:1554–1659
1803:1230–1492
1793:1049–1078
1783:1041–1091
1773:1039–1110
1763:1031–1091
1759:Jawharids
1753:1027–1063
1749:Muzaynids
1743:1026–1057
1739:Hammudids
1733:1023–1062
1729:Yahsubids
1723:1023–1091
1713:1020–1086
1703:1013–1039
1693:1012–1051
1683:1004–1412
1649:Aghlabids
1578:1697–1842
1568:1517–1865
1558:1480–1677
1548:1517–1697
1538:1025–1157
1528:1024–1080
1524:Mirdasids
1514:Numayrids
1494:Jarrahids
1484:Mazyadids
1464:Hamdanids
1454:Hashimids
1414:Habbarids
1404:Dulafids
1254:Tanukhids
890:Zaian War
855:(1912–56)
711:Wattasids
664:Maghrawas
472:Acheulean
162:Sultanate
144:Religion
110:Marrakesh
64:1510–1659
13053:Japanese
13016:Scottish
12996:American
12988:Colonial
12917:Imperial
12885:Moroccan
12821:Japanese
12799:Afsharid
12658:Burmese
12644:Austrian
12599:Later Le
12574:Early Le
12559:Venetian
12485:Tiwanaku
12398:Hellenic
12361:Moroccan
12292:Kamakura
12282:Japanese
12265:Saffarid
12218:Georgian
12132:Chalukya
12110:Rashidun
12100:Calakmul
12068:Bruneian
11947:Haryanka
11925:Sasanian
11920:Parthian
11871:Bactrian
11861:Seleucid
11841:Goguryeo
11819:Egyptian
11753:Assyrian
11743:Akkadian
11734:Colonies
11660:'Alawids
11642:Marinids
11624:Almohads
11594:Fatimids
11576:Ifranids
11570:Idrisids
11546:Salihids
11483:Category
11441:diaspora
11374:Religion
11198:Military
11154:Politics
10988:Marinids
10983:Almohads
10973:Idrisids
10893:articles
10695:21 March
10585:19 March
10479:22 March
10411:22 March
10179:. Brill.
10018:41500711
10010:11632225
8732:. Brill.
8369:See also
8337:Timeline
8318:al-Abbas
8203:Muhammad
8190:al-Walid
8188:Muhammad
8014:al-Nasir
7817:al-Ghazi
7677:al-Mahdi
7673:Muhammad
7541:al-Qa'im
7432:Muhammad
7022:Muhammad
6711:Muhammad
6507:Muhammad
6402:Muhammad
6301:al-Hasan
6198:Abu Bakr
6093:Abu Bakr
5992:al-Hasan
5887:al-Hasan
5683:al-Qasim
5580:Muhammad
5367:al-Kamil
5256:al-Hasan
5040:Muhammad
4926:Muhammad
4423:Abu Bakr
4419:Muhammad
4323:Maghrebi
4315:in Spain
4260:in Fes.
4243:and the
4231:latrines
4194:and the
4154:Moroccan
4067:Muhammad
3984:Toshavim
3957:Moriscos
3825:Tafilalt
3766:Al-Qa'im
3567:Americas
3540:Timbuktu
3479:and the
3332:Muhammad
3293:firearms
3261:nobility
3161:and the
3143:Istanbul
3110:and the
3038:Abdallah
2973:Ottomans
2942:Azemmour
2932:region.
2930:Tafilalt
2923:(in the
2748:Hassanid
2692:Muhammad
2690:prophet
2670:against
2648:Idrisids
2629:Timbuktu
2625:Pashalik
2597:Ottomans
2514:السعديون
2443:Fujairah
2424:Al Thani
2334:Al Sabah
2223:Wituland
2158:896–1279
2114:Idrisids
2044:Qasimids
2024:Tahirids
1994:Usfurids
1984:Rasulids
1954:Zurayids
1918:968–1925
1904:Wajihids
1898:899–1077
1888:897–1962
1878:865–1066
1864:Yufirids
1858:819–1138
1854:Ziyadids
1848:751–1970
1789:Tahirids
1719:Abbadids
1699:Tujibids
1673:831–1091
1639:Idrisids
1623:756–1031
1603:710–1019
1599:Salihids
1564:Harfushs
1554:Turabays
1518:990–1081
1508:990–1096
1504:Uqaylids
1498:970–1107
1488:961–1150
1478:955–1071
1474:Rawadids
1468:890–1004
1458:869–1075
1438:861–1538
1424:Kaysites
1418:854–1011
1388:736–1122
1353:909–1171
1349:Fatimids
1343:750–1258
1339:Abbasids
1329:Umayyads
1319:Rashidun
1284:Lakhmids
1274:Salihids
1080:Military
1075:Economic
954:Sand War
949:Ifni War
826:Hafidiya
704:Marinids
699:Almohads
659:Miknasas
654:Ifranids
434:a series
432:Part of
299:Currency
158:Monarchy
103:Afughal
48:السعديون
13120:largest
13115:Empires
13095:Swedish
13090:Spanish
13085:Russian
13048:Italian
13023:Chinese
13011:English
13006:British
13001:Belgian
12976:Vietnam
12966:Tay son
12912:Tsarist
12907:Russian
12902:Ottoman
12868:Dzungar
12863:Khoshut
12836:Mexican
12831:Maratha
12814:Pahlavi
12794:Safavid
12789:Iranian
12716:Haitian
12679:Chinese
12639:Ashanti
12611:Wagadou
12537:Eastern
12532:Western
12515:Timurid
12475:Tibetan
12465:Songhai
12455:Serbian
12376:Almohad
12366:Idrisid
12270:Samanid
12260:Tahirid
12255:Iranian
12233:Kannauj
12213:Genoese
12149:Chinese
12142:Eastern
12137:Western
12125:Fatimid
12120:Abbasid
12115:Umayyad
12088:Burmese
12048:Ayyubid
12043:Angevin
12013:Xianbei
12001:Eastern
11996:Western
11942:Magadha
11905:Iranian
11898:Xiongnu
11883:Hittite
11792:Chinese
11780:Kassite
11729:Ancient
11721:Empires
11654:Sa'dids
11630:Hafsids
11534:Maghreb
11467:Outline
11344:Cuisine
11322:Culture
11298:Tourism
11288:Tangier
11246:Economy
11166:Cabinet
11130:Regions
11003:'Alawis
10909:Ancient
10901:History
10889:Morocco
10840:Morocco
10690:Granger
9742:Archnet
8417:Saadian
8413:Sa'dian
7434:ibn Ali
7331:Makhluf
7329:Ali ibn
7226:Makhluf
6095:ibn Ali
5990:Ali ibn
5786:Isma'il
4382:Marinid
4377:thuluth
4363:Abbasid
4229:) with
4225:house (
4215:madrasa
4202:külliye
4158:Moorish
4098:Culture
4056:makhzen
4043:Makhzen
3961:Tétouan
3929:Society
3839:Ottoman
3749:'Alawis
3723:Mazagan
3710:Morisco
3649:Larache
3573:Decline
3508:Taghaza
3444:in the
3392:tribute
3368:leather
3344:El Badi
3313:tribe,
3289:Turkish
3265:ransoms
3257:knights
3205:crusade
2994:Algiers
2977:Algeria
2913:Demnate
2870:Hintata
2862:Spanish
2816:Genoese
2758:History
2752:Halimah
2740:shurafa
2688:Islamic
2668:England
2615:became
2542:Morocco
2521::
2383:Bahrain
2319:Al Said
2304:Al Saud
2293:Sharjah
2263:Morocco
2259:'Alawis
2198:Mombasa
2034:Jabrids
1974:Mahdids
1944:Uyunids
1908:926–965
1884:Rassids
1868:847–997
1809:Saadids
1799:Nasrids
1709:Amirids
1689:Bakrids
1679:Kanzids
1663:814–922
1653:800–909
1643:788–974
1633:771–793
1613:745-757
1574:Shihabs
1544:Ma'nids
1448:864–928
1444:Alavids
1428:860–964
1408:840–897
1398:824–961
1378:654–884
1333:661–750
1323:632–661
970:in 1972
895:Rif War
760:Decline
494:Capsian
482:Aterian
445:Morocco
273:•
260:•
247:•
234:•
211:History
91:Capital
13058:Mongol
13043:German
13038:French
13028:Danish
12971:Dainam
12946:Tongan
12934:Somali
12929:Sokoto
12895:'Alawi
12873:Kalmyk
12853:Mongol
12846:Second
12826:Korean
12777:Mughal
12767:Indian
12750:German
12743:Second
12733:French
12726:Second
12662:Second
12634:Afghan
12626:Modern
12552:Kyrgyz
12547:Uighur
12542:Second
12522:Turkic
12490:Toltec
12426:Epirus
12411:Nicaea
12334:Mongol
12287:Yamato
12223:Huetar
12081:Second
12018:Rouran
11967:Shunga
11962:Maurya
11937:Kushan
11910:Median
11888:Hunnic
11846:Harsha
11600:Zirids
11536:region
11488:Portal
11429:French
11424:Berber
11407:Arabic
11339:Cinema
11273:Health
11268:Energy
11115:Cities
11043:Modern
10998:Saadis
10966:Empire
10891:
10792:
10763:
10735:
10668:
10636:
10610:10 May
10505:
10451:8 July
10361:
10334:
10294:991758
10292:
10255:
10230:
10203:
10155:
10108:
10076:
10044:
10016:
10008:
9945:
9902:
9875:
9848:
9821:
9772:
9747:12 May
9720:
9691:
9644:
9617:
9583:
9533:
9503:
9476:
9434:
9395:
9284:
9108:
8918:
8870:
8843:
8818:
8780:
8753:
8572:
8470:
8409:Sa'did
8012:Zaydan
7123:Zaydan
4920:Khatam
4687:Hashim
4608:
4425:, and
4386:Nasrid
4253:zellij
4236:zawiya
4227:mida'a
4219:hammam
4073:(from
4071:Moulay
4062:sharif
4048:Arabic
4002:minhag
3993:Arabic
3907:, and
3875:begins
3867:1578:
3856:1576:
3819:Agadir
3796:1527:
3718:piracy
3584:plague
3555:Djenné
3477:Brazil
3473:slaves
3405:caliph
3366:, and
3364:copper
3352:البديع
3348:Arabic
3336:Mawlid
3311:Zuwawa
3306:sipahi
3195:, 1886
3164:khutba
3116:Kasbah
3044:Apogee
2969:Asilah
2960:Meknes
2899:moved
2895:after
2874:Kasbah
2804:Agadir
2736:Sufism
2664:Europe
2617:sultan
2573:Agadir
2534:Arabic
2510:Arabic
2458:Jordan
2338:Kuwait
1769:Hudids
1085:Postal
1070:Jewish
934:Modern
721:Alawis
716:Saadis
679:Empire
436:on the
214:
174:
170:Sultan
134:Arabic
97:Tidsi
81:Status
55:Arabic
51:
13108:Lists
13063:Omani
13033:Dutch
12939:Isaaq
12890:Saadi
12858:Oirat
12841:First
12809:Qajar
12738:First
12721:First
12694:China
12667:Third
12527:First
12480:Tikal
12431:Morea
12401:Roman
12319:Latin
12314:Khmer
12309:Kanem
12275:Buyid
12201:Zagwe
12196:Aksum
12186:Chola
12093:First
12076:First
12063:Bornu
12058:Benin
12053:Aztec
11991:Roman
11972:Gupta
11957:Nanda
11893:White
11474:Index
11379:Sport
11369:Music
11364:Media
11308:Trade
11075:2000s
11065:1990s
11060:1970s
10326:[
10290:JSTOR
10014:S2CID
9800:: 57.
8415:, or
8405:Sa'di
8391:Notes
8316:Ahmad
7832:Ahmad
4445:India
4427:'Umar
4398:tulip
4211:Egypt
4011:Black
3882:oases
3880:Touat
3817:from
3811:expel
3738:Dutch
3662:Mahdi
3559:ivory
3496:Touat
3464:Sudan
3252:laqab
3243:Ahmad
3210:Ahmad
3082:Ahmad
2990:Pasha
2925:Tadla
2857:amirs
2796:jihad
2732:Yanbu
2672:Spain
2428:Qatar
2413:Dubai
2398:Ajman
2183:Kilwa
2153:Shewa
1056:2010s
1051:2000s
1046:1990s
1041:1980s
1036:1970s
529:Roman
303:Dinar
12878:Bogd
12804:Zand
12782:Sikh
12689:Qing
12684:Ming
12616:Wari
12584:Tran
12569:Dinh
12339:Yuan
12329:Mali
12238:Pala
12228:Inca
12179:Yuan
12169:Song
12164:Liao
12159:Tang
11932:Kush
11814:Dʿmt
11354:Flag
11225:list
11186:list
11176:King
10790:ISBN
10761:ISBN
10733:ISBN
10697:2021
10666:ISBN
10634:ISBN
10612:2019
10587:2021
10503:ISBN
10481:2021
10453:2020
10413:2021
10359:ISBN
10332:ISBN
10253:ISBN
10228:ISBN
10201:ISBN
10153:ISBN
10106:ISBN
10074:ISBN
10042:ISBN
10006:PMID
9943:ISBN
9900:ISBN
9873:ISBN
9846:ISBN
9819:ISBN
9770:ISBN
9749:2020
9718:ISBN
9689:ISBN
9642:ISBN
9615:ISBN
9581:ISBN
9531:ISBN
9501:ISBN
9474:ISBN
9432:ISBN
9393:ISSN
9282:ISBN
9106:ISBN
8916:ISSN
8881:2017
8868:ISBN
8841:ISBN
8816:ISBN
8778:ISBN
8751:ISBN
8570:ISBN
8468:ISBN
4447:and
4384:and
4171:sahn
4117:The
4052:مخزن
3955:the
3947:and
3841:help
3813:the
3784:and
3770:Sous
3728:The
3667:Safi
3544:Mali
3396:Uluç
3360:silk
3303:and
3295:and
3259:and
3057:The
3033:Oran
2967:and
2946:Safi
2944:and
2887:The
2828:Haha
2720:Sous
2698:and
2565:Sous
2504:The
2323:Oman
290:1659
280:1591
267:1578
254:1554
241:1541
228:1510
12956:Mac
12393:Oyo
12302:Edo
12174:Jīn
12154:Sui
11807:Jin
11802:Han
11797:Qin
11532:in
10551:doi
10282:doi
9998:doi
9385:doi
8908:doi
8808:doi
4571:Fes
4413:by
4209:in
4139:in
4121:in
3832:Fes
3636:Fez
3634:in
3546:).
3536:Gao
2992:of
2791:Fez
2742:of
2589:Fez
118:Fez
13190::
12589:Ho
12579:Ly
10813:—
10688:.
10648:^
10620:^
10603:.
10573:.
10545:.
10541:.
10517:^
10489:^
10472:.
10461:^
10444:.
10404:.
10373:^
10288:.
10278:60
10276:.
10185:^
10167:^
10135:^
10100:.
10088:^
10056:^
10026:^
10012:.
10004:.
9994:22
9992:.
9972:^
9914:^
9796:.
9784:^
9740:.
9656:^
9595:^
9545:^
9515:^
9414:^
9391:.
9379:.
9375:.
9296:^
9236:^
9120:^
8928:^
8914:.
8902:.
8898:.
8814:.
8792:^
8584:^
8482:^
8411:,
8407:,
4451:.
4421:,
4247:.
4187:.
4050::
3999:)
3963:.
3903:,
3889:;
3370:.
3362:,
3350::
3080:,
2996:,
2678:.
2536::
2516:,
2512::
136:,
11736:)
11732:(
11713:e
11706:t
11699:v
11522:e
11515:t
11508:v
10881:e
10874:t
10867:v
10817:—
10804:)
10798:.
10741:.
10699:.
10674:.
10642:.
10614:.
10589:.
10559:.
10553::
10547:2
10511:.
10483:.
10455:.
10415:.
10367:.
10340:.
10296:.
10284::
10261:.
10236:.
10209:.
10161:.
10114:.
10082:.
10050:.
10020:.
10000::
9966:.
9951:.
9908:.
9881:.
9854:.
9827:.
9778:.
9751:.
9726:.
9697:.
9650:.
9623:.
9589:.
9539:.
9509:.
9482:.
9440:.
9399:.
9387::
9381:9
9290:.
9114:.
8922:.
8910::
8904:9
8883:.
8849:.
8824:.
8810::
8786:.
8759:.
8578:.
8476:.
8419:.
4573::
4536::
4156:-
4046:(
3614:.
3346:(
3249:(
3172:(
2532:(
2508:(
2493:e
2486:t
2479:v
2460:)
2456:(
2445:)
2441:(
2430:)
2426:(
2415:)
2411:(
2400:)
2396:(
2385:)
2381:(
2370:)
2366:(
2355:)
2351:(
2340:)
2336:(
2325:)
2321:(
2310:)
2306:(
2295:)
2291:(
2280:)
2276:(
2265:)
2261:(
2225:)
2221:(
2200:)
2196:(
2185:)
2181:(
2170:)
2166:(
2155:)
2151:(
1156:e
1149:t
1142:v
164:)
160:(
57:)
53:(
34:.
20:)
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.