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ship on short notice if it collides with other vessels or runs aground. Mariners also risk injury or death from falling overboard and from hazards associated with working with machinery, heavy loads, and dangerous cargo. However, modern safety management procedures, advanced emergency communications, and effective international rescue systems place modern mariners in a much safer position.
1809:
work 8-hour or 12-hour shifts and go home every day. Others work steadily for a week or a month and then have an extended period off. When working, they usually are on duty for 6 or 12 hours and off for 6 or 12 hours. Those on smaller vessels are normally assigned to one vessel and have steady employment.
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Such restrictions on shore leave coupled with reduced time in port by many ships translate into longer periods at sea. Mariners report that extended periods at sea living and working with shipmates who for the most part are strangers takes getting used to. At the same time, there is an opportunity to
932:
Mariners work in all weather conditions. Working in damp and cold conditions often is inevitable, although ships try to avoid severe storms while at sea. It is uncommon for modern vessels to suffer disasters such as fire, explosion, or a sinking. Yet workers face the possibility of having to abandon
1808:
On smaller vessels with a single mate 6 hours on and 6 hours off are common. Mariners employed on Great Lakes ships work 60 days and have 30 days off. They do not work in the winter when the lakes are frozen. Workers on rivers, on canals, and in harbors are more likely to have year-round work. Some
925:
The rate of unionization for these workers in the United States is about 36 percent, much higher than the average for all occupations. Consequently, merchant marine officers and seamen, both veterans and beginners, are hired for voyages through union hiring halls or directly by shipping companies.
446:
Seafarers hold a variety of professions and ranks, each of which carries unique responsibilities which are integral to the successful operation of an ocean-going vessel. A ship's crew can generally be divided into four main categories: the deck department, the engineering department, the steward's
1184:
Barbarossa
Hayrettin Pasha (Turkish: Barbaros Hayrettin Paşa or Hızır Hayrettin Paşa; also Hızır Reis before being promoted to the rank of Pasha and becoming the Kaptan-ı Derya (Fleet Admiral) of the Ottoman Navy) (c. 1478 – 4 July 1546) was an Ottoman admiral who dominated the Mediterranean for
936:
Most newer vessels are air conditioned, soundproofed from noisy machinery, and equipped with comfortable living quarters. These amenities have helped ease the sometimes difficult circumstances of long periods away from home. Also, modern communications such as email, instant messaging and social
1045:
Further, the quick turnaround of many modern ships, spending only a matter of hours in port, limits a seafarer's free-time ashore. Moreover, some seafarers entering U.S. ports from a watch list of 25 countries deemed high-risk face restrictions on shore leave due to security concerns in a post
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Professional mariners live on the margins of society, with much of their life spent beyond the reach of land. They face cramped, stark, noisy, and dangerous conditions at sea. Yet men and women still go to sea. For some, the attraction is a life unencumbered with the restraints of life ashore.
609:
and first aid. Additional duties include maintaining the ship's boats and performing other nautical tasks. Engineers play a key role in cargo loading/discharging gear and safety systems, though the specific cargo discharge function remains the responsibility of deck officers and deck workers.
1029:
Findings by the
Seafarer's International Research Center indicate a leading cause of mariners leaving the industry is "almost invariably because they want to be with their families". U.S. merchant ships typically do not allow family members to accompany seafarers on voyages. Industry experts
604:
and water systems. Engineering staff manages bulk fuel transfers, from a fuel-supply barge in port. When underway at sea, the second and third engineers will often be occupied with oil transfers from storage tanks, to active working tanks. Cleaning of oil purifiers is another regular task.
520:. With some variation, the chief mate is most often charged with the duties of cargo mate. Second Mates are charged with being the medical officer in case of a medical emergency. All three mates each do four-hour morning and afternoon shifts on the bridge, when underway at sea.
1063:, and other activities. And in some cases, especially tankers, it is made possible for a mariner to be accompanied by members of his family. However, a mariner's off-duty time at sea is largely a solitary affair, pursuing hobbies, reading, writing letters, and sleeping.
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One's service aboard ships typically extends for months at a time, followed by protracted shore leave. However, some seamen secure jobs on ships they like and stay aboard for years. In rare cases, veteran mariners choose never to go ashore when in port.
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increasingly recognize isolation, stress, and fatigue as occupational hazards. Advocacy groups such as
International Labor Organization, a United Nations agency, and the Nautical Institute seek improved international standards for mariners.
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The chief steward directs, instructs, and assigns personnel performing such functions as preparing and serving meals; cleaning and maintaining officers' quarters and steward department areas; and receiving, issuing, and inventorying stores.
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A ship's engineering department consists of the members of a ship's crew that operates and maintains the propulsion and other systems on board the vessel. Marine engineering staff also deal with the "hotel" facilities on board, notably the
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notes a trend of U.S. shipping terminal operators restricting seamen from traveling from the ship to the terminal gate. Further, in cases where transit is allowed, special "security fees" are at times assessed.
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were the main mode of transport at sea, but it now refers to the personnel of all watercraft regardless of the mode of transport, and encompasses people who operate ships professionally, be it for a military
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meet people from a wide range of ethnic and cultural backgrounds. Recreational opportunities have improved aboard some U.S. ships, which may feature gyms and day rooms for watching movies, swapping
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media platforms link modern mariners to their families. Nevertheless, some mariners dislike the long periods away from home and the confinement aboard ship. They consequently leave the profession.
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in order to serve as a chief steward. All chief cooks who sail internationally are similarly documented by their respective countries because of international conventions and agreements.
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The chief steward also plans menus, compiles supply, overtime, and cost control records. The steward may requisition or purchase stores and equipment. Galley's roles may include baking.
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Seagoing adventure and a chance to see the world also appeal to many seafarers. Whatever the calling, those who live and work at sea invariably confront social isolation.
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Hiring halls fill jobs by the length of time the person has been registered at the hall and by their union seniority. Hiring halls typically are found in major seaports.
1051:
799:. In the USA these jobs are considered administrative positions and are therefore regulated by Certificates of Registry issued by the United States Coast Guard.
1070:. The availability of affordable roaming SIM cards with online top-up facilities have also contributed to improved connection with friends and family at home.
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The only time that steward department staff are charged with duties outside the steward department is during the execution of the fire and boat drill.
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At sea, on larger vessels members of the deck department usually stand watch for four hours and are off for eight hours, seven days a week.
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Mariners spend extended periods at sea. Most deep-sea mariners are hired for one or more voyages that last for several months. There is no
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as part of its crew, and may work in any one of a number of different fields that are related to the operation and maintenance of a ship.
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Members of the
British Merchant Navy have won the Distinguished Service Cross and have had careers taking them from 'Deck Boy Peter' to
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were the first notable mariners known to sail in a primitive, partly man powered vessel across the Arctic and the North
Atlantic Ocean.
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Various types of staff officer positions may exist on board a ship, including junior assistant purser, senior assistant purser,
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A number of U.S. Merchant
Mariners from World War II later played well known television characters. The list includes
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environment. However, shore leave restrictions while in U.S. ports impact
American seamen as well. For example, the
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later became a leading post-impressionist painter and pioneered modern art's synthetist style. American seaman
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Internet accessibility is fast coming to the sea with the advent of cheap satellite communication, mainly from
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after that. The length of time between voyages varies by job availability and personal preference.
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decades. He was born on the island of Lesbos/ Mytilini and died in
Istanbul, the Ottoman capital.
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both won
Olympic medals, though Thorpe did not get his until 30 years after his death. Seamen
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Merchant seamen have gone on to make their mark on the world in a number of interesting ways.
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1990:
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Since World War II, a number of merchant seamen have become notorious criminals. American
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was an
American mass murderer who claimed 23 victims on a rampage at Luby's Cafeteria in
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officers. The official classifications for unlicensed members of the deck department are
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went on to become the 39th president of the United States after service in the US Navy.
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A person who is under sail and not on a vessel with motorized power of any kind in the
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An ancient term, the word "sailor" has come to mean many things. Sailor may refer to:
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Merchant sailors have also made a splash in the world of sport. In football, with
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One does not have to look far to find merchant seamen who became war heroes in
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A person who practices the art of controlling the motion of a sailing ship or
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went from seaman to navigator to winner of the 1993 Nobel Prize in Economics.
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spent 14 days in a lifeboat and later went on to write the James Bond movies
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would not start drawing comics until after returning home from World War II.
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Mariners are well represented in the visual arts. French pilot's assistant
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may refer to any member of the navy even if they are based on land; while
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joined the Merchant Navy in 1751 and 37 years later founded the city of
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are also merchant marine officers and are licensed by the Coast Guard.
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Air Marshal Sir Beresford Peter Torrington Horsley KCB, CBE, LVO, AFC
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went on to make his fortune as the bodybuilding and fitness guru of
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733:. All three positions are typically filled by unlicensed personnel.
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were Merchant Mariners. It might be surprising that the writers of
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was already a working comic book artist before he joined up, but
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Person who navigates water-borne vessels or assists in doing so
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1231:. American merchant seamen have won the Medal of Honor in the
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648:(unlicensed Junior Engineer: Qualified member Engine Dept.)
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International Organization of Masters, Mates & Pilots
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was Muhammad Ali's assistant trainer and cornerman, and
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A chief steward's duties may overlap with those of the
559:(unlicensed Petty Officer: Qualified member Deck Dept.)
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1861:
U.S. Department of Labor, Bureau of Labor Statistics
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known for sailing solo around the world, and Briton
172:. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.
1698:as opposed to members of other departments in the
605:Engineering staff is required to have training in
403:The profession of the sailor is old, and the term
19:Several terms redirect here. For other uses, see
1831:"Maritime seagoing career – offshore and onshore"
1459:It is perhaps not surprising that the writers of
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1889:Seafarer Fatigue: The Cardiff Research Programme
1382:in the U.S. In track and field, American seamen
1270:was convicted as a Nazi spy in World War II and
1015:Portrait of a sailor taken on board the French
613:A common engineering crew for a ship includes:
751:, and other Steward's department crewmembers.
1947:
1333:, the latter for a biography of his shipmate
1274:was convicted as a Nazi war criminal. Briton
779:Seafarer's professions and ranks § Other
676:. Other possible positions include motorman,
92:The examples and perspective in this article
1596:. Unsourced material may be challenged and
1122:. Unsourced material may be challenged and
979:. Unsourced material may be challenged and
580:/ unlicensed trainee navigator / Midshipman
72:Learn how and when to remove these messages
1954:
1940:
1278:was hanged for treachery in World War II.
407:has its etymological roots in a time when
360:Three types of mariners, seen here in the
1961:
1616:Learn how and when to remove this message
1413:Other sporting notables include Dutchman
1290:own murderous rampage was made famous in
1142:Learn how and when to remove this message
999:Learn how and when to remove this message
674:qualified member of the engine department
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469:lookout on the bow of the freighter USNS
250:Learn how and when to remove this message
232:Learn how and when to remove this message
130:Learn how and when to remove this message
1904:Sea no evil: the life of a modern sailor
1627:
1440:. Members of the American Beat Movement
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684:, refrigeration engineer and tankerman.
523:A common deck crew for a ship includes:
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1158:Statue dedicated to Italian sailors at
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338:, civilian companies and organizations
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1884:Survey of Water Transport Occupations
1421:who was the first person to swim the
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424:, there may be further distinctions:
420:, as a sport or recreationally. In a
1594:adding citations to reliable sources
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1223:. Canadian merchant seamen have won
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977:adding citations to reliable sources
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170:adding citations to reliable sources
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1673:A member of a military naval force,
1636:sailor at the Naval History Museum.
1425:without the use of artificial aid.
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1857:"Water Transportation Occupations"
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1398:went on to Major League Baseball.
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53:This article has multiple issues.
1919:
1769:Seafarer's professions and ranks
1749:Glossary of nautical terms (M-Z)
1744:Glossary of nautical terms (A-L)
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1468:The American Practical Navigator
1239:, and one went on to become the
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1337:. British Merchant Navy member
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396:is a person who works aboard a
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61:or discuss these issues on the
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1313:led the first expedition that
1241:"Father of the American Navy."
1192:, who started his career as a
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473:during a re-supply mission to
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1784:United States Merchant Marine
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1341:later directed films such as
1196:in 1976 was the president of
756:United States Merchant Marine
668:/ unlicensed Trainee engineer
655:(unlicensed qualified rating)
566:(unlicensed qualified rating)
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33:The Seafarer (disambiguation)
1679:Anyone from a recruit to an
1456:were all Merchant Mariners.
1374:in England and the likes of
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672:American ships also carry a
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1754:Glossary of oilfield jargon
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1428:Irish Merchant Navy member
760:Merchant Mariner's Document
634:/ Second Assistant Engineer
106:, discuss the issue on the
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1894:Sailor at Etymology Online
1378:and Heisman Trophy winner
1356:The Lair of the White Worm
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702:A crew with a cook on the
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641:/ Third Assistant Engineer
627:/ First Assistant Engineer
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1474:Two Years Before the Mast
764:United States Coast Guard
492:Officer positions in the
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1080:List of notable mariners
447:department, and others.
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29:Mariner (disambiguation)
25:Boatman (disambiguation)
1670:across a body of water,
1504:The Beverly Hillbillies
1317:the globe in 1519–1522.
658:(2) Entry-level rating
21:Sailor (disambiguation)
1651:A person who goes out
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721:for a cargo ship is a
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591:Engineering department
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465:An able seaman stands
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1962:Shipboard occupations
1724:British Merchant Navy
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1434:Never Say Never Again
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1078:Further information:
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777:Further information:
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692:Further information:
589:Further information:
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455:Further information:
442:Professional mariners
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2247:Military specialisms
2232:Nautical terminology
1991:Officer of the watch
1986:Shipmaster (captain)
1590:improve this section
1544:The Dukes of Hazzard
1116:improve this section
1084:List of sea captains
973:improve this section
719:steward's department
694:Steward's department
688:Steward's department
573:(entry-level rating)
166:improve this article
112:create a new article
104:improve this article
94:may not represent a
2211:Nautical operations
1208:. Merchant mariner
1200:from 2004 to 2014.
816:
745:steward's assistant
731:steward's assistant
264:
2252:Marine occupations
1779:The Marine Society
1638:
1528:The Rockford Files
1486:A Hard Day's Night
1400:Drew Bundini Brown
1359:. Merchant seaman
1319:
1311:Ferdinand Magellan
1225:the Victoria Cross
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812:Standard merchant
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807:Working conditions
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1676:Anyone on a boat,
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1512:All in the Family
1384:Cornelius Johnson
1296:non-fiction novel
1276:Duncan Scott-Ford
1268:William Colepaugh
1206:Sydney, Australia
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1037:Sailors on a ship
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1423:English Channel
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518:ordinary seaman
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1835:the original
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1789:Ocean rowing
1639:
1634:Mexican Navy
1632:Statue of a
1612:
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1588:Please help
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1524:Jim Rockford
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1177:and his son
1175:Erik the Red
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344:Related jobs
306:Competencies
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164:Please help
159:verification
156:
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120:October 2012
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55:Please help
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2034:Able seaman
2001:Second mate
1764:Sailor suit
1689:coast guard
1606:August 2021
1450:Bob Kaufman
1438:Thunderball
1339:Ken Russell
1253:New Zealand
1237:Vietnam War
1132:August 2021
1061:sea stories
989:August 2021
941:Life at sea
682:electrician
564:Able seamen
514:able seaman
486: 1981
370:able seaman
336:Coast Guard
301:Description
2226:Categories
2160:Chief cook
2129:department
2127:Steward's
2055:department
2006:Third mate
1996:Chief mate
1971:department
1866:2007-03-31
1841:2014-02-16
1817:References
1646:Royal Navy
1558:Other uses
1516:Peter Falk
1408:Gold's Gym
1388:Jim Thorpe
1376:Dan Devine
1233:Korean War
1194:third mate
749:chief cook
727:chief cook
717:A typical
578:Deck cadet
479:Antarctica
398:watercraft
362:wheelhouse
327:employment
279:Profession
268:Occupation
192:newspapers
58:improve it
2029:Boatswain
1926:Transport
1759:Roughneck
1719:Astronaut
1577:does not
1462:Moby Dick
1103:does not
960:does not
711:Kajaani I
707:steamboat
678:machinist
557:Boatswain
325:Fields of
108:talk page
64:talk page
2103:Motorman
1707:See also
1668:sailboat
1661:yachting
1552:Cheyenne
1404:Joe Gold
1245:Scotland
1227:and the
1068:Inmarsat
646:Motorman
531:/ Master
500:and his
394:seafarer
349:Maritime
310:Physical
295:civilian
291:Military
181:"Sailor"
102:You may
2237:Sailors
2204:Related
2170:Steward
1734:Sailing
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1681:admiral
1657:boating
1653:sailing
1598:removed
1583:sources
1520:Columbo
1261:Denmark
1198:Romania
1164:Liguria
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864:Team 3
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713:in 1953
704:Finnish
529:Captain
467:iceberg
390:mariner
318:Mindset
314:Stamina
206:scholar
2195:Sailor
2183:Others
2144:Purser
2053:Engine
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1774:Seaman
1714:Airman
1495:were.
1489:, and
1471:, and
1452:, and
1286:. And
1249:France
828:Day 3
801:Pilots
785:purser
747:, the
729:and a
664:(0–1)
598:sewage
576:(0-1)
506:second
498:master
431:seaman
426:sailor
405:sailor
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382:sailor
372:, and
366:master
263:Sailor
208:
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179:
27:,
23:,
2113:Wiper
2108:Oiler
2013:Cadet
1796:Notes
1683:in a
1480:Borat
1344:Tommy
1259:, or
1168:Italy
1018:aviso
825:Day 2
822:Day 1
793:nurse
660:Wiper
653:Oiler
510:third
502:chief
392:, or
213:JSTOR
199:books
110:, or
1969:Deck
1685:navy
1581:any
1579:cite
1546:and
1436:and
1394:and
1386:and
1353:and
1257:Peru
1235:and
1107:any
1105:cite
1082:and
1048:9/11
964:any
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725:, a
709:S/S
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332:Navy
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