286:
653:
551:
606:
accompanied with Jesuit and
Catholic Christian missionaries. The island town of Nosy Be became their mission post, and by early 20th century, numerous Catholic churches had been built in the Sakalava region. Protestantism attempted to reach the Sakalava, but the animosity of Muslim Sakalava royalty for the Merina nobility who were already Protestants, as well as the refusal of Sakalava to abandon their traditional practices such as royalty spirit worship, particularly their
41:
181:
598:
132:. They are found on the western and northwest region of the island, in a band along the coast. The Sakalava are one of the smallest ethnic groups, constituting about 6.2 percent of the total population, that is about 2,079,000 in 2018. Their name means "people of the long valleys." They occupy the western edge of the island from
558:
The historical formation process of the
Sakalava kingdom explains the great diversity among its constituents, who continue to perpetuate distinctive regional customs, both culturally and linguistically. About the latter, the only real unifying factor of the different Sakalava dialects is their common
297:
mention series of annual expeditions by
Sakalava slave raiders against their villages through the end of the 18th century. These expeditions were aided by guns obtained from the Arabs, a weapon that both Comoros and Merina people lacked. The largest and one of the most favored ports for slave trade
277:
Arabs who controlled the
Zanzibar slave trade, and later European slave-traders, led to slave raiding operations and exercise of control on the major ports on the north and northwest region of Madagascar. Initially the Arabs exclusively supplied weapons to the Sakalava in exchange for slaves. These
205:
farmers, moving from
Central and East Africa, arrived in Madagascar in the ninth century. According to Gwyn Campbell, "the most accurate genetic data to date indicates that the founding settlement, on the northwest coast, comprised a maximum of 20 households, totalling around 500 people, either
605:
Christianity (35%) arrived among the
Sakalava people with European traders. In early 19th century, the Sakalava sought military support of the European colonial powers in order to contain the reach of the Merina kingdom. The French military power led by Captain Passot arrived on Sakalava ports,
313:
bought guns in late 18th century, launched a war with the
Sakalava, which ended the hegemony of the Sakalava kingdom and their slave raids. The Merina then reversed the historical enslavement their people had faced, and began supplying slaves. Though the Merina were never to annex the two last
593:
Islam (5%) arrived among the
Sakalava people with the Arab traders. It was adopted by the rulers of the Sakalava people in the eighteenth century, in order to gain the military support of the Omani and Zanzibar Sultanates, as the influence of Merina people and the European traders increased.
664:
The
Sakalava have been pastoralists with large zebu cattle herds, traditionally allowed to graze freely over the grasslands in their northwest region. Unlike the Merina and Betsileo people of the interior who became highly productive rice farmers, the coastal and valley region Sakalava have
241:
The chiefs of the different coastal settlements on the island began to extend their power to control trade. The first significant
Sakalava kingdoms were formed about the 1650s. They dominated the western of northwestern regions of Madagascar during the 1700s. The Sakalava chiefdoms of the
621:
has been a historic feature of the Sakalava people, and has centered around ceremonies and processions for the spirits of their deceased royalty. The procession is more than a religious event, it has historically been a form of community celebration and identity affirming festival.
302:. The Sakalava had a monopoly on slave trade in Madagascar till the end of the 18th century. Although smaller by population, their weapons permitted them wide reach and power, allowing them to force other more populous ethnic groups to pay tribute to them in the eighteenth century.
222:
traders came to the island's northern regions. Enslaved people from mainland Africa were brought to the island in increasing numbers between the 15th and the 18th centuries, particularly to the region where Sakalava people now live. This influx of diverse people led to various
635:
The Sakalava society became socially stratified, like many other ethnic groups, with the start of the slavery. The Sakalava stratification system was hierarchical based on presumed purity of each stratum. In the Sakalava kingdom, the strata included the
826:
Pierron, Denis; Razafindrazaka, Harilanto; Pagani, Luca; Ricaut, François-Xavier; Antao, Tiago; Capredon, Mélanie; Sambo, Clément; Radimilahy, Chantal; Rakotoarisoa, Jean-Aimé; Blench, Roger M.; Letellier, Thierry; Kivisild, Toomas (21 January 2014).
200:
people started settling in Madagascar between 400 and 900 CE. They arrived by boats and were from various southeast Asian and Oceanian groups. The earliest confirmed settlements, on Nosy Mangabe and in the Mananara Valley, date to the eighth century.
278:
slaves were obtained from slave raids to Comoros and other coastal settlements of Madagascar, as well as from merchant ships arriving from the Swahili coast of Africa. The Sakalava kingdom quickly subjugated the neighbouring territories in the
559:
membership to the western subgroup of Madagascar languages with strong influence from Africa, which distinguishes them from central and east coast languages of the island, which are primarily Austronesian (Malayo-Polynesian) languages.
626:
is also found among other ethnic groups in other parts of Madagascar, but with Sakalava it has had a long association and support of the royal dynasties, which mutually perpetuated the practice and associated importance.
234:, aided by weapons obtained in exchange for slave trading. His two sons, Andriamanetiarivo and Andriamandisoarivo (also known as Tsimanatona) extended gains further up to the Tsongay region (now
318:), the Sakalava never again posed a threat to the central highlands, which remained under Merina control until the French colonization of the island, a century later, in 1896.
594:
Significant percentage of the Sakalava converted to Islam during the reign of Andriantsoly, while continuing their traditional religious practices such as spirit worship.
156:
translation of Sakalava meaning long ravines, denoting the relatively flat nature of the land in western Madagascar. Another theory is that the word is possibly from the
327:
538:
265:
According to local tradition, the founders of the Sakalava kingdom were Maroseraña (or Maroseranana, "those who owned many ports") princes, from the Fiherenana (now
230:
The founder of Sakalava legacy was Andriamisara. His descendant Andriandahifotsy ("the White Prince"), after 1610, then extended his authority northwards, past the
570:
in the north. These people also feature the zebu cattle herds similar to those found in Africa, which are less common in other regions and interior of the island.
491:
362:
148:
The Sakalava denominate a number of smaller ethnic groups that once comprised an empire, rather than an ethnic group in its own right. The origin of the word
1562:
522:
515:
449:
227:
sub-ethnicities in the mid-2nd millennium. The Portuguese traders were the first Europeans to arrive in the 15th century, followed by other European powers.
532:
377:
366:
340:
665:
historically had limited agriculture. However, in contemporary Madagascar, migrants have expanded farms and agriculture into the northwestern provinces.
346:
460:
334:
350:
472:
526:
511:
484:
465:
420:
402:
390:
383:
1186:
578:
The traditional religion of the Sakalava people (60%), called Fomba Gasy, was centered around royal ancestor worship, aided by the noble
396:
495:
453:
416:
1555:
480:
1733:
508:(1881–1923). Under her reign Madagascar became a French colony. She was evicted from her doany (royal palace) by her half-brother:
1470:
1422:
1395:
1368:
1335:
1305:
1278:
1251:
1209:
1160:
1133:
1106:
1076:
1040:
1013:
965:
938:
903:
784:
735:
1548:
273:(sons of Ramini) clans from the southwestern part of the island, possibly from Arab origin. The demand for slaves by first
829:"Genome-wide evidence of Austronesian–Bantu admixture and cultural reversion in a hunter-gatherer group of Madagascar"
1531:
1512:
1491:
590:, whereby they divined the spirits of the dead ancestors and communicated their words back to the Sakalava people.
1571:
152:
itself is still subject to controversy, as well as its actual meaning. The most common explanation is the modern
562:
The Sakalava people are widely distributed, over about 128,000 square kilometers in a band along the coast from
487:(or Ambilahikely of Analalava). When he deceased, his son 'Rano' was still young; the kingdom fell into anarchy.
413:, from 1832 to 1843 he was exiled and reigned in Mayotte. He signed the Annexation of Mayotte by France in 1841.
262:. The Sakalava kingdom reached its peak geographic spread between 1730 and 1760, under King Andrianinevenarivo.
1723:
1728:
129:
250:, were principal among them. The influence of the Sakalava extended across what is now the provinces of
1773:
285:
1175:
535:(*18 August 1933 Nosy-Be – †05 Mars 2011 at Nosy-Be), titled: Amada II, who was destituted in 1993.
17:
1360:
1327:
Ritual Imagination: A Study of Tromba Possession Among the Betsimisaraka in Eastern Madagascar
1325:
1096:
1030:
1003:
955:
928:
1718:
1297:
The Possessed and the Dispossessed: Spirits, Identity, and Power in a Madagascar Migrant Town
1295:
1270:
The Possessed and the Dispossessed: Spirits, Identity, and Power in a Madagascar Migrant Town
1268:
1241:
1201:
The Possessed and the Dispossessed: Spirits, Identity, and Power in a Madagascar Migrant Town
1199:
1150:
1066:
774:
727:
The Possessed and the Dispossessed: Spirits, Identity, and Power in a Madagascar Migrant Town
1414:
An Economic History of Imperial Madagascar, 1750-1895: The Rise and Fall of an Island Empire
930:
An Economic History of Imperial Madagascar, 1750–1895: The Rise and Fall of an Island Empire
1637:
840:
197:
116:
8:
97:
Christianity (Catholicism, commoners), Fomba Gasy (traditional religion), Islam (royalty)
844:
1353:
909:
863:
828:
1768:
1527:
1508:
1487:
1466:
1418:
1391:
1364:
1331:
1301:
1274:
1247:
1205:
1156:
1129:
1102:
1072:
1036:
1009:
961:
934:
913:
899:
868:
780:
731:
426:
153:
81:
674:
1687:
1597:
1579:
891:
858:
848:
802:
710:
429:, her daughter, followed from 1832 to 1843 (†in Nosy Be) but had to seek refuge on
550:
206:
genetically mixed, or half Austronesian and half African." Later, Africans of the
1632:
1617:
1592:
1502:
1481:
1460:
1412:
1385:
1123:
725:
299:
289:
Door with a carved crocodile, exhibited at the World Exhibition in Paris in 1900.
224:
137:
108:
85:
652:
207:
202:
1540:
1762:
1662:
772:
563:
231:
189:
112:
1465:(9th ed.). Guilford, CT: The Globe Pequot Press Inc. pp. 113–115.
1437:
853:
1667:
1602:
872:
357:
After the rein of Abdriantonkafo the kingdom was split into two entieties:
193:
895:
1692:
1622:
1612:
1453:
1125:
Africana: The Encyclopedia of the African and African American Experience
610:-tradition, has made Sakalava continue with either Islam or Catholicism.
270:
251:
1697:
1642:
1098:
The Economics of the Indian Ocean Slave Trade in the Nineteenth Century
657:
499:
442:
166:
69:
1607:
1587:
1243:
Islamic Prayer Across the Indian Ocean: Inside and Outside the Mosque
773:
Benoit Thierry; Andrianiainasoa Rakotondratsima; et al. (2010).
691:
476:
410:
315:
255:
247:
235:
46:
1121:
1702:
1677:
1657:
1647:
406:
310:
279:
161:
1747:
825:
567:
438:
430:
294:
266:
259:
133:
888:
Africa and the Indian Ocean World from Early Times to Circa 1900
1682:
678:
306:
243:
219:
180:
157:
582:
lineage who preserved the remains of the deceased rulers. The
246:, centred in what was then known as Andakabe, now the town of
40:
1652:
1627:
505:
215:
211:
1218:
1095:
Gwyn Campbell (2013). William Gervase Clarence-Smith (ed.).
957:
Ethnic Groups of Africa and the Middle East: An Encyclopedia
1155:. University of California Press. pp. 74–76, 103–107.
274:
1387:
Encyclopedia of World Cultures: Africa and the Middle East
1350:
749:
747:
597:
518:, who reigned during the same period, from 1923 to 1968.
776:
Nourishing the Land, Nourishing the People: Madagascar
744:
730:. University of California Press. pp. 38, 61–62.
405:, Andriamanava-Karivo (1822–1824). Destituted 1824 by
997:
644:, or the term for the descendants of African slaves.
1035:. University of California Press. pp. 856–859.
995:
993:
991:
989:
987:
985:
983:
981:
979:
977:
1504:
Africa from the Sixteenth to the Eighteenth Century
1417:. Cambridge University Press. pp. 43–44, 121.
1319:
1317:
1032:
Africa from the Sixteenth to the Eighteenth Century
660:, a cosmetic paste ubiquitous among Sakalava women.
1352:
1300:. University of California Press. pp. 74–77.
1273:. University of California Press. pp. 73–75.
1204:. University of California Press. pp. 75–76.
1071:. University of California Press. pp. 75–76.
974:
681:, is a Malagasy who came from Sakalava ethnicity.
1760:
1524:À l'ouest de Madagascar - les Sakalava du Menabe
1314:
1235:
1233:
1090:
1088:
1028:
456:of Beramanja who was her prime minister, called:
1570:
1293:
1266:
1239:
1197:
1122:Anthony Appiah; Henry Louis Gates, Jr. (2005).
833:Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences
807:
798:
796:
723:
343:, Tsimanatatona, Mizana (between 1680 and 1712)
298:on Madagascar was the Sakalava coastal town of
1452:Portions of this article were translated from
1383:
1323:
1187:Deces du Prince Sakalava Bemihisatra à Nosy Be
1001:
933:. Cambridge University Press. pp. 49–51.
1556:
1479:
1410:
1330:. BRILL Academic. pp. 123–124, 234–239.
1230:
1224:
1149:Gill Shepherd (1980). James L. Watson (ed.).
1148:
1128:. Oxford University Press. pp. 294–295.
1094:
1085:
1065:Gill Shepherd (1980). James L. Watson (ed.).
1064:
1060:
1058:
1056:
1054:
1052:
953:
947:
926:
1355:Countries and Their Cultures: Laos to Rwanda
1191:
793:
1458:
768:
766:
764:
762:
753:
293:The Merina oral histories and documents in
1563:
1549:
1521:
1049:
314:Sakalava strongholds of Menabe and Boina (
39:
862:
852:
885:
759:
651:
630:
596:
586:priests would conduct a ceremony called
549:
284:
188:Sakalavas are considered to be a mix of
184:Sakalava ruler Andriantsoly (1820–1824).
179:
373:Andramahatindriarivo was succeeded by
282:area, starting with the southern ones.
269:). They may also be descended from the
14:
1761:
1459:Bradt, Hilary; Austin, Daniel (2007).
779:. CABI, Oxfordshire. pp. 28, 31.
613:
554:Distribution of Malagasy ethnic groups
1544:
1351:Melvin Ember; Carol R. Ember (2001).
1500:
1246:. Routledge. pp. 64–66, 70–75.
1152:Asian and African Systems of Slavery
1068:Asian and African Systems of Slavery
813:
64:Regions with significant populations
668:
321:
24:
143:
25:
1785:
514:(1923–1968) but in parallel also
1486:. San Francisco, CA: Routledge.
529:, acceded to the throne in 1970.
452:(Fitahiana). She had a son with
423:, became queen from 1832 to 1836
165:, which is in turn derived from
1483:Encyclopedia of African Peoples
1446:
1431:
1411:Gwyn Campbell (14 March 2005).
1404:
1390:. G.K. Hall. pp. 294–296.
1377:
1359:. Macmillan Reference. p.
1344:
1287:
1260:
1180:
1169:
1142:
1115:
1101:. Routledge. pp. 166–174.
1022:
601:Tromba gathering in Madagascar.
545:
475:, who later became governor of
1005:World Monarchies and Dynasties
960:. ABC-CLIO. pp. 180–181.
920:
879:
819:
717:
703:
677:, singer known as the King of
640:, or the royal caste, and the
13:
1:
697:
647:
445:became a French Protectorat.
365:(1722–1742) and the other by
1176:Genealogie des Rois Sakalava
494:(1869–1879), the cousine of
7:
1572:Ethnic groups of Madagascar
1522:Goedefroit, Sophie (1998).
685:
573:
490:Safy Mozongo, later called
10:
1790:
1501:Ogot, Bethwell A. (1992).
1008:. Routledge. p. 818.
175:
130:ethnic group of Madagascar
27:Ethnic group in Madagascar
1742:
1711:
1578:
1440:, Encyclopædia Britannica
1029:Bethwell A. Ogot (1992).
656:A Malagasy woman wearing
498:. She was buried 1880 in
328:Zafimbolamena Belihisafra
106:
101:
96:
91:
80:
75:
68:
63:
58:
53:
38:
1294:Lesley A. Sharp (1994).
1267:Lesley A. Sharp (1994).
1240:David J. Parkin (2000).
1198:Lesley A. Sharp (1994).
724:Lesley A. Sharp (1994).
711:"Sakalava in Madagascar"
1384:David Levinson (1995).
1324:Hilde Nielssen (2011).
1002:John Middleton (2015).
886:Campbell, Gwyn (2019).
854:10.1073/pnas.1321860111
754:Bradt & Austin 2007
539:Soulaimana Andriantsoly
353:(between 1712 and 1722)
1480:Diagram Group (2013).
954:John A. Shoup (2011).
927:Gwyn Campbell (2005).
661:
602:
555:
290:
185:
896:10.1017/9781139028769
655:
631:Social stratification
600:
553:
468:, which gave birth to
288:
183:
102:Related ethnic groups
45:Sakalava people near
890:. pp. 128–129.
566:in the southwest to
521:Fatoma, also called
492:Andriamandrambiarivo
363:Andramahatindriarivo
136:in the south to the
117:Austronesian peoples
845:2014PNAS..111..936P
614:Society and culture
523:Andriamanaitriarivo
516:Andriamamatatrarivo
450:Andriamamalikiarivo
437:In 1941 islands of
35:
1225:Diagram Group 2013
662:
603:
556:
533:Amady Andriantsoly
409:after the fall of
378:Ndramanihatinarivo
367:Andrianahevenarivo
341:Andriamandisoarivo
291:
186:
33:
1774:Slavery in Africa
1754:
1753:
1734:Vazaha (European)
1729:Vazaha (European)
1507:. Paris: UNESCO.
1472:978-1-84162-197-5
1424:978-0-521-83935-8
1397:978-0-8161-1815-1
1370:978-0-02-864949-8
1337:978-90-04-21524-5
1307:978-0-520-91845-0
1280:978-0-520-91845-0
1253:978-0-7007-1234-2
1211:978-0-520-91845-0
1162:978-0-520-04031-1
1135:978-0-19-517055-9
1108:978-1-135-18214-4
1078:978-0-520-04031-1
1042:978-0-435-94811-5
1015:978-1-317-45158-7
967:978-1-59884-362-0
940:978-0-521-83935-8
905:978-1-139-02876-9
786:978-1-84593-739-3
737:978-0-520-91845-0
525:, the brother of
479:. He childhooded
459:Rano, also named
347:Andriamboeniarivo
172:, meaning slave.
122:
121:
82:Sakalava Malagasy
16:(Redirected from
1781:
1565:
1558:
1551:
1542:
1541:
1537:
1526:. IRD Editions.
1518:
1497:
1476:
1441:
1435:
1429:
1428:
1408:
1402:
1401:
1381:
1375:
1374:
1358:
1348:
1342:
1341:
1321:
1312:
1311:
1291:
1285:
1284:
1264:
1258:
1257:
1237:
1228:
1222:
1216:
1215:
1195:
1189:
1184:
1178:
1173:
1167:
1166:
1146:
1140:
1139:
1119:
1113:
1112:
1092:
1083:
1082:
1062:
1047:
1046:
1026:
1020:
1019:
999:
972:
971:
951:
945:
944:
924:
918:
917:
883:
877:
876:
866:
856:
823:
817:
811:
805:
800:
791:
790:
770:
757:
751:
742:
741:
721:
715:
714:
707:
669:Notable Sakalava
461:Andriamanintrana
419:, the sister of
335:Andriandahifotsy
322:Kings and queens
54:Total population
43:
36:
32:
21:
1789:
1788:
1784:
1783:
1782:
1780:
1779:
1778:
1759:
1758:
1755:
1750:
1738:
1724:Sinoa (Chinese)
1719:Karana (Indian)
1707:
1574:
1569:
1534:
1515:
1494:
1473:
1449:
1444:
1438:Sakalava people
1436:
1432:
1425:
1409:
1405:
1398:
1382:
1378:
1371:
1349:
1345:
1338:
1322:
1315:
1308:
1292:
1288:
1281:
1265:
1261:
1254:
1238:
1231:
1223:
1219:
1212:
1196:
1192:
1185:
1181:
1174:
1170:
1163:
1147:
1143:
1136:
1120:
1116:
1109:
1093:
1086:
1079:
1063:
1050:
1043:
1027:
1023:
1016:
1000:
975:
968:
952:
948:
941:
925:
921:
906:
884:
880:
824:
820:
812:
808:
801:
794:
787:
771:
760:
752:
745:
738:
722:
718:
709:
708:
704:
700:
688:
671:
650:
633:
616:
576:
548:
380:(1742–1749) and
361:One reigned by
324:
178:
146:
144:Ethnic identity
138:Sambirano River
49:
31:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
1787:
1777:
1776:
1771:
1752:
1751:
1743:
1740:
1739:
1737:
1736:
1731:
1726:
1721:
1715:
1713:
1709:
1708:
1706:
1705:
1700:
1695:
1690:
1685:
1680:
1675:
1670:
1665:
1660:
1655:
1650:
1645:
1640:
1635:
1630:
1625:
1620:
1615:
1610:
1605:
1600:
1595:
1590:
1584:
1582:
1576:
1575:
1568:
1567:
1560:
1553:
1545:
1539:
1538:
1532:
1519:
1513:
1498:
1492:
1477:
1471:
1456:
1448:
1445:
1443:
1442:
1430:
1423:
1403:
1396:
1376:
1369:
1343:
1336:
1313:
1306:
1286:
1279:
1259:
1252:
1229:
1227:, p. 140.
1217:
1210:
1190:
1179:
1168:
1161:
1141:
1134:
1114:
1107:
1084:
1077:
1048:
1041:
1021:
1014:
973:
966:
946:
939:
919:
904:
878:
839:(3): 936–941.
818:
806:
792:
785:
758:
743:
736:
716:
701:
699:
696:
695:
694:
687:
684:
683:
682:
670:
667:
649:
646:
632:
629:
615:
612:
575:
572:
547:
544:
543:
542:
541:(1993–present)
536:
530:
519:
509:
503:
488:
469:
463:
457:
435:
434:
424:
414:
400:
394:
387:
381:
371:
370:
369:(1733– ?)
355:
354:
351:Abdriantonkafo
344:
338:
323:
320:
203:Bantu-speaking
177:
174:
145:
142:
140:in the north.
120:
119:
104:
103:
99:
98:
94:
93:
89:
88:
78:
77:
73:
72:
66:
65:
61:
60:
56:
55:
51:
50:
44:
29:
26:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
1786:
1775:
1772:
1770:
1767:
1766:
1764:
1757:
1749:
1746:
1741:
1735:
1732:
1730:
1727:
1725:
1722:
1720:
1717:
1716:
1714:
1710:
1704:
1701:
1699:
1696:
1694:
1691:
1689:
1686:
1684:
1681:
1679:
1676:
1674:
1671:
1669:
1666:
1664:
1661:
1659:
1656:
1654:
1651:
1649:
1646:
1644:
1641:
1639:
1638:Betsimisaraka
1636:
1634:
1631:
1629:
1626:
1624:
1621:
1619:
1616:
1614:
1611:
1609:
1606:
1604:
1601:
1599:
1596:
1594:
1591:
1589:
1586:
1585:
1583:
1581:
1577:
1573:
1566:
1561:
1559:
1554:
1552:
1547:
1546:
1543:
1535:
1533:2-7099-1386-0
1529:
1525:
1520:
1516:
1514:9789231017117
1510:
1506:
1505:
1499:
1495:
1493:9781135963415
1489:
1485:
1484:
1478:
1474:
1468:
1464:
1463:
1457:
1455:
1451:
1450:
1439:
1434:
1426:
1420:
1416:
1415:
1407:
1399:
1393:
1389:
1388:
1380:
1372:
1366:
1362:
1357:
1356:
1347:
1339:
1333:
1329:
1328:
1320:
1318:
1309:
1303:
1299:
1298:
1290:
1282:
1276:
1272:
1271:
1263:
1255:
1249:
1245:
1244:
1236:
1234:
1226:
1221:
1213:
1207:
1203:
1202:
1194:
1188:
1183:
1177:
1172:
1164:
1158:
1154:
1153:
1145:
1137:
1131:
1127:
1126:
1118:
1110:
1104:
1100:
1099:
1091:
1089:
1080:
1074:
1070:
1069:
1061:
1059:
1057:
1055:
1053:
1044:
1038:
1034:
1033:
1025:
1017:
1011:
1007:
1006:
998:
996:
994:
992:
990:
988:
986:
984:
982:
980:
978:
969:
963:
959:
958:
950:
942:
936:
932:
931:
923:
915:
911:
907:
901:
897:
893:
889:
882:
874:
870:
865:
860:
855:
850:
846:
842:
838:
834:
830:
822:
815:
810:
804:
803:Joshuaproject
799:
797:
788:
782:
778:
777:
769:
767:
765:
763:
755:
750:
748:
739:
733:
729:
728:
720:
712:
706:
702:
693:
690:
689:
680:
676:
673:
672:
666:
659:
654:
645:
643:
639:
628:
625:
620:
611:
609:
599:
595:
591:
589:
585:
581:
571:
569:
565:
564:Onilahy River
560:
552:
540:
537:
534:
531:
528:
524:
520:
517:
513:
510:
507:
504:
501:
497:
493:
489:
486:
482:
478:
474:
473:Ndramamahagna
470:
467:
464:
462:
458:
455:
451:
448:
447:
446:
444:
440:
432:
428:
425:
422:
418:
415:
412:
408:
404:
401:
398:
395:
392:
388:
385:
382:
379:
376:
375:
374:
368:
364:
360:
359:
358:
352:
348:
345:
342:
339:
336:
333:
332:
331:
329:
319:
317:
312:
308:
303:
301:
296:
287:
283:
281:
276:
272:
268:
263:
261:
257:
253:
249:
245:
239:
237:
233:
232:Mangoky River
228:
226:
221:
217:
213:
209:
204:
199:
195:
194:Bantu peoples
191:
190:Austronesians
182:
173:
171:
168:
164:
163:
159:
155:
151:
141:
139:
135:
131:
127:
118:
114:
113:Bantu peoples
110:
105:
100:
95:
90:
87:
83:
79:
74:
71:
67:
62:
57:
52:
48:
42:
37:
19:
1756:
1744:
1672:
1603:Antambahoaka
1523:
1503:
1482:
1461:
1447:Bibliography
1433:
1413:
1406:
1386:
1379:
1354:
1346:
1326:
1296:
1289:
1269:
1262:
1242:
1220:
1200:
1193:
1182:
1171:
1151:
1144:
1124:
1117:
1097:
1067:
1031:
1024:
1004:
956:
949:
929:
922:
887:
881:
836:
832:
821:
809:
775:
726:
719:
705:
663:
641:
637:
634:
623:
618:
617:
607:
604:
592:
587:
583:
579:
577:
561:
557:
546:Demographics
485:Ndriantahira
466:Ndriananetry
436:
421:Andriantsoly
403:Andriantsoly
391:Andriavahiny
389:Ravahiny or
386:(1749–1780).
384:Ndramarofaly
372:
356:
326:The dynasty
325:
304:
292:
264:
240:
229:
198:Austronesian
187:
169:
160:
149:
147:
125:
123:
30:Ethnic group
1613:Antankarana
1454:fr:Sakalava
399:(1808–1822)
393:(1780–1808)
337:(1600–1680)
271:Zafiraminia
252:Antsiranana
1763:Categories
1698:Zafimaniry
1643:Bezanozano
1580:Indigenous
1462:Madagascar
698:References
658:masonjoany
648:Livelihood
500:Nosy Komba
471:Tandroka,
443:Nosy Komba
167:Late Latin
70:Madagascar
1745:See also:
1712:Immigrant
1688:Tsimihety
1608:Antandroy
1598:Antaisaka
1588:Antaifasy
914:201530379
814:Ogot 1992
692:Fitampoha
638:Ampanzaka
477:Analalava
411:Mahajanga
397:Tsimaloma
316:Mahajanga
300:Mahajanga
256:Mahajanga
248:Morondava
236:Mahajanga
76:Languages
59:2,079,000
47:Morondava
1769:Sakalava
1703:Zafisoro
1678:Sihanaka
1673:Sakalava
1658:Masikoro
1648:Mahafaly
1633:Betsileo
1618:Antanosy
1593:Antemoro
873:24395773
686:See also
574:Religion
496:Tsiomeko
454:Dormoamy
433:in 1837.
427:Tsiomeko
417:Oantitsy
407:Radama I
311:Radama I
280:Mahafaly
225:Malagasy
162:saqaliba
154:Malagasy
150:Sakalava
126:Sakalava
111:groups,
109:Malagasy
92:Religion
34:Sakalava
18:Sakalava
1748:Vazimba
864:3903192
841:Bibcode
675:Jaojoby
568:Nosy Be
481:Soazara
439:Nosy Be
431:Nosy Be
295:Comoros
267:Toliara
260:Toliara
208:Swahili
176:History
170:sclavus
134:Toliara
128:are an
1683:Tanala
1663:Merina
1530:
1511:
1490:
1469:
1421:
1394:
1367:
1334:
1304:
1277:
1250:
1208:
1159:
1132:
1105:
1075:
1039:
1012:
964:
937:
912:
902:
871:
861:
783:
734:
679:Salegy
624:Tromba
619:Tromba
608:Tromba
588:Tromba
307:Merina
244:Menabe
216:Indian
158:Arabic
107:Other
86:French
1668:Mikea
1653:Makoa
1628:Beosi
910:S2CID
642:Makoa
527:Amada
512:Amada
506:Binao
309:king
275:Omani
220:Tamil
1693:Vezo
1623:Bara
1528:ISBN
1509:ISBN
1488:ISBN
1467:ISBN
1419:ISBN
1392:ISBN
1365:ISBN
1361:1347
1332:ISBN
1302:ISBN
1275:ISBN
1248:ISBN
1206:ISBN
1157:ISBN
1130:ISBN
1103:ISBN
1073:ISBN
1037:ISBN
1010:ISBN
962:ISBN
935:ISBN
900:ISBN
869:PMID
781:ISBN
732:ISBN
584:dady
580:dady
483:and
441:and
305:The
258:and
218:and
214:and
212:Arab
192:and
124:The
84:and
892:doi
859:PMC
849:doi
837:111
238:).
1765::
1363:.
1316:^
1232:^
1087:^
1051:^
976:^
908:.
898:.
867:.
857:.
847:.
835:.
831:.
795:^
761:^
746:^
349:,
330:.
254:,
210:,
196:.
115:,
1564:e
1557:t
1550:v
1536:.
1517:.
1496:.
1475:.
1427:.
1400:.
1373:.
1340:.
1310:.
1283:.
1256:.
1214:.
1165:.
1138:.
1111:.
1081:.
1045:.
1018:.
970:.
943:.
916:.
894::
875:.
851::
843::
816:.
789:.
756:.
740:.
713:.
502:.
20:)
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
