1282:
489:, he convinced about 200 members of the original Knights to defect and join his Klan, which would be named the White Knights of the Ku Klux Klan. He became the group's first fraternal "Imperial Wizard," writing a "Klan Konstitution" for the "Sovereign Realm of Mississippi" which he would govern with the assistance of a body which he would name the "Klongress." Bowers adopted a code of secrecy, under which nobody outside the Klan knew the Imperial Wizard's identity.
689:
32:
1296:
634:, Bowers gave the direct order to have Dahmer killed, "in any way possible." After four previous trials ended in deadlock (a 1968 jury split 11 to 1 in favor of guilty, and in 1969 a jury split 10–2 in favor of conviction), Bowers was convicted of the murder in August 1998 and sentenced to life in prison.
679:
and
Raymond Roberts, met with the FBI and the police in exchange for reward money and immunity. Alton Wayne Roberts had previously been sentenced to 10 years in prison for violating the civil rights of Chaney, Schwerner and Goodman. He agreed to cooperate in order to receive a reduced sentence. A
353:
that it is evident that we have at least two theories as to how the negro should be dealt with. One may be termed his idea of the development by higher education, social equality, and the like, while the other might be dominated the
Southern idea of the absolute segregation of the two races, the
526:
we are disposed to kindness, generosity, affection, and humility in our dealings with others. As militants, we are disposed to use physical force against our enemies. How can we reconcile these two apparently contradictory philosophies? The answer, of course, is to purge malice, bitterness, and
362: ... The restriction of suffrage was the wisest statesmanship ever exhibited in that proud Commonwealth ... We have disfranchised not only the ignorant and vicious black but the ignorant and vicious white as well ...
627:, a civil rights activist who was working to register African Americans for the vote. Dahmer died of burn injuries which covered 40% of his body and damage to his lungs, which were seared while rescuing his family from the fire.
579:, were murdered at that time because they were suspected of being civil rights activists also. However, it was later determined that Bowers was not involved with their deaths. Klansman and former police officer
358:, we believe he can acceptably and worthily fill, with absolute denial of social intercourse and with every restriction on his participation in political affairs and government that is permissible under the
711:(MDOC), only one person visited Bowers during his incarceration. The visitor claimed to be Bowers's brother, who listed a false address and fictitious Mississippi town as his residence. Bowers died in the
4052:
370:. While a high school student, Bowers worked part-time at the newly established Mississippi School Book Depository in Jackson. He was among the first group of staff members hired after the
4047:
354:
fitting the negro for that sphere and station which, based upon an experience born of more than a century's knowledge of him as a slave and nearly forty years' experience with him as a
1001:"BOOK REVIEW : Klan and FBI Wounded in Hail of Bullets : TERROR IN THE NIGHT: The Klan's Campaign Against the Jews By Jack Nelson : Simon & Schuster $ 22; 304 pages"
4037:
504:
One. Massive street demonstrations by blacks used by communists designed to provoke whites into counterdemonstrations and open, pitched street battles to provide an excuse for:
481:
1959 or 1960. Davis resigned in 1964 just after
Congress launched an investigation into the KKK and the Original Knights began to fragment. Bowers believed that the original
510:
When the first waves of blacks hit our streets this summer, we must avoid open daylight conflict with them we must reveal their leaders as the immoral hypocrites they are.
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This summer, within a very few days, the enemy will launch his final push for victory here in
Mississippi. This offensive will consist of two basic salients
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also participated in the abduction and beating and testified that he was the one who had identified Dee as a target because "he fit the profile of a
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638:
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297:, for which he was sentenced to life in prison, 32 years after the crime. He also was accused of being involved in the 1967–1968 bombings of
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gave his name when asked by the committee (but would answer no other substantive questions), other witnesses, such as Bowers, invoked the
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became involved in the case and, with threatening accusations against local law enforcement, it began to track down potential bombers.
337:, was a four-term Congressman from Mississippi's Gulf Coast. Representative Bowers was an explicitly virulent opponent of equality for
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329:. He had deep roots in the southern Mississippi–New Orleans area on both sides of his family. His maternal grandfather had a
560:—were murdered. Sam Bowers was convicted in 1967 for his role in the Chaney–Schwerner–Goodman killings and served his sentence at
3715:
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309:(according to one of the people convicted of some of the bombings, Thomas A. Tarrants III). He died in prison at the age of 82.
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3922:
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1522:
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joint FBI and local police operation ambushed
Tarrants and Ainsworth. Ainsworth was killed and Tarrants was severely wounded.
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1182:
859:
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In an "Imperial
Executive Order" which was issued at a Klan meeting on June 7, 1964, and recorded by the FBI, Bowers wrote:
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1996:
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Ghosts of
Mississippi: the murder of Medgar Evers, the trials of Byron de la Beckwith, and the haunting of the new South
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In
January 1966, Bowers, along with a number of other members of the White Knights of the KKK, was subpoenaed by the
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1980:
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20:
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325:, to Samuel Bowers Sr., a salesman, and his wife Evangeline Bowers (née Peyton), daughter of a well-to-do
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Two. A decree from subversive authorities in charge of the national government declaring martial law
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Freedom summer : the savage season of 1964 that made
Mississippi burn and made America a democracy
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of the
Mississippi Original Knights of the Ku Klux Klan, appointed to his position by Imperial Wizard
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2012:
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In 1967, White Knights are alleged to have begun a campaign against Jewish targets in Mississippi.
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After Bowers died, an out-of-state relative came forward to claim his body. He never married.
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1945:
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613:
591:..." Seale and Edwards were convicted because journalists, particularly Canadian filmmaker
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8:
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was recruiting and providing military training to blacks as part of a plot to invade the
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1128:
The Last Days: A Son's Story of Sin and Segregation at the Dawn of a New South
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289:, for which he served six years in federal prison; and the 1966 murder of
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2735:
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318:
885:
Activities of Ku Klux Klan Organizations of the United States; Parts 1-5
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3045:
2831:
2703:
2444:
2412:
1753:
1641:
1490:
1350:
923:"Henry Dee and Charles Moore Case - The Civil Rights Cold Case Project"
688:
523:
707:, Bowers served a life sentence. According to the commissioner of the
623:
In 1966, alleged members of the White Knights firebombed the house of
568:. He was released in 1976 and then worked as a Sunday School teacher.
374:
approved of and passed a free textbook program championed by Governor
3194:
3098:
3033:
2236:
322:
1046:
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was attacked. The actual perpetrators of these crimes were suspects
477:
Bowers was appointed Grand Dragon of Mississippi by Imperial Wizard
31:
3435:
882:
515:
434:
political views in the late 1950s. Bowers came to believe that the
415:
355:
19:"Sam Bowers" redirects here. For the gridiron football player, see
4053:
People convicted of murder by the United States federal government
1274:
at The University of Southern Mississippi (Historical Manuscripts)
1557:
1137:"Samuel Bowers, 82, Klan Leader Convicted in Fatal Bombing, Dies"
1089:"Killen Sentenced to 60 Years in Prison in 1964 Deaths (Update4)"
954:"Samuel Bowers, 82, Klan Leader Convicted in Fatal Bombing, Dies"
395:
1024:
1022:
605:, investigated the case and discovered incriminating evidence.
281:. Bowers was responsible for instigating and planning the 1964
283:
murders of James Chaney, Andrew Goodman, and Michael Schwerner
3535:
3504:
Association of Southern Women for the Prevention of Lynching
1271:
1151:
Oratory of the South: from the civil war to the present time
1019:
1201:
700:
455:
439:
298:
4048:
People convicted of depriving others of their civil rights
801:
1239:
Terror in the Night: The Klan's campaign against the Jews
669:
675:
A breakthrough in the case came when two Klan brothers,
630:
According to later testimony by ex-White Knights member
422:, believing that it was a movement which was led by the
4038:
Prisoners sentenced to life imprisonment by Mississippi
3721:
National Museum of African American History and Culture
485:
was too passive. On February 15, 1964, at a meeting in
1034:
466:
would use the invasion as a pretext to federalize the
828:
703:
of ordering the assassination of civil rights leader
261:(August 25, 1924 – November 5, 2006) was an American
1277:
1112:
God's Long Summer: Stories of Faith and Civil Rights
891:
883:
Committee on Un-American Activities (January 1966).
405:
933:
56:. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.
1170:
903:
492:
4018:American prisoners sentenced to life imprisonment
4013:American Ku Klux Klan members convicted of murder
1544:
3944:
3165:Thomas Moss, Henry Stewart, Calvin McDowell (TN)
1071:
1028:
1191:
984:
653:were bombed. Also, the home of Jackson's Rabbi
474:all whites from his home state of Mississippi.
1134:
1118:Marsh, Charles, "Rendezvous with the Wizard,"
1099:(November 8, 2006). "Bowers remains claimed".
1083:
1077:"Ex-Klansman convicted in '66 bombing is dead"
792:
394:Amusement Company, variously reported to be a
1559:List of lynching victims in the United States
1530:
1323:
849:
16:American white supremacist leader (1924–2006)
3978:United States Navy personnel of World War II
820:"First Free Textbooks Go to Copiah County".
548:. Later that year, three of these activists—
345:in 1904, during his freshman term, he said:
4043:Prisoners who died in Mississippi detention
3595:Emmett Till Unsolved Civil Rights Crime Act
970:: CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (
612:to testify about Klan activities. Although
4023:American people who died in prison custody
3566:
3411:Henry Hezekiah Dee and Charles Eddie Moore
3141:Elijah Frost, Abijah Gibson, Tom McCracken
1537:
1523:
1330:
1316:
4033:People convicted of murder by Mississippi
3887:"The United States of Lyncherdom" (Twain)
3347:Thomas Harold Thurmond and John M. Holmes
2125:William "Froggie" James and Henry Salzner
1216:
897:
116:Learn how and when to remove this message
1095:
1040:
692:Bowers was incarcerated and died at the
687:
3716:National Memorial for Peace and Justice
1165:
1147:
1114:, Princeton: Princeton University Press
939:
807:
442:elites which were seeking to overthrow
366:Sam Bowers Jr. attended high school in
317:Bowers was born on August 25, 1924, in
3945:
1232:
719:on Sunday, November 5, 2006, aged 82.
610:House Un-American Activities Committee
3353:Roosevelt Townes and Robert McDaniels
3259:Lynching rampage in Brooks County, GA
2950:
1556:
1518:
1311:
1125:
1109:
909:
887:. United States Congress. p. 49.
834:
709:Mississippi Department of Corrections
583:was arrested for this crime in 2007.
3928:Lynching deaths in the United States
3058:Samuel Bierfield and Lawrence Bowman
2951:
1200:
1194:"Jailed KKK Leader Samuel H. Bowers"
1192:Washington Post (November 6, 2006).
1154:. Neale publishing Company. p.
1148:Shurter, Edwin Du Bois, ed. (1908).
1052:
952:Lee, Jennifer 8 (November 6, 2006).
845:
843:
390:and started his own small business,
285:by members of his Klan chapter near
54:adding citations to reliable sources
25:
3589:Justice for Victims of Lynching Act
3365:O'Day Short, wife, and two children
3147:T.J. House, James West, John Dorsey
1135:New York Times (November 6, 2006).
951:
620:even in response to that question.
531:
13:
1339:Grand Wizards and Imperial Wizards
1226:
1206:"Bowers' Body Claimed by Relative"
876:
536:In 1964, community activists from
518:into the mix, he further declared
14:
4069:
3489:American Crusade Against Lynching
3135:Nevlin Porter and Johnson Spencer
1460:White Knights of the Ku Klux Klan
1261:
840:
542:Students for a Democratic Society
406:White Knights of the Ku Klux Klan
349:Let me say to the gentleman from
267:White Knights of the Ku Klux Klan
247:White Knights of the Ku Klux Klan
161:February 15, 1964 – 1989
149:White Knights of the Ku Klux Klan
3968:People from Jackson, Mississippi
3701:America's Black Holocaust Museum
3484:American anti-lynching activists
3456:Nadir of American race relations
3046:Steve Long and two half-brothers
2982:Great Hanging at Gainesville, TX
1294:
1280:
30:
3983:People from Laurel, Mississippi
3907:Wilmington insurrection of 1898
3541:National Conference on Lynching
3099:Juan, Antonio, and Marcelo Moya
2976:Marais des Cygnes, KS, massacre
2317:Mary Turner and her unborn baby
1221:. New York: Funk and Wagnall's.
993:
945:
493:Philosophy of the White Knights
41:needs additional citations for
3023:Gallatin County, KY, race riot
915:
813:
713:Mississippi State Penitentiary
694:Mississippi State Penitentiary
418:, was antagonistic toward the
410:Bowers, along with many other
231:Mississippi State Penitentiary
21:Sam Bowers (gridiron football)
1:
4008:American conspiracy theorists
3923:Lynching in the United States
3224:Springfield race riot of 1908
1642:Steve Long, Ace and Con Moyer
1546:Lynching in the United States
1420:
779:
683:
343:U.S. House of Representatives
312:
235:Sunflower County, Mississippi
3817:Murder of Jimmie Lee Jackson
3748:And you are lynching Negroes
3600:Emmett Till Antilynching Act
3335:Thomas Shipp and Abram Smith
3241:Harris County, GA, lynchings
3183:Wilmington, NC, insurrection
3029:New Orleans massacre of 1866
822:Jackson Daily Clarion Ledger
562:McNeil Island Federal Prison
446:as the dominant religion of
386:. Eventually, he settled in
7:
4058:White supremacist assassins
3963:Leaders of the Ku Klux Klan
3726:Southern Poverty Law Center
3371:Moore's Ford, GA, lynchings
2999:? Lachenais and four others
2437:James Harvey and Joe Jordan
1754:Samuel "Mingo Jack" Johnson
1484:Knights of the Ku Klux Klan
1398:Remnants of the Second Klan
725:
538:Congress of Racial Equality
333:while his father's father,
10:
4074:
3988:Criminals from Mississippi
3973:Activists from New Orleans
3207:1906 Atlanta race massacre
3177:Phoenix, SC, election riot
3153:New Orleans 1891 lynchings
3105:Benjamin and Mollie French
1065:
527:vengeance from our hearts.
430:, and he began to express
259:Samuel Holloway Bowers Jr.
201:Samuel Holloway Bowers Jr.
18:
3915:
3734:
3693:
3612:
3514:William O'Connell Bradley
3474:
3428:
3424:
3253:East St. Louis, IL, riots
3005:Fort Pillow, TN, massacre
2988:New York City draft riots
2957:
2946:
2695:
1964:
1569:
1565:
1552:
1483:
1458:
1439:
1397:
1368:
1349:
301:targets in the cities of
287:Philadelphia, Mississippi
252:
241:
220:
196:
191:
187:
175:
165:
154:
141:
137:
130:
4028:American segregationists
4003:American anti-communists
3993:Criminals from Louisiana
3778:Deaths in police custody
3265:Jenkins County, GA, riot
3076:Chinese massacre of 1871
2994:Detroit race riot (1863)
2629:Lynching of Raymond Gunn
2421:Dick Rowland (attempted)
647:Congregation Beth Israel
639:Beth Israel Congregation
3759:Battle of Liberty Place
3754:Attack on John Shillady
3742:James Allen (collector)
3575:Dyer Anti-Lynching Bill
3359:Beaumont, TX, Race Riot
3283:Omaha race riot of 1919
3271:Longview, TX, race riot
3247:Newberry, FL, lynchings
3189:Julia and Frazier Baker
3171:Porter and Spencer (MS)
3123:Thibodeax, LA, massacre
3081:Meridian, MS, race riot
3064:Opelousas, LA, massacre
2037:Paul Reed and Will Cato
1722:Big Nose George Parrott
1441:United Klans of America
1217:Whitehead, Don (1970).
1130:, New York: Basic Books
1126:Marsh, Charles (2000),
1110:Marsh, Charles (1997),
715:(Parchman) Hospital of
699:Convicted in August of
487:Brookhaven, Mississippi
464:U.S. federal government
398:machine business and a
273:. Previously, he was a
3893:United States v. Shipp
3645:Rebecca Latimer Felton
3476:Anti-lynching movement
3393:Freedom Summer Murders
3323:Rosewood, FL, massacre
3288:Knoxville riot of 1919
2157:Laura and L. D. Nelson
1376:William Joseph Simmons
1359:Nathan Bedford Forrest
850:Watson, Bruce (2011).
773:United States v. Price
717:cardiopulmonary arrest
696:
659:Thomas A. Tarrants III
585:Charles Marcus Edwards
529:
512:
364:
214:New Orleans, Louisiana
3864:Summer in Mississippi
3811:Mississippi Cold Case
3765:The Birth of a Nation
3706:Civil Rights Memorial
3635:Sidney Johnston Catts
3613:Defenders of lynching
3299:Duluth, MN, lynchings
3277:Elaine, AR, race riot
3235:Laura and L.D. Nelson
3201:Watkinsville lynching
3159:Ruggles Brothers (CA)
3117:Hamburg, SC, massacre
3093:Election riot of 1874
3040:Camilla, GA, massacre
2962:Death of Joseph Smith
1586:Elijah Parish Lovejoy
1029:Associated Press 2006
854:. New York: Penguin.
767:Civil rights movement
691:
602:Mississippi Cold Case
595:in his award-winning
520:
499:
426:and organized by the
420:civil rights movement
347:
341:. In a speech to the
269:and became its first
3582:Costigan-Wagner Bill
3519:Ella Barksdale Brown
3317:Perry, FL, race riot
3229:Slocum, TX, massacre
3129:Mart and Tom Horrell
3087:Colfax, LA, massacre
3070:Bear River City riot
2920:James Craig Anderson
2720:Robert "Bobbie" Hall
2325:Hazel "Hayes" Turner
1244:Simon & Schuster
1204:(November 7, 2006).
1075:(November 5, 2006).
810:, pp. 258, 260.
614:Byron De La Beckwith
368:Jackson, Mississippi
360:Federal Constitution
171:Position Established
50:improve this article
3824:The Ox-Bow Incident
3804:Mississippi Burning
3655:John Trotwood Moore
3311:Tulsa race massacre
3305:Ocoee, FL, massacre
2800:Mack Charles Parker
2728:Willie James Howard
1272:Special Collections
1120:The Oxford American
752:Alton Wayne Roberts
732:Olen Lovell Burrage
677:Alton Wayne Roberts
573:Charles Eddie Moore
388:Laurel, Mississippi
382:, he served in the
376:Paul B. Johnson Sr.
265:who co-founded the
3998:American assassins
3838:Reconstruction era
3650:John Temple Graves
3494:Jessie Daniel Ames
3441:Indiana White Caps
3111:Ellenton, SC, riot
3034:Reno Brothers Gang
2784:Judge Edward Aaron
1981:Ballie Crutchfield
1388:James A. Colescott
1382:Hiram Wesley Evans
1288:Mississippi portal
1212:on March 20, 2012.
1141:The New York Times
1007:. 23 February 1993
958:The New York Times
747:Lawrence A. Rainey
697:
577:Henry Hezekiah Dee
414:whites during the
384:United States Navy
3940:
3939:
3936:
3935:
3881:They Won't Forget
3798:Lynching postcard
3711:The Legacy Museum
3680:James K. Vardaman
3620:Theodore G. Bilbo
3608:
3607:
3499:Martin C. Ansorge
3420:
3419:
3405:Michael Schwerner
3212:Kemper County, MS
3052:Pulaski, TN, riot
2942:
2941:
2938:
2937:
2645:Shedrick Thompson
2525:Bernice Raspberry
2245:Name unknown (MS)
2149:Name unknown (TX)
1770:Joseph Vermillion
1738:John Wesley Heath
1512:
1511:
1268:Sam Bowers Papers
1184:978-0-316-91485-7
1177:. Little, Brown.
1167:Vollers, Maryanne
1087:(June 23, 2005).
1005:Los Angeles Times
861:978-0-14-311943-2
837:, pp. 35–37.
705:Vernon Dahmer Sr.
554:Michael Schwerner
454:'s government in
372:state legislature
339:African Americans
263:white supremacist
256:
255:
126:
125:
118:
100:
4065:
3735:Related articles
3685:Thomas E. Watson
3675:Benjamin Tillman
3640:Thomas Dixon Jr.
3564:
3563:
3426:
3425:
3329:Jim and Mark Fox
3017:Memphis massacre
2952:Multiple victims
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1499:(1979/1980–1981)
1493:(1974–1979/1980)
1474:Johnny Lee Clary
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1302:Biography portal
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581:James Ford Seale
532:Violent campaign
438:was a front for
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182:Johnny Lee Clary
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1160:eaton J bowers.
1097:Mitchell, Jerry
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618:Fifth Amendment
571:Two other men,
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448:Western society
428:Communist Party
408:
400:vending machine
335:Eaton J. Bowers
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1973:Fred Rochelle
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1043:, p. B1.
1042:
1041:Mitchell 2006
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927:coldcases.org
924:
918:
912:, p. 61.
911:
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762:Herman Tucker
760:
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757:Jimmy Snowden
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625:Vernon Dahmer
621:
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589:Black Panther
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291:Vernon Dahmer
288:
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245:Founding the
244:
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132:Samuel Bowers
129:
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84:
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70:
67: –
66:
62:
61:Find sources:
55:
51:
45:
44:
39:This article
37:
33:
28:
27:
22:
3899:
3891:
3879:
3870:Sundown town
3862:
3830:
3822:
3809:
3802:
3790:
3783:
3772:The Clansman
3770:
3763:
3587:
3580:
3573:
3558:Ida B. Wells
3546:Paul Robeson
3451:Ku Klux Klan
3397:James Chaney
3387:Anniston, AL
3011:Plummer Gang
2966:Joseph Smith
2864:Henry Marrow
2824:Frank Morris
2752:Willie Earle
2661:Cordie Cheek
2589:Henry Choate
2509:Dan Anderson
2469:Raymond Byrd
2453:Samuel Smith
2405:Willie Baird
2285:Frank Little
2277:Paulo Boleta
2205:Robert Perry
2181:Mary Jackson
2141:King Johnson
2093:James Hodges
2013:George White
1997:Walker Davis
1898:Jacob Henson
1826:Robert Lewis
1786:Ellen Watson
1674:Jim Williams
1650:Wyatt Outlaw
1467:
1411:Samuel Roper
1405:Samuel Green
1343:Ku Klux Klan
1242:. New York:
1238:
1234:Nelson, Jack
1218:
1210:the original
1172:
1159:
1150:
1140:
1127:
1119:
1111:
1100:
1053:
1048:
1036:
1009:. Retrieved
1004:
995:
985:
980:
957:
947:
940:Vollers 1995
935:
926:
917:
905:
893:
884:
878:
851:
830:
821:
815:
808:Shurter 1908
803:
793:
788:
771:
721:
698:
674:
667:
636:
629:
622:
607:
600:
599:documentary
593:David Ridgen
570:
550:James Chaney
535:
521:
513:
509:
506:
503:
500:
496:
483:Ku Klux Klan
476:
452:Fidel Castro
444:Christianity
436:Soviet Union
409:
380:World War II
365:
348:
316:
275:Grand Dragon
258:
257:
226:(2006-11-05)
177:Succeeded by
156:
144:Grand Wizard
112:
103:
93:
86:
79:
72:
60:
48:Please help
43:verification
40:
3958:2006 deaths
3953:1924 births
3902:(1999 film)
3786:(1936 film)
3665:James Rolph
3567:Legislation
3530:Flag Salute
2970:Hyrum Smith
2816:Lemuel Penn
2808:Louis Allen
2776:Emmett Till
2760:Lamar Smith
2736:Recy Taylor
2669:Claude Neal
2517:Will Sherod
2501:John Carter
2477:James Clark
2429:Henry Lowry
2301:Ell Persons
2189:Rob Edwards
2165:Will Porter
2021:David Wyatt
1989:George Ward
1866:Henry Smith
1762:Amos Miller
1746:Eliza Woods
1682:David Jones
1626:Bill Sketoe
1610:Joshua Boyd
1570:Before 1900
1503:Thomas Robb
1476:(1989–1990)
1470:(1964–1989)
1451:(1960–1987)
1432:(1959–1964)
1424: 1950
1413:(1949–1950)
1407:(1946–1949)
1390:(1939–1944)
1384:(1922–1939)
1378:(1915–1922)
1369:Second Klan
1361:(1867–1869)
742:Cecil Price
319:New Orleans
295:Hattiesburg
167:Preceded by
3947:Categories
3916:Categories
3843:Red Summer
3536:N.A.A.C.P.
3461:Red Shirts
3293:Red Summer
2832:James Reeb
2704:Felix Hall
2696:After 1940
2445:Joe Pullen
2413:Roy Belton
2365:Will Brown
2269:Jeff Brown
2229:John Evans
2213:? Anderson
2117:"Pie" Hill
2085:Jim Miller
2061:Slab Pitts
2053:Ed Johnson
1890:Amos Hicks
1810:Dick Lundy
1802:Jim Taylor
1491:David Duke
1351:First Klan
1011:1 December
910:Marsh 1997
835:Marsh 2000
780:References
684:Conviction
566:Washington
524:Christians
460:Gulf Coast
402:business.
331:plantation
313:Early life
207:1924-08-25
76:newspapers
3833:(musical)
2549:Joe Smith
2493:Tom Payne
2461:L. Q. Ivy
2389:Jay Lynch
2237:Leo Frank
1965:1900–1940
1497:Don Black
1430:Roy Davis
966:cite news
870:745562994
544:launched
479:Roy Davis
323:Louisiana
279:Roy Davis
242:Known for
157:In office
106:June 2013
3900:Vendetta
3436:Lynching
3407:) (1964)
2972:) (1844)
1946:Sam Hose
1505:(1989- )
1236:(1993).
1169:(1995).
726:See also
651:Meridian
516:religion
514:Weaving
424:far left
416:Cold War
412:southern
356:freedman
307:Meridian
142:1st
3429:General
1818:Joe Coe
1690:Jo Reed
1341:of the
1066:Sources
643:Jackson
450:, that
396:pinball
378:During
327:planter
303:Jackson
146:of the
90:scholar
3831:Parade
3819:(1965)
3694:Memory
3413:(1964)
3389:(1961)
3383:(1952)
3373:(1946)
3367:(1945)
3361:(1943)
3355:(1937)
3349:(1933)
3343:(1932)
3337:(1930)
3331:(1927)
3325:(1923)
3319:(1922)
3313:(1921)
3307:(1920)
3301:(1920)
3295:(1919)
3279:(1919)
3273:(1919)
3267:(1919)
3261:(1918)
3255:(1917)
3249:(1916)
3243:(1912)
3237:(1911)
3231:(1910)
3220:(1908)
3214:(1906)
3203:(1905)
3197:(1899)
3191:(1898)
3185:(1898)
3179:(1898)
3173:(1897)
3167:(1892)
3161:(1892)
3155:(1891)
3149:(1880)
3143:(1879)
3137:(1879)
3131:(1878)
3125:(1878)
3119:(1876)
3113:(1876)
3107:(1876)
3101:(1874)
3089:(1873)
3083:(1871)
3072:(1868)
3066:(1868)
3060:(1868)
3054:(1868)
3048:(1868)
3042:(1868)
3036:(1868)
3025:(1866)
3019:(1866)
3013:(1864)
3007:(1864)
3001:(1863)
2990:(1863)
2984:(1862)
2978:(1858)
2930:(2020)
2922:(2011)
2914:(1998)
2906:(1989)
2898:(1981)
2890:(1979)
2882:(1978)
2874:(1975)
2866:(1970)
2858:(1968)
2850:(1967)
2842:(1966)
2834:(1965)
2826:(1964)
2818:(1964)
2810:(1964)
2802:(1959)
2794:(1957)
2786:(1957)
2778:(1955)
2770:(1955)
2762:(1955)
2754:(1947)
2746:(1946)
2738:(1944)
2730:(1944)
2722:(1943)
2714:(1943)
2706:(1941)
2687:(1940)
2679:(1940)
2671:(1934)
2663:(1933)
2655:(1933)
2647:(1932)
2639:(1931)
2631:(1931)
2623:(1930)
2615:(1930)
2607:(1928)
2599:(1927)
2591:(1927)
2583:(1927)
2575:(1927)
2567:(1927)
2559:(1927)
2551:(1927)
2543:(1927)
2535:(1927)
2527:(1927)
2519:(1927)
2511:(1927)
2503:(1927)
2495:(1927)
2487:(1926)
2479:(1926)
2471:(1926)
2463:(1925)
2455:(1924)
2447:(1923)
2439:(1922)
2431:(1921)
2423:(1921)
2415:(1920)
2407:(1920)
2399:(1919)
2391:(1919)
2383:(1919)
2375:(1919)
2367:(1919)
2359:(1919)
2351:(1918)
2343:(1918)
2335:(1918)
2327:(1918)
2319:(1918)
2311:(1918)
2303:(1917)
2295:(1917)
2287:(1917)
2279:(1916)
2271:(1916)
2263:(1916)
2255:(1916)
2247:(1915)
2239:(1915)
2231:(1914)
2223:(1914)
2215:(1913)
2207:(1913)
2199:(1912)
2191:(1912)
2183:(1912)
2175:(1911)
2167:(1911)
2159:(1911)
2151:(1911)
2143:(1911)
2135:(1910)
2127:(1909)
2119:(1909)
2111:(1909)
2103:(1909)
2095:(1909)
2087:(1909)
2079:(1907)
2071:(1907)
2063:(1906)
2055:(1906)
2047:(1906)
2039:(1904)
2031:(1904)
2023:(1903)
2015:(1903)
2007:(1903)
1999:(1903)
1991:(1901)
1983:(1901)
1975:(1901)
1956:(1899)
1948:(1899)
1940:(1898)
1932:(1898)
1924:(1898)
1916:(1897)
1908:(1897)
1900:(1896)
1892:(1894)
1884:(1894)
1876:(1894)
1868:(1893)
1860:(1893)
1852:(1893)
1844:(1893)
1836:(1892)
1828:(1892)
1820:(1891)
1812:(1891)
1804:(1891)
1796:(1890)
1788:(1889)
1780:(1889)
1772:(1889)
1764:(1888)
1756:(1886)
1748:(1886)
1740:(1884)
1732:(1882)
1724:(1881)
1716:(1879)
1708:(1878)
1700:(1877)
1692:(1875)
1684:(1872)
1676:(1871)
1668:(1870)
1660:(1870)
1652:(1870)
1644:(1868)
1636:(1864)
1628:(1864)
1620:(1864)
1612:(1863)
1604:(1858)
1596:(1851)
1588:(1837)
1580:(1836)
1426:–1959)
1250:
1181:
868:
858:
472:deport
440:Jewish
432:racist
299:Jewish
237:, U.S.
216:, U.S.
92:
85:
78:
71:
63:
3377:Harry
392:Sambo
97:JSTOR
83:books
3874:list
3784:Fury
3466:Jews
3379:and
3095:(AL)
1248:ISBN
1202:WLBT
1179:ISBN
1056:2006
1054:WLBT
1013:2020
988:2006
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