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Monte Sant'Angelo was a popular pilgrimage site on the way to
Jerusalem; pilgrims travelled from as far as Ireland to visit the “Celestial Basilica”. Among the pilgrims who visited the Saint Michael Archangel Sanctuary were many popes (Gelasius I, Leo IX, Urban II, Alexander III, Gregory X, Celestine
112:
There are three sections to the legend, recording three apparitions of
Michael: the first and third sections appear to be part of the same narrative, while the second is possibly the account of a battle half a century later. According to the first and last parts of the legend, around the year 490 the
244:
The
Sanctuary of St. Michael the Archangel thus became the main center of veneration of the archangel in the entire West, a typological model for all the others. It was the object of monumental patronage of both the dukes of Benevento and the kings of Pavia, who promoted numerous renovations to
306:
for some important facts, such as the presence of the bishop of Lucca
Alfonso Puccinelli, who also witnessed the apparition of St. Michael in 1656. In Lucca, in the church of San Michele in Foro, there is also a statue very similar to the one in the sanctuary of San Michele, donated by Bishop
121:
The second section of the text describes
Michael's intercession on behalf of the Sipontans and the Beneventans against invading pagan Neapolitans. On the eve of the battle, Michael appeared with flaming sword atop the mountain; the Sipontans and Beneventans were victorious.
419:
Behind a forecourt the sanctuary presents a portico of two Gothic arches, the right one of 1395 by the local architect Simone, the left one a reconstruction of 1865. From the portico steps lead down to the low arched nave. The cavern can be accessed from a
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near a cave in the mountains, instructing that the cave be dedicated to
Christian worship and promising protection of the nearby town of Sipontum from pagan invaders. These apparitions are also the first appearances of Saint Michael in western Europe.
1597:
1805:
271:. The alignment of these three geographical sites on a straight line, separated by the same distance. Other further Michael sites would seem to be found extending this line to the northwest and southeast, fueling the legend of the so-called "
241:, where the first epicenter of the cult of Michael among the Lombards was the Sanctuary of St. Michael the Archangel and from which it spread throughout the Lombard Kingdom until it was soon considered the patron saint of the entire people.
380:
presents a rectangular storey on which rests an octagon supporting an elliptical section and a high drum that supports the cupola. The church erected in the eleventh century by
Archbishop Leone stands upon the remains of an ancient
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facilitate access to the cave of the first apparition and to accommodate pilgrims. The
Sanctuary of St. Michael the Archangel thus became one of the main pilgrimage destinations of Christianity, a stop on that variant of the
295:) that would connect them varies between 14-42 km. It is therefore possible that the alignment is a coincidence, favored by the high density of religious buildings that Europe presents and the importance of St. Michael in
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495:
142:
In commemoration of this victory, the church of
Sipontum instituted a special feast on May 8 honoring the Archangel, which then spread throughout the Western Christendom during the 9th century. Since the time of
528:
also visited the
Sanctuary, but, feeling unworthy to enter the grotto, stopped in prayer and meditation at the entrance, kissed a stone, and carved on it the sign of the cross in the form “T” (tau).
1483:
342:, who in turn linked themselves to the cult of Michael and further intervened on the structure of the sanctuary itself, modifying its upper part and enriching it with new decorative apparatus.
237:. The cult of St. Michael thus developed within a context of archaic religiosity. Over time, various religious buildings were dedicated to St. Michael, in particular in the territory of the
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135:, which describes the defense of Mount Gargano against unidentified 'Greeks' – possibly Byzantine Greeks – by the Lombard Duke of Benevento,
815:
650:, Scriptores rerum Langobardicarum et Italicarum (Havover 1898), pp. 541-43; reprinted, with an English translation, in Richard F. Johnson,
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The complex of buildings consists of the Battistero di San Giovanni in Tumba, damaged in 1942, and the Church of Santa Maria Maggiore. The
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753:
522:), emperors, kings, and princes (Louis II of Italy, Otto III, Henry II, Matilda of Tuscany, Charles I of Naples, Ferdinand II of Aragon).
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Otranto, Giorgio. "'Il Liber de Apparitione,' il santuario di san Michele sul Gargano e i Longobardi del Ducato di Benevento." In
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and has been an important site of pilgrimage since the early Middle Ages. The historic site and its environs are protected by the
1849:
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Piccardi L., "Paleoseismic evidence of legendary earthquakes: the apparition of Archangel Michael at Monte Sant’Angelo (Italy)."
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259:. In fact, the sanctuary is one of the three major European places of worship named after St. Michael, together with the
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151:, although it originally did not commemorate the apparition but the victory of the Lombards over invading Greeks.
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reflects conflict between the churches of Siponto and Benevento over control of the Gargano shrine, and that the
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The place has been venerated since 490, the year in which, according to tradition, the first apparition of the
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206:. A first sanctuary was built in 493 on the cave where the apparition took place and from the 7th century the
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838:
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The earliest account of the foundation of the Sanctuary is a composite Latin hagiographical text known as
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877:
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1731:
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was built in the late 13th century by Frederick II as a watchtower. It was turned into a bell tower by
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noble. They are divided into 24 panels portraying episodes of angels from the Old and New Testaments.
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1306:
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1864:
428:("Gate of the Bull"): the doors, in bronze, were made in Constantinople in 1076, the donation of an
1983:
1394:
1082:
554:
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Arnold, J.C. "Arcadia Becomes Jerusalem: Angelic Caverns and Shrine Conversion at Monte Gargano."
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1958:
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Since 13 July 1996, the pastoral care of Saint Michael Archangel Sanctuary has been given to the
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2003:
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The Sanctuary of Saint Michael the Archangel. A part of the tower is visible on the right.
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689:"La Tomba di Rotari è un battistero del XII secolo con copertura a cupola (o Tumba)."
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Ancient and Primeval Beech Forests of the Carpathians and Other Regions of Europe
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as a symbol of thanksgiving to the city of origin, after the apparition of 1656.
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275:", which would have it produced by the sword blow inflicted by the Archangel on
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The octagonal tower (campanile) of the Sanctuary of Saint Michael the Archangel.
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Monumenta Germanica Historica: Scriptores Rerum Langobardicarum et Italicarum
330:, the sanctuary of St. Michael the Archangel was taken care of first by the
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900:"St. Michael Alignment is England's Most Famous Ley Line. But is it Real?"
790:
harvnb error: no target: CITEREFG._Schartz_and_E._Abegg,_1929pp._959–970 (
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The archaic cavern opening to the left, with its holy well, is full of
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The votive offerings have been studied in Giovanni Battista Bronzini,
603:(PIMS / Durham University Press, 2016), pp. 73–83 (Eng. trans of
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Luca Amendola has observed that the deviation of these sites from the
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Arab-Norman Palermo and the Cathedral Churches of CefalĂą and Monreale
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174:(died 652); the designation "tumba" is now applied to the cupola on
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1213:
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743:"Italia Langobardorum. Centers of power and worship (568-774 A.D.)"
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Statue of Saint Michael overlooking the entrance of the Sanctuary.
326:, to the rank of principality. When Benevento also fell during the
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in 774 the sanctuary retained its important function within the
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St. Francis - Magazine of the Basilica of St. Francis of Assisi
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680:. Edited by Ludwig Bethmann and Georg Waitz. Hanover, 1878.
113:
Archangel Michael appeared several times to the Bishop of
1598:
Venetian Works of Defence between 15th and 17th centuries
957:"Monte Sant'Angelo - Sanctuary of San Michele Arcangelo"
780:
126:
identifies this battle as the one recorded in Book 4 of
16:
Roman Catholic sanctuary on Mount Gargano, Apulia, Italy
1270:
City of Vicenza and the Palladian Villas of the Veneto
652:
Saint Michael the Archangel in Medieval English Legend
210:
area in which the sanctuary stood, became part of the
100:
Liber de apparitione Sancti Michaelis in Monte Gargano
2122:
12th-century Roman Catholic church buildings in Italy
214:
domains as it was included in the territories of the
816:"The fascinating history of the Line of St. Michael"
1534:
Longobards in Italy, Places of Power (568–774 A.D.)
87:
Longobards in Italy: Places of Power (568-774 A.D.)
878:"La Sacra linea di San Michele Arcangelo e la TAV"
832:
582:Liber de apparitione S. Michaelis in Monte Gargano
510:V, John XXIII as Cardinal, John Paul II), saints (
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925:Itinerari turistici Monte Sant' Angelo – Gargano
601:Patron Saints of Early Medieval Italy AD 350-800
787:G. Schartz and E. Abegg, 1929 & pp. 959–970
291:(although it would be more correct to speak of
1696:
1307:Great Spa Towns of Europe - Montecatini Terme
1041:
849:
992:UNESCO Collection on Google Arts and Culture
302:The sanctuary is connected with the city of
279:to send him back to hell as narrated in the
221:The work of conversion of the Lombards from
944:Ex voto e Santuari in Puglia: 1. Il Gargano
538:Congregation of Saint Michael the Archangel
162:should be erected enclosing the space. The
1703:
1689:
1588:Prehistoric pile dwellings around the Alps
1048:
1034:
1021:Monte Sant’Angelo & the Gargano Photos
852:"Luke Skywalker and the St. Michael Axis"
676:Paul the Deacon, Historia Langobardi. In
385:. A few remnants attest to its once-rich
85:as part of a group of seven inscribed as
1400:Cilento and Vallo di Diano National Park
1245:Padua's fourteenth-century fresco cycles
984:Sanctuary of Saint Michael the Archangel
771:
654:(Woodbridge: Boydell, 2005), pp. 110-15.
449:
443:objects is a statue of the Archangel by
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349:
273:sacred line of St. Michael the Archangel
185:
29:Sanctuary of Saint Michael the Archangel
18:
737:
735:
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584:and the hagiography of dispossession",
560:Scapular of Saint Michael the Archangel
489:The Altar of Our Lady of Perpetual Help
2102:Peaks dedicated to Michael (archangel)
2079:
2032:Inscribed in previous editions of the
1130:Residences of the Royal House of Savoy
588:120 (2002), 364–391. (Argues that the
555:Chaplet of Saint Michael the Archangel
1684:
1029:
808:
400:, to provide a suitable seat for the
730:
665:Santuari e politica nel mondo antico
577:vol. 75 (July 2000), pp. 567–88
550:Saint Michael in the Catholic Church
92:
1946:
1292:Basilica of Saint Francis of Assisi
233:, was completed under the reign of
13:
2112:Churches in the province of Foggia
1926:Archangel Michael at Mount Gargano
996:Pilgrims at San Michele in Gargano
477:The Altar of the Blessed Sacrament
166:is the final resting-place of the
158:(reigned 492–496) directed that a
37:Santuario di San Michele Arcangelo
14:
2138:
977:
392:The Castello was enlarged by the
164:Basilica di San Giovanni in Tumba
1804:
1489:Archaeological Area of Agrigento
850:Luca Amendola (4 January 2016).
531:
229:, already begun in 589 by Queen
106:Bibliotheca Hagiographica Latina
39:) is a Roman Catholic shrine on
1162:Santa Maria delle Grazie, Milan
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936:
918:
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843:
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633:Catholic.org Basilicas in Italy
396:upon an episcopal residence of
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1577:Sanctuary of Monte Sant'Angelo
1167:Vineyard Landscape of Piedmont
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683:
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2117:Tourist attractions in Apulia
2087:World Heritage Sites in Italy
1057:World Heritage Sites in Italy
1016:Virtual tour of the Sanctuary
647:Monumenta Germaniae Historica
565:
1149:Rock Drawings in Valcamonica
1011:Selected modern bibliography
7:
1940:Approval of veneration only
998:in Catholics & Cultures
752:. p. 4. Archived from
750:City of Cividale del Friuli
727:A. Magnani, J. Godoy, 1998.
543:
76:Parco Nazionale del Gargano
66:It is the oldest shrine in
10:
2143:
1814:Approval of the apparition
1745:an associated feast on the
402:Honor Montis Sancti Angeli
181:
149:Apparitio Sancti Michaelis
147:it has been formalized as
83:UNESCO World Heritage Site
59:. It has the dignity of a
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1939:
1918:
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1296:Etruscan Necropolises of
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614:vol. 408 (2005), 113–128.
408:. The massive, octagonal
398:Orso, Bishop of Benevento
47:, part of the commune of
1395:Castel del Monte, Apulia
1157:of Piedmont and Lombardy
946:(Florence:Olschki) 1993.
702:"-Santuario San Michele"
618:
263:in Val di Susa, and the
2063:41.707722°N 15.954778°E
1661:with 17 other countries
1518:Villa Romana del Casale
1508:Necropolis of Pantalica
1443:Royal Palace of Caserta
1240:Orto botanico di Padova
1231:Torre della Ghirlandina
667:, 210-245. Milan: 1983.
644:Ed. by G. Waitz in the
483:The Cave of San Michele
474:The Chapel of the Cross
356:Saint Michael Archangel
265:Mont-Saint-Michel Abbey
252:Via Sacra Langobardorum
132:History of the Lombards
2092:Roman Catholic shrines
2034:General Roman Calendar
1747:General Roman Calendar
1447:Aqueduct of Vanvitelli
1327:Piazza del Duomo, Pisa
455:
404:, further modified by
373:
362:
358:grotto in 1965. Photo
314:After the fall of the
191:
36:
24:
1563:Campello sul Clitunno
1235:Piazza Grande, Modena
1002:Jacopus de Voragine,
453:
368:
353:
227:Catholic Christianity
189:
81:In 2011, it became a
22:
2127:San Giovanni Rotondo
2107:Lombard architecture
2068:41.707722; 15.954778
1743:Papal inscription of
1250:Porticoes of Bologna
858:on 21 September 2018
777:Jarnut, p. 70, 2002.
759:on 23 September 2015
586:Analecta Bollandiana
516:Bernard of Clairvaux
261:sacra di San Michele
204:San Lorenzo Maiorano
2097:Michael (archangel)
2059: /
1613:Peschiera del Garda
1559:Temple of Clitumnus
1544:Cividale del Friuli
486:The Episcopal Chair
468:The internal atrium
424:portal, called the
1875:Good Event/Success
1816:and its veneration
1727:Marian apparitions
1451:San Leucio Complex
986:– Official website
930:2007-02-24 at the
718:M. Vannucci, 1994.
599:Nicholas Everett,
456:
414:Charles I of Anjou
374:
372:'s grotto in 2017.
363:
307:Puccinelli to the
281:Book of Revelation
239:Duchy of Benevento
223:Arian Christianity
216:Duchy of Benevento
198:took place on the
192:
53:province of Foggia
25:
2042:
2041:
2017:
2016:
1935:
1934:
1800:
1799:
1678:
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1581:Monte Sant'Angelo
1494:Barumini nuraghes
1412:Certosa di Padula
1104:Monte San Giorgio
990:Monte Sant'Angelo
596:dates c.663-750).
580:N. Everett, "The
526:Francis of Assisi
512:Bridget of Sweden
320:Langobardia Minor
309:Republic of Lucca
196:archangel Michael
128:Paul the Deacon's
93:Legendary history
72:Archangel Michael
70:dedicated to the
49:Monte Sant'Angelo
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1135:Rhaetian Railway
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906:. 16 August 2011
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854:. Archived from
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704:. Archived from
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629:
607:and commentary).
500:The Stone Quarry
480:The Angevin Nave
462:The upper Atrium
445:Andrea Sansovino
437:votive offerings
426:Portale del Toro
293:orthodromic line
139:, on 8 May 663.
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1436:Historic Centre
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1317:Hadrian's Villa
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1212:Le Colline del
1183:
1083:Historic center
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1007:: Saint Michael
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961:www.byitaly.org
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41:Mount Gargano
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2054:15°57′17.2″E
2051:41°42′27.8″N
2044:
2025:
1994:Rosa Mystica
1984:Mount Carmel
1925:
1766:Sacred Heart
1761:Divine Mercy
1576:
1549:Castelseprio
1385:Amalfi Coast
1362:Villa d'Este
1154:
1125:Cinque Terre
1109:Porto Venere
1003:
964:. Retrieved
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856:the original
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406:Frederick II
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389:decoration.
375:
346:Architecture
328:11th century
313:
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297:Christianity
255:that led to
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28:
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2066: /
1989:Pellevoisin
1959:All Nations
1910:San Nicolás
1870:Good Health
1712:Apparitions
1657:Switzerland
1629:Switzerland
1579:located at
1570:located at
1568:Santa Sofia
1561:located at
1527:Countrywide
1513:Val di Noto
1417:Herculaneum
1380:Alberobello
1357:Val d'Orcia
1155:Sacri Monti
839:Rev 12:7–12
763:8 September
505:Pilgrimages
360:Paolo Monti
249:now called
231:Theodelinda
55:, northern
2081:Categories
2004:Walsingham
1890:La Salette
1865:Gietrzwałd
1670:Montenegro
1499:Mount Etna
1390:Appian Way
1218:Conegliano
1179:Monferrato
1145:Landscapes
1099:Sabbioneta
966:2024-01-19
825:2024-01-19
566:References
492:The Crypts
422:Romanesque
383:necropolis
378:baptistery
289:rhumb line
156:Gelasius I
137:Grimoald I
1840:Beauraing
1782:Guadalupe
1633:with the
1608:Palmanova
1572:Benevento
1302:Tarquinia
1298:Cerveteri
1203:Dolomites
1189:Northeast
1065:Northwest
910:1 January
904:Big Think
862:1 January
471:The Choir
430:Amalfitan
410:campanile
324:Arechi II
285:Physicist
257:Holy Land
208:garganica
176:squinches
51:, in the
1905:Pontmain
1855:Coromoto
1850:Champion
1845:Campinas
1653:Slovenia
1635:Holy See
1504:Syracuse
1422:Oplontis
1312:Florence
1214:Prosecco
1197:Aquileia
1113:Palmaria
928:Archived
574:Speculum
544:See also
340:Angevins
338:and the
336:Swabians
269:Normandy
235:Cunipert
212:Lombards
160:basilica
115:Sipontum
1974:La Vang
1835:Banneux
1787:Lourdes
1666:Croatia
1649:Germany
1641:Austria
1603:Bergamo
1554:Spoleto
1539:Brescia
1471:Islands
1456:Pompeii
1404:Paestum
1280:Central
1255:Ravenna
1208:Ferrara
1143:Bernina
1137:in the
1121:Tinetto
441:ex voto
394:Normans
332:Normans
200:Gargano
182:History
172:Rothari
168:Lombard
109:5948).
33:Italian
2030:
2026:Legend
1999:Ĺ iluva
1954:Pillar
1919:Angels
1880:Kibeho
1792:Fátima
1655:, and
1645:France
1431:Naples
1352:Urbino
1332:Pienza
1288:Assisi
1265:Verona
1260:Venice
1171:Langhe
1139:Albula
1095:Mantua
884:15 May
496:Museum
387:fresco
145:Pius V
57:Apulia
2009:Watch
1964:China
1885:Knock
1860:Cuapa
1830:Akita
1754:Jesus
1664:with
1639:with
1627:with
1408:Velia
1372:South
1347:Siena
1175:Roero
1090:Ivrea
1078:Genoa
757:(PDF)
746:(PDF)
619:Notes
605:Liber
594:Liber
590:Liber
304:Lucca
277:Satan
170:King
154:Pope
45:Italy
1969:Hens
1947:Mary
1895:Laus
1823:Mary
1775:Mary
1732:list
1668:and
1506:and
1449:and
1424:and
1406:and
1337:Rome
1300:and
1290:and
1233:and
1201:The
1177:and
1119:and
1117:Tino
1097:and
912:2019
886:2022
864:2019
792:help
765:2017
354:The
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267:in
225:to
202:at
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Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
