58:
370:
620:
120:
1619:
91:
544:, then became independent from the United States as part of the jurisdiction of the Philippines in 1946. The first decade of the reign under the Indonesian Administration started the fight against smuggling, which involved many Sangirese people, as well as the participation of some Sangirese people in the anti-government movement. In the late 1950s to early 1960s, disappointed Sangirese Indonesians took action to recreate migration to the
560:, which include the belief in many spirits of nature and ancestral, the ritual worship of inanimate objects, and magic. Among Sangirese people are a class of distinguished shamans or priests that acted as mediators between the world humans and spirits, to protect patients and children, and to perform miracles. Despite the spread of
647:
and so on. Previously, they had ritual gatherings, but nowadays it is also accompanied by public holidays. Sangirese dance represents a certain set of smooth body movements of the dancer dancing but organized dance of large groups of dancers is usually accompanied by a musical band and female
683:
The main centers of settlements of the
Sangirese people are located in the coastal zones. Previously, their houses were erected on stilts, but gradually they are replaced by modern houses built like the typical Indonesian type. Families who live in the same village, forms a community called
676:), which, according to legend, will "pursue a thief". Agriculture is considered to be mainly women's work. Relationship lineage and the transfer of previously inherited lands occur in the female line. The main occupations of Sangirese men are such as shipbuilding, seafaring, and trade.
453:. In the 16th century, the Ternatean people subdued the Sangirese people, and the islands were discovered by the Portuguese. Then, in the 17th century, they were initially captured and became part of the Spanish colonial rule; which resulted in vocabulary borrowed from the
356:
family. The
Sasahara language (meaning sea speech) is a secret language developed in the first half of the 20th century. It has been widely spoken among Sangirese sailors or pirates. It includes a large number of words borrowed or distorted from other languages.
704:
In the
Sangirese society; which reached a high density by the 20th century, marriage is entered relatively late. Historically, the tradition of buying a bride as an important institution of public organization. Sometimes the ransom looked like whole plots.
405:
migrants came here through the southern
Philippines. They assimilated the natives and began to develop agriculture, to produce fabrics and ceramics. Modern Sangirese people are the direct descendants of that population that has developed on
679:
Forestry production (harvesting of rattan and ebony wood), blacksmithing, and weaving were also widely spread. The economy is mainly characterized by manual labor. It is known that the main diet of
Sangirese people is fish with vegetables.
668:. The sources often mention the cultivation of taro culture, which was cultivated on the slopes of mountains and near rivers. To protect the cultivated fruits like coconuts from thefts, residents from Sangir hung small dolls (in
500:
on 2 March 1856. In the 19th century, the presence of
Protestant missionaries and the increased role of colonial officers began to appear on the island, thus the Sangirese in the Sangihe Islands mostly converted to
1056:
Larena, Maximilian; Sanchez-Quinto, Federico; Sjödin, Per; McKenna, James; Ebeo, Carlo; Reyes, Rebecca; Casel, Ophelia; Huang, Jin-Yuan; Hagada, Kim
Pullupul; Guilay, Dennis; Reyes, Jennelyn (2021-03-30).
586:, which has a separate religious and ethnic group from the Sangirese people. In the 19th to early 20th century, Muslims among the Sangirese people became preachers to other Dutch colonies in Asia.
325:. The (Muslim) Sangil of the Philippines, who represent an early migrant group, are ethnically distinct from the (predominantly Christian) Sangirese of Indonesia, and are considered part of the
472:
were between Dutch and
Spanish possessions, the local inhabitants had successfully performed the role of middleman dealers and smugglers. This led to the emergence of Sangirese settlements in
2848:
998:
1872:
1862:
1842:
1753:
866:
Grimes, Charles E.; Grimes, Barbara D. (1994). "Languages of the North
Moluccas: a preliminary lexicostatistic classification". In Masinambow, E.K.M. (ed.).
589:
The first
Christian missionaries that arrived were the Spanish Catholic monks in the 17th century, but their activity had no long-term effects. In 1857, the
1857:
1667:
1748:
2395:
2265:
393:. Archaeologists have determined that the first humans that arrived in the region of islands were in the 3rd millennium BCE and probably were a mix of
656:
Sangir people are engaged in fishing, hunting, farming (the main crops are tubers, root crops, bananas, and sago), and transit marine trading between
57:
1640:
1575:
Henley, David (2006). "From low to high fertility in Sulawesi (Indonesia) during the colonial period: Explaining the 'first fertility transition'".
2460:
2440:
1908:
1221:. Departemen Pendidikan dan Kebudayaan, Pusat Penelitian Sejarah dan Budaya, Proyek Penelitian dan Pencatatan Kebudayaan Daerah. 1982. p. 27.
798:. Department of Public Works, Directorate General of Housing, Building, Planning and Urban Development, Directorate of City and Regional Planning.
2455:
582:; but before the arrival of Europeans, they had a very limited impact. In the 17th century, a group of Sangirese Muslims migrated to the area of
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profess Christianity, the majority being Protestants. Muslims comprise about 20% of the people, while the rest profess native beliefs.
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and their primogenitor being Gumansalangi, a cultural hero who lived around the 14th to 15th century. During this period, the
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In the Philippines, most Sangirese Muslims of the Sunni sect due to the stronger influence of the Sultanate of Maguindanao.
3494:
619:
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1653:
810:
3534:
3448:
1116:
Robert Blust (2013). "The Austronesian languages: Revised Edition". Asia-Pacific Linguistics: Open Access Monographs.
696:; which would help them to preserve their identity in an environment similar in language and culture of their people.
1410:
1362:
947:
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17:
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461:, and then followed by the Dutch who came later to occupy them in 1677. Maluku sultans also continued to consider
2785:
1535:
Peacock Mabel Dozzils (1896). Joseph Jacobs; Alfred Trübner Nutt; Arthur Robinson Wright; William Crooke (eds.).
846:
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1428:
Mindanao Ethnohistory Beyond Nations: Maguindanao, Sangir, and Bagobo Societies in East Maritime Southeast Asia
1267:
Mindanao Ethnohistory Beyond Nations: Maguindanao, Sangir, and Bagobo Societies in East Maritime Southeast Asia
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302:
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540:. In the Philippines, Spain surrendered the territories to the United States in 1898 as the result of
1500:
Boomgaard, Peter (2003). "In the Shadow of Rice: Roots and Tubers in Indonesian History, 1500-1950".
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growers in their home areas and also work as wage labourers in industrial crops enterprises in
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1244:. Kementerian Agama RI, Badan Litbang dan Diklat, Puslitbang Kehidupan Keagamaan. p. 68.
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548:. Migration of the Sangirese population between the two countries took place in that period.
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484:) were separated when borders were drawn between the Philippines and Indonesia during the
8:
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opened to Protestant missionaries. The majority of Sangirese people today profess
361:, the lingua franca of North Sulawesi, is also widely spoken among the Sangirese.
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Violence and Vengeance: Religious Conflict and Its Aftermath in Eastern Indonesia
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Indonesia's Population: Ethnicity and Religion in a Changing Political Landscape
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942:. Vol. 2 (2 ed.). Westport, CT: Greenwood Press. pp. 659–660.
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Pirates, Ports, and Coasts in Asia: Historical and Contemporary Perspectives
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The Sangirese people consider themselves to have originated directly from
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125:
870:. Buletin LEKNAS. Vol. 3(1). Jakarta: LEKNAS-LIPI. pp. 35–63.
332:
Genetic studies have shown that the Sangil have partial Papuan descent.
3295:
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1827:
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The Sangirese have traditionally been concentrated in the province of
2868:
2726:
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1352:
1059:"Multiple migrations to the Philippines during the last 50,000 years"
838:
631:
Sangirese folklore is famous for its dance art. Local dances include
537:
525:
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322:
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96:
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formed a government under the authority of the Muslim rulers of the
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Ethnic Groups of Insular Southeast Asia: Philippines and Formosa. 2
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By the 19th century, European influence was limited to trading. As
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Geohazards in Indonesia: Earth Science for Disaster Risk Reduction
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318:
1186:. Yayasan Pondok Pesantren Hidayatullah Pusat. 2000. p. 50.
938:
Gowing, Peter G. (1984). "Sangil". In Weekes, Richard Y. (ed.).
313:. Many Sangirese migrants inhabit mainland Sulawesi, as well as
3234:
2934:
2022:
1452:"Population by Region and Religion - Kepulauan Sangihe Regency"
583:
279:
796:
Sulawesi Regional Development Study: Final Report, Volumes 1-5
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2815:
2500:
1770:
1304:
571:
561:
514:
221:
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1938:
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were contributed by the catastrophic volcanic eruption of
488:. Sangirese resettlements in other areas of the eastern
692:
seek out and continually maintain family ties with their
1403:
A Presença Portuguesa nas Ilhas das Moluccas 1511 - 1605
389:
The primary settlements of the Sangirese people are the
1534:
574:
began to spread in the 15th to 16th century from the
2856:
1614:
774:"2010 Census of Population and Housing: Philippines"
597:, being at the same time strongly influenced by the
1353:Frank M. LeBar & George N. Appell, ed. (1975).
979:. Vol. 5. Boston, MA: G.K. Hall. p. 224.
556:Ancient belief systems of the Sangirese people are
1329:
513:. In the Philippines, most Sangirese converted to
62:A fishing family outside at the beach with net in
1382:. Ekenaes printing Company, limited. p. 88.
352:, as well as their dialects, which belong to the
3521:
1357:. Human Relations Area Files Press. p. 14.
893:. Ithaca: Cornell University Press. p. 59.
505:due to proximity and contact with the Christian
373:Sangirese Warriors visiting and settling in the
1474:
1377:
1242:Perkembangan paham keagamaan lokal di Indonesia
1063:Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences
1675:
1289:
2842:
1661:
1552:Cleanliness and Culture: Indonesian Histories
1425:
1264:
1239:
762:. Institute of Southeast Asian Studies. 2003.
723:, Indonesian actor, singer and martial artist
1309:. Geological Society of London. p. 40.
1158:John Kleinen & Manon Osseweijer (2010).
1115:
865:
568:, many ancient rituals are still practiced.
1550:C. van Dijk & J. Gelman Taylor (2011).
1477:"Tulude, Antara Tradisi & Nilai Budaya"
1305:P.R. Cummins & I. Meilano, ed. (2007).
964:
940:Muslim Peoples: A World Ethnographic Survey
2849:
2835:
1668:
1654:
1430:. University of Hawaii Press. p. 96.
1400:
1294:. Gadjah Mada University Press. p. 7.
1269:. University of Hawaii Press. p. 90.
752:
1499:
1121:
1092:
1074:
931:
808:
278:. The Sangirese people are fishermen and
1162:. Institute of Southeast Asian Studies.
970:
699:
651:
618:
517:due to the influence of the neighboring
368:
794:University of British Columbia (1979).
741:, Indonesian composer and film director
14:
3522:
1574:
1049:
937:
899:10.7591/cornell/9780801451584.001.0001
888:
832:
830:
2830:
1649:
438:before the start of the modern era.
811:"The Indonesian Sangirs in Mindanao"
802:
270:in the northern chain of islands in
82:Regions with significant populations
3074:
1475:Henry Roy Somba (1 February 2018).
1021:"The Odyssey of Sangil in Mindanao"
1018:
827:
480:. Their populations (much like the
27:Native people to the Sangir Islands
24:
688:. Resettled Sangirese people from
528:gained its independence. In 1950,
25:
3546:
1631:
708:
340:The Sangirese speak their native
2858:Ethnic groups in the Philippines
1617:
1539:. Folklore Society. p. 399.
1292:The population of North Sulawesi
1198:"Cerita dari Pesisir Sangir (2)"
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118:
89:
56:
1568:
1543:
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1493:
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1211:
1190:
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1012:
1001:from the original on 2022-12-27
889:Duncan, Christopher R. (2013).
849:from the original on 2023-01-17
781:Philippine Statistics Authority
457:that is still preserved in the
977:Encyclopedia of World Cultures
882:
859:
787:
766:
604:Today, about 79% of people of
13:
1:
1219:Sejarah Daerah Sulawesi Utara
1184:Suara hidayatullah, Volume 13
1008:– via encyclopedia.com.
971:Levinson, David, ed. (1993).
745:
401:. In the 1st millennium BCE,
1200:. Liputan6. 10 February 2012
465:as part of their territory.
266:) is a native people of the
7:
1641:Suku Sangir, Sulawesi Utara
1330:Raymond Westerling (1952).
1240:Achmad Rosidi, ed. (2011).
551:
335:
10:
3551:
3530:Ethnic groups in Indonesia
1677:Ethnic groups in Indonesia
1405:. GRIN Verlag. p. 3.
843:Sulawesi Language Alliance
809:Mick Basa (9 March 2014).
614:
364:
3535:Ethnic groups in Mindanao
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3411:
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1937:
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1589:10.1080/00324720600896130
284:Bolaang Mongondow Regency
274:and the southern part of
212:
207:
191:
186:
143:
138:
86:
81:
76:
71:
55:
38:
1514:10.1525/ah.2003.77.4.582
1380:The Origin of Priesthood
1378:Gunnar Landtman (1905).
1019:Non, Domingo M. (2011).
733:Jan Engelbert Tatengkeng
542:the Spanish-American War
519:Sultanate of Maguindanao
2742:Bangka Belitung Chinese
1290:Gavin W. Jones (1977).
1076:10.1073/pnas.2026132118
717:, Indonesian footballer
606:Sangihe Islands Regency
503:Protestant Christianity
1426:Shinzō Hayase (2007).
1265:Shinzō Hayase (2007).
1139:Cite journal requires
1025:The Journal of History
628:
386:
77:approx. 600,000 people
1554:. BRILL. p. 96.
868:Maluku dan Irian Jaya
700:Institute of marriage
652:Lifestyle and economy
622:
414:(particularly in the
372:
354:Austronesian language
208:Related ethnic groups
1502:Agricultural History
1401:Elke Timme (2005).
1332:Challenge to Terror
1069:(13): e2026132118.
917:10.7591/j.ctt32b65z
729:, Indonesian singer
463:the Sangihe Islands
35:
2879:Indigenous peoples
1577:Population Studies
1537:Folklore, Volume 7
1334:. William Kimber.
670:Sangirese language
648:rhythmic singing.
629:
459:Sangirese language
387:
377:, Originally from
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1561:978-90-042-5361-2
1437:978-97-155-0511-6
1316:978-18-623-9966-2
1276:978-97-155-0511-6
1251:978-97-979-7326-1
1169:978-981-4279-07-9
908:978-0-8014-6910-7
735:, Indonesian poet
476:and the southern
416:Sarangani Islands
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455:Spanish language
412:Davao Occidental
288:Minahasa Regency
199:) 79%, minority
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72:Total population
66:, December 1948.
60:
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18:Sangirese people
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1498:
1494:
1485:
1483:
1473:
1469:
1460:
1458:
1450:
1449:
1445:
1438:
1424:
1420:
1413:
1399:
1395:
1376:
1372:
1365:
1351:
1347:
1328:
1324:
1317:
1303:
1299:
1288:
1284:
1277:
1263:
1259:
1252:
1238:
1234:
1217:
1216:
1212:
1203:
1201:
1196:
1195:
1191:
1182:
1181:
1177:
1170:
1156:
1152:
1140:
1138:
1129:
1128:
1123:10.1.1.829.6282
1114:
1110:
1054:
1050:
1041:
1039:
1017:
1013:
1004:
1002:
987:
969:
965:
950:
936:
932:
909:
887:
883:
864:
860:
852:
850:
835:
828:
819:
817:
807:
803:
792:
788:
776:
772:
771:
767:
758:
757:
753:
748:
711:
702:
690:Sangihe Islands
654:
617:
591:Sangihe Islands
554:
536:became part of
534:Sangihe Islands
507:Minahasa people
470:Sangihe Islands
447:Sangihe Islands
420:Davao del Norte
408:Sangihe Islands
391:Sangihe Islands
367:
338:
249:
182:
134:: 16,014 (2010)
130:
119:
117:
115:
111:
106:
101:
90:
88:
67:
51:
31:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
3548:
3538:
3537:
3532:
3515:
3514:
3511:
3510:
3508:
3507:
3502:
3497:
3492:
3487:
3482:
3476:
3474:
3470:
3469:
3467:
3466:
3461:
3456:
3451:
3446:
3441:
3436:
3431:
3426:
3421:
3415:
3413:
3409:
3408:
3406:
3405:
3400:
3395:
3389:
3387:
3380:
3378:or expatriates
3372:
3371:
3368:
3367:
3365:
3364:
3358:
3356:
3350:
3349:
3347:
3346:
3341:
3336:
3331:
3326:
3320:
3318:
3312:
3311:
3309:
3308:
3303:
3298:
3293:
3287:
3285:
3279:
3278:
3276:
3275:
3269:
3267:
3261:
3260:
3258:
3257:
3252:
3247:
3242:
3237:
3232:
3227:
3222:
3217:
3212:
3206:
3204:
3198:
3197:
3195:
3194:
3189:
3184:
3179:
3174:
3169:
3164:
3159:
3153:
3151:
3142:
3138:
3137:
3134:
3133:
3130:
3129:
3127:
3126:
3121:
3116:
3111:
3106:
3101:
3096:
3091:
3086:
3080:
3078:
3069:
3068:
3063:
3058:
3053:
3048:
3042:
3040:
3034:
3033:
3031:
3030:
3025:
3020:
3015:
3010:
3005:
3000:
2995:
2990:
2984:
2982:
2976:
2975:
2973:
2972:
2967:
2962:
2957:
2952:
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2942:
2937:
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2898:
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2865:
2862:
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2831:
2822:
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2819:
2818:
2813:
2808:
2803:
2798:
2793:
2788:
2783:
2778:
2777:
2776:
2771:
2761:
2756:
2755:
2754:
2749:
2747:Maluku Chinese
2744:
2739:
2729:
2724:
2719:
2714:
2713:
2712:
2710:Black Dutchmen
2701:
2699:
2698:Non-indigenous
2695:
2694:
2692:
2691:
2690:
2689:
2684:
2679:
2674:
2669:
2664:
2659:
2658:
2657:
2647:
2642:
2637:
2636:
2635:
2630:
2625:
2620:
2607:
2605:
2603:Maluku Islands
2599:
2598:
2596:
2595:
2590:
2585:
2580:
2575:
2570:
2565:
2560:
2555:
2550:
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2328:
2323:
2318:
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2303:
2298:
2293:
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2283:
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2273:
2268:
2263:
2258:
2253:
2248:
2243:
2237:
2235:
2229:
2228:
2226:
2225:
2224:
2223:
2218:
2208:
2203:
2202:
2201:
2196:
2186:
2185:
2184:
2183:
2182:
2177:
2167:
2166:
2165:
2160:
2150:
2149:
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2143:
2133:
2132:
2131:
2121:
2120:
2119:
2109:
2108:
2107:
2102:
2092:
2091:
2090:
2089:
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2073:
2068:
2058:
2057:
2056:
2051:
2046:
2033:
2027:
2025:
2019:
2018:
2016:
2015:
2014:
2013:
2008:
1998:
1993:
1992:
1991:
1981:
1976:
1975:
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1969:
1964:
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1949:
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1941:
1935:
1934:
1932:
1931:
1926:
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1911:
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662:Maluku Islands
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580:North Sulawesi
576:Maluku Islands
553:
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451:Maluku Islands
436:North Cotabato
432:South Cotabato
428:Sultan Kudarat
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268:Sangir Islands
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443:Sangir Island
439:
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429:
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424:Davao del Sur
421:
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410:and parts of
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70:
65:
64:Sangir Island
59:
54:
50:
46:
42:
37:
19:
3066:Zamboangueño
2326:Tau Taa Wana
1754:Talang Mamak
1685:
1580:
1576:
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1551:
1545:
1536:
1530:
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1202:. Retrieved
1192:
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1159:
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1132:cite journal
1111:
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1040:. Retrieved
1031:(1): 81–93.
1028:
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1003:. Retrieved
976:
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867:
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814:
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721:Frans Mohede
703:
693:
685:
682:
678:
673:
655:
644:
640:
636:
632:
630:
624:
610:
603:
588:
570:
566:Christianity
558:polytheistic
555:
530:the Sulawesi
523:
486:colonial era
467:
440:
403:Austronesian
388:
359:Manado Malay
339:
331:
317:, including
315:North Maluku
292:
263:
259:
255:
254:
217:Moro peoples
193:Christianity
158:Manado Malay
116:
113:North Maluku
87:
48:
44:
40:
30:Ethnic group
3376:Immigrants
3104:Maguindanao
2960:Romblomanon
2945:Kapampangan
2672:Tanimbarese
2386:Ekari (Mee)
2261:Gorontaloan
1897:Aneuk Jamee
1892:Minangkabau
1848:Bugis-Malay
1739:Orang Rimba
1734:Orang Kuala
1687:Indonesians
727:Mike Mohede
666:Philippines
546:Philippines
490:Celebes Sea
478:Philippines
383:Boxer Codex
379:Siau Island
375:Philippines
311:Philippines
232:Gorontaloan
201:Sunni Islam
126:Philippines
3524:Categories
3429:Indonesian
3089:Banguingui
3061:Surigaonon
3013:Hiligaynon
2955:Pangasinan
2811:Portuguese
2769:Klingalese
2211:Orang Laut
2049:Lun Bawang
2023:Kalimantan
1979:Kangeanese
1972:Tenggerese
1962:Banyumasan
1957:Cirebonese
1801:Toba Batak
1796:Simalungun
1786:Mandailing
1749:Petalangan
1704:Aboriginal
1486:2018-07-25
1461:2018-08-16
1204:2018-07-22
1042:2024-07-11
1005:2022-12-27
986:081688840X
853:2023-01-17
820:2017-12-25
746:References
739:Monty Tiwa
715:Jordi Amat
664:, and the
482:Sama-Bajau
350:Indonesian
197:Protestant
153:Indonesian
3444:Malaysian
3398:Brazilian
3324:Agutaynen
3187:Kankanaey
3056:Sangirese
3023:Porohanon
2950:Masbateño
2911:(Ilongot)
2869:Filipinos
2806:Pakistani
2801:Mardijker
2752:Peranakan
2553:Manggarai
2536:Lamaholot
2396:Ketengban
2316:Sangirese
2296:Mongondow
2291:Minahasan
2286:Mandarese
2266:Kalumpang
2199:Pontianak
2170:Punan Bah
2086:Uma Baka'
2061:Apo Kayan
2040:Apo Duat
2011:Bantenese
2001:Sundanese
1914:Palembang
1340:906322381
1118:CiteSeerX
1085:0027-8424
1037:0117-2840
925:865508920
645:ampawayer
637:alabadiri
538:Indonesia
526:Indonesia
524:In 1945,
494:Mount Awu
385:, c.1590)
342:Sangirese
323:Halmahera
299:Indonesia
242:Mongondow
237:Minahasan
178:Minahasan
139:Languages
108:Gorontalo
105:: 449,805
97:Indonesia
3449:Nepalese
3434:Japanese
3393:American
3386:Americas
3354:Suludnon
3339:Tagbanua
3329:Palawano
3316:Palaweño
3273:Ratagnon
3220:Higaonon
3215:Bukidnon
3192:Tinguian
3157:Balangao
3141:Highland
3046:Butuanon
3038:Mindanao
2998:Capiznon
2993:Boholano
2909:Bugkalot
2904:Bicolano
2786:Japanese
2759:Filipino
2727:Chindian
2722:Armenian
2645:Ambonese
2628:Manusela
2611:Moluccan
2563:Rotenese
2516:Bimanese
2511:Balinese
2506:Bali Aga
2276:Makassar
2256:Bonerate
2251:Butonese
2241:Buginese
2233:Sulawesi
2158:Bakumpai
2146:Ma'anyan
2141:Lawangan
2136:Ot Danum
2100:Kendayan
1984:Madurese
1952:Javanese
1924:Simeulue
1885:Sakuddei
1880:Mentawai
1761:Acehnese
1605:34812652
1597:17060056
1227:13916518
1103:33753512
999:Archived
995:22492614
973:"Sangir"
876:54222413
847:archived
839:"Sangir"
658:Sulawesi
641:masamper
552:Religion
511:Sulawesi
474:Sulawesi
399:Negritos
395:Veddoids
336:Language
301:and the
276:Mindanao
272:Sulawesi
227:Visayans
195:(mainly
187:Religion
163:Filipino
132:Mindanao
3505:Spanish
3500:Russian
3480:English
3459:Iranian
3419:Chinese
3403:Mexican
3306:Mamanwa
3283:Negrito
3265:Mangyan
3250:Teduray
3245:Tasaday
3240:Subanon
3230:Mandaya
3225:Mamanwa
3182:Kalinga
3109:Maranao
3051:Kalagan
3018:Karay-a
3003:Cebuano
2988:Aklanon
2980:Visayas
2970:Tagalog
2930:Ilocano
2920:Gaddang
2915:Cuyunon
2888:Lowland
2737:Benteng
2732:Chinese
2705:African
2682:Togutil
2655:Wai Apu
2640:Ambelau
2588:Sumbawa
2486:Lesser
2461:Waropen
2441:Sentani
2406:Korowai
2376:Damalme
2361:Amungme
2331:Torajan
2175:Bukitan
2163:Meratus
2117:Mualang
2095:Bidayuh
2044:Kelabit
1929:Singkil
1909:Haloban
1873:Serdang
1863:Langkat
1823:Lampung
1808:Enggano
1776:Angkola
1696:Sumatra
1522:3744936
1481:Rappler
1388:5228436
1094:8020671
958:9970261
815:Rappler
615:Culture
365:History
319:Ternate
309:in the
260:Sangihe
173:Cebuano
110:: 7,489
45:Sangihe
3495:Polish
3485:German
3473:Europe
3464:Jewish
3439:Korean
3424:Indian
3344:Molbog
3235:Manobo
3172:Ifugao
3167:Ibaloi
3162:Bontoc
3149:Igorot
3119:Tausug
3099:Iranun
3094:Kaagan
3008:Eskaya
2965:Sambal
2940:Ivatan
2935:Itawes
2925:Ibanag
2796:Korean
2791:Jewish
2764:Indian
2687:Wemale
2677:Tobelo
2667:Lisela
2662:Kayeli
2633:Nuaulu
2546:Loloan
2526:Helong
2466:Wolani
2456:Wambon
2451:Tobati
2416:Marind
2401:Kombai
2336:Mamasa
2306:Pamona
2246:Bungku
2129:Tidung
2105:Selako
2081:Lebbo'
2076:Kenyah
2054:Sa'ban
2031:Banjar
1989:Bawean
1947:Betawi
1919:Rejang
1843:Asahan
1833:Lembak
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915:
905:
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584:Manado
434:, and
348:, and
346:Talaud
303:Region
280:nutmeg
264:Sangil
256:Sangir
246:Talaud
168:Talaud
148:Sangir
123:
94:
49:Sangil
41:Sangir
34:Sangir
3490:Greek
3334:Batak
3301:Batak
3255:Tboli
3210:Blaan
3202:Lumad
3177:Isneg
3124:Yakan
3114:Samal
3084:Bajau
3028:Waray
2896:Luzon
2874:Pinoy
2816:Totok
2774:Tamil
2623:Alune
2618:Alfur
2593:Tetum
2583:Sumba
2578:Sikka
2568:Sasak
2541:Malay
2531:Kemak
2521:Bunak
2501:Atoni
2446:Tehit
2431:Nduga
2371:Bauzi
2366:Asmat
2348:Papua
2311:Rampi
2281:Malay
2271:Lindu
2221:Suluk
2216:Bajau
2194:Berau
2189:Malay
2153:Ngaju
2124:Murut
2071:Kayan
2066:Bahau
2036:Dayak
2006:Baduy
1996:Malay
1967:Osing
1858:Lahat
1838:Malay
1818:Kluet
1771:Batak
1744:Sakai
1729:Mante
1719:Bonai
1714:Batin
1601:S2CID
1518:JSTOR
913:JSTOR
777:(PDF)
633:gunde
625:koffo
572:Islam
562:Islam
515:Islam
307:Dávao
222:Lumad
3454:Arab
3412:Asia
3291:Aeta
3076:Moro
2781:Indo
2717:Arab
2650:Buru
2573:Savu
2558:Nage
2496:Abui
2476:Yaur
2471:Yali
2436:Sawi
2426:Moni
2411:Lani
2391:Fayu
2381:Dani
2356:Abun
2321:Seko
2301:Muna
2206:Moro
2180:Krio
2112:Iban
1939:Java
1904:Nias
1868:Riau
1853:Deli
1828:Laut
1813:Gayo
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1766:Alas
1724:Lubu
1709:Akit
1593:PMID
1556:ISBN
1432:ISBN
1407:ISBN
1384:OCLC
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1145:help
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