264:, every year. This made the daimyo subject to constant surveillance from the shogunate. This also forced the daimyo to have residences in both their domain and Edo. The cost of maintaining several lavish residences as well as the journeys to and from Edo was a constant drain on the finances of the daimyo, which greatly increased the shogunate's control over them and kept them militarily weak. The daimyo were also required to keep their wife and children in Edo permanently to act as hostages.
439:
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for fifty days once every three years. Kumazawa claimed that his account was based on records preserved by the descendants of ancient
Kamakura families. Modern scholars have been unable to confirm the existence of such detailed rules, but there is evidence that, at least in principle, Kamakura period
460:
move periodically between Edo and his fief, typically spending alternate years in each place. His wife and heir were required to remain in Edo as hostages while he was away. The expenditures necessary to maintain lavish residences in both places, and for the procession to and from Edo, placed
605:("nobility of the sword") to spend six months of each year at the palace, for reasons similar to those of the Japanese shōguns. The nobles were expected to assist the king in his daily duties and state and personal functions, including meals, parties, and, for the privileged,
468:
in the vicinity of Edo, who were allowed to alternate their attendance in Edo every six months instead. Temporary exceptional dispensations were also occasionally granted due to illness or extreme extenuating circumstances.
568:
expenses regularly made up 70 to 80 percent of the total annual expenditures of daimyo. Economic programs, efforts to increase production, and special taxes were all attempted, but offered no permanent solution. By the
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The expense of maintaining lavish residences in both Edo and their domain as well as the costly annual journeys to and from Edo was disastrous for the daimyo and greatly enhanced the political control imposed by the
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financial strains on the daimyo, making them unable to wage war. The frequent travel of the daimyo encouraged road building and the construction of inns and facilities along the routes, generating economic activity.
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system was a natural outgrowth of pre-existing practices which were expanded by the
Tokugawa shogunate to further their own political interests. Much of the reason the newly created shogunate could impose
260:, the feudal lords of Japan, politically, and to keep them from attempting to overthrow the regime. It required most daimyo to alternate between living in their domain and in the shogunate's capital,
558:
system. As the main source of money for most daimyo was mainly dependent on the rice surplus, which was sharply limited by the relative inflexibility of the productive capacity of the
403:
who frequently performed guard service there maintained residences in
Kamakura, even those from remoter regions in western Japan. It was also frequent practice for
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and
Kamakura. It originated as a public duty of the warrior class, requiring performance of guard service in Kyoto in one out of every three years. In 1186,
283:
and the establishment of the
Tokugawa Shogunate, this practice was continued at the new capital of Edo as a matter of custom. It was made compulsory for the
363:
to attend at the shogun's court for one month. They were also required to attend on special occasions such as comings of age, weddings, and funerals.
372:
573:, practically every daimyo was deep in debt due to the extravagant spending universal during this period. Even the wealthiest feudatory, the
564:, the incomes of the daimyo were unable to keep up with the increasing financial needs of the daimyo, forcing them to go into debt.
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and reduced the duration to six months, and then later to three. In 1275, a similar arrangement was instituted at
Kamakura, making
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Sightseers and merchants gazing at an entourage (sixth panel) from "Folding Screen
Depicting Scenes of the Attendance of
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from their fiefs due to their obligatory attendance at the capital delayed the development of true feudalism in Japan.
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to have their sons serve in the shogun's court, acting as hostages. In some cases, families were kept in
Kamakura.
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The details changed throughout the 26 decades of
Tokugawa rule, but generally, the requirement was that the
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had earlier established a similar practice of requiring his feudal lords to keep their wives and heirs at
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were almost daily occurrences in the shogunal capital. The main routes to the provinces were the
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system that emerged in the Edo period. Shimmi
Kichiji claimed that the prolonged absence of the
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or the nearby vicinity as hostages to ensure their loyalty. Following the
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of Kaga, began to encounter financial difficulties at this time.
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had a limiting effect on local independence, like the more rigid
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owed some kind of service at the shogun's court. The obligatory
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in eastern Japan serve there for one month annually. Important
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from 1642. Aside from an eight-year period under the rule of
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Feudal Control in Tokugawa Japan: the Sankin Kōtai System
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instituted a similar practice upon the completion of his
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assessment of his domain. These soldiers accompanied the
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had its own version of alternate attendance, which made
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at Edo Castle", National Museum of Japanese History
320:with ease was due to these immediate predecessors.
49:. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.
799:. East Asian Research Center, Harvard University.
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222:on a Festive Day" from the Tokugawa Seiseiroku,
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16:Centralization policy of the Tokugawa Shogunate
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501:entering or leaving Edo each year, processions
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109:Learn how and when to remove this message
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299:, the law remained in force until 1862.
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654:. Stamford University Press. pp.
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494:on the processions to and from Edo.
47:adding citations to reliable sources
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383:, which was periodic guard duty at
224:National Museum of Japanese History
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418:These obligations on the Kamakura
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218:"En masse Attendance of Daimyo at
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607:rising from and getting into bed
391:made this service mandatory for
328:The Tokugawa period philosopher
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34:needs additional citations for
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346:visit the shogun's court in
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646:Beasley, William G (1972).
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820:The Making of Modern Japan
791:Tsukahira, Toshio (1966).
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366:The principal duty of the
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825:Harvard University Press
624:Ryukyuan missions to Edo
523:. Special lodgings, the
175:参覲交代, 参勤交代, 参覲交替 or 参勤交替
161:參覲交代, 參勤交代, 參覲交替 or 參勤交替
540:during their travels.
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851:at Wikimedia Commons
650:The Meiji Restoration
619:Dutch missions to Edo
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289:in 1635, and for the
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593:palace at Versailles
536:, were available to
389:Minamoto no Yoritomo
281:Battle of Sekigahara
43:improve this article
589:Louis XIV of France
252:during most of the
472:In principle, the
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338:Kamakura shogunate
297:Tokugawa Yoshimune
273:Toyotomi Hideyoshi
250:Tokugawa shogunate
227:
847:Media related to
834:978-0-674-00991-2
815:Jansen, Marius B.
753:, pp. 83–84.
717:, pp. 32–33.
705:, pp. 31–32.
581:Similar practices
497:With hundreds of
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334:Daigaku wakumon
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41:Please help
36:verification
33:
434:Description
376: [
864:Edo period
858:Categories
665:0804708150
630:References
575:Maeda clan
254:Edo period
220:Edo Castle
69:newspapers
454:of every
373:ōban'yaku
336:that the
245:参勤交代/参勤交替
240:参覲交代/参覲交替
169:Shinjitai
817:(2000).
613:See also
549:Economic
487:kokudaka
348:Kamakura
236:Japanese
155:Kyūjitai
147:さんきんこうたい
99:May 2015
544:Effects
538:daimyōs
499:daimyōs
482:samurai
452:daimyōs
444:Daimyōs
428:gokenin
420:gokenin
401:gokenin
397:gokenin
393:gokenin
368:gokenin
361:gokenin
353:gokenin
343:gokenin
268:History
83:scholar
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525:honjin
492:daimyō
478:daimyō
318:daimyo
258:daimyo
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658:–18.
520:kaidō
406:shugo
385:Kyoto
380:]
357:ōyuka
90:JSTOR
76:books
829:ISBN
801:ISBN
660:ISBN
586:King
506:大名行列
412:jitō
409:and
370:was
307:The
141:Kana
62:news
561:han
457:han
262:Edo
45:by
860::
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656:17
638:^
531:本陣
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378:ja
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