489:
1070:
1224:
1403:
1340:
258:
1622:
continued to appeal against court decisions which ruled that funding for
Blenheim should come from the Marlboroughs' personal estate, and not the government. This made her unpopular; as a trustee of her family's estate, she could easily have afforded the payments herself. She was surprised by the grief she felt following the death of her eldest living daughter, Henrietta, in 1733. The Dowager Duchess lived to see her enemy Robert Walpole fall in 1742, and in the same year attempted to improve her reputation by approving a biographical publication titled
3942:
1462:
1110:
1929:
1902:
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1547:
910:, but the new earl and countess enjoyed considerably less favour than they had during the reign of James II. The Earl of Marlborough had supported the now exiled James, and by this time, the Countess's influence on Anne, and her cultivation of high members of the government to promote Anne's interests, was widely known. Mary II responded to this by demanding that Anne dismiss Lady Marlborough. However, Anne refused. This created a rift between Mary and Anne that never healed.
1639:
1199:. Flattering, subtle and retiring, Hill was the complete opposite of the Duchess of Marlborough, who was dominating, blunt and scathing. During the Duchess's frequent absences from court, Hill and Anne grew close. Not only was Hill happy to give the Queen the kindness and compassion that Anne had longed for from the Duchess, she also never pressured the Queen about politics. Anne responded to Hill's flattery and charm. She was present at Hill's secret wedding, in 1707, to
769:
1292:
1247:, the Duchess of Marlborough engaged in a furious argument with the Queen about the jewels Anne wore to the service, and showed her a letter from the Duke which expressed hope that the Queen would make good political use of the victory. The implication that she should publicly express her support for the Whigs offended Anne; at the service the Duchess told the Queen to "be quiet" after Anne continued the argument, thus offending the Queen still further.
1776:
1592:
1157:, was taken ill with smallpox. The Duke was recalled from the war and was at his bedside when he died on 20 February 1703. The Duchess was heartbroken over the loss of her son and became reclusive for a period, expressing her grief by closing herself off from Anne and either not answering her letters or doing so in a cold and formal manner. This, despite the fact that the Duchess did not allow Anne to shut her out when Anne suffered bereavement.
1834:
77:
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562:. A strong-willed woman, she strained her relationship with the Queen whenever they disagreed on political, court, or church appointments. After her final break with Anne in 1711, the Duke and Duchess were dismissed from court, and the Duchess no longer had any communication with Anne, who died in 1714. The Duchess later had famous disagreements with many important people, including her daughter
979:
179:
1101:, whom Anne trusted, to eventually secure such appointments, but continued to lobby Anne herself. She sent Whig reading materials to Anne in an attempt to win her over to her own preferred political party. In 1704, Anne confided to Lord Godolphin that she did not think she and the Duchess of Marlborough could ever be true friends again.
1521:), vetoed the plan. Walpole, although a Whig, had alienated the Dowager Duchess by supporting peace in Europe; she was also suspicious of his financial probity and Walpole, in turn, mistrusted the Dowager Duchess. Despite this, good relations with the royal family continued and the Dowager Duchess was occasionally invited to court by
1188:
at St Albans, and after a tenure of satisfactory service, Hill was made a Lady of the
Bedchamber to Queen Anne in 1704. The Duchess later claimed in her memoirs that she had raised Hill "in all regards as a sister", though there were implications that she only assisted her cousin out of embarrassment of her difficult circumstances.
1279:. This gave the impression that she did not consider Anne's grief over his death to be genuine. Eventually, because of the mass support for peace in the War of the Spanish Succession, Anne decided she no longer needed the Duke of Marlborough and took the opportunity to dismiss him on trumped-up charges of
1653:
The
Duchess believed that she had a right to enforce her political advice, whether Anne personally liked it or not, and became angry if the Queen stubbornly refused to take it. She seems to have underestimated Anne's strength of character, continuing to believe she could dominate a woman whom foreign
1254:
The
Duchess continued vehemently supporting the Whigs in writing and speaking to Anne, with the support of Godolphin and the other Whig ministers. The news of the public's support for the Whigs reached the Duke in letters from the Duchess and Godolphin, which influenced the Duke's political advice to
930:
The
Countess's success as a leader of the opposition only intensified Queen Mary's animosity towards the Marlboroughs. Although she could not dismiss the Countess from Anne's service, Mary responded by evicting the Countess from her court lodgings at the Palace of Whitehall. Anne responded by leaving
1621:
The
Dowager Duchess never lost her good looks and, despite failing popularity, received many offers of marriage after the death of her husband, including one from her old enemy, the Duke of Somerset. Ultimately, she decided against remarriage, preferring to keep her independence. The Dowager Duchess
1322:
The
Marlboroughs also lost state funding for Blenheim Palace, and the building came to a halt for the first time since it was begun in 1705. Now in disgrace, they left England and travelled in Europe. As a result of his success in the War of the Spanish Succession, the Duke was a favourite among the
1274:
The passion Anne showed for Masham, and the Queen's stubborn refusal to dismiss her, angered the
Duchess to the point that she implied that a sexual affair was taking place between the two women. During the mourning period for Anne's husband, the Duchess was the only one who refused to wear suitable
1206:
The
Duchess was completely oblivious to any friendship between Anne and Abigail Masham and was therefore surprised when she discovered that Abigail frequently saw the Queen in private. The Duchess found out about Masham's marriage several months after it had occurred and immediately went to see Anne
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when the
Duchess first learned of her existence. Because the Duchess's grandfather Sir John Jennings had fathered twenty-two children, she had a multitude of cousins and did not know them all. Out of kindness and a sense of family solidarity, she gave Abigail Hill employment within her own household
823:
The early reign of James II was relatively successful; it was not expected that a Catholic king could assert control in a fiercely Protestant, anti-Catholic country. In addition, his daughter and heir was a Protestant. However, when James attempted to reform the national religion, popular discontent
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in London, which Anne bluntly refused, and instead commanded the Duchess to call Abigail Masham to attend her. Aware that Masham was gaining more influence with Anne, the Duchess disobeyed the Queen, and instead scolded her for grieving over Prince George's death. Although Anne eventually submitted
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In 1702, William III died, and Anne became queen. Anne immediately offered John Churchill a dukedom, which Sarah initially refused. Sarah was concerned that a dukedom would strain the family's finances; a ducal family at the time was expected to show off its rank through lavish entertainments. Anne
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John and Sarah Churchill were both Protestants in a predominantly Catholic court, a circumstance that would complicate their political allegiances. Although no date was recorded, the marriage was announced only to the Duchess of York and a small circle of friends, so that Sarah could keep her court
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The Duchess's last attempt to re-establish her friendship with Anne came in 1710 when they had their final meeting. An account written by the Duchess shortly afterwards shows that she pleaded to be given an explanation of why their friendship was at an end, but Anne was unmoved, coldly repeating a
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The Duchess had always been jealous of Anne's affection for Abigail Masham after she learned of it. With the Duke of Marlborough and most of the Whig party, she had tried to force Anne to dismiss Masham. All these attempts failed, even when Anne was threatened with an official parliamentary demand
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Although the Duchess of Marlborough's downfall is chiefly attributed to her own self-serving relationship with Queen Anne, she was a vibrant and intelligent woman who promoted Anne's interests when she was princess. However, she found Anne a dull conversationalist and the Duchess did not find her
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King George also had a personal friendship with the Marlboroughs; the Duke had fought with him in the War of the Spanish Succession, and John and Sarah made frequent visits to the Hanoverian court during their effective exile from England. George's first words to the Duke as king of Great Britain
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The Duchess, however, did not like being away from England and often complained that she and the Duke were received with full honours in Europe, but were in disgrace at home. The Duchess found life travelling the royal courts difficult, remarking that they were full of dull company. She took the
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immediately and return her gold key – the symbol of her authority within the royal household – within two days. Years of trying the Queen's patience finally had resulted in her dismissal. When told the news, the Duchess, in a fit of pride, told the Duke to return the key to the Queen immediately.
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The Duchess was so appalled by the Queen's "inhuman" conduct that she was reduced to tears, and most unusually for a woman who rarely spoke of religion, ended by threatening the Queen with the judgment of God. Anne replied that God's judgment on her concerned herself only, but later admitted that
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Anne was ultimately triumphant; she conducted interviews with high-ranking politicians of both political parties and begged them "with tears in her eyes" to oppose the motion. The general view was that the Marlboroughs had made themselves look ridiculous over a trivial matter – since when, it was
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The Duchess's frankness and indifference for rank, so admired by Anne earlier in their friendship, was now seen to be intrusive. The Duchess had a powerful intimacy with the two most powerful men in the country, the Duke of Marlborough (her husband) and the Earl of Godolphin. Godolphin, though a
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The Duchess did not share Anne's deep interest in religion, a subject she rarely mentioned, although at their last fraught interview she did warn Anne that she risked God's vengeance for her unreasoning cruelty to the Duchess. The Queen did not want this difference to come between them, but the
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Anne's apparent withdrawal of genuine affection occurred for a number of reasons. She was frustrated by the Duchess of Marlborough's long absences from court and despite numerous letters from Anne to the Duchess on this subject, the Duchess rarely attended. There was also a political difference
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After hearing this, the Duke, realising that Anne intended to dismiss him and his wife, begged the Queen to keep them in their offices for nine months until the campaign was over, so that they could retire honourably. However, Anne told the Duke that "for her honour" the Duchess was to resign
1723:, "immensely rich and very little regretted, either by her own family or the world in general", but her efforts to continue the Marlborough legacy cannot be ignored. Because of her influence, the Duchess managed to marry off members of her family to England's greatest aristocratic dynasties.
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Anne's next letter to the Duchess was an exercise in chilling hostility, referring sarcastically to the "command" the Duchess had given her to be silent. As a result the Duchess, who rarely admitted that she was in the wrong, for once realised that she had gone too far and apologised for her
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Abigail Masham also played a key role in the Duchess's downfall. Modest and retiring, she promoted the Tory policies of her cousin Robert Harley. Despite Masham's owing her position at court to the Duchess of Marlborough, the Duchess soon saw Masham as her enemy who supplanted her in Anne's
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Although Churchill implied that she had encouraged the escape for Anne's safety, it is more likely that she was protecting herself and her husband. If James had succeeded in defeating Prince William of Orange in battle, he might have imprisoned and even executed Lord and Lady Churchill for
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great friend of the Duchess, had considered refusing high office after Anne's accession, preferring to live quietly and away from the Duchess of Marlborough's political side. The Earl considered the Duchess bossy, interfering, and presuming to tell him what to do when the Duke was away.
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to keep Anne dependent on his generosity. However, Anne, through the Countess, refused, pointing out that a parliamentary grant would be more secure than charity from the Privy Purse. Eventually Anne received the grant from Parliament and felt she owed this to the Countess's efforts.
760:, who was anxious to restore the family's fortune. John Churchill may have hoped to take Jennings as a mistress in place of the Duchess of Cleveland, who had recently departed for France, but surviving letters from Jennings to Churchill show her unwillingness to assume that role.
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The Duchess was always ready to give her advice, express her opinions, antagonize with outspoken censure, and insist on having her say on every possible occasion. However, she had a charm and vivaciousness admired by many, and she could easily delight those she met with her wit.
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In 1677, Jennings's brother Ralph died, and she and her sister Frances became co-heirs of the family estates in Hertfordshire and Kent. Churchill chose Sarah Jennings over Catherine Sedley, but both Churchill's and Jennings's families disapproved of the match, and therefore they
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from the Whigs, who were suspicious of Masham's Tory influence with Anne. The whole scenario echoed Anne's refusal to give up Sarah Churchill during the reign of William and Mary, but the threat of parliamentary interference exceeded anything tried against Anne in the 1690s.
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The Duchess had previously introduced her impoverished cousin, then known as Abigail Hill, to court, with the intention of finding a role for her. Abigail, the eldest daughter of the Duchess's aunt, Elizabeth Hill (Jennings), was working as a servant to Sir John Rivers of
1577:, and finished by Roger Morris. The latter rose to a height of 130 feet (40 m), complete with fine embellishments. The Duchess carefully monitored the construction of all Blenheim's features and she fell out with anyone who did not do exactly what she wanted.
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of £50,000, a sum that would end her dependence on William and Mary. The Countess of Marlborough was seen as the driving force behind this bill, creating further ill-feeling towards her at court. William responded to the demand by offering the same sum from the
1207:
with the intention of informing her of the event. It was at that interview that Anne let slip that she had begged Masham to tell the Duchess of the marriage, and the Duchess became suspicious about what had really happened. After questioning servants and the
1263:. The Duchess was kept in all of her offices – purely for the sake of her husband's position as Captain-General of the army – and the tension between the two women lingered until early in 1711. This year was to see the end of their relationship for good.
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Anne, however, expected kindness and compassion from her closest friend. The Duchess was not forthcoming in this regard and frequently overpowered and dominated Anne. One major political disagreement occurred when the Duchess insisted that her son-in-law
1347:
The Duchess and Queen Anne never made up their differences, although one eyewitness claimed to have heard Anne asking whether the Marlboroughs had reached the shore, leading to rumours that she had called them home herself. Anne died on 1 August 1714 at
1015:. She was the first of only two women ever to be Keeper of the Privy Purse and the only woman ever to be Ranger of Windsor Great Park. As Keeper of the Privy Purse, she was replaced by the only other woman to hold the position: her cousin and rival
1715:
in 1959. Wimbledon Park House succumbed to fire in 1785, and Holywell House, the Duchess of Marlborough's birthplace in St Albans, was demolished in 1827. Today, much of St Albans is named after the Marlboroughs because of the Duchess's influence.
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The Duchess of Marlborough's concern for her grandchildren briefly came to a halt when in 1716 her husband had two strokes, the second of which left him without the ability to speak. The Duchess spent much of her time with him, accompanying him to
1617:
status at the Walpole-controlled court prevented her from suppressing the rise of the Tories; Walpole's taxes and peace with Spain were deeply unpopular with ruling-class English society, and the Tories were gaining much more support as a result.
1681:. Although she left little to the poor and even less to charity, she left her servants' annuities far above the average for the time; her favourite, Grace Ridley, received £16,000, equivalent to approximately £1.32 million in today's money.
1654:
ambassadors noted had become "very determined and quite ferocious". Apart from her notorious bad temper, the Duchess's main weakness has been described as "an almost pathological inability to admit the validity of anyone else's point of view".
1258:
Anne had explained before that she did not wish the public to know that her relationship with the Duchess of Marlborough was failing, because any sign that the Duchess was out of favour would have a damaging impact on the Duke's authority as
966:. He also restored the Earl of Marlborough to all his offices and honours and exonerated him from any past accusations. However, fearing the Countess's powerful influence, William kept Anne out of government affairs and did not make her
1561:
The Duchess of Marlborough fought against anything she thought was extravagant. She wrote to the Duke of Somerset, "I have reduced the stables to one-third of what was intended by Sir John yet I have room for forty fine horses".
1386:
The new reign was supported by the Whigs, who were mostly staunch Protestants. The Tories were suspected of supporting the Pretender, a Roman Catholic. George I rewarded the Whigs by forming a Whig government; at his welcome in
1052:
The Duchess was famous for telling the Queen exactly what she thought, and did not offer her flattery. The two women had invented pet names for themselves during their youth which they continued to use after Anne became queen:
1449:, whereas she later became estranged from her daughters Henrietta, Elizabeth and Mary. Heartbroken when Anne died in 1716, the Duchess kept her favourite cup and a lock of her hair and adopted the Sunderlands' youngest child,
1532:
wrote that she was more capable of business than any man. Although she never came to like Blenheim Palace – describing it as "that great heap of stones" – she became more enthusiastic about its construction and wrote to the
1318:
and was replaced by Elizabeth Seymour, Duchess of Somerset. Abigail Masham was made Keeper of the Privy Purse. This broke a promise Anne had made to distribute these court offices to the Duchess of Marlborough's children.
1251:
rudeness, but her apology had little effect. Anne wrote to the Duke of Marlborough, encouraging him not to let her rift with the Duchess become public knowledge, but he could not prevent his wife's indiscretion.
840:, to invade England and remove James from power, a plan that became public knowledge very quickly. James still retained some influence, and he ordered that both Lady Churchill and Princess Anne be placed under
488:
898:, whereas it was unlikely he would have condemned his daughter to a similar fate. But James fled to France in December 1688 rather than confront the invading army, allowing William to take over his throne.
1034:, while the Duchess remained in England. Despite being the most powerful woman in England besides the Queen, she appeared at court only rarely, preferring to oversee the construction of her new estate,
852:. Both their husbands, though previously loyal to James, had switched their allegiances to William of Orange. In her memoirs, Sarah Churchill described how the two easily escaped captivity and fled to
1580:
These detailed inspections extended to the Duchess's smaller land purchases. After buying the Wimbledon estate (which she described as "upon clay, an ill sod, very damp and...an unhealthy place") and
2886:
An Account of a Conversation with Her Majesty when it appear'd plainly that she did not intend to keep her promise to the Duchess of Marlborough in letting her resign her employments to her children
1537:
about the new waterworks: "I believe it will be beautiful. The Canal and Bason (which is already don) look very fine. There is to be a lake & a cascade ... which I think will bee [
1442:, and he recovered shortly afterwards. Even after his recovery, the Duchess opened his correspondence and filtered the letters the Duke received, lest their contents precipitate another stroke.
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Although James forced Frances to give up the post because of her marriage to a Catholic, James did not forget the family. In 1673, Sarah entered court as maid of honour to James's second wife,
1704:. Marlborough House remained empty for 14 years, with the exception of James Stephens, one of her executors, before it became the property of the Dukes of Marlborough upon Stephens's death.
939:. Anne continued to defy Mary's demand for the Countess's dismissal, even though an incriminating document signed by the Earl of Marlborough supporting the recently exiled James II and
3884:
Wu, Jingyue (2017). "'Nobilitas sola est atq; unica Virtus': Spying and the Politics of Virtue in The Golden Spy; or, A Political Journal of the British Nights Entertainments (1709)".
520:. The Duchess of Marlborough's relationship and influence with Anne were widely known, and leading public figures often turned their attentions to her, hoping for favour from Anne.
2313:: "His wife died in Dublin in 1679 and before the year was out he married in Paris his old love Lady Hamilton whose husband had been killed in 1676 leaving her with six children."
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of £5,000 a year for life from Parliament, as well as an extra £2,000 a year from the Privy Purse, and they accepted the dukedom. The Duchess of Marlborough was promptly created
1215:
of £2,000 from the Privy Purse. That proved to the Duchess that Anne was duplicitous. Despite being Keeper of the Privy Purse, the Duchess had been unaware of any such payment.
880:, and thence to Nottingham, where the country gathered about the Princess; nor did she think herself safe till she saw that she was surrounded by the Prince of Orange's friends.
1331:
in Germany on account of her ill health, corresponded with those in England who could supply her with political gossip, and indulged in her fascination with Catholicism.
860:
The Princess went to Bed at the usual time to prevent suspicion. I came to her soon after; and by the backstairs which went down from her closet, her Royal Highness , my
1491:
became one of the trustees of the Marlborough estate, and she used her business sense to distribute the family fortune, including the income for her daughter Henrietta.
1169:
and allowed herself to be taken to St James's Palace, the Duchess's insensitivity greatly offended her and added to the already significant strain on the relationship.
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When Churchill became pregnant, her marriage was announced publicly (on 1 October 1678), and she retired from the court to give birth to her first child, Harriet, who
2417:
1700:, with the condition that he could not accept a political office under the government. He also inherited the remainder of the Duchess's numerous estates, including
1669:. With a wealth of over £4 million in land, £17,000 in rent rolls, and a further £12,500 in annuities, she made financial bequests to rising Whig ministers such as
1528:
Sarah Churchill was a capable business manager, unusual in a period when women were excluded from most things outside the management of their household. Her friend
94:
49:
1164:, in 1708, the Duchess arrived, uninvited, at Kensington Palace to find Anne with the prince's body. She pressed the heartbroken Queen to move from Kensington to
554:, the Duchess kept him informed of court intrigue and conveyed his requests and political advice to the Queen. The Duchess campaigned tirelessly on behalf of the
1255:
the Queen. Anne, already in ill health, felt used and harassed and was desperate for escape. She found refuge in the gentle and quiet comfort of Abigail Masham.
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in Scotland. As a result, Sarah became Lady Churchill. The Duke of York returned to England after the religious tension had eased, and Sarah was appointed a
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The Marquess of Blandford was the heir to the Dukedom of Marlborough. He died unmarried and without children in 1703, so the dukedom passed to his sister
2281:: "The registers of St. Margaret's, Westminster, record the baptism of his eldest daughter on February, 25th, 1645, when he had married about 15 months."
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141:
1061:(Anne). Effectively a business manager, the Duchess had control over the Queen's position, from her finances to people admitted to the royal presence.
947:; Oates was famous for having stirred a strongly anti-Catholic atmosphere in England between 1679 and the early 1680s. The Earl was imprisoned in the
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1966:
516: – 18 October 1744), was an English courtier who rose to be one of the most influential women of her time through her close relationship with
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The Dowager Duchess's personal income was now considerable, and she used the money to invest in land; she believed this would protect her from
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against him and his government became widespread. The level of alarm increased when Queen Mary gave birth to a Roman Catholic son and heir,
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1626:. She died at the age of 84, on 18 October 1744, at Marlborough House; she was buried at Blenheim. Her husband's body was exhumed from
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in 1723, and rebuilt the manor house. Her wealth was so considerable that she hoped to marry her granddaughter Lady Diana Spencer to
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The Duchess was relieved to move back to England. The Duke became one of the King's close advisers, and the Duchess moved back into
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were, "My lord Duke, I hope your troubles are now over." Marlborough was restored to his old office of Captain-General of the Army.
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2297:: "John did nothing, beyond succeeding for a brief while to the remains of the family estate, to save himself from obscurity."
1090:, who supported the Duke of Marlborough in the war, and the Whigs hoped to utilise the Duchess's position as royal favourite.
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in about 1675, and the friendship grew stronger as the two grew older. In late 1675, when she was still only fifteen, she met
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estate, which resulted in the loss of her £500 income as Ranger of Windsor Great Park. The Dowager Duchess was also rude to
1588:, she kept detailed accounts of her finances and expenditure, as well as a sharp look-out for any dishonesty in her agents.
1395:, he conversed with the Whigs but not with the Tories. The Duchess of Marlborough approved of his choice of Whig ministers.
1049:. Nevertheless, Anne sent her news of political developments in letters and consulted the Duchess's advice in most matters.
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Duchess, always thinking of her husband, wanted Anne to give more support to the Whigs, which she was not prepared to do.
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3782:. For inventories of Blenheim Palace and Marlborough House, taken for the duchess in 1740, see pp. 275–83 and 284–7.
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2159:. It later became John and Sarah Churchill's private residence after Anne's accession, before becoming what is now the
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748:, 10 years her senior, who fell in love with her. Churchill, who had previously been a lover of Charles II's mistress
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for a week about Masham's marriage, the Duchess discovered that the Queen had been present and had given Abigail a
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The Duke and Duchess of Marlborough's children who survived childhood married into the most important families in
1565:
The Duchess allowed only two features of extravagance: the Marlboroughs' tomb in the Blenheim chapel, designed by
1479:
The Duke of Marlborough died at Windsor in 1722, and the Duchess arranged a large funeral for him. Their daughter
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Life for Sarah during the reign of William and Mary was difficult. William and Mary awarded her husband the title
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An Account of the Conduct of the Dowager Duchess of Marlborough: From Her First Coming to Court, to the Year 1710
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had been discovered. This document is likely to have been forged by Robert Young, a known forger and disciple of
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The Duchess enjoyed a "long and devoted" relationship with her husband of more than 40 years, the great general
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German courts and with the Holy Roman Empire, and the family was received in those places with full honours.
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752:, had little to offer financially, as his estates were deeply in debt. Jennings had a rival for Churchill in
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1599:, Wimbledon, 15 August 1737. It is a good example of Sarah Churchill's typically jagged cursive handwriting.
1138:(the party known as the "Church party", religion being one of Anne's chief concerns), and the Duchess was a
807:, the Churchills accompanied him, and Charles II rewarded John's loyalty by creating him Baron Churchill of
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3312:"Yorgos Lanthimos on the Lesbian Love Triangle of 'The Favourite': 'I Didn't Want This to Become an Issue'"
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803:. When the Duke of York went into self-imposed exile to Scotland as a result of the furore surrounding the
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872:. They conducted us that night to the Bishop's house in the city, and the next day to my Lord Dorset's at
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The Dowager Duchess's friendship with Queen Caroline ended when she refused the Queen access through her
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1611:– making it clear that he was "too much of a German" – which further alienated her from the court. Her
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few set phrases such as "I shall make no answer to anything you say" and "you may put it in writing".
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2329:: "Her sister Barbara had married Edward Griffith, afterwards secretary to Prince George of Denmark."
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543:. When Anne came to the throne after William's death in 1702, the Duke of Marlborough, together with
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1298:, where the Duchess of Marlborough and Queen Anne met for the last time, as it looked in Anne's time
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Anne refused to appoint Sunderland. She disliked the radical Whigs, whom she saw as a threat to her
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succession by passing over more than 50 stronger Catholic claimants and proclaiming George Ludwig,
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Encyclopædia Britannica "additional reading" article about Sarah Churchill, Duchess of Marlborough
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2345:: "... handing on Sandridge to his junior, Ralph, who followed him to the grave in 1677 ..."
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2009:
In her own time, Sarah Churchill was satirised by many well-known writers in the period, such as
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1624:
An Account of the Dowager Duchess of Marlborough from her first coming to Court to the year 1710
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area. It was converted into a residence and given to Anne by Charles II, after her marriage to
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1352:; the Protestant Whig Privy Councillors had insisted on their right to be present, preventing
951:. The loneliness the Countess suffered during these events drew her and Anne closer together.
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3795:, "Material Manoeuvres: Sarah Churchill, Duchess of Marlborough and the Power of Artefacts,"
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Much of the money left after the Duchess's numerous bequests was inherited by her grandson
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In January 1711, the Duchess of Marlborough lost the offices of Mistress of the Robes and
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Falkner, James (3 January 2008). "Churchill, Sarah, duchess of Marlborough (1660–1744)".
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the court as well, and she and the Countess went to stay with their friends the Duke and
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Hattendorf, J. (29 May 2014). "Churchill, John, first duke of Marlborough (1650–1722)".
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Will of John, Duke of Marlborough, National Archives at Kew, Catalogue Ref. PROB 11/583.
913:
Other problems also emerged. In 1689, Anne's supporters (including the Marlboroughs and
3968:
3941:
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Taylor, Stephen (3 January 2008). "Walpole, Robert, first earl of Orford (1676–1745)".
3787:
The Letters and Dispatches of John Churchill, First Duke of Marlborough, from 1702–1712
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In 1817, Marlborough House became a royal residence, and passed through members of the
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Sarah Churchill, Duchess of Marlborough, Princess of Mindelheim, Countess of Nellenburg
359:
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535:, Sarah Churchill acted as Anne's agent, promoting her interests during the reigns of
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Little Jennings and Fighting Dick Talbot: A Life of the Duke and Duchess of Tyrconnel
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asked, did Parliament address the Queen on whom she should employ in her bedchamber?
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3340:"Queen Anne review – Romola Garai is a sensational schemer in gripping history play"
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Harris, Frances (23 September 2004). "Masham, Abigail, Lady Masham (1670?–1734)".
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2018:
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on 14 September 1699. After her sister Henrietta's death in 1733, their son,
1732:
1666:
1203:, groom of the bedchamber to Prince George, without the Duchess's knowledge.
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During much of Anne's reign, the Duke of Marlborough was abroad fighting the
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The Golden Spy; or, A Political Journal of the British Nights Entertainments
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2626:. Official Website of the British Royal Family. August 2007. Archived from
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affections when the Duchess spent more and more time away from the Queen.
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1113:
The Duchess of Marlborough (right) playing cards with her closest friend,
4012:
3921:
Berkshire History biography about Sarah Churchill, Duchess of Marlborough
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873:
804:
768:
714:. James's first impressions were favourable, and in 1664 Sarah's sister,
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She appears below at the bottom of the list of siblings as the youngest:
3760:
Noble Households: Eighteenth-Century Inventories of Great English Houses
2038:, which centres on the competition between the Duchess and Lady Masham (
1191:
Hill was also a second cousin, on her father's side, to the Tory leader
586:
left her one of the richest women in Europe. She died in 1744, aged 84.
3932:"Archival material relating to Sarah Churchill, Duchess of Marlborough"
3563:
3425:
2580:
Field, pp. 99 (Captain General and Order of the Garter); 107 (dukedom).
2152:
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1775:
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1003:(the highest office in the royal court that could be held by a woman),
940:
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853:
756:, a wealthy mistress of James II and the choice of Churchill's father,
702:), in 1663, during negotiations for the recovery of an estate in Kent (
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The Marlboroughs returned home on the afternoon of Anne's death. The
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2969:. 2007. Encyclopædia Britannica Online. Retrieved on 13 August 2007.
76:
3628:
A Passion For Government: The Life of Sarah, Duchess of Marlborough
1073:
Lord Godolphin was a lifelong friend of the Duchess of Marlborough.
955:
808:
3422:"Talbot, Richard, Earl and titular Duke of Tyrconnel (1630–1691)"
1782:
Henrietta Churchill (later Godolphin), 2nd Duchess of Marlborough
1585:
1488:
1356:, from declaring for the Pretender, James Francis Edward Stuart.
996:
895:
540:
2985:. 2007. Encyclopædia Britannica Online. Retrieved 4 August 2007.
864:
and I, with one servant, walked to the coach where we found the
3670:
Revolution: The Great Crisis of the British Monarchy, 1685–1720
3440:
The Augustan Court: Queen Anne and the Decline of Court Culture
1960:
1473:
1328:
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this was the one remark from the Duchess that hurt her deeply.
967:
379:
3830:
Speck, W.A. (8 October 2009). "James II and VII (1633–1701)".
3432:, vol. 55, London: Smith Elder & Co, pp. 331–336
1406:
The Duke of Marlborough, painted after his stroke c. 1719/20 (
1891:, but when the plan failed, married Lord John Russell, later
1212:
978:
958:
in 1694, William III restored Anne's honours, as she was now
1595:
Autograph letter from the Dowager Duchess of Marlborough to
1550:
The Duke and Duchess of Marlborough's tomb in the chapel at
982:
Sarah Churchill had an influential role during the reign of
3369:
1661:
During her lifetime, the Duchess of Marlborough drafted 26
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648:
Susanna (1645–1655), who was the first-born but died young;
558:, while also devoting herself to building projects such as
1045:), a gift from Queen Anne after the Duke's victory at the
2494:
2492:
2490:
1539:
2418:"Birth of Sarah, Duchess of Marlborough, June 5th, 1660"
2256:. British History Online / Victoria County History. 1908
547:, rose to head the government partly owing to his wife.
4108:
Mistresses of the Robes to Anne, Queen of Great Britain
3461:. 2 vols. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 2002. (
1506:, for which she would pay a massive dowry of £100,000.
828:, on 10 June 1688. A group of politicians known as the
27:
English noblewoman, courtier and politician (1660–1744)
3715:
The Marlboroughs: John and Sarah Churchill (1650–1744)
3542:
Gregg, Edward (1972). "Marlborough in Exile 1712–14".
2759:
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in its original form: the Duchess's favourite home in
1445:
The Duchess had a good relationship with her daughter
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2208:
2206:
1817:
Thomas Pelham-Holles, 1st Duke of Newcastle-upon-Tyne
1428:
Thomas Pelham-Holles, 1st Duke of Newcastle-upon-Tyne
3579:
Gregg, Edward (5 January 2012). "Anne (1665–1714)".
2909:
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2555:
2553:
2551:
2549:
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2021:
in the first fully-fledged it-narrative in English,
1086:. The Duchess allied herself more strongly with the
594:
Sarah Jennings was born on 5 June 1660, probably at
3515:Gibbs, G.C. (21 May 2009). "George I (1660–1727)".
3215:
2604:
2592:
1235:In July 1708, the Duke of Marlborough and his ally
706:) that had been the property of his mother-in-law,
668:
Barbara (1651/2–1678), who married Edward Griffith;
101:. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.
3164:
2796:
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3190:
3188:
2988:
2546:
2445:
2048:BAFTA Award for Best Actress in a Supporting Role
1142:(the party known to support Marlborough's wars).
4039:
1453:, who later became her favourite granddaughter.
651:John (c. 1647 – 1674), who succeeded his father;
3804:John and Sarah, Duke and Duchess of Marlborough
2665:
2663:
1418:, where she flaunted her eldest granddaughter,
917:) demanded that she be granted a parliamentary
582:. The money she inherited from the Marlborough
564:Henrietta Godolphin, 2nd Duchess of Marlborough
550:While the Duke of Marlborough was fighting the
429:Henrietta Churchill, 2nd Duchess of Marlborough
3392:"The First Churchills (TV Mini-Series 1969– )"
3185:
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1525:, who attempted to cultivate her friendship.
1097:. The Duchess used her close friendship with
815:to Anne after the latter's marriage in 1683.
3863:(online ed.). Oxford University Press.
3836:(online ed.). Oxford University Press.
3690:(online ed.). Oxford University Press.
3648:(online ed.). Oxford University Press.
3585:(online ed.). Oxford University Press.
3521:(online ed.). Oxford University Press.
3501:The Favourite: Sarah, Duchess of Marlborough
3479:(online ed.). Oxford University Press.
2660:
2410:
1243:. On the way to the thanksgiving service at
444:Elizabeth Churchill, Countess of Bridgewater
3241:
3239:
2871:
2869:
1807:respectively) on 23 April 1698. Their son,
1573:Column of Victory in the park, designed by
64:Learn how and when to remove these messages
3940:
3789:. 5 vols. New York: Greenwood Press, 1968.
3683:
3550:(4). Cambridge University Press: 593–618.
3337:
3103:
3073:
3059:
3045:
2782:National Portrait Gallery (United Kingdom)
2699:
2525:
2518:
2516:
2498:
2393:
2111:Le verre d’eau ou Les effets et les causes
2107:The Glass of Water: or, Effects and Causes
1642:The Duchess of Marlborough, attributed to
973:
901:
256:
3738:. Printed by J. Bettenham for G. Hawkins.
3365:"Yellowbeard (1983) Full Cast & Crew"
2624:"Duties of the Keeper of the Privy Purse"
2396:"John Churchill, 1st Duke of Marlborough"
2353:
2351:
2052:Academy Award for Best Supporting Actress
1679:Philip Stanhope, 4th Earl of Chesterfield
1149:The Duchess of Marlborough was called to
1104:
995:countered by offering the Marlboroughs a
836:, husband of James's Protestant daughter
740:Sarah Jennings became close to the young
227:Learn how and when to remove this message
161:Learn how and when to remove this message
110:"Sarah Churchill, Duchess of Marlborough"
3818:
3236:
2938:"Historic Figures: George I (1660–1727)"
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1354:Henry St. John, 1st Viscount Bolingbroke
1338:
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1222:
1218:
1108:
1068:
977:
767:
750:Barbara Palmer, 1st Duchess of Cleveland
694:Richard Jennings came into contact with
3988:Keeper of the Privy Purse to Queen Anne
3860:Oxford Dictionary of National Biography
3833:Oxford Dictionary of National Biography
3687:Oxford Dictionary of National Biography
3645:Oxford Dictionary of National Biography
3582:Oxford Dictionary of National Biography
3518:Oxford Dictionary of National Biography
3503:. London: Hodder and Stoughton, 2002. (
3476:Oxford Dictionary of National Biography
3472:
3436:
3416:
2765:
2537:
2513:
2306:
2222:
2145:
1948:Scroop Egerton, 4th Earl of Bridgewater
1857:Charles Spencer, 3rd Earl of Sunderland
1153:in 1703, where her only surviving son,
1099:Sidney Godolphin, 1st Earl of Godolphin
1080:Charles Spencer, 3rd Earl of Sunderland
773:John Churchill, 1st Duke of Marlborough
545:Sidney Godolphin, 1st Earl of Godolphin
525:John Churchill, 1st Duke of Marlborough
512:in most modern references; 5 June 1660
404:John Churchill, 1st Duke of Marlborough
14:
4040:
3886:Journal for Eighteenth-Century Studies
3856:
3641:
3170:
2802:
2348:
1543:] a great addition to the place".
962:, and provided her with apartments at
698:(the future James II, brother of King
659:Richard Talbot, 1st Earl of Tyrconnell
640:Sarah listed among her siblings
614:, and Frances Thornhurst (daughter of
434:Anne Churchill, Countess of Sunderland
3829:
3728:
3605:
3578:
3541:
3514:
3256:"Family Lineage: Duke of Marlborough"
3221:
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2915:
2744:
2610:
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2559:
2469:
2466:Miller, 186–187; Harris, T., 269–272.
2454:
2013:in her influential political satire,
2004:
1908:John Churchill, Marquess of Blandford
1064:
885:
439:John Churchill, Marquess of Blandford
4083:British and English royal favourites
3338:Billington, Michael (11 July 2017).
3309:
2042:) for the affections of Queen Anne (
1954:) on 9 February 1703, leaving issue
1447:Anne Spencer, Countess of Sunderland
1334:
954:Following the death of Mary II from
626:). Her paternal grandfather was Sir
566:; the architect of Blenheim Palace,
172:
99:adding citations to reliable sources
70:
29:
3965:Mistress of the Robes to Queen Anne
2863:Field, pp. 308, 311–14, 317, 322–3.
1575:Henry Herbert, 9th Earl of Pembroke
1160:After the death of Anne's husband,
24:
4123:People from Woodstock, Oxfordshire
4073:18th-century English women writers
3883:
3825:. Vol. 1. London: Hutchinson.
3630:. Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1991. (
3297:
2428:(6): 11. June 2010. Archived from
2028:Churchill is portrayed by actress
1719:The Duchess died, in the words of
1286:
1172:
449:Mary Churchill, Duchess of Montagu
25:
4149:
3914:
2254:"City of St Albans: Introduction"
1980:John Montagu, 2nd Duke of Montagu
1922:after their father died in 1722.
1855:Anne married the Whig politician
1825:Thomas Osborne, 4th Duke of Leeds
1177:
45:This article has multiple issues.
3969:Groom of the Stole to Queen Anne
3430:Dictionary of National Biography
3353:– via www.theguardian.com.
2942:British Broadcasting Corporation
2814:Field, pp. 229, 251–5, 265, 344.
1982:on 17 March 1705, leaving issue
1959:
1927:
1900:
1832:
1774:
487:
177:
75:
34:
3717:. London: Viking Press, 2001. (
3459:Marlborough: His Life and Times
3409:
3384:
3357:
3331:
3310:Kohn, Eric (3 September 2018).
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2189:"Sarah, Duchess of Marlborough"
1426:. Henrietta eventually married
1017:Abigail Masham, Baroness Masham
408:
86:needs additional citations for
53:or discuss these issues on the
3815:Macmillan, 1956; Penguin, 1969
3443:. Stanford: University Press.
3233:Field, pp. 177, 180, 181, 183.
2246:
2237:
2228:
2181:
2151:The Cockpit was the old Tudor
1809:William, Marquess of Blandford
1456:
1343:King George I of Great Britain
1134:between them: the Queen was a
657:(c. 1649 – 1731), who married
13:
1:
4088:English duchesses by marriage
3785:Murray, Hon. Sir George, ed.
3672:, Penguin Books, Ltd., 2006.
2784:. Retrieved on 7 August 2007.
2510:Field, pp. 69, 70, 80–81, 85.
2133:
1867:. Charles is the ancestor of
1811:died in 1731; their daughter
1633:
1032:War of the Spanish Succession
634:was a prominent naturalist.
589:
552:War of the Spanish Succession
18:Sarah, Duchess of Marlborough
4078:18th-century British writers
4020:Ranger of Windsor Great Park
3877:UK public library membership
3850:UK public library membership
3704:UK public library membership
3662:UK public library membership
3599:UK public library membership
3535:UK public library membership
3493:UK public library membership
2778:Portraits of Sarah Churchill
2394:Kneller, Godfrey (c. 1703).
2366:Churchill, pp. 108–109 vol 1
2174:
2124:in the 1969 BBC mini-series
2025:(1709), to name just a few.
1013:Ranger of Windsor Great Park
876:. From there we went to the
796:position as Maid of Honour.
518:Anne, Queen of Great Britain
412:
7:
4068:17th-century English people
4058:18th-century English people
2191:. Government Art Collection
2105:, based on the French play
1726:
1239:won a great victory at the
1197:Earl of Oxford and Mortimer
1155:John, Marquess of Blandford
826:Prince James Francis Edward
818:
763:
478:Queen Anne of Great Britain
10:
4154:
4063:17th-century English women
3819:Sergeant, Phillip (1913).
2050:and was nominated for the
1889:Frederick, Prince of Wales
1797:The Hon. Francis Godolphin
1515:First Lord of the Treasury
1504:Frederick, Prince of Wales
792:in the winter of 1677–78.
639:
606:. She was the daughter of
250:The Duchess of Marlborough
4026:
4017:
4009:
4004:
3994:
3985:
3975:
3962:
3957:
3952:
3612:. Yale University Press.
3556:10.1017/S0018246X00003472
3401:– via www.imdb.com.
2099:in the 1979 Soviet movie
2063:Royal Shakespeare Company
1381:George I of Great Britain
1115:Barbara, Lady Fitzharding
1023:as well as the office of
1009:Keeper of the Privy Purse
844:at Anne's residence (the
531:, was deposed during the
495:
483:
469:
457:
419:
399:
389:
365:
334:
329:
325:
313:
303:
293:
282:
277:Keeper of the Privy Purse
275:
271:
255:
243:
3457:Churchill, Sir Winston.
2234:Murray, pp. 12, 13 vol 1
2157:Prince George of Denmark
2138:
2120:Churchill was played by
2095:Churchill was played by
2082:Churchill was played by
2057:Churchill was played by
1881:Diana, Princess of Wales
1799:(later Viscount Rialton
1713:Commonwealth Secretariat
1420:Lady Henrietta Godolphin
1375:through George's mother
1162:Prince George of Denmark
1019:. The Duke accepted the
834:Prince William of Orange
384:Kingdom of Great Britain
4118:People from Old Windsor
4103:British maids of honour
3979:The Duchess of Somerset
3898:10.1111/1754-0208.12412
3799:, 32,3 (2009), 485–515.
3437:Bucholz, R. O. (1993).
3288:(London: Penguin, 1992)
2983:Encyclopædia Britannica
2967:Encyclopædia Britannica
2384:Churchill, p. 128 vol 1
2077:Theatre Royal Haymarket
2065:West End production of
1875:is the ancestor of the
1630:and buried beside her.
1517:(analogous to a modern
1371:(the great-grandson of
1082:, be admitted into the
1041:(the site of the later
974:Power behind the throne
902:William III and Mary II
527:. After Anne's father,
188:is written like a story
4093:English letter writers
3869:10.1093/ref:odnb/28601
3842:10.1093/ref:odnb/14593
3654:10.1093/ref:odnb/18261
3606:Gregg, Edward (2014).
3544:The Historical Journal
3527:10.1093/ref:odnb/10538
3182:Hibbert, pp. 320, 321.
3033:Hibbert, pp. 318, 319.
1693:
1646:
1600:
1558:
1476:
1411:
1361:Act of Settlement 1701
1344:
1299:
1237:Prince Eugene of Savoy
1232:
1122:
1105:Clash of personalities
1074:
991:
891:
813:Lady of the Bedchamber
784:
775:, in the robes of the
677:Susanna (1655/6–1657);
4113:People from St Albans
3696:10.1093/ref:odnb/5401
3485:10.1093/ref:odnb/5405
1687:
1650:company stimulating.
1641:
1594:
1549:
1464:
1405:
1342:
1294:
1226:
1219:Strained relationship
1112:
1072:
1001:Mistress of the Robes
981:
878:Earl of Northampton's
858:
771:
758:Sir Winston Churchill
474:Mistress of the Robes
202:neutral point of view
4098:Women letter writers
3936:UK National Archives
3813:The Early Churchills
3757:Murdoch, Tessa, ed.
3711:Hibbert, Christopher
3591:10.1093/ref:odnb/560
3280:Manley, Delarivier,
3150:The Early Churchills
2726:Field, pp. 218, 219.
2127:The First Churchills
2017:(1709), and also by
1711:until it became the
1709:British royal family
1496:currency devaluation
915:the Duke of Somerset
671:Richard (1653–1654);
612:Member of Parliament
194:rewrite this article
95:improve this article
4133:Grooms of the Stool
3300:, pp. 237–253.
2841:Field, pp. 219–220.
2717:Field, pp. 122–123.
2669:Field, pp. 111–112.
2630:on 30 December 2007
2571:Field, pp. 106–107.
2086:in the 1983 comedy
2054:for her portrayal.
1952:Duke of Bridgewater
1935:Elizabeth Churchill
1893:4th Duke of Bedford
1865:Duke of Marlborough
1644:Sir Godfrey Kneller
1245:St Paul's Cathedral
1241:Battle of Oudenarde
1021:Order of the Garter
933:Duchess of Somerset
908:Earl of Marlborough
850:Palace of Whitehall
777:Order of the Garter
696:James, Duke of York
674:Richard (1654–1655)
533:Glorious Revolution
2484:Field, pp. 54, 55.
2005:In popular culture
1989:Charles Churchill
1760:Harriet Churchill
1694:
1688:The main front of
1673:, later the first
1647:
1601:
1559:
1477:
1412:
1369:Elector of Hanover
1345:
1316:Groom of the Stool
1300:
1233:
1123:
1075:
1065:Wavering influence
1047:Battle of Blenheim
1005:Groom of the Stool
992:
964:St. James's Palace
785:
680:Ralph (1656–1677);
465:Frances Thornhurst
360:Kingdom of England
198:encyclopedic style
4036:
4035:
4030:Hon. John Spencer
4027:Succeeded by
3995:Succeeded by
3976:Succeeded by
3875:(Subscription or
3848:(Subscription or
3773:978-0-9524322-5-8
3702:(Subscription or
3660:(Subscription or
3626:Harris, Frances.
3619:978-0-300-21295-2
3597:(Subscription or
3533:(Subscription or
3491:(Subscription or
3467:978-0-226-10633-5
3450:978-0-8047-2080-9
3282:The New Atalantis
3203:Field, pp. 52–60.
2852:Treaty of Utrecht
2534:Field, pp. 79–80.
2432:on 19 April 2014.
2311:332, right column
2046:). Weisz won the
2032:in the 2018 film
2015:The New Atalantis
2011:Delarivier Manley
2002:
2001:
1915:20 February 1703
1912:13 February 1686
1883:. Their daughter
1869:Winston Churchill
1849:27 February 1683
1819:; their daughter
1805:Earl of Godolphin
1628:Westminster Abbey
1614:persona non-grata
1530:Arthur Maynwaring
1466:Marlborough House
1416:Marlborough House
1377:Sophia of Hanover
1350:Kensington Palace
1335:Revival of favour
1296:Kensington Palace
1166:St James's Palace
1095:royal prerogative
692:
691:
570:; Prime Minister
499:
498:
237:
236:
229:
219:
218:
171:
170:
163:
145:
68:
16:(Redirected from
4145:
4138:Wives of knights
4010:Preceded by
4005:Honorary titles
3950:
3949:
3944:
3939:
3909:
3880:
3872:
3853:
3845:
3826:
3739:
3730:Hooke, Nathaniel
3707:
3699:
3665:
3657:
3623:
3602:
3594:
3575:
3538:
3530:
3499:Field, Ophelia.
3496:
3488:
3454:
3433:
3418:Bagwell, Richard
3403:
3402:
3400:
3398:
3388:
3382:
3381:
3379:
3377:
3361:
3355:
3354:
3352:
3350:
3335:
3329:
3328:
3326:
3324:
3307:
3301:
3295:
3289:
3278:
3272:
3271:
3269:
3267:
3252:
3246:
3243:
3234:
3231:
3225:
3219:
3213:
3210:
3204:
3201:
3195:
3192:
3183:
3180:
3174:
3168:
3162:
3159:
3153:
3146:
3140:
3139:Hibbert, p. 339.
3137:
3131:
3130:Hibbert, p. 340.
3128:
3122:
3119:
3113:
3112:Hibbert, p. 342.
3110:
3101:
3100:Hibbert, p. 337.
3098:
3092:
3089:
3083:
3082:Hibbert, p. 331.
3080:
3071:
3070:Hibbert, p. 336.
3068:
3057:
3056:Hibbert, p. 334.
3054:
3043:
3040:
3034:
3031:
3025:
3022:
3016:
3015:Hibbert, p. 299.
3013:
3007:
3004:
2998:
2992:
2986:
2976:
2970:
2960:
2954:
2953:
2951:
2949:
2934:
2928:
2925:
2919:
2913:
2907:
2904:
2898:
2895:
2889:
2882:
2876:
2873:
2864:
2861:
2855:
2848:
2842:
2839:
2833:
2830:
2824:
2821:
2815:
2812:
2806:
2800:
2794:
2791:
2785:
2775:
2769:
2763:
2757:
2754:
2748:
2742:
2736:
2733:
2727:
2724:
2718:
2715:
2709:
2706:
2697:
2694:
2688:
2685:
2679:
2676:
2670:
2667:
2658:
2655:
2649:
2646:
2640:
2639:
2637:
2635:
2620:
2614:
2608:
2602:
2596:
2590:
2587:
2581:
2578:
2572:
2569:
2563:
2557:
2544:
2541:
2535:
2532:
2523:
2520:
2511:
2508:
2502:
2496:
2485:
2482:
2467:
2464:
2458:
2452:
2443:
2440:
2434:
2433:
2414:
2408:
2407:
2405:
2403:
2391:
2385:
2382:
2376:
2373:
2367:
2364:
2358:
2355:
2346:
2336:
2330:
2320:
2314:
2304:
2298:
2288:
2282:
2272:
2266:
2265:
2263:
2261:
2250:
2244:
2241:
2235:
2232:
2226:
2220:
2201:
2200:
2198:
2196:
2185:
2168:
2149:
2102:A Glass of Water
1969:(later Montagu)
1963:
1950:(from 1720, 1st
1937:(later Egerton)
1931:
1904:
1836:
1792:24 October 1733
1785:in her own right
1778:
1753:Brief biography
1738:
1737:
1535:Duke of Somerset
1498:. She purchased
1485:in her own right
1424:marriage partner
1277:mourning clothes
1227:Portrait by Sir
889:
862:Lady Fitzharding
790:married secretly
754:Catherine Sedley
718:, was appointed
637:
636:
608:Richard Jennings
578:; and his wife,
491:
462:Richard Jennings
414:
410:
372:
348:
346:
330:Personal details
316:
306:
287:
260:
241:
240:
232:
225:
214:
211:
205:
196:to introduce an
181:
180:
173:
166:
159:
155:
152:
146:
144:
103:
79:
71:
60:
38:
37:
30:
21:
4153:
4152:
4148:
4147:
4146:
4144:
4143:
4142:
4038:
4037:
4032:
4023:
4015:
4000:
3998:The Lady Masham
3991:
3981:
3972:
3967:
3930:
3917:
3912:
3874:
3847:
3793:Pointon, Marcia
3746:(3rd ed. 2000)
3701:
3659:
3620:
3596:
3532:
3490:
3451:
3412:
3407:
3406:
3396:
3394:
3390:
3389:
3385:
3375:
3373:
3363:
3362:
3358:
3348:
3346:
3336:
3332:
3322:
3320:
3308:
3304:
3296:
3292:
3279:
3275:
3265:
3263:
3260:Burke's Peerage
3254:
3253:
3249:
3244:
3237:
3232:
3228:
3220:
3216:
3211:
3207:
3202:
3198:
3193:
3186:
3181:
3177:
3169:
3165:
3160:
3156:
3147:
3143:
3138:
3134:
3129:
3125:
3120:
3116:
3111:
3104:
3099:
3095:
3090:
3086:
3081:
3074:
3069:
3060:
3055:
3046:
3041:
3037:
3032:
3028:
3023:
3019:
3014:
3010:
3005:
3001:
2993:
2989:
2977:
2973:
2961:
2957:
2947:
2945:
2936:
2935:
2931:
2926:
2922:
2914:
2910:
2905:
2901:
2896:
2892:
2883:
2879:
2874:
2867:
2862:
2858:
2849:
2845:
2840:
2836:
2832:Field, 191–192.
2831:
2827:
2822:
2818:
2813:
2809:
2801:
2797:
2792:
2788:
2776:
2772:
2764:
2760:
2755:
2751:
2743:
2739:
2734:
2730:
2725:
2721:
2716:
2712:
2708:Hibbert, p. 312
2707:
2700:
2695:
2691:
2686:
2682:
2677:
2673:
2668:
2661:
2656:
2652:
2647:
2643:
2633:
2631:
2622:
2621:
2617:
2609:
2605:
2597:
2593:
2588:
2584:
2579:
2575:
2570:
2566:
2558:
2547:
2542:
2538:
2533:
2526:
2521:
2514:
2509:
2505:
2499:Hattendorf 2014
2497:
2488:
2483:
2470:
2465:
2461:
2453:
2446:
2441:
2437:
2416:
2415:
2411:
2401:
2399:
2392:
2388:
2383:
2379:
2374:
2370:
2365:
2361:
2356:
2349:
2337:
2333:
2321:
2317:
2305:
2301:
2289:
2285:
2273:
2269:
2259:
2257:
2252:
2251:
2247:
2242:
2238:
2233:
2229:
2221:
2204:
2194:
2192:
2187:
2186:
2182:
2177:
2172:
2171:
2150:
2146:
2141:
2136:
2122:Susan Hampshire
2067:Helen Edmundson
2007:
1998:Died an infant
1992:19 August 1690
1887:nearly married
1769:Died an infant
1729:
1721:Tobias Smollett
1690:Blenheim Palace
1675:Earl of Chatham
1636:
1552:Blenheim Palace
1500:Wimbledon manor
1489:Dowager Duchess
1483:became duchess
1459:
1436:Tunbridge Wells
1337:
1289:
1287:Final dismissal
1261:captain-general
1229:Godfrey Kneller
1221:
1209:Royal Household
1180:
1175:
1173:Fall from grace
1119:Godfrey Kneller
1107:
1067:
1043:Blenheim Palace
1025:Captain-General
976:
949:Tower of London
904:
890:
884:
821:
801:died in infancy
781:Godfrey Kneller
766:
724:Duchess of York
624:Anne of Denmark
610:(or Jenyns), a
592:
560:Blenheim Palace
464:
453:
424:
406:
394:Blenheim Palace
374:
370:
369:18 October 1744
350:
344:
342:
341:
340:
320:The Lady Masham
314:
304:
288:
283:
267:
251:
248:
233:
222:
221:
220:
215:
209:
206:
191:
182:
178:
167:
156:
150:
147:
104:
102:
92:
80:
39:
35:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
4151:
4141:
4140:
4135:
4130:
4128:Spencer family
4125:
4120:
4115:
4110:
4105:
4100:
4095:
4090:
4085:
4080:
4075:
4070:
4065:
4060:
4055:
4050:
4034:
4033:
4028:
4025:
4016:
4011:
4007:
4006:
4002:
4001:
3996:
3993:
3983:
3982:
3977:
3974:
3961:
3955:
3954:
3953:Court offices
3946:
3945:
3928:
3923:
3916:
3915:External links
3913:
3911:
3910:
3892:(2): 237–253.
3881:
3854:
3827:
3816:
3807:
3802:Reid, Stuart.
3800:
3790:
3783:
3755:
3742:Miller, John.
3740:
3726:
3708:
3681:
3666:
3639:
3624:
3618:
3603:
3576:
3539:
3512:
3497:
3470:
3455:
3449:
3434:
3413:
3411:
3408:
3405:
3404:
3383:
3356:
3330:
3302:
3290:
3273:
3247:
3235:
3226:
3214:
3212:Field, p. 281.
3205:
3196:
3194:Field, p. 454.
3184:
3175:
3163:
3161:Field, p. 398.
3154:
3141:
3132:
3123:
3114:
3102:
3093:
3091:Field, p. 376.
3084:
3072:
3058:
3044:
3035:
3026:
3024:Field, p. 340.
3017:
3008:
3006:Field, p. 341.
2999:
2987:
2971:
2963:United Kingdom
2955:
2929:
2927:Field, p. 339.
2920:
2918:, p. 615.
2908:
2906:Field, p. 328.
2899:
2897:Field, p. 327.
2890:
2877:
2875:Field, p. 287.
2865:
2856:
2843:
2834:
2825:
2823:Field, p. 238.
2816:
2807:
2795:
2793:Field, p. 211.
2786:
2770:
2768:, p. 137.
2758:
2756:Field, p. 178.
2749:
2747:, p. 234.
2737:
2728:
2719:
2710:
2698:
2696:Hibbert, p. 95
2689:
2680:
2678:Field, p. 127.
2671:
2659:
2657:Field, p. 113.
2650:
2641:
2615:
2603:
2591:
2589:Field, p. 145.
2582:
2573:
2564:
2545:
2536:
2524:
2512:
2503:
2486:
2468:
2459:
2444:
2435:
2409:
2398:. Art Unframed
2386:
2377:
2368:
2359:
2347:
2331:
2315:
2299:
2283:
2267:
2245:
2243:Field, p. 315.
2236:
2227:
2202:
2179:
2178:
2176:
2173:
2170:
2169:
2161:Cabinet Office
2143:
2142:
2140:
2137:
2135:
2132:
2019:Charles Gildon
2006:
2003:
2000:
1999:
1996:
1993:
1990:
1987:
1984:
1983:
1976:
1973:
1970:
1967:Mary Churchill
1964:
1956:
1955:
1944:
1943:22 March 1714
1941:
1940:15 March 1687
1938:
1932:
1924:
1923:
1916:
1913:
1910:
1905:
1897:
1896:
1853:
1852:15 April 1716
1850:
1847:
1840:Anne Churchill
1837:
1829:
1828:
1793:
1790:
1787:
1779:
1771:
1770:
1767:
1764:
1761:
1758:
1755:
1754:
1751:
1748:
1745:
1742:
1728:
1725:
1635:
1632:
1609:King George II
1582:Holdenby House
1554:, designed by
1523:Queen Caroline
1519:Prime Minister
1511:Robert Walpole
1458:
1455:
1336:
1333:
1288:
1285:
1220:
1217:
1195:, later first
1179:
1178:Abigail Masham
1176:
1174:
1171:
1106:
1103:
1066:
1063:
975:
972:
941:his supporters
903:
900:
882:
870:Earl of Dorset
830:Immortal Seven
820:
817:
765:
762:
746:John Churchill
735:Mary of Modena
720:maid of honour
708:Susan Lister (
690:
689:
688:
687:
681:
678:
675:
672:
669:
666:
652:
649:
642:
641:
620:maid of honour
616:Susanna Temple
596:Holywell House
591:
588:
580:Queen Caroline
576:King George II
572:Robert Walpole
497:
496:
493:
492:
485:
481:
480:
471:
467:
466:
459:
455:
454:
452:
451:
446:
441:
436:
431:
425:
421:
417:
416:
401:
397:
396:
391:
387:
386:
373:(aged 84)
367:
363:
362:
338:
336:
332:
331:
327:
326:
323:
322:
317:
311:
310:
309:Caspar Henning
307:
301:
300:
295:
291:
290:
280:
279:
273:
272:
269:
268:
264:Charles Jervas
261:
253:
252:
249:
244:
235:
234:
217:
216:
185:
183:
176:
169:
168:
151:September 2022
83:
81:
74:
69:
43:
42:
40:
33:
26:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
4150:
4139:
4136:
4134:
4131:
4129:
4126:
4124:
4121:
4119:
4116:
4114:
4111:
4109:
4106:
4104:
4101:
4099:
4096:
4094:
4091:
4089:
4086:
4084:
4081:
4079:
4076:
4074:
4071:
4069:
4066:
4064:
4061:
4059:
4056:
4054:
4051:
4049:
4046:
4045:
4043:
4031:
4022:
4021:
4014:
4008:
4003:
3999:
3990:
3989:
3984:
3980:
3971:
3970:
3966:
3960:
3956:
3951:
3948:
3943:
3937:
3933:
3929:
3927:
3924:
3922:
3919:
3918:
3907:
3903:
3899:
3895:
3891:
3887:
3882:
3878:
3870:
3866:
3862:
3861:
3855:
3851:
3843:
3839:
3835:
3834:
3828:
3824:
3823:
3817:
3814:
3811:
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3805:
3801:
3798:
3794:
3791:
3788:
3784:
3781:
3777:
3774:
3770:
3766:
3762:
3761:
3756:
3753:
3752:0-300-08728-4
3749:
3745:
3741:
3737:
3736:
3731:
3727:
3724:
3723:0-670-88677-7
3720:
3716:
3712:
3709:
3705:
3697:
3693:
3689:
3688:
3682:
3679:
3678:0-7139-9759-1
3675:
3671:
3668:Harris, Tim.
3667:
3663:
3655:
3651:
3647:
3646:
3640:
3637:
3636:0-19-820224-5
3633:
3629:
3625:
3621:
3615:
3611:
3610:
3604:
3600:
3592:
3588:
3584:
3583:
3577:
3573:
3569:
3565:
3561:
3557:
3553:
3549:
3545:
3540:
3536:
3528:
3524:
3520:
3519:
3513:
3510:
3509:0-340-76808-8
3506:
3502:
3498:
3494:
3486:
3482:
3478:
3477:
3471:
3468:
3464:
3460:
3456:
3452:
3446:
3442:
3441:
3435:
3431:
3427:
3423:
3419:
3415:
3414:
3393:
3387:
3372:
3371:
3366:
3360:
3345:
3341:
3334:
3319:
3318:
3313:
3306:
3299:
3294:
3287:
3286:Ros Ballaster
3283:
3277:
3262:. August 2004
3261:
3257:
3251:
3245:Field, p. 457
3242:
3240:
3230:
3224:, p. xi.
3223:
3218:
3209:
3200:
3191:
3189:
3179:
3172:
3167:
3158:
3151:
3145:
3136:
3127:
3121:Reid, p. 445.
3118:
3109:
3107:
3097:
3088:
3079:
3077:
3067:
3065:
3063:
3053:
3051:
3049:
3039:
3030:
3021:
3012:
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2996:
2991:
2984:
2980:
2979:Whig and Tory
2975:
2968:
2964:
2959:
2943:
2939:
2933:
2924:
2917:
2912:
2903:
2894:
2887:
2884:Add MS 61422
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2753:
2746:
2741:
2735:Field, p. 65.
2732:
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2705:
2703:
2693:
2687:Field, p. ix.
2684:
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2625:
2619:
2613:, p. 14.
2612:
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2543:Field, p. 79.
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2473:
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2442:Field, p. 24.
2439:
2431:
2427:
2423:
2422:History Today
2419:
2413:
2397:
2390:
2381:
2375:Field, p. 21.
2372:
2363:
2354:
2352:
2344:
2340:
2339:Sergeant 1913
2335:
2328:
2324:
2323:Sergeant 1913
2319:
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2291:Sergeant 1913
2287:
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2153:Cock fighting
2148:
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2123:
2118:
2116:
2115:Eugène Scribe
2112:
2108:
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2098:
2097:Alla Demidova
2093:
2091:
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2085:
2084:Susannah York
2080:
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2036:
2035:The Favourite
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2026:
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2020:
2016:
2012:
1997:
1994:
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1988:
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1972:15 July 1689
1971:
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1877:Earls Spencer
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1389:Queen's House
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1201:Samuel Masham
1198:
1194:
1193:Robert Harley
1189:
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1084:Privy Council
1081:
1071:
1062:
1060:
1056:
1050:
1048:
1044:
1040:
1037:
1033:
1028:
1027:of the army.
1026:
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1018:
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989:
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960:heir apparent
957:
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742:Princess Anne
738:
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638:
635:
633:
632:Martin Lister
629:
628:John Jennings
625:
621:
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613:
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604:Hertfordshire
601:
597:
587:
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581:
577:
573:
569:
568:John Vanbrugh
565:
561:
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548:
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538:
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529:King James II
526:
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423:7, including:
422:
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405:
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398:
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390:Resting place
388:
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356:Hertfordshire
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186:This article
184:
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143:
140:
136:
133:
129:
126:
122:
119:
115:
112: –
111:
107:
106:Find sources:
100:
96:
90:
89:
84:This article
82:
78:
73:
72:
67:
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58:
57:
52:
51:
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41:
32:
31:
19:
4018:
3986:
3963:
3958:
3947:
3889:
3885:
3858:
3831:
3821:
3812:
3810:Rowse, A. L.
3806:1914 edition
3803:
3796:
3786:
3765:John Adamson
3763:(Cambridge,
3759:
3743:
3734:
3714:
3685:
3669:
3643:
3627:
3608:
3580:
3547:
3543:
3516:
3500:
3474:
3458:
3439:
3429:
3410:Bibliography
3395:. Retrieved
3386:
3374:. Retrieved
3368:
3359:
3347:. Retrieved
3344:The Guardian
3343:
3333:
3321:. Retrieved
3315:
3305:
3293:
3281:
3276:
3264:. Retrieved
3250:
3229:
3217:
3208:
3199:
3178:
3166:
3157:
3149:
3144:
3135:
3126:
3117:
3096:
3087:
3038:
3029:
3020:
3011:
3002:
2990:
2982:
2974:
2966:
2958:
2946:. Retrieved
2932:
2923:
2911:
2902:
2893:
2885:
2880:
2859:
2846:
2837:
2828:
2819:
2810:
2798:
2789:
2773:
2766:Bucholz 1993
2761:
2752:
2740:
2731:
2722:
2713:
2692:
2683:
2674:
2653:
2648:Field, p. 99
2644:
2632:. Retrieved
2628:the original
2618:
2606:
2594:
2585:
2576:
2567:
2539:
2506:
2462:
2438:
2430:the original
2425:
2421:
2412:
2400:. Retrieved
2389:
2380:
2371:
2362:
2357:Field, p. 8.
2334:
2318:
2307:Bagwell 1898
2302:
2286:
2270:
2258:. Retrieved
2248:
2239:
2230:
2223:Falkner 2008
2193:. Retrieved
2183:
2147:
2125:
2119:
2113:) (1840) by
2110:
2106:
2100:
2094:
2087:
2081:
2070:
2059:Romola Garai
2056:
2033:
2030:Rachel Weisz
2027:
2022:
2014:
2008:
1995:22 May 1692
1975:14 May 1751
1879:and thus of
1871:. Their son
1730:
1718:
1706:
1698:John Spencer
1695:
1671:William Pitt
1660:
1656:
1652:
1648:
1623:
1620:
1612:
1602:
1579:
1567:William Kent
1564:
1560:
1556:William Kent
1538:
1527:
1508:
1493:
1478:
1444:
1432:
1413:
1408:Enoch Seeman
1397:
1385:
1358:
1346:
1325:
1321:
1313:
1309:
1305:
1301:
1281:embezzlement
1273:
1269:
1265:
1257:
1253:
1249:
1234:
1205:
1190:
1181:
1159:
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1124:
1092:
1076:
1058:
1057:(Sarah) and
1054:
1051:
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993:
987:
953:
929:
912:
905:
892:
888:, p. 19
859:
842:house arrest
822:
798:
794:
786:
739:
732:
709:
693:
686:(1660–1744).
683:
593:
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522:
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505:
501:
500:
371:(1744-10-18)
339:Sarah Jenyns
315:Succeeded by
284:
266:, after 1714
262:Portrait by
238:
223:
207:
192:Please help
187:
157:
148:
138:
131:
124:
117:
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93:Please help
88:verification
85:
61:
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48:
47:Please help
44:
4053:1744 deaths
4048:1660 births
4013:Baptist May
3797:Art History
3426:Lee, Sidney
3376:12 November
3323:3 September
3171:Taylor 2008
2803:Harris 2004
2089:Yellowbeard
1863:became 3rd
1801:by courtesy
1750:Death date
1747:Birth date
1457:Later years
1055:Mrs Freeman
945:Titus Oates
924:Privy Purse
805:Popish Plot
704:Agney Court
665:of Ireland;
661:and became
537:William III
514:(Old Style)
349:5 June 1660
305:Preceded by
4042:Categories
4024:1702–1744
3992:1702–1711
3973:1702–1711
3879:required.)
3852:required.)
3706:required.)
3664:required.)
3609:Queen Anne
3601:required.)
3537:required.)
3495:required.)
3397:10 January
3349:10 January
3222:Gregg 2014
2995:Gibbs 2009
2916:Gregg 1972
2745:Gregg 1972
2611:Hooke 1742
2599:Hooke 1742
2560:Gregg 2012
2455:Speck 2009
2341:, p.
2325:, p.
2309:, p.
2295:2, line 20
2293:, p.
2277:, p.
2134:References
2072:Queen Anne
2040:Emma Stone
1634:Assessment
1569:, and the
1451:Lady Diana
1365:Protestant
1363:ensured a
1327:waters at
1059:Mrs Morley
984:Queen Anne
937:Syon House
886:Hooke 1742
868:, and the
854:Nottingham
700:Charles II
590:Early life
470:Occupation
376:St James's
345:1660-06-05
121:newspapers
50:improve it
3906:1754-0194
3572:162348735
3317:IndieWire
2279:6, line 8
2260:24 August
2175:Citations
2165:Whitehall
2109:(French:
2079:in 2017.
1920:Henrietta
1813:Henrietta
1702:Wimbledon
1605:Wimbledon
1597:Lady Fane
1509:However,
1481:Henrietta
1470:Pall Mall
1393:Greenwich
1151:Cambridge
1121:, c. 1702
1117:, by Sir
1036:Woodstock
874:Copt-Hall
848:) in the
783:, c. 1704
728:Anne Hyde
663:vicereine
600:St Albans
484:Signature
458:Parent(s)
411:1677/78;
400:Spouse(s)
352:St Albans
289:1702–1711
285:In office
246:Her Grace
56:talk page
3780:78044620
3767:, 2006)
3744:James II
3732:(1742).
3420:(1898),
3266:6 August
3152:, p. 394
2948:4 August
2402:6 August
2195:8 August
1978:Married
1946:Married
1823:married
1815:married
1803:and 2nd
1795:Married
1727:Children
1379:), King
988:pictured
956:smallpox
883:—
832:invited
819:James II
809:Eyemouth
764:Marriage
510:Jennings
508:, spelt
420:Children
210:May 2023
3564:2638035
3428:(ed.),
3298:Wu 2017
3148:Rowse,
2634:2 March
2075:at the
2061:in the
1861:Charles
1844:Spencer
1842:(later
1667:estates
1586:Althorp
1373:James I
997:pension
919:annuity
896:treason
866:Bishop
846:Cockpit
779:by Sir
722:to the
716:Frances
712:Temple)
655:Frances
541:Mary II
294:Monarch
135:scholar
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2163:at 70
1741:Image
1677:, and
1487:. The
1474:London
1329:Aachen
1011:, and
968:regent
506:Jenyns
380:London
200:and a
137:
130:
123:
116:
108:
3959:First
3568:S2CID
3560:JSTOR
3424:, in
2139:Notes
1885:Diana
1744:Name
1663:wills
1584:near
1571:Doric
1213:dowry
1088:Whigs
1039:Manor
684:Sarah
584:trust
556:Whigs
504:(née
415:1722)
142:JSTOR
128:books
3902:ISSN
3776:OCLC
3769:ISBN
3748:ISBN
3719:ISBN
3674:ISBN
3632:ISBN
3614:ISBN
3505:ISBN
3463:ISBN
3445:ISBN
3399:2019
3378:2018
3370:IMDb
3351:2019
3325:2018
3268:2007
2950:2007
2850:See
2636:2014
2404:2007
2262:2007
2197:2007
2069:'s
1873:John
1821:Mary
1440:Bath
1438:and
1185:Kent
1140:Whig
1136:Tory
838:Mary
618:, a
539:and
366:Died
335:Born
298:Anne
114:news
3894:doi
3865:doi
3838:doi
3692:doi
3650:doi
3587:doi
3552:doi
3523:doi
3481:doi
2343:220
2327:219
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710:née
622:of
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