44:
3264:
75:
453:
skeletal muscle (myositis), cardiac muscle (petechial hemorrhages of cardiac muscle and serosae), and lymph nodes (oedema, necrosis, and hemorrhage). These lesions are associated with maturation of second generation of meronts within the endothelial and subendothelials cells. Occasionally mononuclear infiltration or hyperemia has been observed in the lamina propria of the small intestine. After the acute phase, cysts may be found in various muscular tissues, generally without pathology.
2350:
2583:
2274:
In volunteer studies with infected beef, symptoms appeared 3–6 hours after eating. These included anorexia, nausea, abdominal pain, distension, diarrhea, vomiting, dyspnea, and tachycardia. All symptoms were transient and lasted about 36 hours. In a second series, symptoms—abdominal pain, distension,
2573:
These parasites can also infect birds, producing three different clinical forms: an acute pulmonary disease, muscular disease, and neurological disease. Symptoms include lethargy, shortness of breath, tail bobbing, yellow-tinted droppings, and sudden death. The presence of the cysts in the muscle of
2063:
are also infected by this genus, marsupials may have been the original hosts of this genus and the parasites were spread to the
Northern Hemisphere by birds. A third possibility is that the genus originally infected birds and was spread worldwide by these hosts. A final possibility because of the
2676:
average 10.5 by 13.5 μm. Because of the overlap in size, size alone is not reliable as a diagnostic criterion of the species. Confirmatory staining with the periodic acid-Schiff (PAS) can be performed, as the walls stain positively. Heated safranin + methylene blue has been used for staining, as
452:
In species in which symptoms develop, these typically occur 20–40 days after ingestion of sporocysts and during the subsequent migration of sporozoites through the body vessels. Acute lesions (oedema, hemorrhages, and necrosis) develop in the affected tissues. The parasite has a predilection for
444:
formation. Sarcocysts begin as unicellular bodies containing a single metrocyte and through asexual multiplication numerous metrocytes accumulate and the sarcocyst increases in size. As the sarcocyst matures, the small, rounded, noninfectious metrocytes give rise to crescent-shaped bodies called
249:
The lifecycle of a typical member of this genus involves two host species, a definitive host and an intermediate host. Often, the definitive host is a predator and the intermediate host is its prey. The parasite reproduces sexually in the gut of the definitive host, is passed with the feces, and
2179:
The first report of human infection was made in 1868. Although several additional reports were subsequently published, these early descriptions were not considered definitive. The first generally agreed definitive description of this disease was published in 1894 by
Baraban and Saint-Remy. This
2542:
indicating that 50–60% percent of all horses in the
Midwest United States have been exposed to it. Clinical signs include gait abnormalities including ataxia, knuckling, and crossing over. Muscle atrophy, usually unilateral, may occur. The lesions are typically focal. Brain stem involvement is
2278:
Clinical cases have been associated with acute fever, myalgias, bronchospasm, pruritic rashes, lymphadenopathy, subcutaneous nodules associated with eosinophilia, elevated erythrocyte sedimentation rate, and elevated creatinine kinase levels. Symptoms may last as long as five years. Segmental
2668:). Flotation based on high-density solutions incorporating sodium chloride, cesium chloride, zinc sulfate, sucrose, Percoll, Ficoll-Hypaque, or other such density gradient media is preferred to formalin-ethyl acetate or other sedimentation methods. Sporocysts of
250:
ingested by the intermediate host. There, it eventually enters muscle tissue. When the intermediate host is eaten by the definitive host, the cycle is completed. The definitive host usually does not show any symptoms of infection, but the intermediate host does.
2299:. The PAS stain may be helpful, but variable uptake of stain is common. Along with the sarcocysts, inflammatory cells may be found. Other findings include myositis, myonecrosis, perivascular and interstitial inflammation, vasculitis, and eosinophilic myositis.
2812:
The parasite's lifecycle typically involves a predator and a prey animal. A single species may infect multiple prey or predator animals. In at least 56 species, definitive and intermediate hosts are known. Many species are named after their recognised hosts.
2064:
existence of lifecycles where both the intermediate and final hosts are reptiles, the genus may have originated in reptiles and spread from there to other genera. The resolution of this question awaits the outcome of further molecular studies.
433:. Subsequent generations of merozoites develop downstream in the direction of blood flow to arterioles, capillaries, venules, and veins throughout the body, subsequently developing into the final asexual generation in muscles.
2262:. While normally mild and lasting under 48 hours, the intestinal form may occasionally be severe or even life-threatening. The invasive form may involve a wide variety of tissues including lymph nodes, muscles, and the
2556:) with an unnamed species has been reported. Findings included disseminated eosinophilic myositis, abortion, and haemoabdomen. The myositis was associated with haemorrhage, necrosis, and degeneration. Infection by
2610:, and 68% in India The infection rate in sheep is commonly above 90%. Camels have a similarly high incidence of infection. Rates above 80% are known in cattle and goats. The incidence in water buffaloes, yak and
2788:. Sulfadiazine (20 mg/kg orally) once or twice a day is a commonly used. Infected horses should also be placed on pyrimethamine at the dose of 1.0 mg/kg given once a day orally for 120 days or longer.
4006:
2237:
is ingested. Contaminated water might be a source of very rare human extraintestinal infection (it is not possible for water to be the origin of a gut infection), but this remains a theoretical possibility.
420:
or pigs then ingest sporocysts. Sporozoites are released in the body and migrate to vessels, where they undergo the first two generations of asexual reproduction. These rounds result in the development of
269:
by
Miescher in 1843. His findings were not initially interpreted as involving a protist, and the literature referred to the structures he described as "Miescher's tubules". Incidentally, Miescher's son,
305:. The lifecycle remained unknown until 1970, when bradyzoites from sarcocysts in bird muscles were inoculated into cultured mammalian cells and seen to undergo development into sexual stages and
6642:
2059:. Because of this pattern, the genus may have evolved in the Northern Hemisphere from a pre-existing protozoan species that infected mammals. Alternatively, because a number of Australian
2461:
2150:
infection had a high prevalence of around 23%, reflecting ingestion of raw or undercooked meat. Virtually all cases appeared to be asymptomatic. A study of 100 human tongues obtained
1892:
257:
are in this genus. Revision of the taxonomy of the genus is ongoing, and all the currently recognised species may be a much smaller number of species that can infect multiple hosts.
726:
352:
remained obscure until 1972, when the prey-predator relationship of its definitive and intermediate hosts was recognised. The lifecycles of about 60 of these species are now known.
1257:
1721:
449:(also known as "bradyzoic merozoites") that are infectious for the definitive host. The time required for maturation varies with the species and may take 2 months or more.
1649:
861:
2076:
is known as sarcosporidiosis or sarcocystosis. Because of initial confusion over the nature of this parasite, the organism in the intestine was originally referred to as
2307:
Because infection is rarely symptomatic, treatment is rarely required. No trials have been published, so treatment remains empirical. Agents that have been used include
1955:
1928:
1865:
1739:
1176:
2018:
1820:
1802:
1757:
1703:
1613:
1586:
1550:
1514:
1487:
1401:
1383:
717:
2341:
Infection can be prevented by cooking the meat before eating. Alternatively, freezing the meat at −5 °C for several days before ingestion kills the sporocysts.
1937:
1847:
1694:
1604:
1356:
879:
825:
744:
2660:
Oocysts with two sporocysts or individual sporocysts in human feces are diagnostic of intestinal infection. These first appear 14 to 18 days after ingesting beef (
6134:
5272:
1919:
1811:
1784:
1748:
1455:
1374:
1338:
1275:
1239:
1158:
1095:
969:
924:
906:
870:
834:
2773:
Current treatments are not entirely satisfactory. Amprolium (100 mg/kg, daily for 30 days), fed prophylactically, reduced illness in cattle inoculated with
2009:
1883:
1775:
1676:
1541:
1523:
1505:
1428:
1266:
1167:
1149:
1104:
1059:
1050:
1032:
1014:
816:
807:
771:
762:
735:
1982:
1973:
1910:
1838:
1730:
1667:
1658:
1473:
1464:
1419:
1320:
1302:
1230:
1221:
1212:
1194:
1185:
1131:
1122:
1113:
1023:
1005:
960:
798:
789:
780:
2389:
is the only species known to be pathogenic in cattle. Several clinical syndromes have been reported in connection with this parasite: eosinophilic myositis;
1964:
1946:
1532:
1446:
1437:
1392:
1365:
1347:
1329:
1311:
1284:
1248:
1203:
1140:
1086:
996:
978:
942:
933:
5565:
2036:
2027:
2000:
1901:
1874:
1829:
1793:
1712:
1685:
1577:
1568:
1410:
1293:
1068:
1041:
987:
888:
852:
753:
5089:
5079:
1991:
1856:
1766:
1595:
1559:
1496:
1077:
951:
915:
897:
708:
456:
Once the intermediate host is eaten by the definitive host, such as a dog or human, the parasite undergoes sexual reproduction within the gut to create
5601:
5242:
5084:
5033:
5023:
2333:
were effective in preventing severe illness and death in experimentally infected calves and lambs. These agents have not been tried in humans to date.
1640:
6298:
6151:
5593:
5577:
5573:
5569:
5125:
588:
is the largest genus within the family
Sarcocystidae and consists of species that infect a range of animals, including mammals, birds, and reptiles.
3550:
6286:
6274:
6225:
5847:
5541:
5525:
5521:
5267:
5213:
5038:
3961:
6548:
6292:
6269:
6252:
5859:
5597:
5533:
5284:
5279:
5107:
4619:
4284:
6352:
6156:
6122:
6093:
5839:
5768:
5585:
5529:
5028:
4981:
4613:
4278:
4269:
293:
or protozoa was unclear . This uncertainty was resolved in 1967 when electron microscopic studies showed that they were protozoa, related to
6561:
6344:
6327:
6310:
6261:
6218:
6213:
6163:
5581:
5537:
5254:
5230:
4493:
4379:
461:
457:
6381:
6373:
6319:
5589:
5249:
5188:
4590:
4579:
4289:
2705:
is up to 6 μm thick and appears radially striated from villar protrusions up to 7 μm long. Its bradyzoites are 7 to 9 μm long. The wall of
437:
2051:
These protozoa are being increasingly well studied in mammals, birds and reptiles. They do not appear to infect mammals of the superorder
6357:
4481:
441:
380:
372:
592:, another genus within this family, consists of parasites that use rodents as intermediate hosts and birds of prey as definitive hosts.
499:) was not described until 1977 by Munday et al. In 1986 the first life cycle involving birds as both the definitive (northern goshawk –
6332:
6168:
5561:
3413:
Baraban M. Le and Saint-Remy M. G.(1894) Sur un cas de tubes psorospermiques observés chez l'homme. Compt. Rend. Soc. Biol. 46: 231–203
2804:
No vaccines are currently known. Experimentally inoculated pigs appear to develop a persistent immunity, so a vaccine may be possible.
5260:
2448:
are nonpathogenic. Infection with these parasites is common in the US with over 80% of sheep examined showing evidence of infection.
3361:
Abubakar S, Teoh BT, Sam SS, Chang LY, Johari J, Hooi PS, Lakhbeer-Singh HK, Italiano CM, Omar SF, Wong KT, Ramli N, Tan CT (2013).
6522:
2456:
both produce extraintestinal disease. Anemia, anorexia, ataxia, and abortions are the chief clinical signs. Myositis with flaccid
479:
pass the infectious stages in their faeces. Ingestion of this material may lead to successful infection of the ingesting animal.
2817:
2209:(a name lacking a description). Two species are currently considered to be capable of causing human intestinal infection:
4124:
2091:
The extremes of age reported to date are a 26-day-old infant and a 75-year-old man. Infections have been reported from
487:
Although sarcocysts were first reported in the muscles of birds by Kuhn in 1865, the first lifecycle involving a bird (
464:. Most definitive hosts do not show any clinical signs or symptoms. Fusion of a macrogamont and a microgamont creates a
3971:
3438:
2958:
2535:
3101:
Munday BL, Humphrey JD, Kila V (1977). "Pathology produced by, prevalence, of, and probable lifecycle of a species of
413:
are thin-walled and easily break open. The result is that sporocysts recovered from feces outnumber intact oocysts.
6622:
4165:
2464:
is a recognised syndrome that may occur in outbreaks. The usual pathological findings in such cases are multifocal
6566:
4160:
3626:
387:
of the intermediate host. In some cases, a single species may act as both the definitive and intermediate host.
2472:. The diagnosis may be established finding protozoan bodies (12.7–23.0 μm) that stain immunocytochemically for
6637:
6632:
4244:
4234:
4217:
3326:
Wong KT, Pathmanathan R (1992). "High prevalence of human skeletal muscle sarcocystosis in south-east Asia".
2088:
Although human intestinal infection is common, extraintestinal human sarcocystosis is considered to be rare.
519:
The taxonomy of this genus and its relationship to other protozoal genera are currently under investigation.
17:
2693:
The walls of the sarcocyst may be helpful in species diagnosis with 24 wall types identified in 62 species.
4403:
398:
333:
was reviewed during the same decade; and that account is still a very useful source of information today.
6627:
6612:
6470:
3544:
2777:. Prophylactic administration of amprolium or salinomycin also protected experimentally infected sheep.
74:
6576:
6514:
2678:
2158:
revealed an infection rate of 21%. No sex difference was found and the age range was 16 to 57 years (
271:
3263:
468:, which develops into an oocyst. The oocyst is passed through the faeces, completing the lifecycle.
5996:
4044:
4021:
2649:
2626:
by examination of the skeletal muscle. In some species, the cysts may be visible to the naked eye (
429:
emerge from the second-generation meronts and enter the mononucleated cells, where they develop by
6236:
5802:
4249:
4117:
3823:
Woldemeskel M, Gebreab F (1996). "Prevalence of sarcocysts in livestock of northwest
Ethiopia".
2978:
Miescher, F. (1843). "Ueber eigenthiimliche
Schlauche in den Muskeln einer Hausmaus. Ber. u.d".
6423:
5290:
2781:
2754:
699:
530:
6553:
4050:
2397:
in heifers have also been reported. Typical clinical signs of acute bovine sarcocystosis are:
317:) in dogs, cats, and humans revealed three morphologically distinct species, which were named
6589:
6461:
6045:
4584:
4523:
4445:
4212:
4015:
3182:
of horses and opossums to other cyst-forming coccidia deduced from SSU rRNA gene sequences".
2709:
is 4 to 9μm thick, with villar protrusions up to 13 μm long. Its bradyzoites are 15 μm long.
6617:
6496:
5225:
4337:
2167:
1622:
843:
660:
Within the genus, a number of clades have been identified. These include one that contains
3939:
8:
5470:
5427:
3150:"Life cycle involving bird-bird relation in sarcocystis coccidia with the description of
2780:
In horses, treatment has been confined to dihydrofolate reductase inhibitors such as the
2196:
1631:
2530:). All use canids as definitive hosts; transplacental infection has also been reported.
5517:
5317:
4536:
4312:
4229:
4207:
4195:
4170:
4110:
4040:
3921:
3836:
3638:
3505:
La Perle KM, Silveria F, Anderson DE, Blomme EA (1999). "Dalmeny disease in an alpaca (
3479:
3391:
3362:
3303:
3278:
3207:
3122:
2539:
2398:
501:
69:
4086:
4061:
3796:
3779:
Latif BM, Al-Delemi JK, Mohammed BS, Al-Bayati SM, Al-Amiry AM (1999). "Prevalence of
3698:
Freyre A, Chifflet L, Mendez J (1992). "Sarcosporidian infection in pigs in
Uruguay".
6584:
6483:
6206:
5643:
5205:
5043:
4904:
4827:
4398:
4239:
4202:
4190:
4180:
4091:
3967:
3913:
3878:
3840:
3800:
3754:
3750:
3715:
3711:
3680:
3676:
3630:
3587:
3583:
3526:
3487:
3434:
3396:
3343:
3339:
3308:
3252:
3199:
3130:
3083:
3048:
3010:
2469:
3925:
3211:
3149:
3036:
2998:
2717:
Several other genera of heteroxenous and cyst-forming coccidia are known, including
2468:
white matter oedema and necrosis, glial nodules and mild to moderate nonsuppurative
6488:
6475:
6081:
5635:
5611:
5607:
5445:
5389:
4886:
4690:
4428:
4154:
4081:
4073:
3905:
3832:
3792:
3746:
3707:
3672:
3642:
3622:
3579:
3518:
3471:
3386:
3378:
3335:
3298:
3290:
3242:
3191:
3114:
3079:
3075:
495:
43:
4077:
3247:
3226:
2275:
watery diarrhea, and eosinophilia—appeared at 1 week and resolved after 3 weeks.
6069:
5647:
5615:
5435:
5431:
5394:
5372:
5337:
5048:
4847:
4779:
4709:
4440:
4433:
4026:
3554:
2155:
507:
6509:
6446:
5964:
5880:
5790:
5711:
5651:
5621:
5404:
5348:
5325:
5148:
4909:
4864:
4697:
4677:
4566:
4332:
4185:
4137:
2320:
2140:
236:
155:
112:
99:
3195:
6606:
6230:
6139:
5979:
5928:
5915:
5898:
5822:
5669:
5557:
5478:
5399:
5354:
5342:
5307:
5099:
5010:
4940:
4852:
4835:
4714:
4555:
4542:
4374:
3178:
Elsheikha HM, Lacher DW, Mansfield LS (2005). "Phylogenetic relationships of
2785:
2725:
2316:
2312:
2165:
A non-enteric outbreak affecting 93 people was reported in 2012 in
Malaysia.
2120:
2112:
566:
536:
489:
397:
of an infected definitive host. The oocyst undergoes sporogony, creating two
165:
4102:
3909:
2538:. Exposure to this parasite appears to be common in the United States, with
2354:
2349:
657:
rather than within muscle. This distinction may not be taxonomically valid.
6392:
6098:
6086:
6040:
6020:
5969:
5946:
5814:
5797:
5785:
5728:
5716:
5680:
5657:
5551:
5547:
5513:
5455:
5450:
5439:
5423:
5419:
5381:
5236:
5218:
5142:
4952:
4928:
4916:
4758:
4738:
4721:
4702:
4668:
4604:
4488:
4458:
4356:
4095:
3882:
3804:
3634:
3530:
3522:
3400:
3382:
3312:
3203:
2614:
exceeds 80% while the incidence in horses, donkeys, and chickens is lower.
2394:
560:
346:
342:
3917:
3844:
3758:
3719:
3684:
3591:
3491:
3347:
3087:
3052:
2570:
infects mule deer. Death from experimental inoculation has been reported.
6535:
6455:
6280:
6201:
6184:
6074:
6065:
6002:
5990:
5984:
5889:
5735:
5722:
5495:
5460:
5414:
5409:
5180:
4969:
4897:
4891:
4840:
4806:
4786:
4654:
4548:
4531:
4511:
4470:
4415:
4386:
4361:
3294:
3256:
3134:
3014:
2793:
2652:. Muscle biopsy is also diagnostic, but this is much less commonly used.
2603:
2465:
2330:
2308:
2292:
2205:
2183:
The cysts in human muscle were considered to belong to a single species,
446:
430:
145:
135:
3998:
2816:
A listing of the known host-parasite relations can be found on the page
6527:
6386:
6127:
6032:
6009:
5957:
5951:
5909:
5903:
5852:
5827:
5777:
5704:
5692:
5686:
5662:
5507:
5503:
5483:
5360:
5330:
5160:
5060:
5055:
4998:
4992:
4945:
4933:
4921:
4873:
4746:
4726:
4500:
4463:
4421:
4409:
4320:
3483:
3126:
2839:. Its description has since been considered less than satisfactory and
2789:
2765:
in diagnostic material may be difficult without immunochemical stains.
2749:
2552:
2414:
2247:
2225:
have occasionally been reported as infecting humans extraintestinally.
2203:
has since been considered to be unsatisfactory and has been declared a
2116:
2060:
2052:
578:
426:
406:
376:
368:
356:
295:
61:
6540:
425:. This stage lasts about 15 to 16 days after ingestion of sporocysts.
6193:
6104:
6014:
5939:
5921:
5864:
5740:
5674:
5136:
5130:
5112:
4986:
4957:
4881:
4763:
4685:
4624:
4451:
4141:
4133:
3279:"Current status of epidemiology and diagnosis of human sarcocystosis"
2737:
2731:
2719:
2457:
2326:
2056:
554:
542:
524:
472:
364:
360:
282:
muscle in 1865, but these remained unnamed until 1899, when the name
125:
86:
6417:
3475:
3118:
2648:
diagnosis may be made with the use of dermal sensitivity testing or
6440:
6144:
6057:
5933:
5698:
5193:
5154:
5072:
5016:
4817:
4505:
4367:
4344:
4224:
3963:
Gregarines, Haemogregarines, Coccidia, Plasmodia, and
Haemoproteids
2743:
2543:
common. Depression, weakness, head tilt, and dysphagia also occur.
2410:
2390:
2259:
2251:
2136:
626:
also appears to belong to this clade and this clade is a sister to
572:
548:
476:
349:
220:
217:
2393:, stillbirths, and deaths in pregnant cows; two cases of necrotic
5066:
5004:
4751:
4643:
4560:
4391:
4349:
4325:
4303:
2607:
2561:
2417:, excessive salivation, and loss of hair at the tip of the tail.
2402:
2100:
422:
390:
301:
254:
228:
6501:
3454:
Dubey JP, Lindsay DS, Speer CA, Fayer R, Livingston CW (1988). "
2503:
is pathogenic for pigs causing diarrhea, myositis and lameness.
2353:
Sarcocysts within pig skeletal muscle: Note the readily visible
4475:
4010:
3778:
2635:
2406:
2288:
2263:
2255:
2108:
2096:
2092:
465:
417:
384:
306:
224:
3896:
Markus, MB; Bush, JB (1987). "Staining of coccidial oocysts".
3504:
2582:
3604:
3034:
2639:
2296:
2132:
2128:
2124:
2104:
654:
611:
394:
290:
266:
213:
58:
6643:
Parasitic diseases associated with beef and pork consumption
471:
A second lifecycle has more recently been described whereby
3627:
10.1645/0022-3395(2001)087[0938:SMIIDP]2.0.CO;2
3433:(2nd ed.). Oxford University Press. pp. 360–375.
2999:"Sarcocystis and sarcocystosis in domestic animals and man"
2682:
2631:
2627:
2599:
2234:
2159:
232:
54:
2796:
and other coccidiostats are being evaluated to treat EPM.
3865:
Fukuyo M, Battsetseg G, Byambaa B (2002). "Prevalence of
2611:
2291:
of an infected muscle. Sarcocysts are identifiable with
2279:
necrotizing enteritis has been reported on one occasion.
2246:
The pathology is of two types: a rare invasive form with
279:
275:
3225:
Garnham, P. C. C.; Duggan, A. J.; Sinden, R. E. (1979).
3177:
371:, which occurs in various tissues, and the formation of
3864:
3509:): sarcocystosis, eosinophilic myositis and abortion".
3422:
3003:
Advances in Veterinary Science and Comparative Medicine
2180:
species was named by Rivolta after Lindemannl in 1898.
409:
and measure approximately 15–19 by 8–10 μm. Oocysts of
3453:
3035:
Markus, MB; Killick-Kendrick, R; Garnham, PCC (1974).
3066:
Markus, MB (1987). "Terms for coccidian merozoites".
2642:), but in most, microscopic examination is required.
3988:
3697:
3360:
3037:"The coccidial nature and life cycle of Sarcocystis"
2420:
Sheep may be infected by four recognized species of
2233:
Intestinal infection occurs when raw or undercooked
3605:
Claveria FG, De La Peña C, Cruz-Flores MJ (2001). "
3224:
345:(more than one obligatory host) lifecycle of these
3869:infection in meat-producing animals in Mongolia".
3822:
3818:
3816:
3814:
3100:
653:on the basis of its tendency to encyst within the
436:Merozoites entering muscle cells round up to form
2925:is the more commonly used name for this species.
2590:in a 3-year-old sheep cardiac muscle tissue (40X)
2460:has been reported as a consequence of infection.
6604:
3423:Markus, MB; Van Der Lugt, JJ; Dubey, JP (2004).
3325:
3276:
3218:
2171:was confirmed to be the cause in several cases.
2146:Stool examinations in Thai laborers showed that
3811:
3147:
511:) hosts was described by Cerná and Kvasnovská.
3959:
3658:
3654:
3652:
641:Several molecular studies have suggested that
64:. The cyst is approximately 4 mm across.
4132:
4118:
3860:
3858:
3856:
3854:
3732:
313:of cattle (then considered a single species,
3774:
3772:
3770:
3768:
3733:Saleque A, Bhatia BB (1991). "Prevalence of
3659:Pereira A, Bermejo M (1988). "Prevalence of
3598:
3235:Annales de Parasitologie Humaine et Comparée
3171:
3068:Annals of Tropical Medicine and Parasitology
2323:have also been used for symptomatic relief.
4667:
4612:
4277:
3871:Southeast Asian J. Trop. Med. Public Health
3726:
3649:
3566:Dubey JP, Powell EC (1994). "Prevalence of
3565:
3498:
3430:(eds JAW Coetzer & RC Tustin), Volume 1
3407:
2971:
2664:), and 11 to 13 days after ingesting pork (
2254:and an intestinal form that presents with
4652:
4125:
4111:
3895:
3851:
3691:
2807:
42:
27:Genus of protists in the apicomplex phylum
4085:
4043:at the U.S. National Library of Medicine
3783:spp. in meat-producing animals in Iraq".
3765:
3559:
3447:
3390:
3302:
3246:
3094:
2712:
6192:
3825:Journal of Veterinary Medicine, Series B
3462:species in sheep in the United States".
3319:
3041:Journal of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene
2977:
2843:has been proposed as the type species.
2701:both have walls of type 10. The wall of
2581:
2348:
289:Initially, whether these organisms were
3141:
2577:
2361:Four recognised species infect cattle:
265:The organism was first recognised in a
14:
6605:
4062:"Sarcocystis spp. in human infections"
3548:, GlobalTwitcher.com, ed. N. Strömberg
3065:
2996:
2598:is common. Rates in pigs vary: 18% in
2574:wild birds is known as "rice breast".
634:appears to be very closely related to
505:) and intermediate (Atlantic canary –
6422:
6421:
4106:
4059:
2479:Four recognised species infect pigs:
2344:
2228:
6577:e3f557bb-7214-4967-a15d-452566fc8f3d
2818:Sarcocystis: Host-parasite relations
2761:. Differentiating these genera from
2672:average 9.3 by 14.7 μm and those of
2269:
649:. This genus was distinguished from
3663:cysts in pigs and sheep in Spain".
3277:Poulsen, CS; Stensvold, CR (2014).
2055:and infect only two species of the
367:of the definitive host, while both
278:. Similar structures were found in
24:
3837:10.1111/j.1439-0450.1996.tb00287.x
3363:"Outbreak of human infection with
2959:Equine protozoal myeloencephalitis
2536:equine protozoal myeloencephalitis
2067:
25:
6654:
4072:(4): 894–902, table of contents.
3984:
3428:Infectious Diseases of Livestock
3231:in the brain of two exotic birds"
2462:Ovine protozoan myeloencephalitis
329:. This and post-1972 research on
3283:Journal of Clinical Microbiology
3262:
2835:. The original type species was
2187:, and the intestinal form to be
1893:Sarcocystis stenodactylicolubris
405:characteristically contain four
73:
3953:
3932:
3889:
3537:
3416:
3354:
2831:is now considered a synonym of
2083:
727:Sarcocystis ameivamastigodryasi
3940:"Coccidia Parasite Life Cycle"
3270:
3148:Cerná Ž, Kvašňovská Z (1986).
3080:10.1080/00034983.1987.11812147
3059:
3028:
2990:
2799:
2768:
2622:The diagnosis is usually made
2617:
2550:Fatal infection of an alpaca (
2547:may cause myositis in horses.
223:, with many species infecting
13:
1:
4078:10.1128/CMR.17.4.894-902.2004
3797:10.1016/s0304-4017(99)00046-1
3607:Sarcocystis miescherianm epma
3426:Sarcocystosis. Chapter 20 in:
3328:Trans. R. Soc. Trop. Med. Hyg
2964:
2757:spore-forming genera include
2688:
2655:
2336:
2195:(from undercooked pork). The
688:also groups with this clade.
235:. Its name is dervived from
3960:Julius P Kreir, ed. (1977).
3751:10.1016/0304-4017(91)90092-a
3737:in domestic pigs in India".
3712:10.1016/0304-4017(92)90020-a
3677:10.1016/0304-4017(88)90049-0
3609:infection in domestic pigs (
3584:10.1016/0304-4017(94)90045-0
3340:10.1016/0035-9203(92)90161-5
2980:Verhandl. Naturf. Ges. Basel
2847:may not be a valid species.
2506:Five species infect horses:
2302:
2282:
2241:
2174:
2046:
1258:Sarcocystis hemionilatrantis
622:appear to be sister clades.
383:) occurs principally in the
336:
309:. Transmission studies with
196:
7:
3248:10.1051/parasite/1979544393
2952:
2937:may be the same species as
2929:may be the same species as
2586:H&E micrograph showing
2191:(from undercooked beef) or
1722:Sarcocystis podarcicolubris
514:
416:Intermediate hosts such as
10:
6659:
2221:. Other species including
1650:Sarcocystis odocoileocanis
862:Sarcocystis camelopardalis
691:
260:
6430:
6372:
6343:
6318:
6309:
6260:
6251:
6183:
6115:
6056:
6031:
5888:
5879:
5838:
5813:
5776:
5767:
5763:
5634:
5494:
5469:
5380:
5371:
5316:
5305:
5204:
5179:
5098:
4977:
4968:
4872:
4863:
4826:
4815:
4804:
4774:
4737:
4676:
4663:
4641:
4603:
4577:
4522:
4311:
4302:
4268:
4264:
4148:
3992:
3966:. Elsevier. p. 580.
3196:10.1007/s00436-005-1396-5
2905:may be the same species.
2861:has been reclassified as
2853:has been reclassified as
2650:complement fixation tests
1956:Sarcocystis tarandivulpes
1929:Sarcocystis sulawesiensis
1866:Sarcocystis singaporensis
1740:Sarcocystis poephagicanis
1177:Sarcocystis gerbilliechis
645:is actually a species of
610:apparently form a single
272:Johann Friedrich Miescher
192:
187:
70:Scientific classification
68:
50:
41:
34:
4045:Medical Subject Headings
3543:C. Michael Hogan. 2008.
2837:Sarcocystis miescheriana
2823:
2560:of muscle tissue in the
2287:Definitive diagnosis by
2019:Sarcocystis villivilliso
1821:Sarcocystis scandinavica
1803:Sarcocystis rodentifelis
1758:Sarcocystis porcihominis
1704:Sarcocystis phoeniconaii
1614:Sarcocystis neotomafelis
1587:Sarcocystis murinotechis
1551:Sarcocystis montanaensis
1515:Sarcocystis miescheriana
1488:Sarcocystis medusiformis
1402:Sarcocystis klaseriensis
1384:Sarcocystis kirkpatricki
718:Sarcocystis alceslatrans
522:Related genera include:
482:
284:Sarcocystis miescheriana
6623:Rodent-carried diseases
5803:Vitrella brassicaformis
3910:10.1136/vr.121.14.329-a
3613:) in the Philippines".
3456:Sarcocystis arieticanis
3105:in the domestic fowl".
2917:is a junior synonym of
2808:Host-parasite relations
2606:, 43% in Spain, 57% in
1938:Sarcocystis sybillensis
1848:Sarcocystis sigmodontis
1695:Sarcocystis phacochoeri
1605:Sarcocystis muriviperae
1357:Sarcocystis jamaicensis
880:Sarcocystis chamaleonis
826:Sarcocystis bovihominis
745:Sarcocystis arieticanis
286:was proposed for them.
3546:Guanaco: Lama guanicoe
3523:10.1053/jcpa.1999.0321
3383:10.3201/eid1912.120530
3152:Sarcocystis accipitris
2713:Differential diagnosis
2591:
2405:(42 °C or more),
2358:
2258:, abdominal pain, and
1920:Sarcocystis suihominis
1812:Sarcocystis roudabushi
1785:Sarcocystis rauschorum
1749:Sarcocystis porcifelis
1456:Sarcocystis lindemanni
1375:Sarcocystis kinosterni
1339:Sarcocystis idahoensis
1276:Sarcocystis hircicanis
1240:Sarcocystis hardangeri
1159:Sarcocystis fusiformis
1096:Sarcocystis fusiformis
970:Sarcocystis cymruensis
925:Sarcocystis capracanis
907:Sarcocystis cervicanis
871:Sarcocystis campestris
835:Sarcocystis buffalonis
700:Sarcocystis accipitris
401:. These sporocysts of
315:Sarcocystis fusiformis
4524:Postciliodesmatophora
2681:amplification of the
2585:
2352:
2010:Sarcocystis venatoria
1884:Sarcocystis stehlinii
1776:Sarcocystis rangiferi
1677:Sarcocystis oviformis
1542:Sarcocystis mongolica
1524:Sarcocystis mihoensis
1506:Sarcocystis mephitisi
1429:Sarcocystis lamacanis
1267:Sarcocystis hericanis
1168:Sarcocystis gallotiae
1150:Sarcocystis hoarensis
1105:Sarcocystis gallotiae
1060:Sarcocystis falcatula
1051:Sarcocystis equicanis
1033:Sarcocystis dubeyella
1015:Sarcocystis dirumpens
817:Sarcocystis bovifelis
808:Sarcocystis bovicanis
772:Sarcocystis aucheniae
763:Sarcocystis atheridis
736:Sarcocystis americana
614:. Within this clade,
253:About 130 recognized
6638:Parasites of mammals
6633:Parasites of equines
5226:Eleutheroschizonidae
4338:Cariacothrix caudata
4066:Clin. Microbiol. Rev
3570:in sows from Iowa".
3371:Emerging Infect. Dis
3365:Sarcocystis nesbitti
3295:10.1128/JCM.00955-14
3161:Folia Parasitologica
2855:Sarcocystis bigemina
2578:Incidence in animals
2413:, enlarged palpable
2168:Sarcocystis nesbitti
1983:Sarcocystis turcicii
1974:Sarcocystis tilopodi
1911:Sarcocystis suicanis
1839:Sarcocystis sibirica
1731:Sarcocystis poephagi
1668:Sarcocystis ovifelis
1659:Sarcocystis ovicanis
1623:Sarcocystis nesbitti
1474:Sarcocystis linearis
1465:Sarcocystis lindsayi
1420:Sarcocystis lacertae
1321:Sarcocystis horvathi
1303:Sarcocystis hofmanni
1231:Sarcocystis grueneri
1222:Sarcocystis greineri
1213:Sarcocystis gracilis
1195:Sarcocystis giraffae
1186:Sarcocystis gigantea
1132:Sarcocystis grueneri
1123:Sarcocystis gracilis
1114:Sarcocystis garnhami
1024:Sarcocystis dispersa
1006:Sarcocystis diminuta
961:Sarcocystis cuniculi
844:Sarcocystis calchasi
799:Sarcocystis booliati
790:Sarcocystis bigemina
781:Sarcocystis bertrami
5471:Blastogregarinorina
5428:Oligochaetocystinae
3180:Sarcocystis neurona
2997:Markus, MB (1978).
2863:Sarcocystis hominis
2568:S. hemionilatrantis
2564:has been reported.
2540:serological surveys
1965:Sarcocystis tenella
1947:Sarcocystis tarandi
1632:Sarcocystis neurona
1533:Sarcocystis mitrani
1482:Sarcocystis markusi
1447:Sarcocystis levinei
1438:Sarcocystis leporum
1393:Sarcocystis kirmsei
1366:Sarcocystis jorrini
1348:Sarcocystis inghami
1330:Sarcocystis iberica
1312:Sarcocystis hominis
1285:Sarcocystis hirsuta
1249:Sarcocystis hemioni
1204:Sarcocystis gongyli
1141:Sarcocystis halieti
1087:Sarcocystis fulicae
997:Sarcocystis debonei
979:Sarcocystis danzani
943:Sarcocystis crotali
934:Sarcocystis cornixi
493:) and a carnivore (
6628:Parasitic diseases
6613:Apicomplexa genera
5566:Amphiplatysporidae
5518:Cephaloidophoridae
5318:Archigregarinorida
4313:Intramacronucleata
3553:2011-03-04 at the
3227:"A new species of
2685:may also be used.
2592:
2436:) are pathogenic;
2359:
2345:Clinical: Nonhuman
2229:Route of infection
2037:Sarcocystis zamani
2028:Sarcocystis wapiti
2001:Sarcocystis ursusi
1902:Sarcocystis strixi
1875:Sarcocystis speeri
1830:Sarcocystis sebeki
1794:Sarcocystis rileyi
1713:Sarcocystis pilosa
1686:Sarcocystis ovalis
1578:Sarcocystis moulei
1569:Sarcocystis mucosa
1411:Sarcocystis kortei
1294:Sarcocystis hjorti
1069:Sarcocystis fayeri
1042:Sarcocystis dubeyi
988:Sarcocystis dasypi
889:Sarcocystis cernae
853:Sarcocystis cameli
754:Sarcocystis asinus
502:Accipiter gentilis
393:are passed in the
6600:
6599:
6585:Open Tree of Life
6424:Taxon identifiers
6415:
6414:
6411:
6410:
6407:
6406:
6403:
6402:
6368:
6367:
6247:
6246:
6179:
6178:
5875:
5874:
5759:
5758:
5755:
5754:
5751:
5750:
5644:Schizogregarinina
5630:
5629:
5301:
5300:
5206:Protococcidiorida
5175:
5174:
5171:
5170:
5090:Selenococcidiidae
5080:Elleipsisomatidae
5044:Cryptosporidiidae
4905:Haemogregarinidae
4828:Agamococcidiorida
4800:
4799:
4796:
4795:
4637:
4636:
4633:
4632:
4599:
4598:
4399:Oligohymenophorea
4298:
4297:
4036:
4035:
3898:Veterinary Record
3367:, Malaysia, 2012"
3289:(10): 3524–3530.
2851:Isospora bigemina
2470:encephalomyelitis
2270:Clinical features
2041:
2032:
2023:
2014:
2005:
1996:
1992:Sarcocystis turdi
1987:
1978:
1969:
1960:
1951:
1942:
1933:
1924:
1915:
1906:
1897:
1888:
1879:
1870:
1861:
1857:Sarcocystis silva
1852:
1843:
1834:
1825:
1816:
1807:
1798:
1789:
1780:
1771:
1767:Sarcocystis rangi
1762:
1753:
1744:
1735:
1726:
1717:
1708:
1699:
1690:
1681:
1672:
1663:
1654:
1645:
1636:
1627:
1618:
1609:
1600:
1596:Sarcocystis muris
1591:
1582:
1573:
1564:
1560:Sarcocystis morae
1555:
1546:
1537:
1528:
1519:
1510:
1501:
1497:Sarcocystis melis
1492:
1478:
1469:
1460:
1451:
1442:
1433:
1424:
1415:
1406:
1397:
1388:
1379:
1370:
1361:
1352:
1343:
1334:
1325:
1316:
1307:
1298:
1289:
1280:
1271:
1262:
1253:
1244:
1235:
1226:
1217:
1208:
1199:
1190:
1181:
1172:
1163:
1154:
1145:
1136:
1127:
1118:
1109:
1100:
1091:
1082:
1078:Sarcocystis felis
1073:
1064:
1055:
1046:
1037:
1028:
1019:
1010:
1001:
992:
983:
974:
965:
956:
952:Sarcocystis cruzi
947:
938:
929:
920:
916:Sarcocystis canis
911:
902:
898:Sarcocystis cervi
893:
884:
875:
866:
857:
848:
839:
830:
821:
812:
803:
794:
785:
776:
767:
758:
749:
740:
731:
722:
713:
709:Sarcocystis alces
704:
205:
204:
183:
16:(Redirected from
6650:
6593:
6592:
6580:
6579:
6570:
6569:
6557:
6556:
6544:
6543:
6531:
6530:
6518:
6517:
6505:
6504:
6492:
6491:
6479:
6478:
6466:
6465:
6464:
6451:
6450:
6449:
6419:
6418:
6316:
6315:
6258:
6257:
6190:
6189:
6082:Duboscquellaceae
5886:
5885:
5774:
5773:
5765:
5764:
5636:Neogregarinorida
5612:Actinocephalidae
5608:Stylocephaloidea
5602:Trichorhynchidae
5446:Schaudinnellidae
5390:Aikinetocystidae
5378:
5377:
5314:
5313:
5243:Eleutheroschizon
5085:Lankesterellidae
5034:Calyptosporiidae
5024:Atoxoplasmatidae
4975:
4974:
4887:Dactylosomatidae
4870:
4869:
4824:
4823:
4813:
4812:
4674:
4673:
4665:
4664:
4661:
4660:
4650:
4649:
4610:
4609:
4429:Parablepharismea
4404:Ichthyophthirius
4309:
4308:
4275:
4274:
4266:
4265:
4177:
4157:
4127:
4120:
4113:
4104:
4103:
4099:
4089:
4060:Fayer R (2004).
3990:
3989:
3978:
3977:
3957:
3951:
3950:
3948:
3946:
3936:
3930:
3929:
3893:
3887:
3886:
3862:
3849:
3848:
3820:
3809:
3808:
3776:
3763:
3762:
3730:
3724:
3723:
3695:
3689:
3688:
3656:
3647:
3646:
3602:
3596:
3595:
3563:
3557:
3541:
3535:
3534:
3502:
3496:
3495:
3451:
3445:
3444:
3420:
3414:
3411:
3405:
3404:
3394:
3358:
3352:
3351:
3323:
3317:
3316:
3306:
3274:
3268:
3267:
3266:
3260:
3250:
3222:
3216:
3215:
3175:
3169:
3168:
3158:
3145:
3139:
3138:
3098:
3092:
3091:
3063:
3057:
3056:
3032:
3026:
3025:
3023:
3021:
2994:
2988:
2987:
2975:
2945:is a synonym of
2935:S. poephagicanis
2909:is a synonym of
2893:is a synonym of
2885:is a synonym of
2877:is a synonym of
2869:is a synonym of
2859:Isospora hominis
2078:Isospora hominis
2040:
2031:
2022:
2013:
2004:
1995:
1986:
1977:
1968:
1959:
1950:
1941:
1932:
1923:
1914:
1905:
1896:
1887:
1878:
1869:
1860:
1851:
1842:
1833:
1824:
1815:
1806:
1797:
1788:
1779:
1770:
1761:
1752:
1743:
1734:
1725:
1716:
1707:
1698:
1689:
1680:
1671:
1662:
1653:
1644:
1641:Sarcocystis odoi
1635:
1626:
1617:
1608:
1599:
1590:
1581:
1572:
1563:
1554:
1545:
1536:
1527:
1518:
1509:
1500:
1491:
1477:
1468:
1459:
1450:
1441:
1432:
1423:
1414:
1405:
1396:
1387:
1378:
1369:
1360:
1351:
1342:
1333:
1324:
1315:
1306:
1297:
1288:
1279:
1270:
1261:
1252:
1243:
1234:
1225:
1216:
1207:
1198:
1189:
1180:
1171:
1162:
1153:
1144:
1135:
1126:
1117:
1108:
1099:
1090:
1081:
1072:
1063:
1054:
1045:
1036:
1027:
1018:
1009:
1000:
991:
982:
973:
964:
955:
946:
937:
928:
919:
910:
901:
892:
883:
874:
865:
856:
847:
838:
829:
820:
811:
802:
793:
784:
775:
766:
757:
748:
739:
730:
721:
712:
703:
496:Canis familiaris
181:
78:
77:
46:
32:
31:
21:
6658:
6657:
6653:
6652:
6651:
6649:
6648:
6647:
6603:
6602:
6601:
6596:
6588:
6583:
6575:
6573:
6565:
6560:
6552:
6547:
6539:
6534:
6526:
6521:
6513:
6508:
6500:
6495:
6487:
6482:
6474:
6469:
6460:
6459:
6454:
6445:
6444:
6439:
6426:
6416:
6399:
6364:
6339:
6305:
6299:Rhizellobiopsis
6243:
6175:
6152:Pronoctilucidae
6111:
6070:Amoebophryaceae
6052:
6027:
5978:Without theca:
5871:
5834:
5809:
5747:
5648:Caulleryellidae
5626:
5616:Stylocephalidae
5594:Sphaerocystidae
5578:Dactylophoridae
5574:Cnemidosporidae
5570:Brustiophoridae
5490:
5465:
5436:Stomatophorinae
5432:Rhynchocystinae
5395:Allantocystidae
5373:Eugregarinorida
5367:
5338:Selenidioididae
5310:
5297:
5200:
5167:
5126:Toxoplasmatinae
5094:
5049:Cryptosporidium
4964:
4859:
4848:Rhytidocystidae
4820:
4809:
4792:
4780:Cardiosporidium
4770:
4733:
4710:Leucocytozoidae
4657:
4646:
4629:
4595:
4573:
4518:
4441:Phyllopharyngea
4434:Parablepharisma
4294:
4260:
4259:
4175:
4153:
4144:
4131:
4037:
4032:
4031:
4001:
3987:
3982:
3981:
3974:
3958:
3954:
3944:
3942:
3938:
3937:
3933:
3894:
3890:
3863:
3852:
3821:
3812:
3777:
3766:
3731:
3727:
3706:(1–2): 167–71.
3696:
3692:
3657:
3650:
3603:
3599:
3564:
3560:
3555:Wayback Machine
3542:
3538:
3511:J. Comp. Pathol
3503:
3499:
3476:10.2307/3282228
3452:
3448:
3441:
3421:
3417:
3412:
3408:
3377:(12): 1989–91.
3359:
3355:
3324:
3320:
3275:
3271:
3261:
3223:
3219:
3176:
3172:
3156:
3146:
3142:
3119:10.2307/1589428
3099:
3095:
3064:
3060:
3047:(11): 248–259.
3033:
3029:
3019:
3017:
2995:
2991:
2976:
2972:
2967:
2955:
2907:S. miescheriana
2829:Hoareosporidium
2826:
2810:
2802:
2771:
2715:
2691:
2658:
2620:
2594:Infection with
2580:
2485:S. meischeriana
2481:S. medusiformis
2446:S. medusiformis
2347:
2339:
2321:Corticosteroids
2305:
2285:
2272:
2244:
2231:
2177:
2119:), Central and
2086:
2072:Infection with
2070:
2068:Clinical: Human
2049:
2044:
694:
682:S. rodentifelis
517:
508:Serinus canaria
485:
339:
263:
182:Lankester, 1882
180:
72:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
6656:
6646:
6645:
6640:
6635:
6630:
6625:
6620:
6615:
6598:
6597:
6595:
6594:
6581:
6571:
6558:
6545:
6532:
6519:
6506:
6493:
6480:
6467:
6452:
6436:
6434:
6428:
6427:
6413:
6412:
6409:
6408:
6405:
6404:
6401:
6400:
6398:
6397:
6378:
6376:
6370:
6369:
6366:
6365:
6363:
6362:
6349:
6347:
6341:
6340:
6338:
6337:
6324:
6322:
6313:
6307:
6306:
6304:
6303:
6287:Parallobiopsis
6275:Elliobiocystis
6266:
6264:
6255:
6249:
6248:
6245:
6244:
6242:
6241:
6226:Rastromonadida
6223:
6211:
6198:
6196:
6187:
6181:
6180:
6177:
6176:
6174:
6173:
6161:
6149:
6137:
6132:
6119:
6117:
6113:
6112:
6110:
6109:
6091:
6079:
6062:
6060:
6054:
6053:
6051:
6050:
6037:
6035:
6029:
6028:
6026:
6025:
6007:
5975:
5974:
5965:Prorocentrales
5962:
5944:
5926:
5897:With a theca:
5894:
5892:
5883:
5881:Dinoflagellata
5877:
5876:
5873:
5872:
5870:
5869:
5857:
5848:Alphamonadidae
5844:
5842:
5836:
5835:
5833:
5832:
5819:
5817:
5811:
5810:
5808:
5807:
5795:
5791:Chromera velia
5782:
5780:
5771:
5761:
5760:
5757:
5756:
5753:
5752:
5749:
5748:
5746:
5745:
5733:
5712:Schizocystidae
5709:
5667:
5655:
5652:Ophryocystidae
5640:
5638:
5632:
5631:
5628:
5627:
5625:
5624:
5622:Blabericolidae
5619:
5605:
5555:
5545:
5542:Uradiophoridae
5526:Didymophoridae
5522:Cephalolobidae
5511:
5500:
5498:
5492:
5491:
5489:
5488:
5475:
5473:
5467:
5466:
5464:
5463:
5458:
5453:
5448:
5443:
5417:
5412:
5407:
5405:Enterocystidae
5402:
5397:
5392:
5386:
5384:
5375:
5369:
5368:
5366:
5365:
5349:Meroselenidium
5335:
5326:Exoschizonidae
5322:
5320:
5311:
5306:
5303:
5302:
5299:
5298:
5296:
5295:
5277:
5268:Mackinnoniidae
5265:
5247:
5223:
5214:Angeiocystidae
5210:
5208:
5202:
5201:
5199:
5198:
5185:
5183:
5177:
5176:
5173:
5172:
5169:
5168:
5166:
5165:
5149:Nephroisospora
5123:
5104:
5102:
5096:
5095:
5093:
5092:
5087:
5082:
5077:
5053:
5041:
5039:Caryotrophidae
5036:
5031:
5026:
5021:
4978:
4972:
4966:
4965:
4963:
4962:
4950:
4938:
4926:
4914:
4910:Haemogregarina
4902:
4884:
4878:
4876:
4867:
4865:Eucoccidiorida
4861:
4860:
4858:
4857:
4845:
4832:
4830:
4821:
4816:
4810:
4805:
4802:
4801:
4798:
4797:
4794:
4793:
4791:
4790:
4783:
4775:
4772:
4771:
4769:
4768:
4756:
4743:
4741:
4735:
4734:
4732:
4731:
4719:
4707:
4698:Haemoproteidae
4695:
4682:
4680:
4678:Haemospororida
4671:
4658:
4653:
4647:
4642:
4639:
4638:
4635:
4634:
4631:
4630:
4618:
4616:
4607:
4601:
4600:
4597:
4596:
4578:
4575:
4574:
4572:
4571:
4567:Tracheloraphis
4553:
4528:
4526:
4520:
4519:
4517:
4516:
4498:
4486:
4468:
4456:
4438:
4426:
4396:
4384:
4372:
4354:
4342:
4333:Cariacotrichea
4330:
4317:
4315:
4306:
4300:
4299:
4296:
4295:
4283:
4281:
4272:
4262:
4261:
4258:
4257:
4256:
4255:
4254:
4253:
4250:Mesomycetozoea
4247:
4242:
4232:
4222:
4221:
4220:
4215:
4210:
4205:
4200:
4199:
4198:
4186:Diaphoretickes
4183:
4178:
4173:
4168:
4163:
4158:
4150:
4149:
4146:
4145:
4130:
4129:
4122:
4115:
4107:
4101:
4100:
4056:
4054:genome project
4048:
4034:
4033:
4030:
4029:
4018:
4002:
3997:
3996:
3994:
3993:Classification
3986:
3985:External links
3983:
3980:
3979:
3973:978-0323163255
3972:
3952:
3931:
3888:
3850:
3810:
3791:(1–2): 85–90.
3785:Vet. Parasitol
3764:
3745:(1–2): 151–3.
3739:Vet. Parasitol
3725:
3700:Vet. Parasitol
3690:
3671:(3–4): 353–5.
3665:Vet. Parasitol
3648:
3597:
3578:(1–2): 151–5.
3572:Vet. Parasitol
3558:
3536:
3497:
3446:
3440:978-0195782028
3439:
3415:
3406:
3353:
3318:
3269:
3241:(4): 393–400.
3217:
3184:Parasitol. Res
3170:
3140:
3113:(4): 697–703.
3093:
3058:
3027:
2989:
2969:
2968:
2966:
2963:
2962:
2961:
2954:
2951:
2867:S. bovihominis
2825:
2822:
2809:
2806:
2801:
2798:
2770:
2767:
2753:. Related but
2714:
2711:
2690:
2687:
2657:
2654:
2619:
2616:
2579:
2576:
2450:S. arieticanis
2426:S. arieticanis
2367:S. bovihominis
2346:
2343:
2338:
2335:
2319:for myositis.
2304:
2301:
2284:
2281:
2271:
2268:
2243:
2240:
2230:
2227:
2211:S. bovihominis
2176:
2173:
2141:Southeast Asia
2085:
2082:
2069:
2066:
2048:
2045:
2043:
2042:
2033:
2024:
2015:
2006:
1997:
1988:
1979:
1970:
1961:
1952:
1943:
1934:
1925:
1916:
1907:
1898:
1889:
1880:
1871:
1862:
1853:
1844:
1835:
1826:
1817:
1808:
1799:
1790:
1781:
1772:
1763:
1754:
1745:
1736:
1727:
1718:
1709:
1700:
1691:
1682:
1673:
1664:
1655:
1646:
1637:
1628:
1619:
1610:
1601:
1592:
1583:
1574:
1565:
1556:
1547:
1538:
1529:
1520:
1511:
1502:
1493:
1484:
1479:
1470:
1461:
1452:
1443:
1434:
1425:
1416:
1407:
1398:
1389:
1380:
1371:
1362:
1353:
1344:
1335:
1326:
1317:
1308:
1299:
1290:
1281:
1272:
1263:
1254:
1245:
1236:
1227:
1218:
1209:
1200:
1191:
1182:
1173:
1164:
1155:
1146:
1137:
1128:
1119:
1110:
1101:
1092:
1083:
1074:
1065:
1056:
1047:
1038:
1029:
1020:
1011:
1002:
993:
984:
975:
966:
957:
948:
939:
930:
921:
912:
903:
894:
885:
876:
867:
858:
849:
840:
831:
822:
813:
804:
795:
786:
777:
768:
759:
750:
741:
732:
723:
714:
705:
695:
693:
690:
516:
513:
484:
481:
338:
335:
327:S. bovihominis
262:
259:
203:
202:
190:
189:
185:
184:
173:
169:
168:
163:
159:
158:
156:Eucoccidiorida
153:
149:
148:
143:
139:
138:
133:
129:
128:
123:
116:
115:
110:
103:
102:
100:Diaphoretickes
97:
90:
89:
84:
80:
79:
66:
65:
48:
47:
39:
38:
26:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
6655:
6644:
6641:
6639:
6636:
6634:
6631:
6629:
6626:
6624:
6621:
6619:
6616:
6614:
6611:
6610:
6608:
6591:
6586:
6582:
6578:
6572:
6568:
6563:
6559:
6555:
6550:
6546:
6542:
6537:
6533:
6529:
6524:
6520:
6516:
6511:
6507:
6503:
6498:
6494:
6490:
6485:
6481:
6477:
6472:
6468:
6463:
6457:
6453:
6448:
6442:
6438:
6437:
6435:
6433:
6429:
6425:
6420:
6395:
6394:
6389:
6388:
6383:
6380:
6379:
6377:
6375:
6371:
6360:
6359:
6354:
6351:
6350:
6348:
6346:
6342:
6335:
6334:
6329:
6326:
6325:
6323:
6321:
6317:
6314:
6312:
6308:
6301:
6300:
6295:
6294:
6293:Thalassomyces
6289:
6288:
6283:
6282:
6277:
6276:
6271:
6270:Ellobiopsidae
6268:
6267:
6265:
6263:
6259:
6256:
6254:
6253:Protalveolata
6250:
6239:
6238:
6233:
6232:
6231:Parvilucifera
6227:
6224:
6221:
6220:
6215:
6212:
6209:
6208:
6203:
6200:
6199:
6197:
6195:
6191:
6188:
6186:
6182:
6171:
6170:
6165:
6162:
6159:
6158:
6153:
6150:
6147:
6146:
6141:
6140:Oxyrrhinaceae
6138:
6136:
6135:Ichthyodinium
6133:
6130:
6129:
6124:
6121:
6120:
6118:
6114:
6107:
6106:
6101:
6100:
6095:
6092:
6089:
6088:
6083:
6080:
6077:
6076:
6071:
6067:
6064:
6063:
6061:
6059:
6055:
6048:
6047:
6042:
6039:
6038:
6036:
6034:
6030:
6023:
6022:
6017:
6016:
6011:
6008:
6005:
6004:
5999:
5998:
5993:
5992:
5987:
5986:
5981:
5980:Gymnodiniales
5977:
5976:
5972:
5971:
5966:
5963:
5960:
5959:
5954:
5953:
5948:
5945:
5942:
5941:
5936:
5935:
5930:
5929:Gonyaulacales
5927:
5924:
5923:
5918:
5917:
5916:Ornithocercus
5912:
5911:
5906:
5905:
5900:
5899:Dinophysiales
5896:
5895:
5893:
5891:
5887:
5884:
5882:
5878:
5867:
5866:
5861:
5860:Voromonadidae
5858:
5855:
5854:
5849:
5846:
5845:
5843:
5841:
5837:
5830:
5829:
5824:
5823:Colpodellidae
5821:
5820:
5818:
5816:
5812:
5805:
5804:
5799:
5796:
5793:
5792:
5787:
5784:
5783:
5781:
5779:
5775:
5772:
5770:
5766:
5762:
5743:
5742:
5737:
5734:
5731:
5730:
5725:
5724:
5719:
5718:
5713:
5710:
5707:
5706:
5701:
5700:
5695:
5694:
5689:
5688:
5683:
5682:
5677:
5676:
5671:
5670:Lipotrophidae
5668:
5665:
5664:
5659:
5656:
5653:
5649:
5645:
5642:
5641:
5639:
5637:
5633:
5623:
5620:
5617:
5613:
5609:
5606:
5603:
5599:
5598:Stenophoridae
5595:
5591:
5587:
5583:
5579:
5575:
5571:
5567:
5563:
5559:
5558:Stenophoricae
5556:
5553:
5549:
5546:
5543:
5539:
5535:
5534:Hirmocystidae
5531:
5527:
5523:
5519:
5515:
5512:
5509:
5505:
5502:
5501:
5499:
5497:
5493:
5486:
5485:
5480:
5479:Siedleckiidae
5477:
5476:
5474:
5472:
5468:
5462:
5459:
5457:
5454:
5452:
5449:
5447:
5444:
5441:
5437:
5433:
5429:
5425:
5421:
5418:
5416:
5413:
5411:
5408:
5406:
5403:
5401:
5400:Diplocystidae
5398:
5396:
5393:
5391:
5388:
5387:
5385:
5383:
5379:
5376:
5374:
5370:
5363:
5362:
5357:
5356:
5355:Selenidioides
5351:
5350:
5345:
5344:
5343:Merogregarina
5339:
5336:
5333:
5332:
5327:
5324:
5323:
5321:
5319:
5315:
5312:
5309:
5308:Gregarinasina
5304:
5293:
5292:
5287:
5286:
5285:Myriosporides
5281:
5280:Myriosporidae
5278:
5275:
5274:
5269:
5266:
5263:
5262:
5257:
5256:
5251:
5248:
5245:
5244:
5239:
5238:
5233:
5232:
5227:
5224:
5221:
5220:
5215:
5212:
5211:
5209:
5207:
5203:
5196:
5195:
5190:
5187:
5186:
5184:
5182:
5178:
5163:
5162:
5157:
5156:
5151:
5150:
5145:
5144:
5139:
5138:
5133:
5132:
5127:
5124:
5121:
5120:
5115:
5114:
5109:
5108:Sarcocystinae
5106:
5105:
5103:
5101:
5100:Sarcocystidae
5097:
5091:
5088:
5086:
5083:
5081:
5078:
5075:
5074:
5069:
5068:
5063:
5062:
5057:
5054:
5051:
5050:
5045:
5042:
5040:
5037:
5035:
5032:
5030:
5027:
5025:
5022:
5019:
5018:
5013:
5012:
5011:Pseudoklossia
5007:
5006:
5001:
5000:
4995:
4994:
4989:
4988:
4983:
4980:
4979:
4976:
4973:
4971:
4967:
4960:
4959:
4954:
4951:
4948:
4947:
4942:
4941:Klossiellidae
4939:
4936:
4935:
4930:
4927:
4924:
4923:
4918:
4915:
4912:
4911:
4906:
4903:
4900:
4899:
4894:
4893:
4888:
4885:
4883:
4880:
4879:
4877:
4875:
4871:
4868:
4866:
4862:
4855:
4854:
4853:Rhytidocystis
4849:
4846:
4843:
4842:
4837:
4836:Gemmocystidae
4834:
4833:
4831:
4829:
4825:
4822:
4819:
4814:
4811:
4808:
4803:
4789:
4788:
4784:
4782:
4781:
4777:
4776:
4773:
4766:
4765:
4760:
4757:
4754:
4753:
4748:
4745:
4744:
4742:
4740:
4736:
4729:
4728:
4723:
4720:
4717:
4716:
4715:Leucocytozoon
4711:
4708:
4705:
4704:
4699:
4696:
4693:
4692:
4687:
4684:
4683:
4681:
4679:
4675:
4672:
4670:
4666:
4662:
4659:
4656:
4651:
4648:
4645:
4640:
4627:
4626:
4621:
4620:Colponemadida
4617:
4615:
4611:
4608:
4606:
4602:
4593:
4592:
4587:
4586:
4581:
4576:
4569:
4568:
4563:
4562:
4557:
4556:Karyorelictea
4554:
4551:
4550:
4545:
4544:
4543:Climacostomum
4539:
4538:
4533:
4532:Heterotrichea
4530:
4529:
4527:
4525:
4521:
4514:
4513:
4508:
4507:
4502:
4499:
4496:
4495:
4490:
4487:
4484:
4483:
4478:
4477:
4472:
4469:
4466:
4465:
4460:
4457:
4454:
4453:
4448:
4447:
4442:
4439:
4436:
4435:
4430:
4427:
4424:
4423:
4418:
4417:
4412:
4411:
4406:
4405:
4400:
4397:
4394:
4393:
4388:
4385:
4382:
4381:
4376:
4375:Muranotrichea
4373:
4370:
4369:
4364:
4363:
4358:
4355:
4352:
4351:
4346:
4343:
4340:
4339:
4334:
4331:
4328:
4327:
4322:
4319:
4318:
4316:
4314:
4310:
4307:
4305:
4301:
4292:
4291:
4286:
4285:Acavomonadida
4282:
4280:
4276:
4273:
4271:
4267:
4263:
4251:
4248:
4246:
4243:
4241:
4238:
4237:
4236:
4233:
4231:
4228:
4227:
4226:
4223:
4219:
4216:
4214:
4213:Stramenopiles
4211:
4209:
4206:
4204:
4201:
4197:
4194:
4193:
4192:
4189:
4188:
4187:
4184:
4182:
4179:
4176:(major groups
4174:
4172:
4169:
4167:
4164:
4162:
4159:
4156:
4152:
4151:
4147:
4143:
4139:
4135:
4128:
4123:
4121:
4116:
4114:
4109:
4108:
4105:
4097:
4093:
4088:
4083:
4079:
4075:
4071:
4067:
4063:
4057:
4055:
4053:
4049:
4046:
4042:
4039:
4038:
4028:
4024:
4023:
4019:
4017:
4013:
4012:
4008:
4004:
4003:
4000:
3995:
3991:
3975:
3969:
3965:
3964:
3956:
3941:
3935:
3927:
3923:
3919:
3915:
3911:
3907:
3903:
3899:
3892:
3884:
3880:
3876:
3872:
3868:
3861:
3859:
3857:
3855:
3846:
3842:
3838:
3834:
3830:
3826:
3819:
3817:
3815:
3806:
3802:
3798:
3794:
3790:
3786:
3782:
3775:
3773:
3771:
3769:
3760:
3756:
3752:
3748:
3744:
3740:
3736:
3729:
3721:
3717:
3713:
3709:
3705:
3701:
3694:
3686:
3682:
3678:
3674:
3670:
3666:
3662:
3655:
3653:
3644:
3640:
3636:
3632:
3628:
3624:
3620:
3616:
3612:
3608:
3601:
3593:
3589:
3585:
3581:
3577:
3573:
3569:
3562:
3556:
3552:
3549:
3547:
3540:
3532:
3528:
3524:
3520:
3517:(3): 287–93.
3516:
3512:
3508:
3501:
3493:
3489:
3485:
3481:
3477:
3473:
3470:(6): 1033–8.
3469:
3465:
3461:
3457:
3450:
3442:
3436:
3432:
3429:
3425:
3419:
3410:
3402:
3398:
3393:
3388:
3384:
3380:
3376:
3372:
3368:
3366:
3357:
3349:
3345:
3341:
3337:
3333:
3329:
3322:
3314:
3310:
3305:
3300:
3296:
3292:
3288:
3284:
3280:
3273:
3265:
3258:
3254:
3249:
3244:
3240:
3236:
3232:
3230:
3221:
3213:
3209:
3205:
3201:
3197:
3193:
3190:(5): 345–57.
3189:
3185:
3181:
3174:
3166:
3162:
3155:
3153:
3144:
3136:
3132:
3128:
3124:
3120:
3116:
3112:
3108:
3104:
3097:
3089:
3085:
3081:
3077:
3073:
3069:
3062:
3054:
3050:
3046:
3042:
3038:
3031:
3016:
3012:
3008:
3004:
3000:
2993:
2985:
2981:
2974:
2970:
2960:
2957:
2956:
2950:
2948:
2944:
2940:
2936:
2932:
2928:
2924:
2920:
2916:
2912:
2908:
2904:
2903:S. roudabushi
2900:
2899:S. idahoensis
2896:
2892:
2888:
2884:
2880:
2876:
2872:
2868:
2864:
2860:
2856:
2852:
2848:
2846:
2842:
2838:
2834:
2830:
2821:
2819:
2814:
2805:
2797:
2795:
2791:
2787:
2786:pyrimethamine
2783:
2778:
2776:
2766:
2764:
2760:
2756:
2752:
2751:
2746:
2745:
2740:
2739:
2734:
2733:
2728:
2727:
2726:Cystoisospora
2722:
2721:
2710:
2708:
2707:S. suihominis
2704:
2700:
2699:S. suihominis
2696:
2686:
2684:
2680:
2675:
2674:S. suihominis
2671:
2667:
2666:S. suihominis
2663:
2653:
2651:
2647:
2643:
2641:
2637:
2633:
2629:
2625:
2615:
2613:
2609:
2605:
2602:, 27% in the
2601:
2597:
2589:
2584:
2575:
2571:
2569:
2565:
2563:
2559:
2555:
2554:
2548:
2546:
2541:
2537:
2533:
2529:
2525:
2521:
2517:
2513:
2509:
2504:
2502:
2501:S. porcifelis
2498:
2497:S. suihominis
2494:
2493:S. porcifelis
2490:
2486:
2482:
2477:
2475:
2471:
2467:
2463:
2459:
2455:
2451:
2447:
2443:
2439:
2435:
2431:
2427:
2423:
2418:
2416:
2412:
2408:
2404:
2400:
2396:
2392:
2388:
2384:
2380:
2376:
2372:
2368:
2364:
2356:
2351:
2342:
2334:
2332:
2328:
2324:
2322:
2318:
2317:cotrimoxazole
2314:
2313:metronidazole
2310:
2300:
2298:
2294:
2290:
2280:
2276:
2267:
2265:
2261:
2257:
2253:
2249:
2239:
2236:
2226:
2224:
2220:
2219:S. suihominis
2216:
2212:
2208:
2207:
2202:
2201:S. lindemanni
2198:
2194:
2193:S. suihominis
2190:
2186:
2185:S. lindemanni
2181:
2172:
2170:
2169:
2163:
2162:37.7 years).
2161:
2157:
2153:
2149:
2144:
2142:
2138:
2134:
2130:
2126:
2122:
2121:South America
2118:
2114:
2113:United States
2110:
2106:
2102:
2098:
2094:
2089:
2081:
2079:
2075:
2065:
2062:
2058:
2054:
2039:
2038:
2034:
2030:
2029:
2025:
2021:
2020:
2016:
2012:
2011:
2007:
2003:
2002:
1998:
1994:
1993:
1989:
1985:
1984:
1980:
1976:
1975:
1971:
1967:
1966:
1962:
1958:
1957:
1953:
1949:
1948:
1944:
1940:
1939:
1935:
1931:
1930:
1926:
1922:
1921:
1917:
1913:
1912:
1908:
1904:
1903:
1899:
1895:
1894:
1890:
1886:
1885:
1881:
1877:
1876:
1872:
1868:
1867:
1863:
1859:
1858:
1854:
1850:
1849:
1845:
1841:
1840:
1836:
1832:
1831:
1827:
1823:
1822:
1818:
1814:
1813:
1809:
1805:
1804:
1800:
1796:
1795:
1791:
1787:
1786:
1782:
1778:
1777:
1773:
1769:
1768:
1764:
1760:
1759:
1755:
1751:
1750:
1746:
1742:
1741:
1737:
1733:
1732:
1728:
1724:
1723:
1719:
1715:
1714:
1710:
1706:
1705:
1701:
1697:
1696:
1692:
1688:
1687:
1683:
1679:
1678:
1674:
1670:
1669:
1665:
1661:
1660:
1656:
1652:
1651:
1647:
1643:
1642:
1638:
1634:
1633:
1629:
1625:
1624:
1620:
1616:
1615:
1611:
1607:
1606:
1602:
1598:
1597:
1593:
1589:
1588:
1584:
1580:
1579:
1575:
1571:
1570:
1566:
1562:
1561:
1557:
1553:
1552:
1548:
1544:
1543:
1539:
1535:
1534:
1530:
1526:
1525:
1521:
1517:
1516:
1512:
1508:
1507:
1503:
1499:
1498:
1494:
1490:
1489:
1485:
1483:
1480:
1476:
1475:
1471:
1467:
1466:
1462:
1458:
1457:
1453:
1449:
1448:
1444:
1440:
1439:
1435:
1431:
1430:
1426:
1422:
1421:
1417:
1413:
1412:
1408:
1404:
1403:
1399:
1395:
1394:
1390:
1386:
1385:
1381:
1377:
1376:
1372:
1368:
1367:
1363:
1359:
1358:
1354:
1350:
1349:
1345:
1341:
1340:
1336:
1332:
1331:
1327:
1323:
1322:
1318:
1314:
1313:
1309:
1305:
1304:
1300:
1296:
1295:
1291:
1287:
1286:
1282:
1278:
1277:
1273:
1269:
1268:
1264:
1260:
1259:
1255:
1251:
1250:
1246:
1242:
1241:
1237:
1233:
1232:
1228:
1224:
1223:
1219:
1215:
1214:
1210:
1206:
1205:
1201:
1197:
1196:
1192:
1188:
1187:
1183:
1179:
1178:
1174:
1170:
1169:
1165:
1161:
1160:
1156:
1152:
1151:
1147:
1143:
1142:
1138:
1134:
1133:
1129:
1125:
1124:
1120:
1116:
1115:
1111:
1107:
1106:
1102:
1098:
1097:
1093:
1089:
1088:
1084:
1080:
1079:
1075:
1071:
1070:
1066:
1062:
1061:
1057:
1053:
1052:
1048:
1044:
1043:
1039:
1035:
1034:
1030:
1026:
1025:
1021:
1017:
1016:
1012:
1008:
1007:
1003:
999:
998:
994:
990:
989:
985:
981:
980:
976:
972:
971:
967:
963:
962:
958:
954:
953:
949:
945:
944:
940:
936:
935:
931:
927:
926:
922:
918:
917:
913:
909:
908:
904:
900:
899:
895:
891:
890:
886:
882:
881:
877:
873:
872:
868:
864:
863:
859:
855:
854:
850:
846:
845:
841:
837:
836:
832:
828:
827:
823:
819:
818:
814:
810:
809:
805:
801:
800:
796:
792:
791:
787:
783:
782:
778:
774:
773:
769:
765:
764:
760:
756:
755:
751:
747:
746:
742:
738:
737:
733:
729:
728:
724:
720:
719:
715:
711:
710:
706:
702:
701:
697:
696:
689:
687:
683:
679:
675:
671:
667:
663:
658:
656:
652:
648:
644:
639:
637:
633:
629:
625:
621:
617:
613:
609:
605:
601:
597:
593:
591:
587:
583:
581:
580:
575:
574:
569:
568:
567:Lankesterella
563:
562:
557:
556:
551:
550:
545:
544:
539:
538:
537:Cystoisospora
533:
532:
527:
526:
520:
512:
510:
509:
504:
503:
498:
497:
492:
491:
490:Gallus gallus
480:
478:
474:
469:
467:
463:
459:
454:
450:
448:
443:
440:and initiate
439:
434:
432:
428:
424:
419:
414:
412:
408:
404:
400:
396:
392:
388:
386:
382:
378:
374:
370:
366:
363:occur in the
362:
358:
353:
351:
348:
344:
334:
332:
328:
324:
320:
316:
312:
308:
304:
303:
298:
297:
292:
287:
285:
281:
277:
274:, discovered
273:
268:
258:
256:
251:
247:
245:
241:
238:
234:
230:
226:
222:
219:
215:
211:
210:
201:
200:
198:
191:
186:
179:
178:
174:
171:
170:
167:
166:Sarcocystidae
164:
161:
160:
157:
154:
151:
150:
147:
144:
141:
140:
137:
134:
131:
130:
127:
124:
121:
118:
117:
114:
111:
108:
105:
104:
101:
98:
95:
92:
91:
88:
85:
82:
81:
76:
71:
67:
63:
60:
56:
53:
49:
45:
40:
37:
33:
30:
19:
18:Sarcocystosis
6431:
6393:Platyproteum
6391:
6385:
6356:
6353:Chilovoridae
6331:
6297:
6291:
6285:
6279:
6273:
6235:
6229:
6217:
6205:
6167:
6157:Pronoctiluca
6155:
6143:
6126:
6123:Acrocoelidae
6103:
6099:Hematodinium
6097:
6094:Syndiniaceae
6087:Duboscquella
6085:
6073:
6044:
6041:Noctilucales
6021:Symbiodinium
6019:
6013:
6001:
5995:
5989:
5983:
5970:Prorocentrum
5968:
5956:
5950:
5947:Peridiniales
5938:
5932:
5920:
5914:
5908:
5902:
5863:
5851:
5840:Voromonadida
5826:
5815:Colpodellida
5801:
5798:Vitrellaceae
5789:
5786:Chromeraceae
5769:Apicomonadea
5739:
5729:Schizocystis
5727:
5721:
5717:Lymphotropha
5715:
5703:
5697:
5691:
5685:
5681:Farinocystis
5679:
5673:
5661:
5658:Gigaductidae
5586:Monoductidae
5552:Porosporidae
5548:Porosporicae
5530:Gregarinidae
5514:Gregarinicae
5482:
5456:Thiriotiidae
5451:Selenidiidae
5440:Zygocystinae
5424:Monocystinae
5420:Monocystidae
5382:Aseptatorina
5359:
5353:
5347:
5341:
5329:
5289:
5283:
5271:
5259:
5253:
5241:
5237:Defretinella
5235:
5229:
5219:Angeiocystis
5217:
5192:
5159:
5153:
5147:
5143:Hyaloklossia
5141:
5135:
5129:
5118:
5117:
5111:
5071:
5065:
5059:
5047:
5029:Barrouxiidae
5015:
5009:
5003:
4997:
4991:
4985:
4982:Aggregatidae
4956:
4953:Legerellidae
4944:
4932:
4929:Karyolysidae
4920:
4917:Hepatozoidae
4908:
4896:
4890:
4851:
4839:
4785:
4778:
4762:
4759:Theileriidae
4750:
4739:Piroplasmida
4725:
4722:Plasmodiidae
4713:
4703:Haemoproteus
4701:
4689:
4669:Aconoidasida
4623:
4614:Colponemadea
4605:Colponemidia
4589:
4583:
4565:
4559:
4547:
4541:
4535:
4510:
4504:
4501:Spirotrichea
4492:
4489:Protocruziea
4480:
4474:
4462:
4450:
4446:Chilodonella
4444:
4432:
4420:
4414:
4408:
4402:
4390:
4378:
4366:
4360:
4357:Litostomatea
4348:
4336:
4324:
4288:
4279:Acavomonadea
4270:Acavomonidia
4235:Opisthokonta
4069:
4065:
4051:
4020:
4005:
3962:
3955:
3943:. Retrieved
3934:
3901:
3897:
3891:
3877:(3): 490–5.
3874:
3870:
3866:
3828:
3824:
3788:
3784:
3780:
3742:
3738:
3734:
3728:
3703:
3699:
3693:
3668:
3664:
3660:
3621:(4): 938–9.
3618:
3615:J. Parasitol
3614:
3610:
3606:
3600:
3575:
3571:
3567:
3561:
3545:
3539:
3514:
3510:
3506:
3500:
3467:
3464:J. Parasitol
3463:
3459:
3455:
3449:
3431:
3427:
3424:
3418:
3409:
3374:
3370:
3364:
3356:
3334:(6): 631–2.
3331:
3327:
3321:
3286:
3282:
3272:
3238:
3234:
3228:
3220:
3187:
3183:
3179:
3173:
3164:
3160:
3151:
3143:
3110:
3106:
3102:
3096:
3071:
3067:
3061:
3044:
3040:
3030:
3018:. Retrieved
3006:
3002:
2992:
2983:
2979:
2973:
2946:
2942:
2938:
2934:
2930:
2926:
2922:
2919:S. falcatula
2918:
2914:
2910:
2906:
2902:
2898:
2895:S. bovifelis
2894:
2890:
2886:
2882:
2879:S. bovicanis
2878:
2874:
2870:
2866:
2862:
2858:
2854:
2850:
2849:
2844:
2840:
2836:
2832:
2828:
2827:
2815:
2811:
2803:
2782:sulfonamides
2779:
2774:
2772:
2762:
2758:
2748:
2742:
2736:
2730:
2724:
2718:
2716:
2706:
2702:
2698:
2694:
2692:
2673:
2669:
2665:
2661:
2659:
2645:
2644:
2623:
2621:
2595:
2593:
2587:
2572:
2567:
2566:
2557:
2551:
2549:
2544:
2531:
2528:S. falcatula
2527:
2523:
2519:
2516:S. equicanis
2515:
2511:
2507:
2505:
2500:
2496:
2492:
2488:
2484:
2480:
2478:
2473:
2453:
2449:
2445:
2441:
2437:
2433:
2429:
2425:
2421:
2419:
2395:encephalitis
2386:
2382:
2379:S. bovicanis
2378:
2374:
2370:
2366:
2363:S. bovifelis
2362:
2360:
2340:
2325:
2306:
2286:
2277:
2273:
2245:
2232:
2222:
2218:
2214:
2210:
2204:
2200:
2192:
2188:
2184:
2182:
2178:
2166:
2164:
2151:
2147:
2145:
2090:
2087:
2084:Epidemiology
2077:
2073:
2071:
2050:
2035:
2026:
2017:
2008:
1999:
1990:
1981:
1972:
1963:
1954:
1945:
1936:
1927:
1918:
1909:
1900:
1891:
1882:
1873:
1864:
1855:
1846:
1837:
1828:
1819:
1810:
1801:
1792:
1783:
1774:
1765:
1756:
1747:
1738:
1729:
1720:
1711:
1702:
1693:
1684:
1675:
1666:
1657:
1648:
1639:
1630:
1621:
1612:
1603:
1594:
1585:
1576:
1567:
1558:
1549:
1540:
1531:
1522:
1513:
1504:
1495:
1486:
1481:
1472:
1463:
1454:
1445:
1436:
1427:
1418:
1409:
1400:
1391:
1382:
1373:
1364:
1355:
1346:
1337:
1328:
1319:
1310:
1301:
1292:
1283:
1274:
1265:
1256:
1247:
1238:
1229:
1220:
1211:
1202:
1193:
1184:
1175:
1166:
1157:
1148:
1139:
1130:
1121:
1112:
1103:
1094:
1085:
1076:
1067:
1058:
1049:
1040:
1031:
1022:
1013:
1004:
995:
986:
977:
968:
959:
950:
941:
932:
923:
914:
905:
896:
887:
878:
869:
860:
851:
842:
833:
824:
815:
806:
797:
788:
779:
770:
761:
752:
743:
734:
725:
716:
707:
698:
685:
681:
677:
673:
669:
665:
661:
659:
650:
646:
642:
640:
635:
631:
627:
623:
619:
615:
607:
603:
599:
595:
594:
589:
585:
584:
577:
571:
565:
561:Hyaloklossia
559:
553:
547:
541:
535:
529:
523:
521:
518:
506:
500:
494:
488:
486:
470:
462:microgamonts
458:macrogamonts
455:
451:
435:
415:
410:
402:
389:
375:(containing
355:In outline,
354:
347:apicomplexan
343:heteroxenous
340:
330:
326:
323:S. bovifelis
322:
319:S. bovicanis
318:
314:
310:
300:
294:
288:
283:
264:
252:
248:
243:
242:= flesh and
239:
208:
207:
206:
194:
193:
176:
175:
119:
106:
93:
51:
35:
29:
6618:Conoidasida
6536:iNaturalist
6476:Sarcocystis
6462:Sarcocystis
6456:Wikispecies
6432:Sarcocystis
6345:Chilovorida
6328:Algovoridae
6311:Myzomonadea
6281:Ellobiopsis
6262:Ellobiopsea
6237:Rastrimonas
6219:Phagodinium
6214:Phagodinida
6202:Perkinsidae
6185:Perkinsozoa
6164:Psammosidae
6075:Amoebophyra
6066:Syndiniales
6003:Karlodinium
5991:Gymnodinium
5985:Amphidinium
5890:Dinokaryota
5736:Syncystidae
5723:Machadoella
5582:Leidyanidae
5538:Metameridae
5496:Septatorina
5461:Urosporidae
5415:Lecudinidae
5410:Ganymedidae
5273:Mackinnonia
5255:Coelotropha
5231:Coelotropha
5181:Ixorheorida
5119:Sarcocystis
4970:Eimeriorina
4898:Dactylosoma
4892:Babesiosoma
4841:Gemmocystis
4807:Conoidasida
4787:Nephromyces
4655:Apicomplexa
4549:Blepharisma
4512:Stylonychia
4494:Protocruzia
4471:Prostomatea
4459:Plagiopylea
4416:Tetrahymena
4387:Nassophorea
4380:Muranothrix
4362:Balantidium
4052:Sarcocystis
4041:Sarcocystis
3904:(14): 329.
3867:Sarcocystis
3831:(1): 55–8.
3781:Sarcocystis
3735:Sarcocystis
3661:Sarcocystis
3568:Sarcocystis
3460:Sarcocystis
3229:Sarcocystis
3167:(4): 305–9.
3103:Sarcocystis
3009:: 159–193.
2947:S. ovicanis
2927:S. poephagi
2911:S. suicanis
2887:S. ovifelis
2883:S. gigantea
2833:Sarcocystis
2800:Vaccination
2794:toltrazuril
2763:Sarcocystis
2646:Ante mortem
2624:post mortem
2604:Philippines
2596:Sarcocystis
2588:Sarcocystis
2558:S. tilopodi
2512:S. bertrami
2489:S. suicanis
2476:epitopes.
2474:Sarcocystis
2466:spinal cord
2442:S. ovifelis
2438:S. gigantea
2434:S. ovicanis
2422:Sarcocystis
2415:lymph nodes
2331:salinomycin
2309:albendazole
2293:hematoxylin
2223:S. nesbitti
2206:nomen nudum
2197:description
2152:post mortem
2148:Sarcocystis
2074:Sarcocystis
666:S. lacertae
662:S. dispersa
651:Sarcocystis
647:Sarcocystis
636:Sarcocystis
628:Sarcocystis
586:Sarcocystis
447:bradyzoites
431:endodyogeny
411:Sarcocystis
407:sporozoites
403:Sarcocystis
377:bradyzoites
331:Sarcocystis
311:Sarcocystis
246:= bladder.
209:Sarcocystis
177:Sarcocystis
146:Conoidasida
136:Apicomplexa
52:Sarcocystis
36:Sarcocystis
6607:Categories
6387:Filipodium
6382:Squirmidae
6374:Squirmidea
6320:Algovorida
6128:Acrocoelus
6033:Noctilucea
6010:Suessiales
5958:Peridinium
5952:Pfiesteria
5910:Histioneis
5904:Dinophysis
5853:Alphamonas
5828:Colpodella
5778:Chromerida
5705:Menzbieria
5693:Lipocystis
5687:Lipotropha
5663:Gigaductus
5590:Monoicidae
5508:Fusionidae
5504:Fusionicae
5484:Siedleckia
5361:Veloxidium
5331:Exoschizon
5291:Myriospora
5250:Grelliidae
5189:Ixorheidae
5161:Toxoplasma
5061:Cyclospora
5056:Eimeriidae
4999:Merocystis
4993:Grasseella
4946:Klossiella
4934:Karyolysus
4922:Hepatozoon
4874:Adeleorina
4747:Babesiidae
4727:Plasmodium
4591:Myrionecta
4585:Mesodinium
4580:Mesodiniea
4464:Plagiopyla
4422:Vorticella
4410:Paramecium
4321:Armophorea
4304:Ciliophora
4290:Acavomonas
3611:Sus scrofa
3507:Lama pacos
3458:and other
3074:(4): 463.
2986:: 198–202.
2965:References
2943:S. tenella
2931:S. hirsuta
2923:S. neuroma
2915:S. neurona
2891:S. hirsuta
2871:S. hominis
2790:Diclazuril
2755:monoxenous
2750:Toxoplasma
2703:S. hominis
2695:S. hominis
2689:Cell walls
2670:S. hominis
2662:S. hominis
2656:Microscopy
2553:Lama pacos
2532:S. neurona
2524:S. neurona
2454:S. tenella
2430:S. tenella
2383:S. hirsuta
2371:S. hominis
2337:Prevention
2248:vasculitis
2215:S. hominis
2189:S. hominis
2117:California
2061:marsupials
2053:Afrotheria
678:S. neurona
616:Toxoplasma
608:Toxoplasma
579:Toxoplasma
531:Caryospora
473:carnivores
438:metrocytes
427:Merozoites
399:sporocysts
381:metrocytes
373:sarcocysts
369:schizogony
357:gametogony
296:Toxoplasma
62:oesophagus
6358:Chilovora
6207:Perkinsus
6194:Perkinsea
6105:Syndinium
6046:Noctiluca
6015:Polarella
5940:Gonyaulax
5922:Oxyphysis
5865:Voromonas
5741:Syncystis
5675:Apicystis
5137:Hammondia
5131:Besnoitia
5113:Frenkelia
4987:Aggregata
4958:Legerella
4882:Adeleidae
4764:Theileria
4686:Garniidae
4625:Colponema
4482:Holophrya
4452:Tokophrya
4230:Amoebozoa
4208:Alveolata
4196:Cryptista
4171:Eukaryota
4142:Alveolata
4134:Eukaryota
3107:Avian Dis
3020:15 August
2769:Treatment
2738:Hammondia
2732:Frenkelia
2720:Besnoitia
2618:Diagnosis
2545:S. fayeri
2520:S. fayeri
2508:S. asinus
2458:paralysis
2391:abortions
2327:Amprolium
2303:Treatment
2283:Diagnosis
2242:Pathology
2057:Xenarthra
2047:Evolution
686:Frenkelia
670:S. mucosa
643:Frenkelia
632:Frenkelia
600:Hammondia
596:Besnoitia
590:Frenkelia
555:Hammondia
543:Frenkelia
525:Besnoitia
477:omnivores
442:sarcocyst
365:intestine
361:sporogony
350:parasites
337:Lifecycle
221:parasites
218:protozoan
126:Alveolata
87:Eukaryota
6510:Fungorum
6447:Q2658061
6441:Wikidata
6333:Algovora
6169:Psammosa
6145:Oxyrrhis
6058:Syndinea
5934:Ceratium
5699:Mattesia
5562:Acutidae
5194:Ixorheis
5155:Neospora
5073:Isospora
5017:Selysina
4818:Coccidia
4506:Euplotes
4368:Dileptus
4345:Colpodea
4225:Amorphea
4203:Rhizaria
4191:Hacrobia
4181:Excavata
4166:Bacteria
4096:15489353
4058:Review:
3926:32442162
3883:12693581
3805:10435793
3635:11534668
3551:Archived
3531:10486166
3401:24274071
3313:24759707
3212:36507563
3204:16133298
2953:See also
2939:S. cruzi
2875:S. cruzi
2845:S. turdi
2841:S. muris
2775:S. cruzi
2759:Isospora
2744:Neospora
2411:cachexia
2399:anorexia
2387:S. cruzi
2375:S. cruzi
2355:striated
2260:diarrhea
2252:myositis
2137:Malaysia
674:S. muris
624:Isospora
620:Neospora
604:Neospora
573:Neospora
549:Isospora
515:Taxonomy
229:reptiles
199:section.
188:Species
162:Family:
132:Phylum:
83:Domain:
6590:6375694
6554:1194132
6528:3235419
6502:2908709
5997:Karenia
5261:Grellia
5067:Eimeria
5005:Ovivora
4752:Babesia
4644:Myzozoa
4561:Loxodes
4537:Stentor
4392:Nassula
4350:Colpoda
4326:Metopus
4240:Animals
4161:Archaea
4027:D012522
3918:2447695
3845:8919969
3759:1763484
3720:1561758
3685:3130717
3643:2939477
3592:8030181
3492:3142990
3484:3282228
3392:3840867
3348:1287922
3304:4187749
3127:1589428
3088:3446034
3053:4219030
2636:rabbits
2608:Uruguay
2562:guanaco
2534:causes
2403:pyrexia
2381:), and
2357:border.
2175:History
2111:), the
2101:Germany
692:Species
423:meronts
391:Oocysts
385:muscles
307:oocysts
302:Eimeria
261:History
255:species
225:mammals
197:Species
172:Genus:
152:Order:
142:Class:
6574:NZOR:
6541:627117
6515:584190
4691:Garnia
4476:Coleps
4218:Plants
4155:Domain
4094:
4087:523554
4084:
4047:(MeSH)
3970:
3945:12 May
3924:
3916:
3881:
3843:
3803:
3757:
3718:
3683:
3641:
3633:
3590:
3529:
3490:
3482:
3437:
3399:
3389:
3346:
3311:
3301:
3257:119465
3255:
3210:
3202:
3135:415727
3133:
3125:
3086:
3051:
3015:104559
3013:
2677:well.
2612:hainag
2522:, and
2495:, and
2444:) and
2407:anemia
2315:, and
2289:biopsy
2264:larynx
2256:nausea
2217:) and
2156:Malaya
2139:, and
2109:Poland
2097:Europe
2093:Africa
680:, and
606:, and
576:, and
466:zygote
418:cattle
325:, and
244:kystis
6549:IRMNG
6489:63RQ7
6116:Other
4245:Fungi
3922:S2CID
3639:S2CID
3480:JSTOR
3208:S2CID
3157:(PDF)
3154:sp.n"
3123:JSTOR
2824:Notes
2640:sheep
2628:ducks
2297:eosin
2133:Tibet
2129:India
2125:China
2105:Spain
655:brain
612:clade
483:Birds
395:feces
341:The
291:fungi
267:mouse
237:Greek
233:birds
214:genus
212:is a
120:Clade
107:Clade
94:Clade
59:sheep
57:in a
6567:5812
6562:NCBI
6523:GBIF
4092:PMID
4022:MeSH
4016:1A34
3968:ISBN
3947:2014
3914:PMID
3879:PMID
3841:PMID
3801:PMID
3755:PMID
3716:PMID
3681:PMID
3631:PMID
3588:PMID
3527:PMID
3488:PMID
3435:ISBN
3397:PMID
3344:PMID
3309:PMID
3253:PMID
3200:PMID
3131:PMID
3084:PMID
3049:PMID
3022:2022
3011:PMID
2901:and
2792:and
2784:and
2747:and
2697:and
2683:rRNA
2638:and
2632:mice
2600:Iowa
2452:and
2428:and
2329:and
2295:and
2250:and
2235:meat
2160:mean
2107:and
618:and
475:and
460:and
379:and
359:and
299:and
240:sarx
231:and
195:See
55:cyst
6497:EoL
6484:CoL
6471:AFD
4138:SAR
4082:PMC
4074:doi
4007:ICD
3906:doi
3902:121
3833:doi
3793:doi
3747:doi
3708:doi
3673:doi
3623:doi
3580:doi
3519:doi
3515:121
3472:doi
3387:PMC
3379:doi
3336:doi
3299:PMC
3291:doi
3243:doi
3192:doi
3115:doi
3076:doi
2857:.
2679:PCR
2491:),
2373:),
2199:of
2154:in
684:.
280:pig
276:DNA
216:of
113:SAR
6609::
6587::
6564::
6551::
6538::
6525::
6512::
6499::
6486::
6473::
6458::
6443::
6390:,
6296:,
6290:,
6284:,
6278:,
6234:,
6102:,
6068::
6018:,
6000:,
5994:,
5988:,
5955:,
5937:,
5919:,
5913:,
5907:,
5726:,
5720:,
5702:,
5696:,
5690:,
5684:,
5678:,
5650:,
5614:,
5600:,
5596:,
5592:,
5588:,
5584:,
5580:,
5576:,
5572:,
5568:,
5564:,
5540:,
5536:,
5532:,
5528:,
5524:,
5520:,
5438:,
5434:,
5430:,
5426:,
5358:,
5352:,
5346:,
5288:,
5258:,
5240:,
5234:,
5158:,
5152:,
5146:,
5140:,
5134:,
5116:,
5070:,
5064:,
5014:,
5008:,
5002:,
4996:,
4990:,
4895:,
4588:,
4564:,
4546:,
4540:,
4509:,
4479:,
4449:,
4419:,
4413:,
4407:,
4365:,
4140::
4136::
4090:.
4080:.
4070:17
4068:.
4064:.
4025::
4014::
4011:11
3920:.
3912:.
3900:.
3875:33
3873:.
3853:^
3839:.
3829:43
3827:.
3813:^
3799:.
3789:84
3787:.
3767:^
3753:.
3743:40
3741:.
3714:.
3704:41
3702:.
3679:.
3669:27
3667:.
3651:^
3637:.
3629:.
3619:87
3617:.
3586:.
3576:52
3574:.
3525:.
3513:.
3486:.
3478:.
3468:74
3466:.
3395:.
3385:.
3375:19
3373:.
3369:.
3342:.
3332:86
3330:.
3307:.
3297:.
3287:52
3285:.
3281:.
3251:.
3239:54
3237:.
3233:.
3206:.
3198:.
3188:97
3186:.
3165:33
3163:.
3159:.
3129:.
3121:.
3111:21
3109:.
3082:.
3072:81
3070:.
3045:77
3043:.
3039:.
3007:22
3005:.
3001:.
2982:.
2949:.
2941:.
2933:.
2921:.
2913:.
2897:.
2889:.
2881:.
2873:.
2865:.
2820:.
2741:,
2735:,
2729:,
2723:,
2634:,
2630:,
2518:,
2514:,
2510:,
2499:.
2483:,
2424::
2409:,
2401:,
2385:.
2365:,
2311:,
2266:.
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