135:
124:
91:
113:
102:
37:
56:
73:
51:
32:
139:
243:
95:
117:
378:
429:
424:
106:
275:
s, and were probably fighters with outstanding leadership or fighting qualities that were recruited from the latter.
128:
419:
149:
326:
36:
8:
374:
170:
400:
314:
190:
286:
231:
has been defined as "a heroic man, a brave fighter, a night-guard". According to
218:
214:
198:
298:
413:
371:
Sasanid
Soldiers in Early Muslim Society: The Origins of 'Ayyārān and Futuwwa
232:
166:
330:
55:
282:
255:
237:
223:
50:
31:
278:
Historical figures recorded as bearing this title include:
253:. In early Islamic period, the title appears together with
249:
182:
146:
78:
263:, seems to belong to the leaders of the hierarchy of
197:) is the equivalent of 'General officer' or simply '
411:
221:period, it was a rank in the hierarchy of the
393:
337:
373:. Otto Harrassowitz Verlag. pp. 82–83.
320:
304:
292:
61:Air Defense and Revolutionary Guard insignia
181:("an army division"). In modern usage in
364:
362:
360:
358:
356:
227:cavalry force. In the medieval period,
412:
368:
353:
201:,' the highest rank in the military.
394:
338:
321:
305:
293:
194:
13:
14:
441:
235:, the rank was immediately below
133:
122:
111:
100:
89:
71:
54:
49:
35:
30:
387:
291:Hasan ibn Muhammad ibn Tālūt (
213:may date back at least to the
1:
346:
247:, the title is ranked below
7:
42:Army and Air force insignia
10:
446:
204:
430:Persian words and phrases
425:Sasanian military offices
267:. According to Bosworth,
145:
84:
66:
47:
28:
21:
209:The origin of the title
369:Zakeri, Mohsen (1995).
259:, and a related title,
420:Military ranks of Iran
342:), a Ghaznavid officer
297:), serving the caliph
173:origin, a compound of
271:s were separate from
16:Military rank in Iran
294:حسن بن محمد بن طالوت
177:("head, chief") and
129:Revolutionary Guard
165:is a title and/or
140:Disciplinary Force
395:نامه حشم تگیناباد
380:978-3-447-03652-8
303:Wazīr ibn Ayyūb (
158:
157:
118:Air Defense Force
437:
404:
401:Tarikh-i Bayhaqi
397:
396:
391:
385:
384:
366:
341:
340:
324:
323:
319:Kharra Khusraw (
308:
307:
296:
295:
261:sarhang-shumārān
244:Tārikh-i Bukhārā
196:
138:
137:
136:
127:
126:
125:
116:
115:
114:
105:
104:
103:
94:
93:
92:
77:
75:
74:
59:
58:
53:
40:
39:
34:
19:
18:
445:
444:
440:
439:
438:
436:
435:
434:
410:
409:
408:
407:
392:
388:
381:
367:
354:
349:
336:Bu-Ali Kutwal (
309:), serving the
287:Sasanian Empire
217:period. In the
207:
134:
132:
131:
123:
121:
120:
112:
110:
109:
101:
99:
98:
90:
88:
72:
70:
62:
48:
43:
29:
23:
17:
12:
11:
5:
443:
433:
432:
427:
422:
406:
405:
386:
379:
351:
350:
348:
345:
344:
343:
334:
317:
301:
289:
206:
203:
156:
155:
152:
143:
142:
86:
85:Service branch
82:
81:
68:
64:
63:
60:
45:
44:
41:
26:
25:
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
442:
431:
428:
426:
423:
421:
418:
417:
415:
403:
402:
390:
382:
376:
372:
365:
363:
361:
359:
357:
352:
335:
332:
328:
318:
316:
312:
302:
300:
290:
288:
284:
281:
280:
279:
276:
274:
270:
266:
262:
258:
257:
252:
251:
246:
245:
240:
239:
234:
233:Ibn al-Balkhi
230:
226:
225:
220:
216:
212:
202:
200:
192:
188:
184:
180:
176:
172:
168:
167:military rank
164:
163:
153:
151:
148:
144:
141:
130:
119:
108:
97:
96:Ground Forces
87:
83:
80:
69:
65:
57:
52:
46:
38:
33:
27:
20:
399:
389:
370:
339:بوعلی کوتوال
310:
306:وزير بن أيوب
285:of the late
277:
272:
268:
264:
260:
254:
248:
242:
236:
228:
222:
210:
208:
186:
178:
174:
161:
160:
159:
299:Al-Musta'in
414:Categories
347:References
325:), son of
331:al-Tabari
150:rank code
107:Air Force
322:خره خسرو
315:Khurasan
238:spāhbadh
219:Sasanian
215:Parthian
283:Jalinus
269:sarhang
265:ayyārān
229:sarhang
224:aswaran
211:sarhang
205:History
199:General
191:Persian
187:sarhang
171:Iranian
162:Sarhang
67:Country
22:Sarhang
377:
327:Badhan
76:
329:(per
273:ayyar
256:ayyār
241:. In
195:سرهنگ
154:OF-09
24:سرهنگ
375:ISBN
311:amīr
250:amīr
183:Iran
179:hang
147:NATO
79:Iran
398:in
313:of
175:sar
169:of
416::
355:^
193::
185:,
383:.
333:)
189:(
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.