Rings of Saturn - Knowledge

513:, when the Sun passes through the ring plane, are not evenly spaced. The sun passes south to north through the ring plane when Saturn's heliocentric longitude is 173.6 degrees (e.g. 11 August 2009), about the time Saturn crosses from Leo to Virgo. 15.7 years later Saturn's longitude reaches 353.6 degrees and the sun passes to the south side of the ring plane. On each orbit the Sun is north of the ring plane for 15.7 Earth years, then south of the plane for 13.7 years. Dates for north-to-south crossings include 19 November 1995 and 6 May 2025, with south-to-north crossings on 11 August 2009 and 23 January 2039. During the period around an equinox the illumination of most of the rings is greatly reduced, making possible unique observations highlighting features that depart from the ring plane. 2825: 677: 3044:(MIMI) observed a gentle gradient punctuated by three sharp drops in plasma flow on each side of the moon in a nearly symmetric pattern. This could be explained if they were absorbed by solid material in the form of an equatorial disk containing denser rings or arcs, with particles perhaps several decimeters to approximately a meter in diameter. A more recent piece of evidence consistent with the presence of Rhean rings is a set of small ultraviolet-bright spots distributed in a line that extends three quarters of the way around the moon's circumference, within 2 degrees of the equator. The spots have been interpreted as the impact points of deorbiting ring material. However, targeted observations by 958: 783: 804: 959: 1749: 1916: 2372: 590: 207: 937: 37: 2454: 2759: 2679:, which is held in place by a 7:6 orbital resonance with Mimas. The arc is believed to be composed of icy particles up to a few m in diameter, with the rest of the G Ring consisting of dust released from within the arc. The radial width of the arc is about 250 km (150 miles), compared to a width of 9,000 km (6000 miles) for the G Ring as a whole. The arc is thought to contain matter equivalent to a small icy moonlet about a hundred m in diameter. Dust released from Aegaeon and other source bodies within the arc by 2595: 1929: 847:, bodies of rocky material are dense enough to accrete additional material, whereas less-dense bodies of ice are not. Once outside the rings, the newly formed moons could have continued to evolve through random mergers. This process may explain the variation in silicate content of Saturn's moons out to Rhea, as well as the trend towards less silicate content closer to Saturn. Rhea would then be the oldest of the moons formed from the primordial rings, with moons closer to Saturn being progressively younger. 2616: 2889: 522: 2817:'s original observations, conducted in anticipation of the coming Saturn flyby by Pioneer 11, once again called the evidence for this outer ring "shaky." Even polarimetric observations by Pioneer 11 failed to conclusively identify E Ring during its 1979 flyby, though "its existence was inferred from ." Only after a digital reanalysis of the 1966 observations as well as several independent observations using ground- and space-based telescopes existence was finally confirmed in a 1980 paper by 1883:

its density and brightness, nearly all of it unexplained. These are concentric, appearing as narrow ringlets, though the B Ring does not contain any gaps. In places, the outer edge of the B Ring contains vertical structures deviating up to 2.5 km (1½ miles) from the main ring plane, a significant deviation from the vertical thickness of the main A, B and C rings, which is generally only about 10 meters (about 30 feet). Vertical structures can be created by unseen embedded moonlets.

297: 494:. The main rings are, working outward from the planet, C, B and A, with the Cassini Division, the largest gap, separating Rings B and A. Several fainter rings were discovered more recently. The D Ring is exceedingly faint and closest to the planet. The narrow F Ring is just outside the A Ring. Beyond that are two far fainter rings named G and E. The rings show a tremendous amount of structure on all scales, some related to perturbations by Saturn's moons, but much unexplained. 1947: 2419: 2719: 2184: 673:. This atmosphere, despite being extremely sparse, was detected from Earth by the Hubble Space Telescope. Saturn shows complex patterns in its brightness. Most of the variability is due to the changing aspect of the rings, and this goes through two cycles every orbit. However, superimposed on this is variability due to the eccentricity of the planet's orbit that causes the planet to display brighter oppositions in the northern hemisphere than it does in the southern. 1798: 10064: 759: 1774:

The waves are interpreted as a spiral pattern of vertical corrugations of 2 to 20 m amplitude; the fact that the period of the waves is decreasing over time (from 60 km; 40 miles in 1995 to 30 km; 20 miles by 2006) allows a deduction that the pattern may have originated in late 1983 with the impact of a cloud of debris (with a mass of ≈10 kg) from a disrupted comet that tilted the rings out of the equatorial plane. A similar spiral pattern in

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interplanetary dust, which feed into an estimate of the rate of ring darkening over time. Since the rings are continually losing material, they would have been more massive in the past than at present. The mass estimate alone is not very diagnostic, since high mass rings that formed early in the Solar System's history would have evolved by now to a mass close to that measured. Based on current depletion rates, they may disappear in 300 million years.

2280: 2085: 11625: 11649: 233:, and the middle one (Saturn itself) is about three times the size of the lateral ones." He also described the rings as Saturn's "ears". In 1612 the Earth passed through the plane of the rings and they became invisible. Mystified, Galileo remarked "I do not know what to say in a case so surprising, so unlooked for and so novel." He mused, "Has Saturn swallowed his children?" — referring to the myth of the 11601: 506:

chances of either a single or three crossings occurring in each such occasion. The most recent ring plane crossings were on 22 May 1995, 10 August 1995, 11 February 1996 and 4 September 2009; upcoming events will occur on 23 March 2025, 15 October 2038, 1 April 2039 and 9 July 2039. Favorable ring plane crossing viewing opportunities (with Saturn not close to the Sun) only come during triple crossings.

11637: 2710:. The material in the arc is believed to represent dust ejected from Methone by micrometeoroid impacts. The confinement of the dust within the arc is attributable to a 14:15 resonance with Mimas (similar to the mechanism of confinement of the arc within the G ring). Under the influence of the same resonance, Methone librates back and forth in its orbit with an amplitude of 5° of longitude. 6767: 2521: 11613: 2989:, with a speed inversely proportional to particle size; a 3 cm particle would migrate from the vicinity of Phoebe to that of Iapetus over the age of the Solar System. The material would thus strike the leading hemisphere of Iapetus. Infall of this material causes a slight darkening and reddening of the leading hemisphere of Iapetus (similar to what is seen on the Uranian moons 851:

infalling material and thus avoided substantial darkening over the age of the Solar System. Ring material may be recycled as clumps form within the rings and are then disrupted by impacts. This would explain the apparent youth of some of the material within the rings. Evidence suggesting a recent origin of the C ring has been gathered by researchers analyzing data from the

2391:, discovered 1 May 2005, orbits within it, keeping it clear. The moon's passage induces waves in the edges of the gap (this is also influenced by its slight orbital eccentricity). Because the orbit of Daphnis is slightly inclined to the ring plane, the waves have a component that is perpendicular to the ring plane, reaching a distance of 1500 m "above" the plane. 839:, also explaining the lack of rocky material in the composition of most of these moons. Subsequent collisional or cryovolcanic evolution of Enceladus might then have caused selective loss of ice from this moon, raising its density to its current value of 1.61 g/cm, compared to values of 1.15 for Mimas and 0.97 for Tethys. 2594: 1953: 1952: 1949: 1948: 1954: 5722:

Waite, J. H.; Perryman, R. S.; Perry, M. E.; Miller, K. E.; Bell, J.; Cravens, T. E.; Glein, C. R.; Grimes, J.; Hedman, M.; Cuzzi, J.; Brockwell, T.; Teolis, B.; Moore, L.; Mitchell, D. G.; Persoon, A.; Kurth, W. S.; Wahlund, J.-E.; Morooka, M.; Hadid, L. Z.; Chocron, S.; Walker, J.; Nagy, A.; Yelle,

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The B Ring is the largest, brightest, and most massive of the rings. Its thickness is estimated as 5 to 15 m and its optical depth varies from 0.4 to greater than 5, meaning that >99% of the light passing through some parts of the B Ring is blocked. The B Ring contains a great deal of variation in

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Unlike the A, B, and C rings, the E Ring's small optical depth and large vertical extent mean it is best viewed edge-on, which is only possible once every 14–15 years, so perhaps for this reason, it was not until the 1960's that the E Ring was again the subject of observations. Although some sources

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A 2016 study of spiral density waves using stellar occultations indicated that the B Ring's surface density is in the range of 40 to 140 g/cm, lower than previously believed, and that the ring's optical depth has little correlation with its mass density (a finding previously reported for the A and C

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varies from 0.05 to 0.12. That is, between 5 and 12 percent of light shining perpendicularly through the ring is blocked, so that when seen from above, the ring is close to transparent. The 30-km wavelength spiral corrugations first seen in the D Ring were observed during Saturn's equinox of 2009 to

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A prolongation of very faint light stretched on either side from the dark shade on the ball, overlapping the fine line of light formed by the edge of the ring, to the extent of about one-third its length, and so as to give the impression that it was the dusky ring, very much thicker than the bright

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spacecraft; WISE observations show that it extends from at least between 50 and 100 to 270 Saturn radii (the inner edge is lost in the planet's glare). Data obtained with WISE indicate the ring particles are small; those with radii greater than 10 cm comprise 10% or less of the cross-sectional

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with the E Ring's discovery in 1966, his paper published the following year announcing the observations begins by acknowledging the existing controversy and the long record of observations both supporting and disputing the ring's existence, and carefully stresses his interpretation of the data as a

2733:. The material in the arc is believed to represent dust knocked off Anthe by micrometeoroid impacts. The confinement of the dust within the arc is attributable to a 10:11 resonance with Mimas. Under the influence of the same resonance, Anthe drifts back and forth in its orbit over 14° of longitude. 2438:

sees are the "propeller"-shaped disturbances the moonlets create, which are several km (miles) across. It is estimated that the A Ring contains thousands of such objects. In 2007, the discovery of eight more moonlets revealed that they are largely confined to a 3,000 km (2000 mile) belt, about

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High resolution (about 3 km per pixel) color view of the inner-central B Ring (98,600 to 105,500 km; 61,300 to 65,600 miles from Saturn's center). The structures shown (from 40 km; 25 miles wide ringlets at center to 300–500 km; 200 to 300 miles wide bands at right) remain sharply defined at scales

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Present in the D Ring is a finescale structure with waves 30 km (20 miles) apart. First seen in the gap between the C Ring and D73, the structure was found during Saturn's 2009 equinox to extend a radial distance of 19,000 km (12,000 miles) from the D Ring to the inner edge of the B Ring.

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The brightness and purity of the water ice in Saturn's rings have also been cited as evidence that the rings are much younger than Saturn, as the infall of meteoric dust would have led to a darkening of the rings. However, new research indicates that the B Ring may be massive enough to have diluted

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from warmer regions, followed by vapor condensation onto cooler regions. This leaves a dark residue of "lag" material covering most of the equatorial region of Iapetus's leading hemisphere, which contrasts with the bright ice deposits covering the polar regions and most of the trailing hemisphere.

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Research based on rates of infall into Saturn favors a younger ring system age of hundreds of millions of years. Ring material is continually spiraling down into Saturn; the faster this infall, the shorter the lifetime of the ring system. One mechanism involves gravity pulling electrically charged

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Smith, B. A.; Soderblom, L.; Batson, R.; Bridges, P.; Inge, J.; Masursky, H.; Shoemaker, E.; Beebe, R.; Boyce, J.; Briggs, G.; Bunker, A.; Collins, S. A.; Hansen, C. J.; Johnson, T. V.; Mitchell, J. L.; Terrile, R. J.; Cook Af, A. F.; Cuzzi, J.; Pollack, J. B.; Danielson, G. E.; Ingersoll, A. P.;

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The image was taken in visible light with the Cassini spacecraft narrow-angle camera on July 26, 2009. The view was acquired at a distance of approximately 336,000 kilometers (209,000 miles) from Saturn and at a sun-Saturn-spacecraft, or phase, angle of 132 degrees. Image scale is 2 kilometers (1

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The idea of massive early rings was subsequently extended to explain the formation of Saturn's moons out to Rhea. If the initial massive rings contained chunks of rocky material (>100 km; 60 miles across) as well as ice, these silicate bodies would have accreted more ice and been expelled

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made a fly-by of Saturn that showed the F ring to be composed of three narrow rings that appeared to be braided in a complex structure; it is now known that the outer two rings consist of knobs, kinks and lumps that give the illusion of braiding, with the less bright third ring lying inside them.

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Saturn's axial tilt is 26.7°, meaning that widely varying views of the rings, of which the visible ones occupy its equatorial plane, are obtained from Earth at different times. Earth makes passes through the ring plane every 13 to 15 years, about every half Saturn year, and there are about equal

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argued for the ring's existence in a 1909 publication, recalling a observations by William Wray on 26 December 1861 of a "very faint light...so as to give the impression that it was the dusky ring," but after Barnard's negative result most astronomers became skeptical of the E Ring's existence.

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is that the rings could represent part of the remains of the icy mantle of a much larger, Titan-sized, differentiated moon that was stripped of its outer layer as it spiraled into the planet during the formative period when Saturn was still surrounded by a gaseous nebula. This would explain the

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suggest they are much younger, having most likely formed within the last 100 million years, and may thus be between 10 million and 100 million years old. This recent origin scenario is based on a new, low mass estimate modeling of the rings' dynamical evolution, and measurements of the flux of

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through the rings to Earth shows abundance of particles of sizes similar to or larger than those wavelengths. Purple (B, inner A Ring) means few particles are < 5 cm (all signals similarly attenuated). Green and blue (C, outer A Ring) mean particles < 5 cm and < 1 cm,

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As of 2023, the clumpy structure of the ring "is thought to be caused by the presence of thousands of small parent bodies (1.0 to 0.1 km in size) that collide and produce dense strands of micrometre- to centimetre-sized particles that re-accrete over a few months onto the parent bodies in a

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Gehrels, T.; Baker, L. R.; Beshore, E.; Blenman, C.; Burke, J. J.; Castillo, N. D.; Dacosta, B.; Degewij, J.; Doose, L. R.; Fountain, J. W.; Gotobed, J.; Kenknight, C. E.; Kingston, R.; McLaughlin, G.; McMillan, R.; Murphy, R.; Smith, P. H.; Stoll, C. P.; Strickland, R. N.; Tomasko, M. G.;

2698:, which rotates much more rapidly than the orbital motion of the G Ring). These tiny particles are steadily eroded away by further impacts and dispersed by plasma drag. Over the course of thousands of years the ring gradually loses mass, which is replenished by further impacts on Aegaeon. 606:

spacecraft discovered that the rings have an intricate structure of thousands of thin gaps and ringlets. This structure is thought to arise, in several different ways, from the gravitational pull of Saturn's many moons. Some gaps are cleared out by the passage of tiny moonlets such as

2496:, the Roche Division is not empty but contains a sheet of material. The character of this material is similar to the tenuous and dusty D, E, and G Rings. Two locations in the Roche Division have a higher concentration of dust than the rest of the region. These were discovered by the 2786:

observed a "luminous zone" "surrounding the outer bright ring." The next year, on 7 October 1908, E. Schaer independently observed "a new dusky ring...surrounding the bright rings of Saturn" at the Geneva Observatory. Following up on Schaer's discovery, W. Boyer, T. Lewis, and

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was reported. The disk was aligned edge-on to Earth at the time of discovery. This disk can be loosely described as another ring. Although very large (as seen from Earth, the apparent size of two full moons), the ring is virtually invisible. It was discovered using

2857:. Unlike the main rings, the E Ring is more than 2,000 km (1000 miles) thick and increases with its distance from Enceladus. Tendril-like structures observed within the E Ring can be related to the emissions of the most active south polar jets of Enceladus. 930:); their chemical composition is, like the main rings, almost entirely water ice. The narrow F Ring, just off the outer edge of the A Ring, is more difficult to categorize; parts of it are very dense, but it also contains a great deal of dust-size particles. 905:

detected an equatorial flow of charge-neutral material from the rings to the planet of 4,800–44,000 kg/s. Assuming this influx rate is stable, adding it to the continuous 'ring rain' process implies the rings may be gone in under 100 million years.

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by 5° with respect to Saturn's orbit plane (often written as 175°, due to Phoebe's retrograde orbital motion), and its resulting vertical excursions above and below the ring plane agree closely with the ring's observed thickness of 40 Saturn radii.

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Iess, L.; Militzer, B.; Kaspi, Y.; Nicholson, P.; Durante, D.; Racioppa, P.; Anabtawi, A.; Galanti, E.; Hubbard, W.; Mariani, M. J.; Tortora, P.; Wahl, S.; Zannoni, M. (2019). "Measurement and implications of Saturn's gravity field and ring mass".

2523: 2559:, which orbit inside and outside it, recent studies indicate that only Prometheus contributes to the confinement. Numerical simulations suggest the ring was formed when Prometheus and Pandora collided with each other and were partially disrupted. 2579:

In 2008, further dynamism was detected, suggesting that small unseen moons orbiting within the F Ring are continually passing through its narrow core because of perturbations from Prometheus. One of the small moons was tentatively identified as

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View of the outer C Ring; the Maxwell Gap with the Maxwell Ringlet on its right side are above and right of center. The Bond Gap is above a broad light band towards the upper right; the Dawes Gap is within a dark band just below the upper right

2151:. The resonance causes Mimas' pulls on these ring particles to accumulate, destabilizing their orbits and leading to a sharp cutoff in ring density. Many of the other gaps between ringlets within the Cassini Division, however, are unexplained. 8978:

Schenk, P.; Hamilton, D. P.; Johnson, R. E.; McKinnon, W. B.; Paranicas, C.; Schmidt, J.; Showalter, M. R. (January 2011). "Plasma, plumes and rings: Saturn system dynamics as recorded in global color patterns on its midsize icy satellites".

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Saturn and its A, B and C rings in visible and (inset) infrared light. In the false-color IR view, greater water ice content and larger grain size lead to blue-green color, while greater non-ice content and smaller grain size yield a reddish

926:. The latter include the D Ring, extending inward to Saturn's cloud tops, the G and E Rings and others beyond the main ring system. These diffuse rings are characterised as "dusty" because of the small size of their particles (often about a 835:

scarcity of rocky material within the rings. The rings would initially have been much more massive (≈1,000 times) and broader than at present; material in the outer portions of the rings would have coalesced into the moons of Saturn out to

3457:"Saturn's Rings May Have Formed in a Surprisingly Recent Crash of 2 Moons - Researchers completed a complex simulation that supports the idea that the giant planet's jewelry emerged hundreds of millions of years ago, not billions" 879:. They are translucent, suggesting they are temporary aggregates of ice boulders a few meters across. Esposito believes this to be the basic structure of the Saturnian rings, particles clumping together, then being blasted apart. 2832:

The E Ring is the second outermost ring and is extremely wide; it consists of many tiny (micron and sub-micron) particles of water ice with silicates, carbon dioxide and ammonia. The E Ring is distributed between the orbits of

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A mosaic of 107 images showing 255° (about 70%) of the F Ring as it would appear if straightened out, showing the kinked primary strand and the spiral secondary strand. The radial width (top to bottom) is 1,500 km (1000

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The F Ring is the outermost discrete ring of Saturn and perhaps the most active ring in the Solar System, with features changing on a timescale of hours. It is located 3,000 km (2000 miles) beyond the outer edge of the

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Discovered in 1981 through images sent back by Voyager 2, the Huygens Gap is located at the inner edge of the Cassini Division. It contains the dense, eccentric Huygens Ringlet in the middle. This ringlet exhibits irregular

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demonstrated that a nonuniform solid ring, solid ringlets or a continuous fluid ring would also not be stable, indicating that the ring must be composed of numerous small particles, all independently orbiting Saturn. Later,

2916:, and was seen over the entire range of the observations, which extended from 128 to 207 times the radius of Saturn, with calculations indicating that it may extend outward up to 300 Saturn radii and inward to the orbit of 3031:

has been hypothesized to have a tenuous ring system of its own consisting of three narrow bands embedded in a disk of solid particles. These putative rings have not been imaged, but their existence has been inferred from

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spacecraft in 2006. The ring has a radial extent of about 2,500 km (1500 miles). Its source is particles blasted off Pallene's surface by meteoroid impacts, which then form a diffuse ring around its orbital path.

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directly measured the mass of the ring system via their gravitational effect during its final set of orbits that passed between the rings and the cloud tops, yielding a value of 1.54 (± 0.49) × 10 kg, or 0.41 ± 0.13

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maintains the Cassini Division in this manner. Still more structure in the rings consists of spiral waves raised by the inner moons' periodic gravitational perturbations at less disruptive resonances. Data from the

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Zhang, Z.; Hayes, A.G.; Janssen, M.A.; Nicholson, P.D.; Cuzzi, J.N.; de Pater, I.; Dunn, D.E.; Estrada, P.R.; Hedman, M.M. (2017). "Cassini microwave observations provide clues to the origin of Saturn's C ring".

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in 2006. The ring has a radial extent of about 5,000 km (3000 miles). Its source is particles blasted off the moons' surfaces by meteoroid impacts, which then form a diffuse ring around their orbital paths.

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A 2007 artist impression of the aggregates of icy particles that form the 'solid' portions of Saturn's rings. These elongated clumps are continually forming and dispersing. The largest particles are a few meters

2140:. The division may appear bright in views of the unlit side of the rings, since the relatively low density of material allows more light to be transmitted through the thickness of the rings (see second image in 585:

observations of density waves in the A and B rings and an optical depth profile had yielded a mass of about 0.75 Mimas masses, with later observations and computer modeling suggesting that was an underestimate.

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In 2009, during equinox, a moonlet embedded in the B ring was discovered from the shadow it cast. It is estimated to be 400 m (1,300 ft) in diameter. The moonlet was given the provisional designation

2572:, its gravitational attraction creates kinks and knots in the F Ring as the moon 'steals' material from it, leaving a dark channel in the inner part of the ring (see video link and additional F Ring images in 5503:

Charnoz, S.; et al. (December 2011). "Accretion of Saturn's mid-sized moons during the viscous spreading of young massive rings: Solving the paradox of silicate-poor rings versus silicate-rich moons".

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Galileo's solution to his logogriph about Saturn was conveyed in a letter of 13 November 1610 to Giuliano de Medici, ambassador from the Grand Duke of Tuscany to Emperor Rudolph of the Holy Roman Empire.

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or moon, the age of this ring could be on the order of 100 million years or less. On the other hand, if the material came primarily from micrometeoroid influx, the age would be closer to a billion years.

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atmospheres are so sparse that if the entire atmosphere were somehow condensed onto the rings, it would be about one atom thick. The rings also have a similarly sparse OH (hydroxide) atmosphere. Like the

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became Professor of Astronomy at Gresham College, London. He had been making observations of the planet Saturn from around 1652 with the aim of explaining its appearance. His hypothesis was written up in

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in which he came close to suggesting the planet had a ring. However, Wren was unsure whether the ring was independent of the planet, or physically attached to it. Before Wren's hypothesis was published

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The B Ring's outer edge, viewed near equinox, where shadows are cast by vertical structures up to 2.5 km (1½ miles) high, probably created by unseen embedded moonlets. The Cassini Division is at top.

107:. There is still no consensus as to their mechanism of formation. Although theoretical models indicated that the rings were likely to have formed early in the Solar System's history, newer data from 715:

Estimates of the age of Saturn's rings vary widely, depending on the approach used. They have been considered to possibly be very old, dating to the formation of Saturn itself. However, data from

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that "The planet Saturn is not alone, but is composed of three, which almost touch one another and never move nor change with respect to one another. They are arranged in a line parallel to the

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Cuzzi, J. N.; Whizin, A. D.; Hogan, R. C.; Dobrovolskis, A. R.; Dones, L.; Showalter, M. R.; Colwell, J. E.; Scargle, J. D. (April 2014). "Saturn's F Ring core: Calm in the midst of chaos".

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Phoebe orbits the planet at a distance ranging from 180 to 250 radii. The ring has a thickness of about 40 radii. Because the ring's particles are presumed to have originated from impacts (

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arrived at Saturn in early 2004. Some scientists speculated that the spokes would not be visible again until 2007, based on models attempting to describe their formation. Nevertheless, the

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observation conducted on May 3, 2005. Color in the lower image is used to represent information about ring particle sizes (see the caption of the article's second image for an explanation).

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from observing Saturn's rings at the planned resolution; nevertheless, images from the spacecraft provided unprecedented detail of the ring system and revealed the existence of the G ring.

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spacecraft have shown that the rings extend significantly out of the nominal ring plane in a few places. This displacement reaches as much as 4 km (2.5 mi) at the border of the

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images of Saturn's C, B, and A rings (left to right; the F ring is faintly visible in the full size upper image if viewed at sufficient brightness). Upper image: natural color mosaic of

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Although not confirmed until 1980, the existence of the E ring was a subject of debate among astronomers at least as far back as 1908. In a narrative timeline of Saturn observations,

2063:. Suggestions that the spokes may be a seasonal effect, varying with Saturn's 29.7-year orbit, were supported by their gradual reappearance in the later years of the Cassini mission. 1846:

The Colombo Gap lies in the inner C Ring. Within the gap lies the bright but narrow Colombo Ringlet, centered at 77,883 km (48,394 miles) from Saturn's center, which is slightly

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Similarly to the B Ring, the A Ring's outer edge is maintained by orbital resonances, albeit in this case a more complicated set. It is primarily acted on by the 7:6 resonance with

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A more traditional version of the disrupted-moon theory is that the rings are composed of debris from a moon 400 to 600 km (200 to 400 miles) in diameter, slightly larger than

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The dense main rings extend from 7,000 km (4,300 mi) to 80,000 km (50,000 mi) away from Saturn's equator, whose radius is 60,300 km (37,500 mi) (see

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water ice grains down from the rings along planetary magnetic field lines, a process termed 'ring rain'. This flow rate was inferred to be 432–2870 kg/s using ground-based

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respectively, are common. White areas (B Ring) are too dense to transmit adequate signal. Other evidence shows rings A to C have a broad range of particle sizes, up to m across.

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Hamilton, Douglas P.; Skrutskie, Michael F.; Verbiscer, Anne J.; Masci, Frank J. (2015-06-10). "Small particles dominate Saturn's Phoebe ring to surprisingly large distances".

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130,000 km (80,000 miles) from Saturn's center, and by 2008 over 150 propeller moonlets had been detected. One that has been tracked for several years has been nicknamed

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spacecraft. The Huygens Gap lies at its right border; the Laplace Gap is towards the center. A number of other, narrower gaps are also present. The moon in the background is

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The Maxwell Gap lies within the outer part of the C Ring. It also contains a dense non-circular ringlet, the Maxwell Ringlet. In many respects this ringlet is similar to the

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will pull it apart. Lying at the outer edge of the main ring system, the Roche Division is in fact close to Saturn's Roche limit, which is why the rings have been unable to

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The small moons Pandora (left) and Prometheus (right) orbit on either side of the F ring. Prometheus acts as a ring shepherd and is followed by dark channels that it has

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In September 2023, astronomers reported studies suggesting that the rings of Saturn may have resulted from the collision of two moons "a few hundred million years ago".

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In September 2023, astronomers reported studies suggesting that the rings of Saturn may have resulted from the collision of two moons "a few hundred million years ago".

2841:. Unlike the other rings, it is composed of microscopic particles rather than macroscopic ice chunks. In 2005, the source of the E Ring's material was determined to be 2257:

in the A Ring (and, to a lesser extent, other rings as well), which account for most of its structure. These waves are described by the same physics that describes the

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are particularly affected as their orbits move up and down the ring plane. This results in their surfaces being coated with bright material that smooths out features.

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The rings have numerous gaps where particle density drops sharply: two opened by known moons embedded within them, and many others at locations of known destabilizing

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Davies, M. E.; Hunt, G. E.; Morrison, D.; Owen, T.; Sagan, C.; Veverka, J.; Strom, R.; Suomi, V. E. (1982). "A New Look at the Saturn System: The Voyager 2 Images".

7169:; Evans, Michael W.; French, Colleen McGhee; Hedman, Matthew M.; Burns, Joseph A. (1 October 2015). "How Janus' Orbital Swap Affects the Edge of Saturn's A Ring?". 950:

narrow-angle camera images of the unilluminated side of Saturn's D, C, B, A and F rings (left to right) taken on May 9, 2007 (distances are to the planet's center).

471: 623:'s maintenance of the F ring). Other gaps arise from resonances between the orbital period of particles in the gap and that of a more massive moon further out; 9552: 632:

space probe indicate that the rings of Saturn possess their own atmosphere, independent of that of the planet itself. The atmosphere is composed of molecular

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was the first person to describe them as a disk surrounding Saturn. The concept that Saturn's rings are made up of a series of tiny ringlets can be traced to

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in 1655 and was able to observe Saturn with greater detail using a 43× power refracting telescope that he designed himself. He was the first to suggest that

9415: 9226: 6496: 8914: 4945: 2576:). Since Prometheus orbits Saturn more rapidly than the material in the F ring, each new channel is carved about 3.2 degrees in front of the previous one. 9480: 2147:

The inner edge of the Cassini Division is governed by a strong orbital resonance. Ring particles at this location orbit twice for every orbit of the moon

2021:

of Saturn. The precise mechanism generating the spokes is still unknown. It has been suggested that the electrical disturbances might be caused by either

9145: 2818: 2814: 2809: 377:

also found that Saturn's rings cannot be liquid ring-shaped bodies. Spectroscopic studies of the rings which were carried out independently in 1895 by

3135:, unless otherwise noted. Broader separations between named rings are termed divisions, while narrower separations within named rings are called gaps. 640:) produced when ultraviolet light from the Sun interacts with water ice in the rings. Chemical reactions between water molecule fragments and further 546:). With an estimated local thickness of as little as 10 metres (32' 10") and as much as 1 km (1093 yards), they are composed of 99.9% pure water 8669: 3466: 11674: 9290: 7058: 6225: 5567: 3048:

of the putative ring plane from several angles have turned up nothing, suggesting that another explanation for these enigmatic features is needed.

2568:

probe show that the F Ring consists of one core ring and a spiral strand around it. They also show that when Prometheus encounters the ring at its

2547:

imaging team. It is very thin, just a few hundred km (miles) in radial extent. While the traditional view has been that it is held together by two

8249: 4447: 1766:

detected within this ring three ringlets designated D73, D72 and D68, with D68 being the discrete ringlet nearest to Saturn. Some 25 years later,

855:, which focused on analyzing the proportion of rocky silicates within this ring. If much of this material was contributed by a recently disrupted 132:

to the sky, he became the first person to observe Saturn's rings, though he could not see them well enough to discern their true nature. In 1655,

11361: 4674: 240:

devouring his offspring to forestall the prophecy of them overthrowing him. He was further confused when the rings again became visible in 1613.

7222:

Spahn, Frank; Hoffmann, Holger; Seiß, Martin; Seiler, Michael; Grätz, Fabio M. (19 June 2019). "The radial density profile of Saturn's A ring".

843:

from the rings, due to gravitational interactions with the rings and tidal interaction with Saturn, into progressively wider orbits. Within the

4426: 2501: 226: 11267: 4392: 475: 190:

has an axial tilt of 27 degrees, so this ring is tilted at an angle of 27 degrees to the more visible rings orbiting above Saturn's equator.

9353:

Spencer, J. R.; et al. (2009-12-10). "Formation of Iapetus' Extreme Albedo Dichotomy by Exogenically Triggered Thermal Ice Migration".

4780:

Esposito, L. W.; O'Callaghan, M.; West, R. A. (1983). "The structure of Saturn's rings: Implications from the Voyager stellar occultation".

163:. Other gaps remain unexplained. Stabilizing resonances, on the other hand, are responsible for the longevity of several rings, such as the 7443: 976:

narrow-angle camera photos of the illuminated side of the rings taken on December 12, 2004. Lower image: simulated view constructed from a

346:

determined that Saturn's ring was composed of multiple smaller rings with gaps between them; the largest of these gaps was later named the

943: 918:). Along with the C Ring, which was discovered in 1850 and is similar in character to the Cassini Division, these regions constitute the 914:

The densest parts of the Saturnian ring system are the A and B Rings, which are separated by the Cassini Division (discovered in 1675 by

8391: 1981:, which could not be explained in this manner, as their persistence and rotation around the rings was not consistent with gravitational 573:, spread across a surface area 80 times larger than that of Earth. The estimate is close to the value of 0.40 Mimas masses derived from 6864: 5268:

Wisdom, Jack; Dbouk, Rola; Militzer, Burkhard; Hubbard, William; Nimmo, Francis; Downey, Brynna; French, Richard (September 15, 2022).

5418: 11214: 10266: 10100: 6691:

Hedman, M.M.; Nicholson, P.D. (2016-01-22). "The B-ring's surface mass density from hidden density waves: Less than meets the eye?".

5342: 4194: 2168:

and the influence of the eccentric outer edge of the B-ring. There is an additional narrow ringlet just outside the Huygens Ringlet.

8370: 3241: 665:, this atmosphere is produced by the disintegration of water molecules, though in this case the disintegration is done by energetic 4255: 4119: 3960: 2706:

A faint ring arc, first detected in September 2006, covering a longitudinal extent of about 10 degrees is associated with the moon

1870:. There are wave-like structures in the middle of both rings. While the wave in the ε ring is thought to be caused by Uranian moon 418:

s closest approach occurred in November 1980 at a distance of 64,200 km (39,900 mi). A failed photopolarimeter prevented

365:

proved that a uniform solid ring would be unstable and suggested that the rings were composed of a large number of solid ringlets.

225:

was the first to observe the rings of Saturn in 1610 using his telescope, but was unable to identify them as such. He wrote to the

4540: 11679: 8892: 4310: 8081:

Hyodo, R.; Ohtsuki, K. (2015-08-17). "Saturn's F ring and shepherd satellites a natural outcome of satellite system formation".

5662:

O'Donoghue, James; Moore, Luke; Connerney, Jack; Melin, Henrik; Stallard, Tom; Miller, Steve; Baines, Kevin H. (November 2018).

4073: 2310:, centered at a distance of 133,590 km (83,000 miles) from Saturn's center. It is caused by the presence of the small moon 2271:

In April 2014, NASA scientists reported observing the possible formative stage of a new moon near the outer edge of the A Ring.

2037:

or dust levitation, and caused by intense electric fields across the terminator of ring particles, not electrical disturbances.

5023:

Schmude, Richard Jr. (2006-09-22). "Wideband photometric magnitude measurements of Saturn made during the 2005–06 Apparition".

2601: 2434:

images of the A Ring. The moonlets themselves are only about a hundred metres in diameter, too small to be seen directly; what

1858:

is equal to the length of Titan's orbital motion, so that the outer end of this eccentric ringlet always points towards Titan.

1770:

images showed that D72 had become significantly broader and more diffuse, and had moved planetward by 200 km (100 miles).

2729:

A faint ring arc, first detected in June 2007, covering a longitudinal extent of about 20 degrees is associated with the moon

11331: 9947: 8762:

Spahn, F.; et al. (2006-03-10). "Cassini Dust Measurements at Enceladus and Implications for the Origin of the E Ring".

7986: 4866: 3837: 3792: 3570: 3298: 2218:

The thickness of the A Ring is estimated to be 10 to 30 m, its surface density from 35 to 40 g/cm and its total mass as 4 to

8826:; Helfenstein, P.; Thomas, P. C.; Ingersoll, A. P.; Wisdom, J.; West, R.; Neukum, G.; Denk, T.; Wagner, R. (10 March 2006). 8261: 1850:

rather than circular. This ringlet is also called the Titan Ringlet as it is governed by an orbital resonance with the moon

7851: 3640: 2975: 577:

observations of density waves in the A, B and C rings. It is a small fraction of the total mass of Saturn (about 0.25

327:(" is surrounded by a thin, flat, ring, nowhere touching , inclined to the ecliptic"). He published his ring hypothesis in 9623:

by Kevin M. Gill of a flyover of the outer B Ring at equinox (it starts getting less uniform after the first minute); see

9575: 3982: 2791:

found signs of a discontinuous ring matching Schaer's description, but described their observations as "uncertain." After

2052:

imaging team kept looking for spokes in images of the rings, and they were next seen in images taken on 5 September 2005.

611:, many more of which may yet be discovered, and some ringlets seem to be maintained by the gravitational effects of small 280:

presented his hypothesis of the rings of Saturn. Immediately Wren recognised this as a better hypothesis than his own and

9514: 8014: 2921: 2775: 9198: 2363:

until the IAU clarified the definitions in 2008; before that, the separation was sometimes called the "Encke Division".

9604: 5239: 3423: 731:

who hid in a well). According to the theory, the moon's orbit decayed until it was close enough to be ripped apart by

17: 6332: 6030:

Jürgen Blunck, Solar System Moons: Discovery and Mythology, Springer Science & Business Media - 2009, pages 62-63

5966:

Jürgen Blunck, Solar System Moons: Discovery and Mythology, Springer Science & Business Media - 2009, pages 62-63

5957:

Jürgen Blunck, Solar System Moons: Discovery and Mythology, Springer Science & Business Media - 2009, pages 62-63

5928:

Jürgen Blunck, Solar System Moons: Discovery and Mythology, Springer Science & Business Media - 2009, pages 62-63

5782: 3041: 856: 2336:

himself did not observe this gap; it was named in honour of his ring observations. The gap itself was discovered by

9666: 5624:

Esposito, L.W.; et al. (January 2012). "A predator–prey model for moon-triggered clumping in Saturn's rings".

5081: 4924: 4756: 4094:

This work, with two others, had been submitted in 1874 to the University of Göttingen as her doctoral dissertation.

3272: 3132: 2860:

Particles of the E Ring tend to accumulate on moons that orbit within it. The equator of the leading hemisphere of

743:" for the destroyed moon. A variation on this theory is that this moon disintegrated after being struck by a large 30: 4623: 4377: 11551: 9980: 9462: 9320: 9273: 7530: 7407:

Osterbrock, D. E.; Cruikshank, D. P. (1983). "J.E. Keeler's discovery of a gap in the outer part of the a ring".

6545: 3715: 3690: 8961: 4984: 4104: 1830:

termed it the "Crepe Ring" because it seemed to be composed of darker material than the brighter A and B Rings.

676: 4105:"Kovalevsky, Sonya (or Kovalevskaya, Sofya Vasilyevna). Entry from Complete Dictionary of Scientific Biography" 3456: 739:). Numerical simulations carried out in 2022 support this theory; the authors of that study proposed the name " 455:

images of the rings are the most detailed to-date, and are responsible for the discovery of yet more ringlets.

183: 9149: 9064: 4025: 2033:

impacts on the rings. Alternatively, it is proposed that the spokes are very similar to a phenomenon known as

321:

aaaaaaacccccdeeeeeghiiiiiiillllmmnnnnnnnnnooooppqrrstttttuuuuu

11207: 11156: 10259: 10093: 5130: 2986: 751:. The second theory is that the rings were never part of a moon, but are instead left over from the original 740: 5447:(2010-12-12). "Origin of Saturn's rings and inner moons by mass removal from a lost Titan-sized satellite". 2059:

phenomenon, disappearing in the Saturnian midwinter and midsummer and reappearing as Saturn comes closer to

1969:

Until 1980, the structure of the rings of Saturn was explained as being caused exclusively by the action of

823:. The last time there were collisions large enough to be likely to disrupt a moon that large was during the 11323: 9492: 5101: 255:

to lay claim to new discoveries before their results were ready for publication. Galileo used the anagram "

7107:

Archie Frederick Collins, The greatest eye in the world: astronomical telescopes and their stories, page 8

5176: 3668: 2508:; and R/2004 S 2, centered at 138,900 km (86,300 miles) from Saturn's center, inward of the orbit of 723:

There are two main theories regarding the origin of Saturn's inner rings. A theory originally proposed by

405:

s closest approach to Saturn occurred in September 1979 at a distance of 20,900 km (13,000 mi).

11460: 8464: 2675:) that extends about one-sixth of its circumference, centered on the half-km (500 yard) diameter moonlet 2481:

which is the distance at which a large object is so close to a planet (such as Saturn) that the planet's

1833:

Its vertical thickness is estimated at 5 metres (16'), its mass at around 1.1 × 10 kg, and its

782: 9298: 7066: 6229: 5559: 4843: 4062:

This work had been submitted, in 1856, as an entry for the Adams prize from the University of Cambridge.

2164:

variations of geometrical width and optical depth, which may be caused by the nearby 2:1 resonance with

11591: 11496: 11491: 11161: 11151: 4688:

Zebker, H.A.; et al. (1985). "Saturn's rings – Particle size distributions for thin layer model".

4455: 3884: 2926: 263:("I have observed the most distant planet to have a triple form") for discovering the rings of Saturn. 5980:

Wijesinghe, M. P.; Coffeen, D. L.; Esposito, L. (1980). "Imaging Photopolarimeter on Pioneer Saturn".

3652: 2943: 7117: 5047: 2846: 2824: 2767: 915: 459: 343: 9624: 9375: 8784: 7581: 7019: 6431: 4815:

Stewart, Glen R.; et al. (October 2007). "Evidence for a Primordial Origin of Saturn's Rings".

11684: 11669: 11200: 10252: 10086: 10040: 9702: 6969: 6470: 6357: 4168: 4004: 2998: 2796: 2486: 52: 7337: 7094: 4480: 3183:

distance is to centre of gaps, rings and ringlets that are narrower than 1,000 km (600 miles)

3164: 288:

was another early observer of the rings of Saturn, and noted the casting of shadows on the rings.

152:

in density and brightness. On the scale of the clumps within the rings there is much empty space.

11567: 11455: 11262: 11247: 11237: 9717: 9598: 9328: 9171: 7918: 7559:

Weiss, J. W.; et al. (11 June 2009). "Ring Edge Waves and the Masses of Nearby Satellites".

7243: 6251: 4882:

Goldreich, Peter; et al. (1978). "The formation of the Cassini division in Saturn's rings".

4595: 4396: 3009: 2913: 2893: 1998: 1959: 1791: 803: 10372: 9548: 9090:

Tamayo, D.; et al. (2014-01-23). "First observations of the Phoebe ring in optical light".

8615: 6749: 4340: 3562: 875:

to discover 13 objects, ranging from 27 metres (89') to 10 km (6 miles) across, within the

11338: 10290: 9747: 9370: 8779: 7576: 7014: 6426: 3873:... Telescopes ... ], in which the pages are numbered separately from those in the first book. 2971: 2828:

E Ring tendrils from Enceladus geysers - comparison of images (a, c) with computer simulations.

2792: 2671:. It contains a single distinctly brighter arc near its inner edge (similar to the arcs in the 1779: 1674: 824: 8827: 8015:"On the masses and motions of mini-moons: Pandora's not a "shepherd," but Prometheus still is" 7531:"Saturn's Approach To Equinox Reveals Never-before-seen Vertical Structures In Planet's Rings" 3776: 3770: 2261:. Spiral bending waves, also present in the A Ring and also described by the same theory, are 1748: 11559: 9957: 8399: 7136: 5028: 4726: 4668: 4548: 4488: 4124: 4076:[Addenda to and comments on Laplace's investigations of the form of Saturn's rings]. 3654:

The Sidereal Messenger of Galileo Galilei and a Part of the Preface to Kepler's Dioptrics ...

1775: 852: 431:

s closest approach occurred in August 1981 at a distance of 41,000 km (25,000 mi).

382: 319:

was surrounded by a ring detached from the planet, and famously published the letter string "

141: 9015: 6868: 5154: 4171:[An investigation of the shift of lines in the spectrum of Saturn and of its ring]. 2371: 2326:

exterior to the rings, while Pan induces an additional set of spiraling wakes (see image in

2136:

discovered that the gap is itself populated by ring material bearing much similarity to the

1915: 898:

million years. While traversing the gap between the rings and planet in September 2017, the

510: 11502: 11484: 11440: 11393: 11181: 10233: 10046: 9972: 9659: 9614: 9430: 9362: 9241: 9111: 8988: 8929: 8842: 8771: 8728: 8678: 8627: 8580: 8546: 8493: 8434: 8303: 8189: 8132: 8090: 8047: 7933: 7747: 7728: 7680: 7625: 7568: 7487: 7416: 7373: 7299: 7188: 7006: 6936: 6915:"Dust release from cold ring particles as a mechanism of spoke formation in Saturn's rings" 6822: 6710: 6640: 6587: 6513: 6418: 6300: 6180: 6120: 6060: 6048: 5989: 5903: 5864: 5826: 5736: 5678: 5633: 5598: 5525: 5458: 5350: 5283: 5188: 5069: 4960: 4893: 4854: 4824: 4789: 4699: 4648: 4133: 4085: 4053: 3941: 3817: 3727: 3702: 3514: 3351: 3100: 2900:

In October 2009, the discovery of a tenuous disk of material just interior to the orbit of

2207:. The A Ring is interrupted at a location 22% of the ring width from its outer edge by the 2117: 1815: 1642: 1594: 1498: 1446: 1055: 467: 438:

s working photopolarimeter allowed it to observe the ring system at higher resolution than

386: 362: 137: 8425:

Hedman, M. M.; et al. (2008-11-25). "Three tenuous rings/arcs for three tiny moons".

7829: 4202: 8: 11653: 11543: 11535: 11472: 11445: 11345: 11315: 11252: 11146: 9966: 9712: 9633:

by Nick Stevens of Saturn and its rings from an equatorial and a polar orbit, and from a

9605:

Everything a Curious Mind Should Know About Planetary Ring Systems with Dr Mark Showalter

9203: 8709:

Hedman, M. M.; et al. (2012). "The three-dimensional structure of Saturn's E Ring".

7288:"The discovery and dynamical evolution of an object at the outer edge of Saturn's a ring" 7286:

Murray, C. D.; Cooper, N. J.; Williams, G. A.; Attree, N. O.; Boyer, J. S. (2014-03-28).

7268: 6382: 5664:"Observations of the chemical and thermal response of 'ring rain' on Saturn's ionosphere" 5177:"Observations of the chemical and thermal response of 'ring rain' on Saturn's ionosphere" 4637:

Nicholson, P.D.; et al. (2008). "A close look at Saturn's rings with Cassini VIMS".

4285: 4263: 3233: 2564: 2399: 2337: 2319: 2299: 2254: 2100:

The Cassini Division is a region 4,800 km (3,000 mi) in width between Saturn's

1811: 1442: 1426: 1408: 1051: 727:

in the 19th century is that the rings were once a moon of Saturn (named Veritas, after a

570: 463: 458:

The rings are named alphabetically in the order they were discovered: A and B in 1675 by

443: 390: 369: 312: 109: 45: 9434: 9366: 9245: 9115: 8992: 8933: 8846: 8775: 8732: 8682: 8631: 8584: 8550: 8534: 8497: 8438: 8307: 8193: 8136: 8094: 8051: 7937: 7894: 7876: 7785: 7751: 7684: 7629: 7572: 7491: 7420: 7377: 7303: 7192: 7088: 7010: 6940: 6826: 6714: 6644: 6591: 6517: 6422: 6304: 6184: 6124: 6064: 5993: 5907: 5868: 5830: 5783:"Saturn is Officially Losing its Rings and Shockingly at Much Faster Rate than Expected" 5740: 5682: 5637: 5602: 5529: 5462: 5287: 5192: 4964: 4897: 4858: 4828: 4793: 4703: 4652: 4512: 4137: 4089: 4057: 3945: 3821: 3731: 3706: 3518: 3355: 2850: 2040:

The spokes were not observed again until some twenty-five years later, this time by the

1887:

rings). The total mass of the B Ring was estimated to be somewhere in the range of 7 to

1867: 1154:

Bordered by F Ring (Pioneer 11 discovery - 1979), named after the spacecraft then after

589: 11641: 11629: 11575: 11467: 11299: 10228: 9987: 9589: 9454: 9396: 9265: 9127: 9101: 8953: 8866: 8805: 8744: 8718: 8327: 8257: 8156: 7957: 7763: 7759: 7737: 7704: 7649: 7594: 7511: 7389: 7223: 7204: 7178: 7165:

El Moutamid, Maryame; Nicholson, Philip D.; French, Richard G.; Tiscareno, Matthew S.;

7040: 6926: 6846: 6726: 6700: 6664: 6537: 6452: 6204: 6144: 6013: 5704: 5541: 5515: 5482: 5391: 5317: 5214: 4976: 4508: 4149: 4074:"Zusätze und Bemerkungen zu Laplace's Untersuchungen über die Gestalt der Saturnsringe" 3914: 3854: 3765: 3743: 3611: 3555: 3504: 3461: 3385: 3304: 3276: 3160: 3063: 2979: 2640: 2548: 2034: 1855: 1546: 1132: 1082: 612: 374: 308: 277: 206: 133: 117: 9227:"Iapetus: Unique Surface Properties and a Global Color Dichotomy from Cassini Imaging" 8941: 8614:

Smith, Bradford A.; Cook, Allan F.; Feibelman, Walter A.; Beebe, Reta F. (July 1975).

7614:

100-m-diameter moonlets in Saturn's A ring from observations of 'propeller' structures

7590: 7385: 5269: 4318: 2318:

probe have shown that there are at least three thin, knotted ringlets within the gap.

396:

Four robotic spacecraft have observed Saturn's rings from the vicinity of the planet.

103:. The ring particles are made almost entirely of water ice, with a trace component of 36: 11435: 10773: 10453: 10336: 10331: 10198: 10173: 10034: 9852: 9777: 9767: 9686: 9522: 9488: 9458: 9446: 9388: 9257: 8945: 8858: 8797: 8691: 8664: 8639: 8596: 8511: 8319: 8205: 8148: 8063: 8018: 7992: 7982: 7961: 7949: 7696: 7641: 7503: 7428: 7393: 7361: 7287: 7032: 6838: 6785: 6730: 6656: 6599: 6529: 6504: 6444: 6409: 6259: 6196: 6136: 6084: 6076: 6005: 5915: 5876: 5838: 5764: 5708: 5545: 5474: 5383: 5366: 5321: 5309: 5274: 5218: 5002: 4905: 4862: 4801: 4711: 4569: 4518: 3929: 3833: 3788: 3747: 3615: 3576: 3566: 3532: 3377: 3308: 3294: 3266: 3072:– discovered the separation between the A and B rings (the Cassini Division), in 1675 3002: 2877: 2636: 2552: 2509: 2457:

The Roche Division (passing through image center) between the A Ring and the F Ring.

2441: 2355:

because it is entirely within the A Ring. There was some ambiguity between the terms

2266: 2246: 2238: 2113: 1982: 1200: 977: 793: 616: 578: 526: 252: 234: 156: 149: 9400: 9131: 8957: 8809: 8345: 8234: 7767: 7598: 7472: 7324: 7208: 7044: 6850: 6541: 6456: 6017: 5723:

R.; Ledvina, S.; Johnson, R.; Tseng, W.; Tucker, O. J.; Ip, W.-H. (5 October 2018).

5395: 4980: 3389: 695:

New images of the rings taken around the 11 August 2009 equinox of Saturn by NASA's

11605: 11527: 11429: 11387: 11369: 11307: 10799: 10755: 10140: 10125: 9707: 9438: 9380: 9249: 9179: 9119: 9092: 8996: 8937: 8870: 8850: 8789: 8748: 8736: 8686: 8643: 8635: 8588: 8501: 8442: 8311: 8288: 8213: 8197: 8180: 8160: 8140: 8117: 8098: 8055: 8010: 7941: 7755: 7708: 7688: 7653: 7633: 7586: 7515: 7495: 7424: 7381: 7307: 7196: 7024: 6991: 6944: 6830: 6718: 6668: 6648: 6595: 6578: 6521: 6436: 6308: 6285: 6208: 6188: 6171: 6148: 6128: 6068: 5997: 5911: 5872: 5834: 5754: 5744: 5694: 5686: 5641: 5606: 5533: 5506: 5486: 5466: 5449: 5375: 5299: 5291: 5204: 5196: 4968: 4901: 4884: 4797: 4707: 4690: 4656: 4639: 4541:"Oppositions, conjunctions, seasons, and ring plane crossings of the giant planets" 4536: 4476: 4173:Иӡвѣстія Императорской Академіи Наукъ (Bulletin of the Imperial Academy of Science) 4153: 4141: 3900: 3825: 3780: 3735: 3603: 3594:

Deiss, B. M.; Nebel, V. (2016). "On a Pretended Observation of Saturn by Galileo".

3522: 3367: 3359: 3286: 3265:

Tiscareno, M. S. (2012-07-04). "Planetary Rings". In Kalas, P.; French, L. (eds.).

3069: 2955: 2788: 2779: 2691: 2672: 2387:, approximately 250 km (150 miles) from the ring's outer edge. The small moon 2109: 1819: 1658: 1578: 1371: 1304: 1105: 267: 9269: 8331: 7810: 4920: 4227: 3075: 2474: 2453: 2199:

The A Ring is the outermost of the large, bright rings. Its inner boundary is the

1155: 724: 11519: 11479: 11272: 11223: 10888: 10865: 10814: 10804: 10618: 10611: 10474: 10275: 10183: 10135: 10067: 10002: 9912: 9873: 9732: 9652: 9123: 9000: 8740: 8446: 8059: 7976: 7855: 7311: 7200: 6948: 6834: 6722: 6625: 6497:"The impact of comet Shoemaker-Levy 9 sends ripples through the rings of Jupiter" 6407:

Hedman, M. M.; et al. (2011-03-31). "Saturn's curiously corrugated C Ring".

6312: 6072: 6001: 5690: 5645: 5610: 5537: 5379: 5200: 4660: 4047: 3628: 3112: 3057: 3005: 2800: 2323: 2262: 2227: 2192: 2014: 1990: 1871: 1827: 1610: 1128: 1078: 899: 887:

observations; as a consequence of this process alone, the rings will be gone in ~

789: 773: 603: 222: 215: 160: 125: 8173: 6893: 6626:"Cassini Imaging Science: Initial Results on Saturn'sRings and Small Satellites" 5155:"NASA Research Reveals Saturn is Losing Its Rings at "Worst-Case-Scenario" Rate" 5032: 3784: 3290: 3036:

observations in November 2005 of a depletion of energetic electrons in Saturn's

2375:

Close up view of waves in the Keeler gap edges induced by the orbital motion of

1928: 1330:; discovered in 2009 by Anne Verbiscer, Michael Skrutskie, and Douglas Hamilton 683:

space probe view of the unilluminated side of Saturn's rings (October 10, 2013).

11399: 11257: 11242: 11076: 11058: 10987: 10974: 10955: 10929: 10848: 10480: 10434: 10429: 10390: 10380: 10362: 10326: 10303: 10178: 10145: 9942: 9879: 9833: 9828: 9809: 9799: 9787: 9772: 9757: 9608: 8201: 7166: 6914: 5444: 3739: 3673:(in Italian and Latin). Vol. 10. Florence, Italy: G. Barbera. p. 474. 3607: 3527: 3492: 2994: 2970:. The discovery was made by Anne J. Verbiscer and Michael F. Skrutskie (of the 2947: 2939: 2917: 2869: 2865: 2778:

attributes the first observation of what would come to be called the E Ring to

2742: 2707: 2695: 2680: 2676: 2556: 2388: 2376: 2250: 2121: 2030: 2005:. The leading theory regarding the spokes' composition is that they consist of 2002: 1282: 1240: 884: 868: 704: 620: 104: 9620: 9526: 5855:; et al. (November 1987). "Eccentric features in Saturn's outer C ring". 2888: 2667:, with its inner edge about 15,000 km (10,000 miles) inside the orbit of 1973:

forces. Then images from the Voyager spacecraft showed radial features in the

521: 140:, although true gaps are few – it is more correct to think of the rings as an 11663: 11450: 11405: 11009: 10992: 10875: 10870: 10696: 10671: 10638: 10525: 10512: 10448: 10423: 10313: 10206: 9924: 9890: 9847: 9822: 8949: 8823: 8600: 8539:

Bulletin de la Société Astronomique de France et Revue Mensuelle d'Astronomie

8515: 8387: 8209: 8067: 7996: 7781: 6771: 6565: 6080: 5852: 5806: 4522: 3908: 3580: 3536: 3229: 3037: 3022: 2990: 2901: 2873: 2861: 2687: 2684: 2615: 2258: 2129: 2018: 2010: 1834: 1626: 1327: 836: 350:. This division is a 4,800-kilometre-wide (3,000 mi) region between the 179: 56: 9442: 9384: 9253: 8854: 8793: 8648: 8506: 8481: 8315: 8217: 8144: 7499: 7028: 6652: 6525: 6440: 5749: 5724: 5295: 5247: 3431: 3363: 296: 11617: 11411: 11092: 10898: 10809: 10794: 10760: 10738: 10600: 10468: 10442: 10385: 10357: 10341: 10165: 10155: 10149: 9907: 9867: 9841: 9804: 9793: 9782: 9762: 9450: 9392: 9261: 9069: 8862: 8801: 8568: 8323: 8176:"A dense ring of the trans-Neptunian object Quaoar outside its Roche limit" 8152: 7953: 7700: 7645: 7507: 7143:. School of Mathematics and Statistics University of St. Andrews, Scotland. 7036: 6842: 6660: 6533: 6448: 6200: 6140: 6088: 6009: 5768: 5478: 5387: 5313: 3904: 3829: 3381: 3104: 2967: 2842: 2838: 2730: 2723: 2632: 2505: 2458: 2407: 2333: 2234: 2204: 2125: 1851: 1823: 1735: 1717: 1389: 1261: 1196: 810: 378: 336: 332: 285: 84: 9183: 7919:"The determination of the structure of Saturn's F ring by nearby moonlets" 5759: 4727:"Bedmap2: improved ice bed, surface and thickness datasets for Antarctica" 2718: 2418: 2183: 922:. The main rings are denser and contain larger particles than the tenuous 11353: 11282: 11129: 11119: 11102: 11097: 11071: 11066: 11053: 11042: 11034: 11029: 11024: 11019: 11014: 10979: 10966: 10924: 10919: 10914: 10903: 10893: 10883: 10843: 10835: 10830: 10783: 10765: 10714: 10678: 10653: 10576: 10557: 10491: 10461: 10109: 9919: 9885: 9860: 9321:"Cassini Closes In On The Centuries-old Mystery Of Saturn's Moon Iapetus" 7877:"IAUC 8401: S/2004 S 3, S/2004 S 4,, R/2004 S 1; 2004eg, 2004eh,, 2004ei" 5304: 3079: 3028: 2959: 2783: 2631:

A faint dust ring is present around the region occupied by the orbits of

2482: 2478: 2006: 1986: 1970: 872: 844: 831: 736: 732: 641: 598:

Although the largest gaps in the rings, such as the Cassini Division and

530: 325:

Annulo cingitur, tenui, plano, nusquam coherente, ad eclipticam inclinato

88: 76: 7945: 7692: 7637: 6568:; et al. (October 1984). "The eccentric Saturnian ringlets at 1.29R 6389:. NASA / Jet Propulsion Laboratory / Space Science Institute. 2011-03-31 6364:. NASA / Jet Propulsion Laboratory / Space Science Institute. 2011-03-31 6192: 6132: 5809:; et al. (October 1984). "The Eccentric Saturnian Ringlets at 1.29R 5470: 3963:[New observations concerning the globe and the ring of Saturn]. 3863:] (in Latin). The Hague, Netherlands: Adriaan Vlacq. pp. 62–63. 3645:(in Latin). Augsburg, (Germany): David Frank. p. 15 of the preface. 3372: 3078:– French astronomer who described how a satellite that comes within the 3066:– the first to propose that there was a ring surrounding Saturn, in 1655 2758: 2298:

wakes ahead of and inward of it. The other more tightly wound bands are

2211:. A narrower gap 2% of the ring width from the outer edge is called the 1797: 1778:

has been attributed to a perturbation caused by impact of material from

558:. The main rings are primarily composed of particles smaller than 10 m. 11176: 11171: 11166: 11124: 11087: 10950: 10945: 10940: 10819: 10778: 10733: 10725: 10709: 10701: 10683: 10643: 10623: 10586: 10581: 10520: 10507: 10321: 10298: 9996: 9752: 9741: 4943: 4849:. In Grun, E.; Gustafson, B. A. S.; Dermott, S. T.; Fechtig H. (eds.). 4844:"Dusty Rings and Circumplanetary Dust: Observations and Simple Physics" 2581: 2544: 2311: 2283: 2188: 2073: 2026: 927: 758: 608: 484: 398: 244: 145: 9332: 7538: 5699: 5270:"Loss of a satellite could explain Saturn's obliquity and young rings" 5209: 4517:. London: Longman, Green, Longman, Roberts, & Green. p. 166. 4120:"A spectroscopic proof of the meteoric constitution of Saturn's rings" 2531: 10628: 10416: 10223: 10188: 10015: 10008: 9815: 9638: 9593: 8592: 8102: 2854: 2763: 2745:

orbit, as revealed by images taken in forward-scattered light by the

2203:

and its sharp outer boundary is close to the orbit of the small moon

2161: 2022: 1854:. At this location within the rings, the length of a ring particle's 1762: 670: 490: 424: 411: 129: 121: 6169:

Verbiscer, Anne; et al. (2009-10-07). "Saturn's largest ring".

5891: 3961:"Observations nouvelles touchant le globe & l'anneau de Saturne" 3557:

Renaissance Genius: Galileo Galilei and His Legacy to Modern Science

3281: 2864:

is tinted slightly blue due to infalling material. The trojan moons

2279: 11561:

Galileo's Daughter: A Historical Memoir of Science, Faith, and Love

11277: 10633: 9481:"A Ringed Moon of Saturn? Cassini Discovers Possible Rings at Rhea" 7228: 7183: 7164: 6931: 6705: 5892:"Regular Structure in the Inner Cassini Division of Saturn's Rings" 4972: 4145: 3865:

Huygens' logogriph appears in the reproduction of a letter by him (

3509: 3108: 2951: 2910: 2569: 2473:

has been named the Roche Division in honor of the French physicist

2132:. From Earth it appears as a thin black gap in the rings. However, 2084: 748: 555: 11192: 10244: 9148:. NASA, Spitzer Space Telescope center. 2009-10-07. Archived from 9106: 8723: 7742: 6252:"New names for gaps in the Cassini Division within Saturn's rings" 5520: 2946:, which is opposite to the orbital motion of the next inner moon, 2892:

The Phoebe ring's huge extent dwarfs the main rings. Inset: 24 μm

2322:

visible on both sides of it are induced by resonances with nearby

1874:, no moon has been discovered in the Maxwell gap as of July 2008. 1031:

Suspected by Pierre Geurin (1967), confirmed by Pioneer 11 (1979)

291: 87:. They consist of countless small particles, ranging in size from 10569: 10541: 9900: 9895: 8466:

The planet Saturn: a history of observation, theory and discovery

6770:

This article incorporates text from this source, which is in the

5725:"Chemical interactions between Saturn's atmosphere and its rings" 5661: 5003:"Wideband photoelectric magnitude measurements of Saturn in 2000" 2427: 2060: 1847: 728: 569:

masses. This is around two-thirds the mass of the Earth's entire

248: 8175: 6564: 5805: 5502: 2950:. This ring lies in the plane of Saturn's orbit, or roughly the 2920:

at 59 Saturn radii. The ring was subsequently studied using the

2683:

impacts drifts outward from the arc because of interaction with

2639:, as revealed by images taken in forward-scattered light by the 186:

orbital motion. It is aligned with the plane of Saturn's orbit.

10562: 10117: 10078: 9675: 8885:"Icy Tendrils Reaching into Saturn Ring Traced to Their Source" 6110: 4593: 3775:. Springer Praxis Books in Space Exploration. Praxis. pp. 2295: 2056: 909: 876: 752: 633: 551: 316: 237: 230: 211: 187: 100: 92: 80: 41: 9634: 9630: 9584: 8816: 8662: 3889:(in Latin). The Hague, Netherlands: Adriaan Vlacq. p. 47. 3493:"A Recent Impact Origin of Saturn's Rings and Mid-sized Moons" 1760:

The D Ring is the innermost ring, and is very faint. In 1980,

335:, as well as the first clear outline of the dimensions of the 10409: 8977: 8616:"On a suspected ring external to the visible rings of Saturn" 6477:. NASA / Jet Propulsion Laboratory-Caltech / SETI. 2011-03-31 5623: 5364:

Kerr, Richard A (2008). "Saturn's Rings Look Ancient Again".

4169:"Изслѣдованіе смѣщенія линій въ спектҏѣ Сатурна и его кольца" 2834: 2668: 2242: 2187:

The central ringlet of the A Ring's Encke Gap coincides with

2165: 2148: 2093: 1896: 820: 744: 624: 566: 257:

smaismrmilmepoetaleumibunenugttauiras

96: 8708: 8037: 7721: 7154:

Overview, Huygens Gap, Oxford Reference, oxfordreference.com

3691:"Galileo's work on Saturn's rings — a historical correction" 8424: 7451: 7272: 6811: 6790: 6226:"NASA Space Telescope Discovers Largest Ring Around Saturn" 4779: 2906: 2422:

Location of the first four moonlets detected in the A ring.

442:, and to thereby discover many previously unseen ringlets. 331:(1659) which also included his discovery of Saturn's moon, 11612: 9058: 9056: 9054: 8913:

Mitchell, C. J.; Porco, C. C.; Weiss, J. W. (2015-04-15).

8396:

Cassini Imaging Central Laboratory for Operations web site

7470: 7285: 6989: 6168: 5978: 5587: 5267: 4725:

P. Fretwell; H. D. Pritchard; et al. (31 July 2012).

4724: 3340: 2177: 1806:

The C Ring is a wide but faint ring located inward of the

448:

spacecraft entered into orbit around Saturn in July 2004.

9644: 9413: 8822: 8761: 8286: 8118:"Cassini Discovers a Kinematic Spiral Ring Around Saturn" 7611: 7473:"Saturn's Small Inner Satellites: Clues to Their Origins" 6406: 3238:

CICLOPS Cassini Imaging Central Laboratory for Operations

3001:

of that moon. Rather, the infalling material initiates a

2620: 2306:

The Encke Gap is a 325-km (200 mile) wide gap within the

666: 547: 9040: 8915:"Tracking the geysers of Enceladus into Saturn's E ring" 7974: 7666: 6106: 6104: 6102: 6100: 6098: 5721: 4596:"Researchers Find Gravitational Wakes In Saturn's Rings" 4341:"Cassini Solstice Mission: About Saturn & Its Moons" 710: 9051: 8613: 8469:. London: Faber & Faber. pp. 189–190, 314–316. 7916: 7269:"NASA Cassini Images May Reveal Birth of a Saturn Moon" 7221: 6623: 5411:"Saturn's Rings Made by Giant "Lost" Moon, Study Hints" 3766:"The scientific significance of planetary ring systems" 2966:

The existence of the ring was proposed in the 1970s by

2659:) is a very thin, faint ring about halfway between the 2241:, with other contributions from the 5:3 resonance with 9318: 9224: 8115: 4841: 4636: 4007:[Memoir on the theory of the ring of Saturn]. 3417: 3415: 3413: 3411: 3409: 3407: 3405: 3403: 3401: 3399: 1756:

image of the faint D Ring, with the inner C Ring below

669:

that bombard water molecules ejected by Saturn's moon

116:

Although reflection from the rings increases Saturn's

11589: 10284:

Listed in approximate increasing distance from Saturn

8828:"Cassini Observes the Active South Pole of Enceladus" 8382: 8380: 8250:"NASA Finds Saturn's Moons May Be Creating New Rings" 7134: 7059:"Cassini Solstice Mission: A Small Find Near Equinox" 6095: 6046: 5102:"Surprising, Huge Peaks Discovered in Saturn's Rings" 4814: 4026:"James Clerk Maxwell on the nature of Saturn's rings" 3810:

Quarterly Journal of the Royal Meteorological Society

3060:– the first person to observe Saturn's rings, in 1610 2504:: R/2004 S 1, which lies along the orbit of the moon 2477:. The Roche Division should not be confused with the 9515:"Another possible piece of evidence for a Rhea ring" 8420: 8418: 8416: 8244: 8242: 8229: 8227: 7968: 7406: 6494: 6283: 6047:

Feibelman, A. W.; Klinglesmith, D. A. (1980-07-11).

5174: 5124: 5122: 3631:

published Galileo's logogriph in the preface to his

2383:

The Keeler Gap is a 42-km (26 mile) wide gap in the

2009:

dust particles suspended away from the main ring by

1326:

Composed of material ejected by impacts on the moon

9199:"U-Va., U-Md. astronomers find another Saturn ring" 9016:"New Close-Ups of Saturn's Moons Mimas and Calypso" 7774: 7558: 6906: 6339:. Cassini Imaging Central Laboratory for Operations 5147: 4009:

Mémoires de l'Académie Royale des Sciences de Paris

3869:(On Saturn's moon)), at the bottom of p. 63 of the 3808:Alexander, A. F. O'D. (1962). "The Planet Saturn". 3396: 3016: 985: 644:

stimulation create and eject, among other things, O

9416:"The Dust Halo of Saturn's Largest Icy Moon, Rhea" 8912: 8377: 8371:"Saturn ring created by remains of long-dead moon" 8346:"S/2008 S 1. (NASA Cassini Saturn Mission Images)" 6463: 4819:. American Astronomical Society, DPS meeting #39. 4370:"Solar System Exploration: Planets: Saturn: Rings" 3764: 3554: 3336: 3334: 3332: 3330: 3328: 3326: 3324: 1378: 1360: 164: 9089: 8670:Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society 8562: 8560: 8486:Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society 8458: 8456: 8413: 8239: 8224: 7830:"Eric Weisstein's World of Physics – Roche Limit" 7811:"Planetary Names: Ring and Ring Gap Nomenclature" 6333:"Forensic sleuthing ties ring ripples to impacts" 5119: 4881: 4687: 3816:(377). London: Faber and Faber Limited: 108–109. 3688: 1958:Dark spokes mark the B ring's sunlit side in low 550:with a smattering of impurities that may include 409:was responsible for the discovery of the F ring. 11661: 8003: 7356: 7354: 7093:. Longman, Green, Longman, and Roberts. p. 6887: 6885: 6042: 6040: 6038: 6036: 5946:Mission to Saturn: Cassini and the Huygens Probe 4302: 4188: 4186: 4049:On the stability of the motion of Saturn's rings 3975: 3762: 3548: 3546: 2461:, the Encke Gap, and the Keeler Gap are visible. 1841: 830:A more recent variant of this type of theory by 55:(brightness is exaggerated). Earth appears as a 11362:Dialogue Concerning the Two Chief World Systems 8704: 8702: 8521:rings, and seen edgewise, projected on the sky. 7724:The population of propellers in Saturn's A Ring 7260: 6690: 5498: 5496: 5074:Journal of the British Astronomical Association 4332: 4249: 4247: 4005:"Mémoire sur la théorie de l'anneau de Saturne" 3450: 3448: 3321: 292:Huygens' ring hypothesis and later developments 51:, 1.2 million km (¾ million miles) distant, on 10662: 9599:Biggest Ring Around Saturn Just Got Supersized 9291:"Cassini Is on the Trail of a Runaway Mystery" 8557: 8453: 8282: 8280: 8278: 8174:B. E. Morgado; et al. (8 February 2023). 7715: 7660: 7605: 6970:"Cassini Probe Spies Spokes in Saturn's Rings" 6777: 6686: 6684: 6682: 6680: 6678: 5974: 5972: 5851: 5175:O'Donoghjue, James; et al. (April 2019). 4594:Cornell University News Service (2005-11-10). 4529: 4469: 4020: 4018: 3486: 3484: 2954:, and thus is tilted 27 degrees from Saturn's 2813:new ring as "tentative only." A reanalysis of 2402:. Keeler had in turn discovered and named the 2294:induces edge waves and (non-self-propagating) 2191:'s orbit, implying its particles oscillate in 2044:space probe. The spokes were not visible when 1506: 11208: 10260: 10094: 9660: 9414:Jones, Geraint H.; et al. (2008-03-07). 8906: 7351: 6983: 6882: 6867:. The Planetary Society. 2007. Archived from 6619: 6617: 6615: 6613: 6611: 6609: 6033: 5552: 5439: 5437: 5435: 5168: 4817:Bulletin of the American Astronomical Society 4364: 4362: 4360: 4221: 4219: 4183: 3657:London, England: Rivingtons. pp. 79–111. 3543: 2942:and larger) on Phoebe, they should share its 2619:The outer rings seen back-illuminated by the 2230:). Its optical depth varies from 0.4 to 0.9. 2176:"A Ring" redirects here. For the letter, see 1962:Cassini images. This is a low-bitrate video. 1790:"C Ring" redirects here. For other uses, see 500: 323:". Three years later, he revealed it to mean 9506: 9472: 9172:"Huge 'ghost' ring discovered around Saturn" 8699: 8167: 8109: 8080: 7722:Tiscareno, Matthew S.; et al. (2008). " 7612:Tiscareno, Matthew S.; et al. (2006). " 6560: 6558: 6495:Showalter, M. R.; et al. (2011-03-31). 6164: 6162: 6160: 6158: 5883: 5493: 4773: 4277: 4244: 4166: 3893: 3561:. Sterling Publishing Company, Inc. p. 3445: 3111:is reached close to its northern hemisphere 2997:) but does not directly create the dramatic 2253:. Other orbital resonances also excite many 1415: 1397: 910:Subdivisions and structures within the rings 393:showed that Maxwell's analysis was correct. 9352: 9163: 9083: 8386: 8275: 7981:(5th ed.). Berlin New York: Springer. 7917:Murray, C. D.; et al. (June 5, 2008). 7329: 7279: 6675: 6326: 6324: 6322: 6243: 6220: 6218: 5969: 5890:Flynn, B. C.; et al. (November 1989). 5402: 5246:. Jet Propulsion Laboratory. Archived from 5231: 4673:: CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list ( 4501: 4015: 3481: 3430:. Jet Propulsion Laboratory. Archived from 3260: 3258: 3082:of Saturn could break up and form the rings 648:. According to models of this atmosphere, H 516: 11215: 11201: 10267: 10253: 10101: 10087: 9667: 9653: 9576:Planetary Rings Node: Saturn's Ring System 9540: 9512: 9478: 9407: 8463:Alexander, Arthur Francis O'Donel (1962). 8074: 8031: 8009: 7912: 7910: 7908: 7895:"IAUC 8432: Sats, RINGS OF SATURN; 2004fc" 7792:. NASA/JPL-Caltech/Space Science Institute 7552: 7464: 7267:Platt, Jane; et al. (14 April 2014). 7266: 7215: 7135:O'Connor, J. J.; Robertson, E. F. (2003). 6786:"Saturn's Rings: Less than Meets the Eye?" 6606: 6249: 5940: 5938: 5936: 5934: 5889: 5845: 5432: 5016: 4535: 4475: 4357: 4216: 4071: 3965:Mémoires de l'Académie Royale des Sciences 3927: 3713: 3689:Partridge, E. A.; Whitaker, H. C. (1896). 3593: 3552: 3455:Andrew, Robin George (28 September 2023). 2314:, which orbits within it. Images from the 1861: 1838:extend throughout the C Ring (see above). 1182: 533:of 0.94-, 3.6-, and 13-cm signals sent by 9374: 9105: 9065:"Largest known planetary ring discovered" 8783: 8722: 8690: 8647: 8566: 8532: 8505: 8462: 7827: 7741: 7667:Sremčević, Miodrag; et al. (2007). " 7580: 7227: 7182: 7018: 6930: 6857: 6744: 6742: 6740: 6704: 6555: 6488: 6430: 6350: 6330: 6279: 6277: 6275: 6155: 5758: 5748: 5698: 5581: 5519: 5357: 5303: 5240:"Historical Background of Saturn's Rings" 5208: 4835: 4748: 4448:"Hubble Views Saturn Ring-Plane Crossing" 3861:On the true inventor of the telescope ... 3807: 3801: 3756: 3526: 3508: 3424:"Historical Background of Saturn's Rings" 3371: 3280: 3264: 2543:. The ring was discovered in 1979 by the 2348:, was named the Keeler Gap in his honor. 44:eclipsed the Sun from the vantage of the 9346: 7360: 6891: 6319: 6284:Hedman, Matthew M.; et al. (2007). 6215: 5799: 5657: 5655: 4681: 4562: 4390: 4002: 3899: 3587: 3428:Saturn Ring Plane Crossings of 1995–1996 3255: 3222: 3179: 3177: 3175: 3173: 2887: 2823: 2757: 2722:The Anthe Ring Arc – the bright spot is 2717: 2626: 2614: 2519: 2452: 2417: 2370: 2278: 2182: 2083: 1945: 1796: 1747: 1307:; confirmed by Walter Feibelman in 1980 757: 675: 588: 520: 295: 261:Altissimum planetam tergeminum observavi 205: 35: 11675:Astronomical objects discovered in 1610 9283: 9169: 8877: 8368: 7905: 7090:Celestial Objects for Common Telescopes 6961: 6400: 6375: 5931: 5715: 5131:"Saturn's rings are surprisingly young" 5067: 5045: 5022: 5000: 4937: 4757:"The Massive Mystery of Saturn's Rings" 4507: 4481:"Happy Saturn ring plane crossing day!" 4440: 4411: 4391:Williams, David R. (23 December 2016). 4052:. Cambridge England: Macmillan and Co. 4045: 3958: 3882: 3852: 3666: 3491:Teodoro, L. F. A.; et al. (2023). 3490: 3195: 3193: 3191: 3189: 2398:, and named in honor of the astronomer 543: 525:Simulated image using color to present 120:, they are not visible from Earth with 113:suggested they formed relatively late. 14: 11662: 9312: 9297:. NASA. 8 October 2007. Archived from 8755: 8663:Hillier, JK; et al. (June 2007). 6912: 6783: 6737: 6272: 5948:, Chichester: Praxis Publishing, 2002. 5617: 4918: 4853:. Berlin: Springer. pp. 641–725. 4630: 4117: 3650: 3638: 3469:from the original on 29 September 2023 3454: 3421: 3155: 3153: 3151: 3149: 3147: 3145: 3143: 3141: 3127: 3125: 3123: 3121: 2540: 2466: 2384: 2341: 2307: 2287: 2101: 1127:Discovered, along with the B ring, by 1077:Discovered, along with the A ring, by 351: 311:began grinding lenses with his father 178:, which is presumed to originate from 11332:Letter to the Grand Duchess Christina 11196: 10248: 10082: 9648: 9601:(retrieved 2017-12-20 from Space.com) 9319:Mason, J.; et al. (2009-12-10). 9218: 9062: 9013: 7821: 7780: 7669:A belt of moonlets in Saturn's A ring 7528: 7444:"Encke Division Changed to Encke Gap" 7435: 6967: 6865:"The Alphabet Soup of Saturn's Rings" 6331:Mason, J.; et al. (2011-03-31). 5652: 5443: 4946:"The Enceladus and OH Tori at Saturn" 4875: 4754: 3763:Miner, Ellis D.; et al. (2007). 3228: 3170: 3103:is the largest of the Solar System's 2985:Ring material migrates inward due to 2978:). The three had studied together at 2795:, using the what was at the time the 2493: 2413: 2340:in 1888. The second major gap in the 2200: 2088:The Cassini Division imaged from the 1226: 1090: 990: 711:Formation and evolution of main rings 347: 201: 9546: 9225:Denk, T.; et al. (2009-12-10). 9196: 9045:NASA Jet Propulsion Laboratory (JPL) 8665:"The composition of Saturn's E Ring" 8479: 7843: 7441: 7335: 7086: 6990:Mitchell, C.J.; et al. (2006). 6228:. NASA. July 3, 2017. Archived from 5408: 5363: 5128: 4944:Johnson, R. E.; et al. (2006). 4384: 4228:"Voyager – The Interstellar Mission" 3720:Journal for the History of Astronomy 3596:Journal for the History of Astronomy 3186: 3107:, and over three times Earth's. Its 2976:University of Maryland, College Park 2562:More recent closeup images from the 1682: 1336: 1131:in 1610. Ring structure revealed by 1081:in 1610. Ring structure revealed by 11222: 10274: 8569:"Concerning the "D" Ring of Saturn" 8535:"Nouvelles de la Science, Variétés" 8287:Hedman, M. M.; et al. (2007). 7975:Karttunen, H.; et al. (2007). 6784:Dyches, Preston (2 February 2016). 5564:NASA/JPL and University of Colorado 4454:. NASA. 5 June 1995. Archived from 4308: 4283: 4253: 4192: 3934:Titan - from Discovery to Encounter 3161:Gazetteer of Planetary Nomenclature 3138: 3118: 2766:silhouetted against it. The moon's 2701: 2534:into the inner strands of the ring. 2079: 1247: 1140: 755:material from which Saturn formed. 703:, due to the out-of-plane orbit of 75:are the most extensive and complex 24: 9617:by Seán Doran of the backlit rings 9014:Mason, Betsy (February 15, 2010). 6471:"Subtle Ripples in Jupiter's Ring" 5560:"Saturn's Rings May Be Old Timers" 5244:1849 Roche Proposes Tidal Break-up 5237: 5001:Schmude, Richard W Junior (2001). 4921:"Saturn rings have own atmosphere" 4338: 4225: 3268:Planets, Stars and Stellar Systems 2974:) and Douglas P. Hamilton (of the 2799:, failed to find signs of a ring. 2500:probe imaging team and were given 1922:below the resolution of the image. 174:Well beyond the main rings is the 25: 11696: 9569: 9513:Lakdawalla, E. (5 October 2009). 8116:Charnoz, S.; et al. (2005). 7471:Porco, C.C.; et al. (2007). 6992:"Saturn's Spokes: Lost and Found" 6624:Porco, C.C.; et al. (2005). 5129:Gohd, Chelsea (17 January 2019). 4842:Burns, J.A.; et al. (2001). 4419:"Saturn Ring Plane Crossing 1995" 3042:Magnetospheric Imaging Instrument 2713: 2448: 2394:The Keeler gap was discovered by 2013:repulsion, as they rotate almost 1268: 1221:First imaged by Voyager 1 (1980) 707:, the moon that creates the gap. 529:-derived particle size data. The 40:The full set of rings, imaged as 11647: 11635: 11623: 11611: 11599: 11268:Leaning Tower of Pisa experiment 10108: 10063: 10062: 9594:USGS planetary nomenclature page 9549:"The Moon Rings That Never Were" 9190: 9170:Grayson, Michelle (2009-10-07). 9138: 9033: 9007: 8971: 8692:10.1111/j.1365-2966.2007.11710.x 8656: 8607: 8567:Feibelman, W. A. (20 May 1967). 8526: 8473: 8373:. NewScientist.com news service. 8362: 8338: 7887: 7869: 7849: 7803: 7522: 7448:USGS Astrogeology Science Center 7400: 7318: 7236: 7158: 7147: 7128: 7110: 7101: 7080: 7051: 6805: 6765: 5082:British Astronomical Association 4925:British Broadcasting Corporation 3856:De Vero Telescopii Inventore ... 3651:Carlos, Edward Stafford (1888). 3202: 3133:International Astronomical Union 3017:Possible ring system around Rhea 3006:thermal self-segregation process 2776:Arthur Francis O'Donel Alexander 2593: 1927: 1914: 1895:kg. This compares to a mass for 1553: 1535: 1312: 1177:Discovered by Pioneer 11 (1979) 986:Physical parameters of the rings 957: 935: 802: 781: 175: 31:Rings of Saturn (disambiguation) 9585:NASA's Solar System Exploration 9555:from the original on 2010-07-01 9547:Kerr, Richard A. (2010-06-25). 8891:. 14 April 2015. Archived from 8369:Davison, Anna (2 August 2007). 8289:"The Source of Saturn's G Ring" 6358:"Extensive spiral corrugations" 6024: 5960: 5951: 5922: 5775: 5570:from the original on 2007-12-20 5335: 5261: 5094: 5061: 5039: 4994: 4912: 4808: 4718: 4612: 4587: 4160: 4111: 4097: 4065: 4039: 3996: 3952: 3921: 3876: 3846: 3679: 3244:from the original on 2023-08-01 3093: 2958:and the other rings. Phoebe is 2736: 2212: 2108:. It was discovered in 1675 by 1810:. It was discovered in 1850 by 1724: 700: 210:Detail of Galileo's drawing of 11680:Discoveries by Galileo Galilei 9485:The Planetary Society web site 7366:Reports on Progress in Physics 7137:"Giovanni Cassini - Biography" 5046:Schmude, Richard W Jr (2003). 4570:"PIA11667: The Rite of Spring" 3871:Liber Secundus de Conspiciliis 3622: 2883: 2655:The G Ring (see last image in 2610: 2403: 2291: 2208: 2154: 1997:); the transition occurs at a 1706: 602:, can be seen from Earth, the 599: 13: 1: 9948:Saturn-crossing minor planets 9479:Lakdawalla, E. (2008-03-06). 9197:Weil, Martin (Oct 25, 2009). 7248:NASA Solar System Exploration 7118:"Lecture 41: Planetary Rings" 7087:Webb, Thomas William (1859). 6754:NASA Solar System Exploration 6250:Lakdawalla, E. (2009-02-09). 5068:Henshaw, C. (February 2003). 4576:. NASA/JPL. 21 September 2009 3930:"2004ESASP1278...11V Page 11" 3216: 3027:Saturn's second largest moon 2987:reemission of solar radiation 2782:, who on 5 September 1907 at 2366: 1842:Colombo Gap and Titan Ringlet 827:some four billion years ago. 11324:Letter to Benedetto Castelli 9607:(Waseem Akhtar podcast with 9590:Rings of Saturn nomenclature 9124:10.1016/j.icarus.2014.01.021 9001:10.1016/j.icarus.2010.08.016 8741:10.1016/j.icarus.2011.11.006 8640:10.1016/0019-1035(75)90012-3 8480:Wray, William (1863-01-01). 8447:10.1016/j.icarus.2008.11.001 8390:; et al. (2008-09-05). 8260:. 2006-10-11. Archived from 8233:NASA Planetary Photojournal 8060:10.1016/j.icarus.2013.12.027 7760:10.1088/0004-6256/135/3/1083 7429:10.1016/0019-1035(83)90139-2 7338:"Saturnian Rings Fact Sheet" 7312:10.1016/j.icarus.2014.03.024 7201:10.1016/j.icarus.2015.10.025 6949:10.1016/j.icarus.2022.114920 6894:"Saturn's Magnificent Rings" 6835:10.1126/science.215.4532.504 6723:10.1016/j.icarus.2016.01.007 6600:10.1016/0019-1035(84)90134-9 6313:10.1016/j.icarus.2006.11.017 6073:10.1126/science.209.4453.277 6002:10.1126/science.207.4429.434 5916:10.1016/0019-1035(89)90030-4 5877:10.1016/0019-1035(87)90185-0 5839:10.1016/0019-1035(84)90134-9 5691:10.1016/j.icarus.2018.10.027 5646:10.1016/j.icarus.2011.09.029 5611:10.1016/j.icarus.2016.07.020 5538:10.1016/j.icarus.2011.09.017 5380:10.1126/science.319.5859.21a 5349:. 2002-02-12. Archived from 5343:"The Real Lord of the Rings" 5201:10.1016/j.icarus.2018.10.027 5050:. Georgia Journal of Science 5005:. Georgia Journal of Science 4906:10.1016/0019-1035(78)90165-3 4802:10.1016/0019-1035(83)90165-3 4712:10.1016/0019-1035(85)90074-0 4661:10.1016/j.icarus.2007.08.036 4425:. NASA. 1997. Archived from 3883:Huygens, Christiaan (1659). 2656: 2573: 2327: 2274: 2245:and various resonances with 2141: 1994: 1985:. The spokes appear dark in 1964:Lo-res version of this video 1731: 1728: 1713: 1710: 1670: 1667: 1654: 1651: 1638: 1635: 1622: 1619: 1606: 1603: 1590: 1587: 1574: 1571: 1560: 1557: 1542: 1539: 1494: 1491: 1480: 1477: 1462: 1459: 1438: 1435: 1422: 1419: 1404: 1401: 1385: 1382: 1367: 1364: 1316: 1299: 1296: 1293: 1278: 1275: 1272: 1257: 1254: 1251: 1236: 1233: 1230: 1217: 1214: 1211: 1192: 1189: 1186: 1173: 1170: 1167: 1150: 1147: 1144: 1123: 1120: 1117: 1100: 1097: 1094: 1073: 1070: 1067: 1046: 1043: 1040: 1027: 1024: 1021: 300:Huygens' ring hypothesis in 7: 8942:10.1088/0004-6256/149/5/156 8392:"More Ring Arcs for Saturn" 7828:Weisstein, Eric W. (2007). 7591:10.1088/0004-6256/138/1/272 7529:Mason, Joe (11 June 2009). 7386:10.1088/0034-4885/65/12/201 7364:(2002). "Planetary rings". 6968:Malik, Tarig (2005-09-15). 6049:"Saturn's E Ring Revisited" 4919:Rincon, Paul (2005-07-01). 4175:. 5th series (in Russian). 4072:Kowalewsky, Sophie (1885). 3983:"Saturn's Cassini Division" 3928:Van Helden, Albert (2004). 3785:10.1007/978-0-387-73981-6_1 3714:van Helden, Albert (1974). 3670:Le Opere di Galileo Galilei 3291:10.1007/978-94-007-5606-9_7 3131:Names as designated by the 3051: 2664: 2660: 2470: 2465:The separation between the 2226:kg (just under the mass of 2137: 2105: 1974: 1826:also saw it independently. 1807: 1507:Cassini Division structures 1317:~4,000,000 – >13,000,000 1289: 1207: 1163: 1113: 1063: 1036: 1017: 355: 168: 64: 60: 10: 11701: 11497:Galileo National Telescope 9674: 9519:The Planetary Society Blog 8202:10.1038/S41586-022-05629-6 7854:. NASA–JPL. Archived from 7852:"What is the Roche limit?" 7832:. scienceworld.wolfram.com 5409:Choi, C. Q. (2010-12-13). 5025:Georgia Journal of Science 4167:Бѣлополъский, Ар. (1895). 4046:Maxwell, J. Clerk (1859). 3740:10.1177/002182867400500204 3608:10.1177/002182869802900301 3553:Whitehouse, David (2009). 3422:Baalke, Ron (1999-04-29). 3020: 2845:plumes emanating from the 2175: 2066: 2055:The spokes appear to be a 1789: 853:Cassini Titan Radar Mapper 501:Saturn's axial inclination 196: 124:. In 1610, the year after 59:at 4 o'clock, between the 28: 11512: 11421: 11380: 11291: 11230: 11137: 11111: 10652: 10599: 10550: 10534: 10500: 10490: 10399: 10371: 10350: 10312: 10289: 10282: 10216: 10197: 10164: 10116: 10058: 10027: 9956: 9935: 9731: 9695: 9682: 9631:High-resolution animation 9621:High-resolution animation 9615:High-resolution animation 9063:Cowen, Rob (2009-10-06). 8533:Antoniadi, E.-M. (1909). 8235:PIA08328: Moon-Made Rings 6892:Hamilton, Calvin (2004). 6286:"Saturn's dynamic D ring" 4953:The Astrophysical Journal 4574:photojournal.jpl.nasa.gov 4078:Astronomische Nachrichten 3667:Galilei, Galileo (1900). 3639:Kepler, Johannes (1611). 3497:The Astrophysical Journal 2896:image of part of the ring 2762:The backlit E ring, with 2753: 2741:A faint dust ring shares 2663:and the beginning of the 2650: 2515: 2171: 1941: 1877: 1785: 1743: 968:Oblique (4 degree angle) 916:Giovanni Domenico Cassini 460:Giovanni Domenico Cassini 344:Giovanni Domenico Cassini 11461:Galileo's objective lens 10041:The Day the Earth Smiled 9325:CICLOPS website newsroom 8922:The Astronomical Journal 8482:"Observations on Saturn" 8254:Cassini Legacy 1997–2007 7899:www.cbat.eps.harvard.edu 7881:www.cbat.eps.harvard.edu 7561:The Astronomical Journal 7063:Cassini Solstice Mission 6383:"Tilting Saturn's rings" 4755:Koren, M. (2019-01-17). 4374:Solar System Exploration 3528:10.3847/1538-4357/acf4ed 3086: 2694:corotates with Saturn's 2265:in the ring rather than 946:Natural-color mosaic of 517:Physical characteristics 11492:Galileo Galilei Airport 11263:Galilean transformation 11238:Observational astronomy 9443:10.1126/science.1151524 9385:10.1126/science.1177132 9329:Space Science Institute 9254:10.1126/science.1177088 8855:10.1126/science.1123013 8794:10.1126/science.1121375 8316:10.1126/science.1143964 8145:10.1126/science.1119387 7500:10.1126/science.1143977 7442:Blue, J. (2008-02-06). 7029:10.1126/science.1123783 6653:10.1126/science.1108056 6526:10.1126/science.1202241 6441:10.1126/science.1202238 5750:10.1126/science.aat2382 5296:10.1126/science.abn1234 5108:. space.com. 2009-09-21 5070:"Variability in Saturn" 4485:www.planetary.org/blogs 4195:"Pioneer 11 – In Depth" 3853:Borello, Petro (1655). 3364:10.1126/science.aat2965 2914:Spitzer Space Telescope 2770:erupt brighty below it. 2259:spiral arms of galaxies 1862:Maxwell Gap and Ringlet 1372:Giuseppe "Bepi" Colombo 11339:Discourse on the Tides 6256:Planetary Society blog 4622:. NASA. Archived from 4395:. NASA. Archived from 4286:"Voyager 2 – In Depth" 4256:"Voyager 1 – In Depth" 4118:Keeler, J. E. (1895). 3830:10.1002/qj.49708837730 3772:Planetary Ring Systems 3716:"Saturn and his anses" 3649:English translation: 2982:as graduate students. 2972:University of Virginia 2897: 2829: 2797:world's best telescope 2771: 2726: 2623: 2588:steady-state regime." 2535: 2502:temporary designations 2462: 2423: 2380: 2303: 2286:'s motion through the 2196: 2097: 1966: 1803: 1780:Comet Shoemaker-Levy 9 1757: 1693:Distance from Saturn's 1675:Edward Emerson Barnard 1522:Distance from Saturn's 1347:Distance from Saturn's 1001:Distance from Saturn's 825:Late Heavy Bombardment 764: 684: 652:is also present. The O 595: 539: 305: 219: 68: 9184:10.1038/news.2009.979 8507:10.1093/mnras/23.3.85 7978:Fundamental astronomy 6337:CICLOPS press release 4549:The Planetary Society 4514:Saturn and Its System 4489:The Planetary Society 4311:"Cassini – Key Dates" 4125:Astrophysical Journal 4028:. JOC/EFR. March 2006 4011:(in French): 249–267. 3901:Campbell, John W. Jr. 3159:Data mostly from the 2891: 2827: 2761: 2721: 2627:Janus/Epimetheus Ring 2618: 2529: 2456: 2421: 2374: 2282: 2263:vertical corrugations 2186: 2087: 1993:light (see images in 1989:light, and bright in 1957: 1800: 1751: 1320:9,900,000 –12,800,000 1183:Janus/Epimetheus Ring 761: 679: 592: 524: 472:Nikolai P. Barabachov 383:Allegheny Observatory 299: 284:was never published. 209: 39: 11503:Astronomers Monument 11456:Galileo's telescopes 11394:Michelagnolo Galilei 11248:Galileo's escapement 10234:Circumplanetary disc 9635:dive below the rings 9022:. Condé Nast Digital 7786:"Bleriot Recaptured" 7729:Astronomical Journal 5421:on December 15, 2010 3910:Beyond the Life Line 3101:orbital eccentricity 3099:At 0.0565, Saturn's 2426:In 2006, four tiny " 2320:Spiral density waves 2300:spiral density waves 2255:spiral density waves 2124:with a 20-foot-long 2120:that had a 2.5-inch 2118:refracting telescope 1643:Pierre-Simon Laplace 1595:Henry Norris Russell 1499:William Rutter Dawes 1447:George Phillips Bond 1303:Observed in 1907 by 468:George Phillips Bond 387:Aristarkh Belopolsky 363:Pierre-Simon Laplace 138:Pierre-Simon Laplace 29:For other uses, see 11473:Galileo thermometer 11346:Discourse on Comets 11316:Letters on Sunspots 11253:Galilean invariance 10156:Rings of exoplanets 9435:2008Sci...319.1380J 9429:(5868): 1380–1384. 9367:2010Sci...327..432S 9246:2010Sci...327..435D 9204:The Washington Post 9146:"The King of Rings" 9116:2014Icar..233....1T 8993:2011Icar..211..740S 8934:2015AJ....149..156M 8847:2006Sci...311.1393P 8841:(5766): 1393–1401. 8776:2006Sci...311.1416S 8733:2012Icar..217..322H 8683:2007MNRAS.377.1588H 8632:1975Icar...25..466S 8585:1967Natur.214..793F 8551:1909BSAFR..23..504A 8498:1863MNRAS..23...85W 8439:2009Icar..199..378H 8308:2007Sci...317..653H 8194:2023Natur.614..239M 8137:2005Sci...310.1300C 8131:(5752): 1300–1304. 8095:2015NatGe...8..686H 8052:2014Icar..232..157C 7946:10.1038/nature06999 7938:2008Natur.453..739M 7752:2008AJ....135.1083T 7693:10.1038/nature06224 7685:2007Natur.449.1019S 7679:(7165): 1019–1021. 7638:10.1038/nature04581 7630:2006Natur.440..648T 7573:2009AJ....138..272W 7492:2007Sci...318.1602P 7486:(5856): 1602–1607. 7421:1983Icar...53..165O 7378:2002RPPh...65.1741E 7336:Williams, David R. 7304:2014Icar..236..165M 7244:"Two Kinds of Wave" 7193:2016Icar..279..125E 7011:2006Sci...311.1587M 6941:2022Icar..37814920H 6913:Hirata, N. (2022). 6827:1982Sci...215..504S 6750:"The Tallest Peaks" 6715:2016Icar..279..109H 6645:2005Sci...307.1226P 6639:(5713): 1226–1236. 6592:1984Icar...60....1P 6518:2011Sci...332..711S 6423:2011Sci...332..708H 6305:2007Icar..188...89H 6193:10.1038/nature08515 6185:2009Natur.461.1098V 6133:10.1038/nature14476 6125:2015Natur.522..185H 6065:1980Sci...209..277F 5994:1980Sci...207..434G 5944:Harland, David M., 5908:1989Icar...82..180F 5869:1987Icar...72..437P 5831:1984Icar...60....1P 5741:2018Sci...362.2382W 5683:2019Icar..322..251O 5638:2012Icar..217..103E 5603:2017Icar..281..297Z 5530:2011Icar..216..535C 5471:10.1038/nature09661 5463:2010Natur.468..943C 5415:National Geographic 5288:2022Sci...377.1285W 5282:(6612): 1285–1289. 5193:2019Icar..322..251O 5048:"Saturn in 2002–03" 4965:2006ApJ...644L.137J 4898:1978Icar...34..240G 4859:2001indu.book..641B 4851:Interplanetary Dust 4829:2007DPS....39.0706S 4794:1983Icar...56..439E 4704:1985Icar...64..531Z 4653:2008Icar..193..182N 4545:planetary.org/blogs 4393:"Saturn Fact Sheet" 4138:1895ApJ.....1..416K 4090:1885AN....111...37K 4058:1859osms.book.....M 3946:2004ESASP1278...11V 3822:1962QJRMS..88..366D 3732:1974JHA.....5..105V 3707:1896PA......3..408P 3519:2023ApJ...955..137T 3356:2019Sci...364.2965I 3167:and several papers. 2999:two-tone coloration 2400:James Edward Keeler 2351:The Encke Gap is a 2338:James Edward Keeler 1776:Jupiter's main ring 1564:Christiaan Huygens 1443:William Cranch Bond 1427:James Clerk Maxwell 1409:James Clerk Maxwell 613:shepherd satellites 571:Antarctic ice sheet 488:, and G in 1980 by 480:Walter A. Feibelman 464:William Cranch Bond 391:Pulkovo Observatory 370:James Clerk Maxwell 273:De corpore saturni, 182:and thus share its 18:Saturn's rings 11513:In popular culture 11468:Tribune of Galileo 11300:De motu antiquiora 10229:Circumstellar disc 10050:(2018 documentary) 8258:Jet Propulsion Lab 6179:(7267): 1098–100. 5735:(6410): eaat2382. 5157:. 10 December 2018 3915:Astounding Stories 3462:The New York Times 3350:(6445): eaat2965. 3275:. pp. 61–63. 3234:"Common Questions" 3064:Christiaan Huygens 2980:Cornell University 2898: 2851:south polar region 2830: 2821:and Klinglesmith. 2772: 2727: 2624: 2536: 2463: 2424: 2414:Propeller moonlets 2381: 2304: 2267:compression waves. 2197: 2098: 2035:lunar horizon glow 2025:bolts in Saturn's 1967: 1856:apsidal precession 1804: 1758: 1547:Christiaan Huygens 991:Major subdivisions 867:UVIS team, led by 765: 685: 596: 544:Major subdivisions 540: 375:Sofia Kovalevskaya 306: 282:De corpore saturni 278:Christiaan Huygens 220: 202:Early observations 157:orbital resonances 134:Christiaan Huygens 69: 11587: 11586: 11441:Galileo's paradox 11436:Villa Il Gioiello 11231:Scientific career 11190: 11189: 10692: 10691: 10595: 10594: 10351:Other inner moons 10242: 10241: 10174:Rings of Chariklo 10076: 10075: 10048:In Saturn's Rings 9744: 9523:Planetary Society 9495:on March 10, 2008 9489:Planetary Society 9295:NASA Mission News 8579:(5090): 793–794. 8302:(5838): 653–656. 8188:(7947): 239–243. 8083:Nature Geoscience 8019:Planetary Society 7988:978-3-540-34144-4 7932:(7196): 739–744. 7624:(7084): 648–650. 7372:(12): 1741–1783. 6821:(4532): 504–537. 6475:PIA 13893 caption 6387:PIA 12820 caption 6362:PIA 11664 caption 6260:Planetary Society 6119:(7555): 185–187. 6059:(4453): 277–279. 5988:(4429): 434–439. 5787:Sci-Tech Universe 4868:978-3-540-42067-5 4345:JPL/NASA web site 4232:JPL/NASA web site 4003:La Place (1787). 3917:. pp. 81–85. 3886:Systema Saturnium 3839:978-0-486-23927-9 3794:978-0-387-34177-4 3695:Popular Astronomy 3572:978-1-4027-6977-1 3300:978-94-007-5605-2 3003:positive feedback 2527: 2114:Paris Observatory 1991:forward-scattered 1983:orbital mechanics 1955: 1741: 1740: 1683:A Ring structures 1680: 1679: 1504: 1503: 1392:, moon of Saturn 1337:C Ring structures 1334: 1333: 1323:2,330,000 km 1294:180,000 – 480,000 1273:211,000 – 213,500 1187:149,000 – 154,000 1145:136,775 – 139,380 978:radio occultation 527:radio-occultation 329:Systema Saturnium 302:Systema Saturnium 253:commitment scheme 150:maxima and minima 16:(Redirected from 11692: 11652: 11651: 11650: 11640: 11639: 11638: 11628: 11627: 11626: 11616: 11615: 11604: 11603: 11602: 11595: 11553:Starry Messenger 11529:Lamp At Midnight 11430:And yet it moves 11388:Vincenzo Galilei 11370:Two New Sciences 11308:Sidereus Nuncius 11217: 11210: 11203: 11194: 11193: 11112:Outlier prograde 10660: 10659: 10551:Siarnaq subgroup 10535:Paaliaq subgroup 10498: 10497: 10269: 10262: 10255: 10246: 10245: 10141:Rings of Neptune 10126:Rings of Jupiter 10103: 10096: 10089: 10080: 10079: 10066: 10065: 9990: 9983: 9740: 9708:Great White Spot 9669: 9662: 9655: 9646: 9645: 9564: 9563: 9561: 9560: 9544: 9538: 9537: 9535: 9534: 9525:. Archived from 9510: 9504: 9503: 9501: 9500: 9491:. Archived from 9476: 9470: 9469: 9467: 9461:. Archived from 9420: 9411: 9405: 9404: 9378: 9350: 9344: 9343: 9341: 9340: 9331:. Archived from 9316: 9310: 9309: 9307: 9306: 9287: 9281: 9280: 9278: 9272:. Archived from 9231: 9222: 9216: 9215: 9213: 9212: 9194: 9188: 9187: 9167: 9161: 9160: 9158: 9157: 9142: 9136: 9135: 9109: 9087: 9081: 9080: 9078: 9077: 9060: 9049: 9048: 9037: 9031: 9030: 9028: 9027: 9011: 9005: 9004: 8975: 8969: 8968: 8966: 8960:. Archived from 8919: 8910: 8904: 8903: 8901: 8900: 8881: 8875: 8874: 8832: 8820: 8814: 8813: 8787: 8770:(5766): 1416–8. 8759: 8753: 8752: 8726: 8706: 8697: 8696: 8694: 8677:(4): 1588–1596. 8660: 8654: 8653: 8651: 8649:2060/19740026172 8611: 8605: 8604: 8593:10.1038/214793a0 8564: 8555: 8554: 8530: 8524: 8523: 8509: 8477: 8471: 8470: 8460: 8451: 8450: 8422: 8411: 8410: 8408: 8407: 8398:. Archived from 8384: 8375: 8374: 8366: 8360: 8359: 8357: 8356: 8342: 8336: 8335: 8293: 8284: 8273: 8272: 8270: 8269: 8246: 8237: 8231: 8222: 8221: 8171: 8165: 8164: 8122: 8113: 8107: 8106: 8103:10.1038/ngeo2508 8078: 8072: 8071: 8035: 8029: 8028: 8026: 8025: 8007: 8001: 8000: 7972: 7966: 7965: 7923: 7914: 7903: 7902: 7891: 7885: 7884: 7873: 7867: 7866: 7864: 7863: 7847: 7841: 7840: 7838: 7837: 7825: 7819: 7818: 7807: 7801: 7800: 7798: 7797: 7790:CICLOPS web site 7778: 7772: 7771: 7745: 7736:(3): 1083–1091. 7719: 7713: 7712: 7664: 7658: 7657: 7609: 7603: 7602: 7584: 7556: 7550: 7549: 7547: 7546: 7537:. Archived from 7535:CICLOPS web site 7526: 7520: 7519: 7477: 7468: 7462: 7461: 7459: 7458: 7439: 7433: 7432: 7404: 7398: 7397: 7358: 7349: 7348: 7346: 7345: 7333: 7327: 7322: 7316: 7315: 7283: 7277: 7276: 7264: 7258: 7257: 7255: 7254: 7240: 7234: 7233: 7231: 7219: 7213: 7212: 7186: 7162: 7156: 7151: 7145: 7144: 7132: 7126: 7125: 7114: 7108: 7105: 7099: 7098: 7084: 7078: 7077: 7075: 7074: 7065:. Archived from 7055: 7049: 7048: 7022: 7005:(5767): 1587–9. 6996: 6987: 6981: 6980: 6978: 6977: 6972:. Imaginova Corp 6965: 6959: 6958: 6956: 6955: 6934: 6910: 6904: 6903: 6901: 6900: 6889: 6880: 6879: 6877: 6876: 6861: 6855: 6854: 6809: 6803: 6802: 6800: 6798: 6781: 6775: 6769: 6768: 6764: 6762: 6760: 6746: 6735: 6734: 6708: 6688: 6673: 6672: 6630: 6621: 6604: 6603: 6562: 6553: 6552: 6550: 6544:. Archived from 6501: 6492: 6486: 6485: 6483: 6482: 6467: 6461: 6460: 6434: 6417:(6030): 708–11. 6404: 6398: 6397: 6395: 6394: 6379: 6373: 6372: 6370: 6369: 6354: 6348: 6347: 6345: 6344: 6328: 6317: 6316: 6290: 6281: 6270: 6269: 6267: 6266: 6247: 6241: 6240: 6238: 6237: 6222: 6213: 6212: 6166: 6153: 6152: 6108: 6093: 6092: 6044: 6031: 6028: 6022: 6021: 5976: 5967: 5964: 5958: 5955: 5949: 5942: 5929: 5926: 5920: 5919: 5887: 5881: 5880: 5849: 5843: 5842: 5803: 5797: 5796: 5794: 5793: 5779: 5773: 5772: 5762: 5752: 5719: 5713: 5712: 5702: 5668: 5659: 5650: 5649: 5621: 5615: 5614: 5585: 5579: 5578: 5576: 5575: 5556: 5550: 5549: 5523: 5500: 5491: 5490: 5441: 5430: 5429: 5427: 5426: 5417:. Archived from 5406: 5400: 5399: 5361: 5355: 5354: 5339: 5333: 5332: 5330: 5328: 5307: 5265: 5259: 5258: 5256: 5255: 5235: 5229: 5228: 5226: 5225: 5212: 5172: 5166: 5165: 5163: 5162: 5151: 5145: 5144: 5142: 5141: 5126: 5117: 5116: 5114: 5113: 5098: 5092: 5091: 5089: 5088: 5065: 5059: 5058: 5056: 5055: 5043: 5037: 5036: 5020: 5014: 5013: 5011: 5010: 4998: 4992: 4991: 4989: 4983:. Archived from 4950: 4941: 4935: 4934: 4932: 4931: 4916: 4910: 4909: 4879: 4873: 4872: 4848: 4839: 4833: 4832: 4812: 4806: 4805: 4777: 4771: 4770: 4768: 4767: 4752: 4746: 4745: 4743: 4741: 4736:. pp. 15–16 4731: 4722: 4716: 4715: 4685: 4679: 4678: 4672: 4664: 4634: 4628: 4627: 4616: 4610: 4609: 4607: 4606: 4591: 4585: 4584: 4582: 4581: 4566: 4560: 4559: 4557: 4555: 4533: 4527: 4526: 4505: 4499: 4498: 4496: 4495: 4473: 4467: 4466: 4464: 4463: 4444: 4438: 4437: 4435: 4434: 4415: 4409: 4408: 4406: 4404: 4388: 4382: 4381: 4376:. Archived from 4366: 4355: 4354: 4352: 4351: 4339:Piazza, Enrico. 4336: 4330: 4329: 4327: 4326: 4317:. Archived from 4306: 4300: 4299: 4297: 4296: 4281: 4275: 4274: 4272: 4271: 4262:. Archived from 4251: 4242: 4241: 4239: 4238: 4226:Angrum, Andrea. 4223: 4214: 4213: 4211: 4210: 4201:. Archived from 4190: 4181: 4180: 4164: 4158: 4157: 4115: 4109: 4108: 4101: 4095: 4093: 4069: 4063: 4061: 4043: 4037: 4036: 4034: 4033: 4022: 4013: 4012: 4000: 3994: 3993: 3991: 3990: 3979: 3973: 3972: 3959:Cassini (1677). 3956: 3950: 3949: 3925: 3919: 3918: 3897: 3891: 3890: 3880: 3874: 3864: 3850: 3844: 3843: 3805: 3799: 3798: 3768: 3760: 3754: 3751: 3710: 3683: 3677: 3674: 3658: 3646: 3626: 3620: 3619: 3591: 3585: 3584: 3560: 3550: 3541: 3540: 3530: 3512: 3488: 3479: 3478: 3476: 3474: 3452: 3443: 3442: 3440: 3439: 3419: 3394: 3393: 3375: 3338: 3319: 3318: 3316: 3315: 3284: 3262: 3253: 3252: 3250: 3249: 3226: 3210: 3209:mile) per pixel. 3206: 3200: 3197: 3184: 3181: 3168: 3157: 3136: 3129: 3116: 3097: 3070:Giovanni Cassini 2956:equatorial plane 2944:retrograde orbit 2810:Walter Feibelman 2789:Arthur Eddington 2780:Georges Fournier 2768:south polar jets 2702:Methone Ring Arc 2673:rings of Neptune 2597: 2528: 2494:Cassini Division 2430:" were found in 2344:, discovered by 2225: 2223: 2201:Cassini Division 2193:horseshoe orbits 2110:Giovanni Cassini 2080:Cassini Division 1956: 1931: 1918: 1906: 1904: 1894: 1892: 1868:ε ring of Uranus 1820:William R. Dawes 1687: 1686: 1659:Friedrich Bessel 1579:William Herschel 1516: 1515: 1341: 1340: 1305:Georges Fournier 1300:>2000 km 1227:Methone Ring Arc 1212:166,000 –175,000 1118:122,170 –136,775 1106:Giovanni Cassini 1095:117,580 –122,170 1091:Cassini Division 995: 994: 961: 939: 897: 896: 895: 806: 785: 454: 437: 430: 417: 404: 348:Cassini Division 268:Christopher Wren 21: 11700: 11699: 11695: 11694: 11693: 11691: 11690: 11689: 11685:Planetary rings 11670:Rings of Saturn 11660: 11659: 11658: 11648: 11646: 11636: 11634: 11624: 11622: 11610: 11600: 11598: 11590: 11588: 11583: 11577:Galileo's Dream 11569:Galileo Galilei 11521:Life of Galileo 11508: 11480:Galileo project 11417: 11376: 11287: 11273:Phases of Venus 11226: 11224:Galileo Galilei 11221: 11191: 11186: 11147:Cassini–Huygens 11142:Rings of Saturn 11133: 11114:irregular moons 11113: 11107: 10688: 10663:Phoebe subgroup 10648: 10591: 10546: 10530: 10501:Kiviuq subgroup 10486: 10401: 10395: 10367: 10346: 10308: 10285: 10278: 10276:Moons of Saturn 10273: 10243: 10238: 10212: 10193: 10189:Rings of Quaoar 10179:Rings of Chiron 10160: 10136:Rings of Uranus 10131:Rings of Saturn 10112: 10107: 10077: 10072: 10054: 10023: 10003:Voyager program 9986: 9979: 9967:Cassini–Huygens 9952: 9931: 9727: 9691: 9678: 9673: 9572: 9567: 9558: 9556: 9545: 9541: 9532: 9530: 9511: 9507: 9498: 9496: 9477: 9473: 9465: 9418: 9412: 9408: 9376:10.1.1.651.4218 9361:(5964): 432–5. 9351: 9347: 9338: 9336: 9317: 9313: 9304: 9302: 9289: 9288: 9284: 9276: 9240:(5964): 435–9. 9229: 9223: 9219: 9210: 9208: 9195: 9191: 9168: 9164: 9155: 9153: 9144: 9143: 9139: 9088: 9084: 9075: 9073: 9061: 9052: 9039: 9038: 9034: 9025: 9023: 9012: 9008: 8976: 8972: 8964: 8917: 8911: 8907: 8898: 8896: 8883: 8882: 8878: 8830: 8821: 8817: 8785:10.1.1.466.6748 8760: 8756: 8707: 8700: 8661: 8657: 8612: 8608: 8565: 8558: 8531: 8527: 8478: 8474: 8461: 8454: 8423: 8414: 8405: 8403: 8385: 8378: 8367: 8363: 8354: 8352: 8344: 8343: 8339: 8291: 8285: 8276: 8267: 8265: 8248: 8247: 8240: 8232: 8225: 8172: 8168: 8120: 8114: 8110: 8079: 8075: 8036: 8032: 8023: 8021: 8008: 8004: 7989: 7973: 7969: 7921: 7915: 7906: 7893: 7892: 7888: 7875: 7874: 7870: 7861: 7859: 7848: 7844: 7835: 7833: 7826: 7822: 7809: 7808: 7804: 7795: 7793: 7779: 7775: 7720: 7716: 7665: 7661: 7610: 7606: 7582:10.1.1.653.4033 7557: 7553: 7544: 7542: 7527: 7523: 7475: 7469: 7465: 7456: 7454: 7440: 7436: 7405: 7401: 7362:Esposito, L. W. 7359: 7352: 7343: 7341: 7334: 7330: 7323: 7319: 7284: 7280: 7265: 7261: 7252: 7250: 7242: 7241: 7237: 7220: 7216: 7167:Murray, Carl D. 7163: 7159: 7152: 7148: 7133: 7129: 7116: 7115: 7111: 7106: 7102: 7085: 7081: 7072: 7070: 7057: 7056: 7052: 7020:10.1.1.368.1168 6994: 6988: 6984: 6975: 6973: 6966: 6962: 6953: 6951: 6911: 6907: 6898: 6896: 6890: 6883: 6874: 6872: 6863: 6862: 6858: 6810: 6806: 6796: 6794: 6782: 6778: 6766: 6758: 6756: 6748: 6747: 6738: 6689: 6676: 6628: 6622: 6607: 6575: 6571: 6563: 6556: 6548: 6512:(6030): 711–3. 6499: 6493: 6489: 6480: 6478: 6469: 6468: 6464: 6432:10.1.1.651.5611 6405: 6401: 6392: 6390: 6381: 6380: 6376: 6367: 6365: 6356: 6355: 6351: 6342: 6340: 6329: 6320: 6288: 6282: 6273: 6264: 6262: 6248: 6244: 6235: 6233: 6224: 6223: 6216: 6167: 6156: 6109: 6096: 6045: 6034: 6029: 6025: 5977: 5970: 5965: 5961: 5956: 5952: 5943: 5932: 5927: 5923: 5888: 5884: 5850: 5846: 5816: 5812: 5804: 5800: 5791: 5789: 5781: 5780: 5776: 5720: 5716: 5666: 5660: 5653: 5622: 5618: 5586: 5582: 5573: 5571: 5558: 5557: 5553: 5501: 5494: 5457:(7326): 943–6. 5442: 5433: 5424: 5422: 5407: 5403: 5362: 5358: 5341: 5340: 5336: 5326: 5324: 5266: 5262: 5253: 5251: 5236: 5232: 5223: 5221: 5173: 5169: 5160: 5158: 5153: 5152: 5148: 5139: 5137: 5127: 5120: 5111: 5109: 5106:SPACE.com Staff 5100: 5099: 5095: 5086: 5084: 5066: 5062: 5053: 5051: 5044: 5040: 5021: 5017: 5008: 5006: 4999: 4995: 4987: 4948: 4942: 4938: 4929: 4927: 4917: 4913: 4880: 4876: 4869: 4846: 4840: 4836: 4813: 4809: 4778: 4774: 4765: 4763: 4753: 4749: 4739: 4737: 4729: 4723: 4719: 4686: 4682: 4666: 4665: 4635: 4631: 4620:"Saturn: Rings" 4618: 4617: 4613: 4604: 4602: 4592: 4588: 4579: 4577: 4568: 4567: 4563: 4553: 4551: 4539:(7 July 2016). 4534: 4530: 4506: 4502: 4493: 4491: 4474: 4470: 4461: 4459: 4446: 4445: 4441: 4432: 4430: 4417: 4416: 4412: 4402: 4400: 4399:on 17 July 2017 4389: 4385: 4368: 4367: 4358: 4349: 4347: 4337: 4333: 4324: 4322: 4309:Dunford, Bill. 4307: 4303: 4294: 4292: 4284:Dunford, Bill. 4282: 4278: 4269: 4267: 4254:Dunford, Bill. 4252: 4245: 4236: 4234: 4224: 4217: 4208: 4206: 4193:Dunford, Bill. 4191: 4184: 4165: 4161: 4116: 4112: 4103: 4102: 4098: 4070: 4066: 4044: 4040: 4031: 4029: 4024: 4023: 4016: 4001: 3997: 3988: 3986: 3981: 3980: 3976: 3957: 3953: 3926: 3922: 3898: 3894: 3881: 3877: 3867:De Saturni Luna 3851: 3847: 3840: 3806: 3802: 3795: 3761: 3757: 3684: 3680: 3629:Johannes Kepler 3627: 3623: 3592: 3588: 3573: 3551: 3544: 3489: 3482: 3472: 3470: 3453: 3446: 3437: 3435: 3420: 3397: 3339: 3322: 3313: 3311: 3301: 3263: 3256: 3247: 3245: 3227: 3223: 3219: 3214: 3213: 3207: 3203: 3199:unofficial name 3198: 3187: 3182: 3171: 3158: 3139: 3130: 3119: 3113:summer solstice 3098: 3094: 3089: 3058:Galileo Galilei 3054: 3040:near Rhea. The 3025: 3019: 2886: 2847:"tiger stripes" 2801:E. M. Antoniadi 2756: 2739: 2716: 2704: 2653: 2629: 2613: 2608: 2607: 2606: 2603: 2598: 2520: 2518: 2451: 2416: 2369: 2277: 2221: 2219: 2181: 2174: 2157: 2082: 2069: 1946: 1944: 1939: 1938: 1937: 1936: 1935: 1932: 1924: 1923: 1919: 1902: 1900: 1890: 1888: 1880: 1864: 1844: 1828:William Lassell 1795: 1788: 1746: 1694: 1685: 1611:Harold Jeffreys 1554:Huygens Ringlet 1523: 1509: 1474: 1456: 1416:Maxwell Ringlet 1348: 1339: 1129:Galileo Galilei 1079:Galileo Galilei 1068:92,000 –117,580 1041:74,658 – 92,000 1002: 993: 988: 983: 982: 981: 967: 962: 953: 952: 951: 945: 940: 912: 893: 891: 890: 888: 871:, used stellar 817: 816: 815: 814: 813: 807: 798: 797: 796: 786: 777: 776: 771: 713: 664: 659: 655: 651: 647: 639: 519: 503: 482:, F in 1979 by 478:, E in 1967 by 470:, D in 1933 by 462:, C in 1850 by 452: 435: 428: 415: 402: 294: 227:Duke of Tuscany 223:Galileo Galilei 216:Belisario Vinta 214:in a letter to 204: 199: 161:moons of Saturn 126:Galileo Galilei 73:rings of Saturn 34: 23: 22: 15: 12: 11: 5: 11698: 11688: 11687: 11682: 11677: 11672: 11657: 11656: 11644: 11632: 11620: 11608: 11585: 11584: 11582: 11581: 11573: 11565: 11557: 11549: 11541: 11533: 11525: 11516: 11514: 11510: 11509: 11507: 11506: 11499: 11494: 11489: 11488: 11487: 11476: 11475: 11470: 11465: 11464: 11463: 11458: 11448: 11443: 11438: 11433: 11425: 11423: 11419: 11418: 11416: 11415: 11409: 11403: 11400:Vincenzo Gamba 11397: 11391: 11384: 11382: 11378: 11377: 11375: 11374: 11366: 11358: 11350: 11342: 11335: 11328: 11320: 11312: 11304: 11295: 11293: 11289: 11288: 11286: 11285: 11280: 11275: 11270: 11265: 11260: 11258:Galilean moons 11255: 11250: 11245: 11243:Galileo affair 11240: 11234: 11232: 11228: 11227: 11220: 11219: 11212: 11205: 11197: 11188: 11187: 11185: 11184: 11179: 11174: 11169: 11164: 11159: 11154: 11149: 11144: 11138: 11135: 11134: 11132: 11127: 11122: 11117: 11115: 11109: 11108: 11106: 11105: 11100: 11095: 11090: 11085: 11082: 11079: 11074: 11069: 11064: 11061: 11056: 11051: 11048: 11045: 11040: 11037: 11032: 11027: 11022: 11017: 11012: 11007: 11004: 11001: 10998: 10995: 10990: 10985: 10982: 10977: 10972: 10969: 10964: 10961: 10958: 10953: 10948: 10943: 10938: 10935: 10932: 10927: 10922: 10917: 10912: 10909: 10906: 10901: 10896: 10891: 10886: 10881: 10878: 10873: 10868: 10863: 10860: 10857: 10854: 10851: 10846: 10841: 10838: 10833: 10828: 10825: 10822: 10817: 10812: 10807: 10802: 10797: 10792: 10789: 10786: 10781: 10776: 10771: 10768: 10763: 10758: 10753: 10750: 10747: 10744: 10741: 10736: 10731: 10728: 10723: 10720: 10717: 10712: 10707: 10704: 10699: 10693: 10690: 10689: 10687: 10686: 10681: 10676: 10666: 10664: 10657: 10650: 10649: 10647: 10646: 10641: 10636: 10631: 10626: 10621: 10616: 10606: 10604: 10597: 10596: 10593: 10592: 10590: 10589: 10584: 10579: 10574: 10565: 10560: 10554: 10552: 10548: 10547: 10545: 10544: 10538: 10536: 10532: 10531: 10529: 10528: 10523: 10518: 10515: 10510: 10504: 10502: 10495: 10488: 10487: 10485: 10484: 10477: 10472: 10465: 10458: 10457: 10456: 10451: 10439: 10438: 10437: 10432: 10420: 10413: 10405: 10403: 10402:(with trojans) 10397: 10396: 10394: 10393: 10388: 10383: 10377: 10375: 10369: 10368: 10366: 10365: 10360: 10354: 10352: 10348: 10347: 10345: 10344: 10339: 10334: 10329: 10324: 10318: 10316: 10314:Ring shepherds 10310: 10309: 10307: 10306: 10301: 10295: 10293: 10287: 10286: 10283: 10280: 10279: 10272: 10271: 10264: 10257: 10249: 10240: 10239: 10237: 10236: 10231: 10226: 10220: 10218: 10217:Related topics 10214: 10213: 10211: 10210: 10203: 10201: 10195: 10194: 10192: 10191: 10186: 10184:Ring of Haumea 10181: 10176: 10170: 10168: 10162: 10161: 10159: 10158: 10153: 10146:Rings of Earth 10143: 10138: 10133: 10128: 10122: 10120: 10114: 10113: 10106: 10105: 10098: 10091: 10083: 10074: 10073: 10071: 10070: 10059: 10056: 10055: 10053: 10052: 10044: 10037: 10031: 10029: 10025: 10024: 10022: 10021: 10020: 10019: 10012: 10000: 9993: 9992: 9991: 9984: 9962: 9960: 9954: 9953: 9951: 9950: 9945: 9943:Delta Octantis 9939: 9937: 9933: 9932: 9930: 9929: 9928: 9927: 9917: 9916: 9915: 9905: 9904: 9903: 9898: 9893: 9883: 9876: 9871: 9864: 9857: 9856: 9855: 9850: 9838: 9837: 9836: 9831: 9819: 9812: 9807: 9802: 9797: 9790: 9785: 9780: 9775: 9770: 9765: 9760: 9755: 9750: 9745: 9737: 9735: 9729: 9728: 9726: 9725: 9720: 9715: 9710: 9705: 9699: 9697: 9693: 9692: 9690: 9689: 9683: 9680: 9679: 9672: 9671: 9664: 9657: 9649: 9643: 9642: 9628: 9618: 9612: 9609:Mark Showalter 9602: 9596: 9587: 9581:Saturn's Rings 9578: 9571: 9570:External links 9568: 9566: 9565: 9551:. ScienceNow. 9539: 9505: 9471: 9468:on 2018-03-08. 9406: 9345: 9311: 9282: 9279:on 2020-02-27. 9217: 9189: 9162: 9137: 9082: 9050: 9032: 9006: 8970: 8967:on 2019-03-08. 8905: 8876: 8815: 8754: 8717:(1): 322–338. 8698: 8655: 8626:(3): 466–469. 8606: 8556: 8525: 8472: 8452: 8433:(2): 378–386. 8412: 8376: 8361: 8337: 8274: 8238: 8223: 8166: 8108: 8089:(9): 686–689. 8073: 8030: 8013:(2014-07-05). 8011:Lakdawalla, E. 8002: 7987: 7967: 7904: 7886: 7868: 7842: 7820: 7802: 7784:(2013-02-25). 7773: 7714: 7659: 7604: 7567:(1): 272–286. 7551: 7521: 7463: 7434: 7399: 7350: 7328: 7317: 7278: 7259: 7235: 7214: 7157: 7146: 7127: 7122:ohio-state.edu 7109: 7100: 7079: 7050: 6982: 6960: 6905: 6881: 6856: 6804: 6776: 6736: 6674: 6605: 6573: 6569: 6554: 6551:on 2020-02-12. 6487: 6462: 6399: 6374: 6349: 6318: 6271: 6242: 6214: 6154: 6094: 6032: 6023: 5968: 5959: 5950: 5930: 5921: 5902:(1): 180–199. 5882: 5863:(2): 437–467. 5844: 5814: 5810: 5798: 5774: 5760:2027.42/149200 5714: 5651: 5632:(1): 103–114. 5616: 5580: 5566:. 2007-12-12. 5551: 5514:(2): 535–550. 5492: 5431: 5401: 5356: 5353:on 2010-03-23. 5334: 5260: 5230: 5167: 5146: 5118: 5093: 5060: 5038: 5015: 4993: 4990:on 2020-04-12. 4973:10.1086/505750 4936: 4911: 4892:(2): 240–253. 4874: 4867: 4834: 4807: 4788:(3): 439–452. 4772: 4747: 4734:The Cryosphere 4717: 4698:(3): 531–548. 4680: 4647:(1): 182–212. 4629: 4626:on 2010-05-27. 4611: 4586: 4561: 4537:Lakdawalla, E. 4528: 4509:Proctor, R. A. 4500: 4479:(2009-09-04). 4477:Lakdawalla, E. 4468: 4452:hubblesite.org 4439: 4410: 4383: 4380:on 2010-05-27. 4356: 4331: 4301: 4276: 4243: 4215: 4182: 4159: 4146:10.1086/140074 4110: 4096: 4064: 4038: 4014: 3995: 3974: 3951: 3920: 3903:(April 1937). 3892: 3875: 3845: 3838: 3800: 3793: 3755: 3753: 3752: 3726:(2): 105–121. 3711: 3678: 3676: 3675: 3661: 3660: 3659:See pp. 87–88. 3647: 3621: 3602:(3): 215–220. 3586: 3571: 3542: 3480: 3444: 3395: 3320: 3299: 3254: 3232:(2022-07-05). 3230:Porco, Carolyn 3220: 3218: 3215: 3212: 3211: 3201: 3185: 3169: 3165:NASA factsheet 3137: 3117: 3091: 3090: 3088: 3085: 3084: 3083: 3073: 3067: 3061: 3053: 3050: 3021:Main article: 3018: 3015: 2940:micrometeoroid 2885: 2882: 2793:Edward Barnard 2755: 2752: 2738: 2735: 2715: 2714:Anthe Ring Arc 2712: 2703: 2700: 2696:magnetic field 2681:micrometeoroid 2652: 2649: 2628: 2625: 2612: 2609: 2600: 2599: 2592: 2591: 2590: 2549:shepherd moons 2517: 2514: 2450: 2449:Roche Division 2447: 2415: 2412: 2368: 2365: 2276: 2273: 2173: 2170: 2156: 2153: 2122:objective lens 2081: 2078: 2068: 2065: 2031:micrometeoroid 1943: 1940: 1933: 1926: 1925: 1920: 1913: 1912: 1911: 1910: 1909: 1879: 1876: 1863: 1860: 1843: 1840: 1787: 1784: 1745: 1742: 1739: 1738: 1733: 1730: 1727: 1721: 1720: 1715: 1712: 1709: 1703: 1702: 1699: 1696: 1691: 1684: 1681: 1678: 1677: 1672: 1669: 1666: 1662: 1661: 1656: 1653: 1650: 1646: 1645: 1640: 1637: 1634: 1630: 1629: 1624: 1621: 1618: 1614: 1613: 1608: 1605: 1602: 1598: 1597: 1592: 1589: 1586: 1582: 1581: 1576: 1573: 1570: 1566: 1565: 1562: 1559: 1556: 1550: 1549: 1544: 1541: 1538: 1532: 1531: 1528: 1525: 1520: 1514: 1513: 1508: 1505: 1502: 1501: 1496: 1493: 1490: 1486: 1485: 1482: 1479: 1476: 1472: 1468: 1467: 1464: 1461: 1458: 1454: 1450: 1449: 1440: 1437: 1434: 1430: 1429: 1424: 1421: 1418: 1412: 1411: 1406: 1403: 1400: 1394: 1393: 1387: 1384: 1381: 1375: 1374: 1369: 1366: 1363: 1357: 1356: 1353: 1350: 1345: 1338: 1335: 1332: 1331: 1324: 1321: 1318: 1315: 1309: 1308: 1301: 1298: 1295: 1292: 1286: 1285: 1280: 1277: 1274: 1271: 1265: 1264: 1259: 1256: 1253: 1250: 1248:Anthe Ring Arc 1244: 1243: 1238: 1235: 1232: 1229: 1223: 1222: 1219: 1216: 1213: 1210: 1204: 1203: 1194: 1191: 1188: 1185: 1179: 1178: 1175: 1172: 1169: 1166: 1160: 1159: 1152: 1149: 1146: 1143: 1141:Roche Division 1137: 1136: 1125: 1122: 1119: 1116: 1110: 1109: 1104:Discovered by 1102: 1099: 1096: 1093: 1087: 1086: 1075: 1072: 1069: 1066: 1060: 1059: 1050:Discovered by 1048: 1045: 1042: 1039: 1033: 1032: 1029: 1026: 1023: 1022:66,900 –74,510 1020: 1014: 1013: 1010: 1007: 1004: 999: 992: 989: 987: 984: 964: 963: 956: 955: 954: 942: 941: 934: 933: 932: 911: 908: 885:Keck telescope 869:Larry Esposito 808: 801: 800: 799: 787: 780: 779: 778: 770:Saturn's rings 769: 768: 767: 766: 712: 709: 662: 657: 653: 649: 645: 637: 518: 515: 502: 499: 293: 290: 203: 200: 198: 195: 122:unaided vision 105:rocky material 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 11697: 11686: 11683: 11681: 11678: 11676: 11673: 11671: 11668: 11667: 11665: 11655: 11645: 11643: 11633: 11631: 11621: 11619: 11614: 11609: 11607: 11597: 11596: 11593: 11580: 11578: 11574: 11572: 11570: 11566: 11564: 11562: 11558: 11556: 11554: 11550: 11548: 11546: 11542: 11540: 11538: 11534: 11532: 11530: 11526: 11524: 11522: 11518: 11517: 11515: 11511: 11505: 11504: 11500: 11498: 11495: 11493: 11490: 11486: 11483: 11482: 11481: 11478: 11477: 11474: 11471: 11469: 11466: 11462: 11459: 11457: 11454: 11453: 11452: 11451:Museo Galileo 11449: 11447: 11444: 11442: 11439: 11437: 11434: 11431: 11427: 11426: 11424: 11420: 11413: 11410: 11407: 11406:Maria Celeste 11404: 11401: 11398: 11395: 11392: 11389: 11386: 11385: 11383: 11379: 11372: 11371: 11367: 11364: 11363: 11359: 11356: 11355: 11351: 11348: 11347: 11343: 11340: 11336: 11333: 11329: 11326: 11325: 11321: 11318: 11317: 11313: 11310: 11309: 11305: 11302: 11301: 11297: 11296: 11294: 11290: 11284: 11281: 11279: 11276: 11274: 11271: 11269: 11266: 11264: 11261: 11259: 11256: 11254: 11251: 11249: 11246: 11244: 11241: 11239: 11236: 11235: 11233: 11229: 11225: 11218: 11213: 11211: 11206: 11204: 11199: 11198: 11195: 11183: 11180: 11178: 11175: 11173: 11170: 11168: 11165: 11163: 11160: 11158: 11155: 11153: 11150: 11148: 11145: 11143: 11140: 11139: 11136: 11131: 11128: 11126: 11123: 11121: 11118: 11116: 11110: 11104: 11101: 11099: 11096: 11094: 11091: 11089: 11086: 11083: 11080: 11078: 11075: 11073: 11070: 11068: 11065: 11062: 11060: 11057: 11055: 11052: 11049: 11046: 11044: 11041: 11038: 11036: 11033: 11031: 11028: 11026: 11023: 11021: 11018: 11016: 11013: 11011: 11008: 11005: 11002: 10999: 10996: 10994: 10991: 10989: 10986: 10983: 10981: 10978: 10976: 10973: 10970: 10968: 10965: 10962: 10959: 10957: 10954: 10952: 10949: 10947: 10944: 10942: 10939: 10936: 10933: 10931: 10928: 10926: 10923: 10921: 10918: 10916: 10913: 10910: 10907: 10905: 10902: 10900: 10897: 10895: 10892: 10890: 10887: 10885: 10882: 10879: 10877: 10874: 10872: 10869: 10867: 10864: 10861: 10858: 10855: 10852: 10850: 10847: 10845: 10842: 10839: 10837: 10834: 10832: 10829: 10826: 10823: 10821: 10818: 10816: 10813: 10811: 10808: 10806: 10803: 10801: 10798: 10796: 10793: 10790: 10787: 10785: 10782: 10780: 10777: 10775: 10772: 10769: 10767: 10764: 10762: 10759: 10757: 10754: 10751: 10748: 10745: 10742: 10740: 10737: 10735: 10732: 10729: 10727: 10724: 10721: 10718: 10716: 10713: 10711: 10708: 10705: 10703: 10700: 10698: 10695: 10694: 10685: 10682: 10680: 10677: 10675: 10674: 10673: 10668: 10667: 10665: 10661: 10658: 10655: 10651: 10645: 10642: 10640: 10637: 10635: 10632: 10630: 10627: 10625: 10622: 10620: 10617: 10615: 10614: 10613: 10608: 10607: 10605: 10602: 10598: 10588: 10585: 10583: 10580: 10578: 10575: 10573: 10572: 10571: 10566: 10564: 10561: 10559: 10556: 10555: 10553: 10549: 10543: 10540: 10539: 10537: 10533: 10527: 10524: 10522: 10519: 10516: 10514: 10511: 10509: 10506: 10505: 10503: 10499: 10496: 10493: 10489: 10483: 10482: 10478: 10476: 10473: 10471: 10470: 10466: 10464: 10463: 10459: 10455: 10452: 10450: 10447: 10446: 10445: 10444: 10440: 10436: 10433: 10431: 10428: 10427: 10426: 10425: 10421: 10419: 10418: 10414: 10412: 10411: 10407: 10406: 10404: 10398: 10392: 10389: 10387: 10384: 10382: 10379: 10378: 10376: 10374: 10370: 10364: 10361: 10359: 10356: 10355: 10353: 10349: 10343: 10340: 10338: 10335: 10333: 10330: 10328: 10325: 10323: 10320: 10319: 10317: 10315: 10311: 10305: 10302: 10300: 10297: 10296: 10294: 10292: 10291:Ring moonlets 10288: 10281: 10277: 10270: 10265: 10263: 10258: 10256: 10251: 10250: 10247: 10235: 10232: 10230: 10227: 10225: 10222: 10221: 10219: 10215: 10209:(unconfirmed) 10208: 10207:Rings of Rhea 10205: 10204: 10202: 10200: 10196: 10190: 10187: 10185: 10182: 10180: 10177: 10175: 10172: 10171: 10169: 10167: 10166:Minor planets 10163: 10157: 10154: 10151: 10147: 10144: 10142: 10139: 10137: 10134: 10132: 10129: 10127: 10124: 10123: 10121: 10119: 10115: 10111: 10104: 10099: 10097: 10092: 10090: 10085: 10084: 10081: 10069: 10061: 10060: 10057: 10051: 10049: 10045: 10043: 10042: 10038: 10036: 10033: 10032: 10030: 10026: 10018: 10017: 10013: 10011: 10010: 10006: 10005: 10004: 10001: 9999: 9998: 9994: 9989: 9985: 9982: 9978: 9977: 9975: 9974: 9969: 9968: 9964: 9963: 9961: 9959: 9955: 9949: 9946: 9944: 9941: 9940: 9938: 9934: 9926: 9923: 9922: 9921: 9918: 9914: 9911: 9910: 9909: 9906: 9902: 9899: 9897: 9894: 9892: 9889: 9888: 9887: 9884: 9882: 9881: 9877: 9875: 9872: 9870: 9869: 9865: 9863: 9862: 9858: 9854: 9851: 9849: 9846: 9845: 9844: 9843: 9839: 9835: 9832: 9830: 9827: 9826: 9825: 9824: 9820: 9818: 9817: 9813: 9811: 9808: 9806: 9803: 9801: 9798: 9796: 9795: 9791: 9789: 9786: 9784: 9781: 9779: 9776: 9774: 9771: 9769: 9766: 9764: 9761: 9759: 9756: 9754: 9751: 9749: 9748:Ring moonlets 9746: 9743: 9739: 9738: 9736: 9734: 9730: 9724: 9721: 9719: 9718:Magnetosphere 9716: 9714: 9711: 9709: 9706: 9704: 9701: 9700: 9698: 9694: 9688: 9685: 9684: 9681: 9677: 9670: 9665: 9663: 9658: 9656: 9651: 9650: 9647: 9640: 9636: 9632: 9629: 9626: 9622: 9619: 9616: 9613: 9610: 9606: 9603: 9600: 9597: 9595: 9591: 9588: 9586: 9582: 9579: 9577: 9574: 9573: 9554: 9550: 9543: 9529:on 2012-02-17 9528: 9524: 9520: 9516: 9509: 9494: 9490: 9486: 9482: 9475: 9464: 9460: 9456: 9452: 9448: 9444: 9440: 9436: 9432: 9428: 9424: 9417: 9410: 9402: 9398: 9394: 9390: 9386: 9382: 9377: 9372: 9368: 9364: 9360: 9356: 9349: 9335:on 2012-02-03 9334: 9330: 9326: 9322: 9315: 9301:on 2017-12-14 9300: 9296: 9292: 9286: 9275: 9271: 9267: 9263: 9259: 9255: 9251: 9247: 9243: 9239: 9235: 9228: 9221: 9206: 9205: 9200: 9193: 9185: 9181: 9177: 9173: 9166: 9152:on 2009-10-10 9151: 9147: 9141: 9133: 9129: 9125: 9121: 9117: 9113: 9108: 9103: 9099: 9095: 9094: 9086: 9072: 9071: 9066: 9059: 9057: 9055: 9046: 9042: 9036: 9021: 9017: 9010: 9002: 8998: 8994: 8990: 8987:(1): 751–53. 8986: 8982: 8974: 8963: 8959: 8955: 8951: 8947: 8943: 8939: 8935: 8931: 8927: 8923: 8916: 8909: 8895:on 2015-04-16 8894: 8890: 8886: 8880: 8872: 8868: 8864: 8860: 8856: 8852: 8848: 8844: 8840: 8836: 8829: 8825: 8819: 8811: 8807: 8803: 8799: 8795: 8791: 8786: 8781: 8777: 8773: 8769: 8765: 8758: 8750: 8746: 8742: 8738: 8734: 8730: 8725: 8720: 8716: 8712: 8705: 8703: 8693: 8688: 8684: 8680: 8676: 8672: 8671: 8666: 8659: 8650: 8645: 8641: 8637: 8633: 8629: 8625: 8621: 8617: 8610: 8602: 8598: 8594: 8590: 8586: 8582: 8578: 8574: 8570: 8563: 8561: 8552: 8548: 8544: 8541:(in French). 8540: 8536: 8529: 8522: 8517: 8513: 8508: 8503: 8499: 8495: 8491: 8487: 8483: 8476: 8468: 8467: 8459: 8457: 8448: 8444: 8440: 8436: 8432: 8428: 8421: 8419: 8417: 8402:on 2008-10-10 8401: 8397: 8393: 8389: 8383: 8381: 8372: 8365: 8351: 8347: 8341: 8333: 8329: 8325: 8321: 8317: 8313: 8309: 8305: 8301: 8297: 8290: 8283: 8281: 8279: 8264:on 2006-10-16 8263: 8259: 8255: 8251: 8245: 8243: 8236: 8230: 8228: 8219: 8215: 8211: 8207: 8203: 8199: 8195: 8191: 8187: 8183: 8182: 8177: 8170: 8162: 8158: 8154: 8150: 8146: 8142: 8138: 8134: 8130: 8126: 8119: 8112: 8104: 8100: 8096: 8092: 8088: 8084: 8077: 8069: 8065: 8061: 8057: 8053: 8049: 8045: 8041: 8034: 8020: 8016: 8012: 8006: 7998: 7994: 7990: 7984: 7980: 7979: 7971: 7963: 7959: 7955: 7951: 7947: 7943: 7939: 7935: 7931: 7927: 7920: 7913: 7911: 7909: 7900: 7896: 7890: 7882: 7878: 7872: 7858:on 1999-11-05 7857: 7853: 7846: 7831: 7824: 7816: 7812: 7806: 7791: 7787: 7783: 7777: 7769: 7765: 7761: 7757: 7753: 7749: 7744: 7739: 7735: 7731: 7730: 7725: 7718: 7710: 7706: 7702: 7698: 7694: 7690: 7686: 7682: 7678: 7674: 7670: 7663: 7655: 7651: 7647: 7643: 7639: 7635: 7631: 7627: 7623: 7619: 7615: 7608: 7600: 7596: 7592: 7588: 7583: 7578: 7574: 7570: 7566: 7562: 7555: 7541:on 2009-06-15 7540: 7536: 7532: 7525: 7517: 7513: 7509: 7505: 7501: 7497: 7493: 7489: 7485: 7481: 7474: 7467: 7453: 7449: 7445: 7438: 7430: 7426: 7422: 7418: 7414: 7410: 7403: 7395: 7391: 7387: 7383: 7379: 7375: 7371: 7367: 7363: 7357: 7355: 7339: 7332: 7326: 7321: 7313: 7309: 7305: 7301: 7297: 7293: 7289: 7282: 7274: 7270: 7263: 7249: 7245: 7239: 7230: 7225: 7218: 7210: 7206: 7202: 7198: 7194: 7190: 7185: 7180: 7176: 7172: 7168: 7161: 7155: 7150: 7142: 7141:Maths History 7138: 7131: 7123: 7119: 7113: 7104: 7096: 7092: 7091: 7083: 7069:on 2009-10-10 7068: 7064: 7060: 7054: 7046: 7042: 7038: 7034: 7030: 7026: 7021: 7016: 7012: 7008: 7004: 7000: 6993: 6986: 6971: 6964: 6950: 6946: 6942: 6938: 6933: 6928: 6924: 6920: 6916: 6909: 6895: 6888: 6886: 6871:on 2010-12-13 6870: 6866: 6860: 6852: 6848: 6844: 6840: 6836: 6832: 6828: 6824: 6820: 6816: 6808: 6793: 6792: 6787: 6780: 6773: 6772:public domain 6755: 6751: 6745: 6743: 6741: 6732: 6728: 6724: 6720: 6716: 6712: 6707: 6702: 6698: 6694: 6687: 6685: 6683: 6681: 6679: 6670: 6666: 6662: 6658: 6654: 6650: 6646: 6642: 6638: 6634: 6627: 6620: 6618: 6616: 6614: 6612: 6610: 6601: 6597: 6593: 6589: 6585: 6581: 6580: 6567: 6561: 6559: 6547: 6543: 6539: 6535: 6531: 6527: 6523: 6519: 6515: 6511: 6507: 6506: 6498: 6491: 6476: 6472: 6466: 6458: 6454: 6450: 6446: 6442: 6438: 6433: 6428: 6424: 6420: 6416: 6412: 6411: 6403: 6388: 6384: 6378: 6363: 6359: 6353: 6338: 6334: 6327: 6325: 6323: 6314: 6310: 6306: 6302: 6299:(1): 89–107. 6298: 6294: 6287: 6280: 6278: 6276: 6261: 6257: 6253: 6246: 6232:on 2017-05-30 6231: 6227: 6221: 6219: 6210: 6206: 6202: 6198: 6194: 6190: 6186: 6182: 6178: 6174: 6173: 6165: 6163: 6161: 6159: 6150: 6146: 6142: 6138: 6134: 6130: 6126: 6122: 6118: 6114: 6107: 6105: 6103: 6101: 6099: 6090: 6086: 6082: 6078: 6074: 6070: 6066: 6062: 6058: 6054: 6050: 6043: 6041: 6039: 6037: 6027: 6019: 6015: 6011: 6007: 6003: 5999: 5995: 5991: 5987: 5983: 5975: 5973: 5963: 5954: 5947: 5941: 5939: 5937: 5935: 5925: 5917: 5913: 5909: 5905: 5901: 5897: 5893: 5886: 5878: 5874: 5870: 5866: 5862: 5858: 5854: 5848: 5840: 5836: 5832: 5828: 5824: 5820: 5808: 5802: 5788: 5784: 5778: 5770: 5766: 5761: 5756: 5751: 5746: 5742: 5738: 5734: 5730: 5726: 5718: 5710: 5706: 5701: 5696: 5692: 5688: 5684: 5680: 5676: 5672: 5665: 5658: 5656: 5647: 5643: 5639: 5635: 5631: 5627: 5620: 5612: 5608: 5604: 5600: 5596: 5592: 5584: 5569: 5565: 5561: 5555: 5547: 5543: 5539: 5535: 5531: 5527: 5522: 5517: 5513: 5509: 5508: 5499: 5497: 5488: 5484: 5480: 5476: 5472: 5468: 5464: 5460: 5456: 5452: 5451: 5446: 5440: 5438: 5436: 5420: 5416: 5412: 5405: 5397: 5393: 5389: 5385: 5381: 5377: 5373: 5369: 5368: 5360: 5352: 5348: 5344: 5338: 5327:September 16, 5323: 5319: 5315: 5311: 5306: 5305:1721.1/148216 5301: 5297: 5293: 5289: 5285: 5281: 5277: 5276: 5271: 5264: 5250:on 2009-03-21 5249: 5245: 5241: 5238:Baalke, Ron. 5234: 5220: 5216: 5211: 5206: 5202: 5198: 5194: 5190: 5186: 5182: 5178: 5171: 5156: 5150: 5136: 5135:Astronomy.com 5132: 5125: 5123: 5107: 5103: 5097: 5083: 5079: 5075: 5071: 5064: 5049: 5042: 5034: 5030: 5026: 5019: 5004: 4997: 4986: 4982: 4978: 4974: 4970: 4966: 4962: 4958: 4954: 4947: 4940: 4926: 4922: 4915: 4907: 4903: 4899: 4895: 4891: 4887: 4886: 4878: 4870: 4864: 4860: 4856: 4852: 4845: 4838: 4830: 4826: 4822: 4818: 4811: 4803: 4799: 4795: 4791: 4787: 4783: 4776: 4762: 4758: 4751: 4735: 4728: 4721: 4713: 4709: 4705: 4701: 4697: 4693: 4692: 4684: 4676: 4670: 4662: 4658: 4654: 4650: 4646: 4642: 4641: 4633: 4625: 4621: 4615: 4601: 4597: 4590: 4575: 4571: 4565: 4550: 4546: 4542: 4538: 4532: 4524: 4520: 4516: 4515: 4510: 4504: 4490: 4486: 4482: 4478: 4472: 4458:on 2020-02-11 4457: 4453: 4449: 4443: 4429:on 2020-02-11 4428: 4424: 4420: 4414: 4398: 4394: 4387: 4379: 4375: 4371: 4365: 4363: 4361: 4346: 4342: 4335: 4321:on 2017-04-13 4320: 4316: 4315:NASA web site 4312: 4305: 4291: 4290:NASA web site 4287: 4280: 4266:on 2015-10-03 4265: 4261: 4260:NASA web site 4257: 4250: 4248: 4233: 4229: 4222: 4220: 4205:on 2015-12-08 4204: 4200: 4199:NASA web site 4196: 4189: 4187: 4179:(4): 379–403. 4178: 4174: 4170: 4163: 4155: 4151: 4147: 4143: 4139: 4135: 4131: 4127: 4126: 4121: 4114: 4106: 4100: 4091: 4087: 4083: 4080:(in German). 4079: 4075: 4068: 4059: 4055: 4051: 4050: 4042: 4027: 4021: 4019: 4010: 4006: 3999: 3984: 3978: 3970: 3967:(in French). 3966: 3962: 3955: 3947: 3943: 3939: 3935: 3931: 3924: 3916: 3912: 3911: 3906: 3902: 3896: 3888: 3887: 3879: 3872: 3868: 3862: 3858: 3857: 3849: 3841: 3835: 3831: 3827: 3823: 3819: 3815: 3811: 3804: 3796: 3790: 3786: 3782: 3778: 3774: 3773: 3767: 3759: 3749: 3745: 3741: 3737: 3733: 3729: 3725: 3721: 3717: 3712: 3708: 3704: 3700: 3696: 3692: 3687: 3686: 3682: 3672: 3671: 3665: 3664: 3656: 3655: 3648: 3644: 3643: 3637: 3636: 3634: 3630: 3625: 3617: 3613: 3609: 3605: 3601: 3597: 3590: 3582: 3578: 3574: 3568: 3564: 3559: 3558: 3549: 3547: 3538: 3534: 3529: 3524: 3520: 3516: 3511: 3506: 3502: 3498: 3494: 3487: 3485: 3468: 3464: 3463: 3458: 3451: 3449: 3434:on 2009-03-21 3433: 3429: 3425: 3418: 3416: 3414: 3412: 3410: 3408: 3406: 3404: 3402: 3400: 3391: 3387: 3383: 3379: 3374: 3369: 3365: 3361: 3357: 3353: 3349: 3345: 3337: 3335: 3333: 3331: 3329: 3327: 3325: 3310: 3306: 3302: 3296: 3292: 3288: 3283: 3278: 3274: 3270: 3269: 3261: 3259: 3243: 3239: 3235: 3231: 3225: 3221: 3205: 3196: 3194: 3192: 3190: 3180: 3178: 3176: 3174: 3166: 3162: 3156: 3154: 3152: 3150: 3148: 3146: 3144: 3142: 3134: 3128: 3126: 3124: 3122: 3114: 3110: 3106: 3105:giant planets 3102: 3096: 3092: 3081: 3077: 3076:Édouard Roche 3074: 3071: 3068: 3065: 3062: 3059: 3056: 3055: 3049: 3047: 3043: 3039: 3038:magnetosphere 3035: 3030: 3024: 3023:Rings of Rhea 3014: 3011: 3007: 3004: 3000: 2996: 2992: 2988: 2983: 2981: 2977: 2973: 2969: 2964: 2961: 2957: 2953: 2949: 2945: 2941: 2936: 2933: 2929: 2928: 2923: 2919: 2915: 2912: 2908: 2903: 2895: 2890: 2881: 2879: 2875: 2871: 2867: 2863: 2858: 2856: 2852: 2848: 2844: 2840: 2836: 2826: 2822: 2820: 2816: 2811: 2805: 2802: 2798: 2794: 2790: 2785: 2781: 2777: 2769: 2765: 2760: 2751: 2748: 2744: 2734: 2732: 2725: 2720: 2711: 2709: 2699: 2697: 2693: 2689: 2688:magnetosphere 2686: 2682: 2678: 2674: 2670: 2666: 2662: 2658: 2648: 2645: 2643: 2638: 2634: 2622: 2617: 2602: 2596: 2589: 2585: 2583: 2577: 2575: 2571: 2567: 2566: 2560: 2558: 2554: 2550: 2546: 2542: 2533: 2513: 2511: 2507: 2503: 2499: 2495: 2490: 2489:into a moon. 2488: 2484: 2480: 2476: 2475:Édouard Roche 2472: 2468: 2460: 2455: 2446: 2444: 2443: 2437: 2433: 2429: 2420: 2411: 2409: 2405: 2401: 2397: 2392: 2390: 2386: 2378: 2373: 2364: 2362: 2358: 2354: 2349: 2347: 2343: 2339: 2335: 2331: 2329: 2325: 2321: 2317: 2313: 2309: 2301: 2297: 2293: 2289: 2285: 2281: 2272: 2269: 2268: 2264: 2260: 2256: 2252: 2248: 2244: 2240: 2236: 2231: 2229: 2216: 2214: 2210: 2206: 2202: 2194: 2190: 2185: 2179: 2169: 2167: 2163: 2152: 2150: 2145: 2143: 2139: 2135: 2131: 2130:magnification 2127: 2123: 2119: 2115: 2111: 2107: 2103: 2095: 2091: 2086: 2077: 2075: 2064: 2062: 2058: 2053: 2051: 2047: 2043: 2038: 2036: 2032: 2028: 2024: 2020: 2019:magnetosphere 2016: 2015:synchronously 2012: 2011:electrostatic 2008: 2004: 2000: 1996: 1992: 1988: 1987:backscattered 1984: 1980: 1976: 1972: 1971:gravitational 1965: 1961: 1930: 1917: 1908: 1898: 1884: 1875: 1873: 1869: 1859: 1857: 1853: 1849: 1839: 1836: 1835:optical depth 1831: 1829: 1825: 1821: 1817: 1813: 1809: 1799: 1793: 1783: 1781: 1777: 1771: 1769: 1765: 1764: 1755: 1750: 1737: 1734: 1726: 1723: 1722: 1719: 1716: 1708: 1705: 1704: 1700: 1697: 1692: 1689: 1688: 1676: 1673: 1664: 1663: 1660: 1657: 1648: 1647: 1644: 1641: 1632: 1631: 1628: 1627:Gerard Kuiper 1625: 1616: 1615: 1612: 1609: 1600: 1599: 1596: 1593: 1584: 1583: 1580: 1577: 1568: 1567: 1563: 1555: 1552: 1551: 1548: 1545: 1537: 1534: 1533: 1529: 1526: 1521: 1518: 1517: 1511: 1510: 1500: 1497: 1488: 1487: 1483: 1470: 1469: 1465: 1452: 1451: 1448: 1444: 1441: 1432: 1431: 1428: 1425: 1417: 1414: 1413: 1410: 1407: 1399: 1396: 1395: 1391: 1388: 1380: 1379:Titan Ringlet 1377: 1376: 1373: 1370: 1362: 1359: 1358: 1354: 1351: 1346: 1343: 1342: 1329: 1325: 1322: 1319: 1314: 1311: 1310: 1306: 1302: 1291: 1288: 1287: 1284: 1281: 1270: 1267: 1266: 1263: 1260: 1249: 1246: 1245: 1242: 1239: 1228: 1225: 1224: 1220: 1209: 1206: 1205: 1202: 1198: 1195: 1184: 1181: 1180: 1176: 1165: 1162: 1161: 1157: 1156:Édouard Roche 1153: 1142: 1139: 1138: 1134: 1130: 1126: 1115: 1112: 1111: 1107: 1103: 1092: 1089: 1088: 1084: 1080: 1076: 1065: 1062: 1061: 1057: 1053: 1049: 1038: 1035: 1034: 1030: 1019: 1016: 1015: 1011: 1009:Thickness (m) 1008: 1005: 1000: 997: 996: 979: 975: 971: 966: 960: 949: 944: 938: 931: 929: 925: 921: 917: 907: 904: 902: 886: 880: 878: 874: 870: 866: 861: 858: 854: 848: 846: 840: 838: 833: 828: 826: 822: 812: 805: 795: 791: 784: 775: 760: 756: 754: 750: 746: 742: 738: 734: 730: 729:Roman goddess 726: 725:Édouard Roche 721: 718: 708: 706: 702: 698: 693: 690: 682: 678: 674: 672: 668: 643: 635: 631: 626: 622: 618: 614: 610: 605: 601: 591: 587: 584: 580: 576: 572: 568: 563: 559: 557: 553: 549: 545: 536: 532: 528: 523: 514: 512: 507: 498: 495: 493: 492: 487: 486: 481: 477: 473: 469: 465: 461: 456: 451: 447: 446: 441: 434: 427: 426: 421: 414: 413: 408: 401: 400: 394: 392: 388: 384: 380: 376: 371: 366: 364: 359: 357: 353: 349: 345: 340: 338: 334: 330: 326: 322: 318: 314: 310: 303: 298: 289: 287: 283: 279: 274: 269: 264: 262: 258: 254: 251:as a form of 250: 246: 241: 239: 236: 232: 228: 224: 217: 213: 208: 194: 191: 189: 185: 181: 177: 172: 170: 166: 165:Titan Ringlet 162: 158: 153: 151: 147: 143: 139: 135: 131: 127: 123: 119: 114: 112: 111: 106: 102: 98: 94: 90: 86: 82: 78: 74: 66: 62: 58: 54: 50: 48: 43: 38: 32: 27: 19: 11654:Solar System 11579:(2009 novel) 11576: 11571:(2002 opera) 11568: 11560: 11552: 11544: 11536: 11528: 11520: 11501: 11412:Marina Gamba 11368: 11360: 11352: 11344: 11322: 11314: 11306: 11298: 11141: 11093:Saturn LVIII 10670: 10669: 10610: 10609: 10601:Gallic group 10568: 10567: 10479: 10467: 10460: 10441: 10422: 10415: 10408: 10150:space debris 10130: 10110:Ring systems 10047: 10039: 10014: 10007: 9995: 9971: 9965: 9908:Gallic group 9878: 9866: 9859: 9840: 9821: 9814: 9792: 9722: 9703:Dragon Storm 9557:. 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Retrieved 4733: 4720: 4695: 4689: 4683: 4669:cite journal 4644: 4638: 4632: 4624:the original 4614: 4603:. Retrieved 4600:ScienceDaily 4599: 4589: 4578:. Retrieved 4573: 4564: 4552:. Retrieved 4544: 4531: 4513: 4503: 4492:. Retrieved 4484: 4471: 4460:. Retrieved 4456:the original 4451: 4442: 4431:. Retrieved 4427:the original 4423:pds.nasa.gov 4422: 4413: 4401:. Retrieved 4397:the original 4386: 4378:the original 4373: 4348:. Retrieved 4344: 4334: 4323:. Retrieved 4319:the original 4314: 4304: 4293:. Retrieved 4289: 4279: 4268:. Retrieved 4264:the original 4259: 4235:. Retrieved 4231: 4207:. Retrieved 4203:the original 4198: 4176: 4172: 4162: 4129: 4123: 4113: 4099: 4081: 4077: 4067: 4048: 4041: 4030:. Retrieved 4008: 3998: 3987:. Retrieved 3977: 3968: 3964: 3954: 3937: 3933: 3923: 3909: 3895: 3885: 3878: 3870: 3866: 3860: 3855: 3848: 3813: 3809: 3803: 3771: 3758: 3723: 3719: 3698: 3694: 3681: 3669: 3653: 3641: 3632: 3624: 3599: 3595: 3589: 3556: 3500: 3496: 3473:29 September 3471:. 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Retrieved 3237: 3224: 3204: 3095: 3045: 3033: 3026: 2984: 2968:Steven Soter 2965: 2937: 2931: 2925: 2899: 2859: 2853:of the moon 2843:cryovolcanic 2831: 2806: 2773: 2746: 2740: 2737:Pallene Ring 2728: 2705: 2654: 2641: 2630: 2586: 2578: 2563: 2561: 2537: 2497: 2491: 2483:tidal forces 2464: 2440: 2435: 2431: 2425: 2408:Johann Encke 2406:in honor of 2395: 2393: 2382: 2360: 2356: 2352: 2350: 2345: 2334:Johann Encke 2332: 2315: 2305: 2270: 2232: 2217: 2198: 2158: 2146: 2133: 2126:focal length 2099: 2089: 2070: 2054: 2049: 2045: 2041: 2039: 1978: 1968: 1885: 1881: 1865: 1845: 1832: 1824:Johann Galle 1805: 1772: 1767: 1761: 1759: 1753: 1736:James Keeler 1718:Johann Encke 1701:Named after 1601:Jeffreys Gap 1569:Herschel Gap 1530:Named after 1355:Named after 1269:Pallene Ring 973: 969: 947: 923: 919: 913: 900: 881: 864: 862: 849: 841: 829: 818: 733:tidal forces 722: 716: 714: 696: 694: 688: 686: 680: 629: 615:(similar to 597: 582: 574: 561: 560: 541: 534: 508: 504: 496: 489: 483: 466:and his son 457: 449: 444: 439: 432: 423: 419: 410: 406: 397: 395: 379:James Keeler 367: 360: 341: 337:Solar System 328: 324: 320: 307: 301: 286:Robert Hooke 281: 272: 265: 260: 256: 242: 221: 192: 173: 154: 142:annular disk 115: 108: 85:Solar System 72: 70: 53:19 July 2013 46: 26: 11642:Outer space 11630:Spaceflight 11563:(1999 book) 11555:(1996 book) 11547:(1975 film) 11539:(1968 film) 11531:(1947 play) 11523:(1943 play) 11354:The Assayer 11303:(1589–1592) 11283:Thermoscope 11130:S/2004 S 24 11120:S/2006 S 12 11103:S/2004 S 52 11098:S/2019 S 21 11084:S/2020 S 10 11081:S/2004 S 51 11072:Saturn LXIV 11067:S/2006 S 19 11063:S/2019 S 20 11054:S/2004 S 36 11050:S/2004 S 53 11047:S/2019 S 16 11043:S/2004 S 39 11039:S/2019 S 18 11035:S/2004 S 21 11030:S/2019 S 19 11015:S/2006 S 18 11006:S/2019 S 17 11003:S/2004 S 49 11000:S/2006 S 17 10997:S/2004 S 50 10984:S/2004 S 48 10967:S/2004 S 28 10963:S/2006 S 15 10960:S/2006 S 16 10934:S/2019 S 15 10925:S/2006 S 14 10920:S/2019 S 13 10911:S/2019 S 12 10908:S/2019 S 10 10894:S/2019 S 11 10884:S/2004 S 46 10853:S/2006 S 13 10844:S/2004 S 12 10840:S/2006 S 11 10836:S/2004 S 17 10827:S/2004 S 45 10824:S/2004 S 44 10788:S/2006 S 10 10784:S/2004 S 43 10766:S/2004 S 13 10752:S/2004 S 42 10749:S/2004 S 41 10722:S/2004 S 40 10719:S/2004 S 47 10715:S/2004 S 37 10679:S/2006 S 20 10654:Norse group 10577:S/2019 S 14 10558:S/2004 S 31 10492:Inuit group 10400:Large moons 9958:Exploration 9920:Norse group 9886:Inuit group 9625:Rings album 9176:Nature News 8388:Porco C. C. 8350:ciclops.org 8046:: 157–175. 7298:: 165–168. 7177:: 125–140. 6759:21 February 6699:: 109–124. 6586:(1): 1–16. 5825:(1): 1–16. 5677:: 251–260. 5597:: 297–321. 5187:: 251–206. 4959:(2): L137. 4554:17 February 4132:: 416–427. 3985:. StarChild 3701:: 408–414. 3282:1112.3305v2 3080:Roche limit 3010:sublimation 2884:Phoebe ring 2784:Mont Revard 2611:Outer rings 2479:Roche limit 2155:Huygens Gap 2007:microscopic 1999:phase angle 1977:, known as 1960:phase angle 1816:George Bond 1695:center (km) 1665:Barnard Gap 1633:Laplace Gap 1585:Russell Gap 1536:Huygens Gap 1524:center (km) 1484:its radius 1466:its radius 1398:Maxwell Gap 1361:Colombo Gap 1349:center (km) 1313:Phoebe Ring 1056:George Bond 1003:center (km) 924:dusty rings 873:occultation 845:Roche limit 832:R. M. Canup 809:Tethys and 737:Roche limit 642:ultraviolet 581:). Earlier 531:attenuation 476:B. Semejkin 313:Constantijn 245:astronomers 176:Phoebe ring 89:micrometers 77:ring system 11664:Categories 11485:spacecraft 11414:(mistress) 11408:(daughter) 11182:In fiction 11177:S/2004 S 6 11172:S/2004 S 4 11167:S/2004 S 3 11125:S/2019 S 6 11088:S/2020 S 9 10971:S/2020 S 8 10951:S/2005 S 5 10946:S/2006 S 3 10941:S/2004 S 7 10937:S/2020 S 6 10880:S/2019 S 9 10862:S/2019 S 8 10859:S/2019 S 7 10856:S/2007 S 9 10820:S/2007 S 3 10791:S/2019 S 5 10779:S/2006 S 1 10774:Mundilfari 10770:S/2007 S 6 10746:S/2019 S 4 10743:S/2020 S 2 10734:S/2020 S 7 10730:S/2019 S 3 10726:S/2019 S 2 10710:S/2007 S 2 10706:S/2007 S 7 10702:S/2007 S 5 10684:S/2006 S 9 10644:S/2020 S 4 10624:S/2007 S 8 10587:S/2020 S 5 10582:S/2020 S 3 10521:S/2020 S 1 10517:S/2005 S 4 10508:S/2019 S 1 10454:Polydeuces 10373:Alkyonides 10337:Epimetheus 10332:Prometheus 10299:S/2009 S 1 9997:Pioneer 11 9988:retirement 9853:Polydeuces 9778:Epimetheus 9768:Prometheus 9742:S/2009 S 1 9559:2010-08-05 9533:2009-10-06 9499:2008-03-09 9339:2009-12-22 9305:2017-12-20 9211:2012-09-02 9156:2009-10-07 9076:2022-05-30 9026:2011-12-23 8928:(5): 156. 8899:2015-04-15 8406:2008-09-05 8355:2022-09-22 8268:2017-12-20 8218:Q116754015 8024:2015-04-17 7862:2007-09-05 7836:2007-09-05 7796:2022-09-22 7545:2009-06-13 7457:2010-09-02 7415:(2): 165. 7344:2008-07-22 7253:2019-05-30 7229:1906.08036 7184:1510.00434 7073:2009-11-16 6976:2007-07-06 6954:2024-03-04 6932:2205.07008 6899:2007-07-25 6875:2007-07-24 6797:3 February 6706:1601.07955 6481:2011-04-04 6393:2011-04-04 6368:2022-09-22 6343:2022-09-22 6265:2017-12-20 6236:2017-11-06 5792:2018-12-28 5700:2381/43180 5574:2008-01-24 5425:2012-11-05 5254:2008-09-13 5224:2020-06-29 5210:2381/43180 5161:2020-06-29 5140:2019-01-21 5112:2009-09-26 5087:2017-12-20 5054:2007-10-14 5009:2007-10-14 4930:2007-07-06 4766:2019-01-21 4605:2008-12-24 4580:2020-02-17 4494:2020-02-11 4462:2020-02-11 4433:2020-02-11 4403:12 October 4350:2015-12-03 4325:2015-12-03 4295:2015-12-03 4270:2015-12-03 4237:2015-12-03 4209:2015-12-03 4032:2007-07-08 3989:2007-07-06 3971:: 404–405. 3685:See also: 3510:2309.15156 3503:(2): 137. 3438:2007-05-23 3314:2012-10-05 3248:2022-09-22 3217:References 2878:Polydeuces 2644:spacecraft 2637:Epimetheus 2582:S/2004 S 6 2553:Prometheus 2545:Pioneer 11 2510:Prometheus 2367:Keeler Gap 2247:Prometheus 2239:Epimetheus 2213:Keeler Gap 2128:and a 90x 2074:S/2009 S 1 2027:atmosphere 1848:elliptical 1725:Keeler Gap 1698:Width (km) 1649:Bessel Gap 1617:Kuiper Gap 1527:Width (km) 1352:Width (km) 1201:Epimetheus 1006:Width (km) 920:main rings 903:spacecraft 794:Prometheus 701:Keeler Gap 617:Prometheus 485:Pioneer 11 407:Pioneer 11 399:Pioneer 11 184:retrograde 146:concentric 118:brightness 11606:Astronomy 11396:(brother) 11157:Chrysalis 10800:Bergelmir 10756:Hyrrokkin 10629:Saturn LX 10417:Enceladus 10224:Gas torus 10016:Voyager 2 10009:Voyager 1 9936:Astronomy 9816:Enceladus 9696:Geography 9592:from the 9459:206509814 9371:CiteSeerX 9107:1401.6166 9020:wired.com 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