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lives. The aggregate of our joy and suffering, thousands of confident religions, ideologies, and economic doctrines, every hunter and forager, every hero and coward, every creator and destroyer of civilization, every king and peasant, every young couple in love, every mother and father, hopeful child, inventor and explorer, every teacher of morals, every corrupt politician, every "superstar," every "supreme leader," every saint and sinner in the history of our species lived there – on a mote of dust suspended in a sunbeam.
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and a similar photograph of Venus. The wide-angle photograph was taken with the darkest filter (a methane absorption band) and the shortest possible exposure (5 milliseconds), to avoid saturating the camera's vidicon tube with scattered sunlight. Even so, the result was a bright burned-out image with
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were supportive of the idea, there were concerns that taking a picture of Earth so close to the Sun risked damaging the spacecraft's imaging system irreparably. It was not until 1989 that Sagan's idea was put in motion, but then instrument calibrations delayed the operation further, and the personnel
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Our posturings, our imagined self-importance, the delusion that we have some privileged position in the
Universe, are challenged by this point of pale light. Our planet is a lonely speck in the great enveloping cosmic dark. In our obscurity, in all this vastness, there is no hint that help will come
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The Earth is a very small stage in a vast cosmic arena. Think of the rivers of blood spilled by all those generals and emperors so that, in glory and triumph, they could become the momentary masters of a fraction of a dot. Think of the endless cruelties visited by the inhabitants of one corner of
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Three of the frames received showed the Earth as a tiny point of light in empty space. Each frame had been taken using a different color filter: blue, green and violet, with exposure times of 0.72, 0.48 and 0.72 seconds respectively. The three frames were then recombined to produce the image that
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From this distant vantage point, the Earth might not seem of any particular interest. But for us, it's different. Consider again that dot. That's here. That's home. That's us. On it everyone you love, everyone you know, everyone you ever heard of, every human being who ever was, lived out their
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It has been said that astronomy is a humbling and character-building experience. There is perhaps no better demonstration of the folly of human conceits than this distant image of our tiny world. To me, it underscores our responsibility to deal more kindly with one another, and to preserve and
171:, a spacecraft launched in 1977 with the initial purpose of studying the outer Solar System. After fulfilling its primary mission and as it ventured out of the Solar System, the decision to turn its camera around and capture one last image of Earth emerged, in part due to Sagan's proposition.
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is unlike that of any other observed planet and is partially due to the presence of life on Earth. Rayleigh scattering, which causes Earth's blueness, is enhanced in an atmosphere that does not substantially absorb visible light, unlike, for example, the orange-brown color of
481:, which was taken with the narrow-angle camera, was also published as part of a composite picture created from a wide-angle camera photograph showing the Sun and the region of space containing the Earth and Venus. The wide-angle image was inset with two narrow-angle pictures:
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multiple reflections from the optics in the camera and the Sun that appears far larger than the actual dimension of the solar disk. The rays around the Sun are a diffraction pattern of the calibration lamp which is mounted in front of the wide-angle lens.
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The spacecraft, still traveling at 64,000 km/h (40,000 mph), is the most distant human-made object from Earth and the first one to leave the Solar System. Its mission has been extended and continues to this day, with the aim of investigating the
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encounter. When the spacecraft passed the planet in 1980, Sagan proposed the idea of the space probe taking one last picture of Earth. He acknowledged that such a picture would not have had much scientific value, as the Earth would appear too small for
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life forms, oxidizes organics in the atmosphere and converts them to water and carbon dioxide, causing the atmosphere to be transparent to visible light and allowing for substantial
Rayleigh scattering and hence stronger reflectance of blue light.
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The Earth is the only world known so far to harbor life. There is nowhere else, at least in the near future, to which our species could migrate. Visit, yes. Settle, not yet. Like it or not, for the moment the Earth is where we make our stand.
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to power its cameras down, as the spacecraft was not going to fly near anything else of significance for the rest of its mission, while other instruments that were still collecting data needed power for the long journey to interstellar space.
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and slewing (panning) of the cameras to achieve acceptable quality. The telecommunication capability also diminished with distance, limiting the number of data modes that could be used by the imaging system.
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in its atmosphere. In Earth's air, short-wavelength visible light such as blue light is scattered to a greater extent than longer wavelength light such as red light, which is the reason why the sky
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Over the years, the photograph has been revisited and celebrated on multiple occasions, with NASA acknowledging its anniversaries and presenting updated versions, enhancing its clarity and detail.
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this pixel on the scarcely distinguishable inhabitants of some other corner, how frequent their misunderstandings, how eager they are to kill one another, how fervent their hatreds.
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Seen from about 6 billion kilometers (3.7 billion miles), Earth appears as a tiny dot within deep space: the blueish-white speck almost halfway up the rightmost band of light.
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The design of the command sequence to be relayed to the spacecraft and the calculations for each photograph's exposure time were developed by space scientists
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The challenge was that, as the mission progressed, the objects to be photographed would increasingly be farther away and would appear fainter, requiring
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In 2015, NASA acknowledged the 25th anniversary of the photograph. Ed Stone, Voyager project scientist, commented: "Twenty-five years ago,
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that compose each frame, Earth takes up less than one (0.12 of a pixel, according to NASA). The light bands across the photograph are an
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interceded to ensure that the photograph was taken. A proposal to continue to photograph Earth as it orbited the Sun was rejected.
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looked back toward Earth and saw a "pale blue dot", an image that continues to inspire wonderment about the spot we call home."
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back to Earth, with the radio signal traveling at the speed of light for nearly five and a half hours to cover the distance.
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313:(WA), used for spatially extended imaging, and a 1500 mm high-resolution narrow-angle camera (NA) – the one that took
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s cameras to make out any detail, but it would be meaningful as a perspective on humanity's place in the universe.
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blue dot, rather than dark blue, because white light reflected by clouds combines with the scattered blue light.
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from Earth. (The ocean also contributes to Earth's blueness, but to a lesser degree than scattering.) Earth is a
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on
February 14, 1990. The vertical bars are spaced one year apart and indicate the probe's distance above the
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tube type and were fitted with eight colored filters, mounted on a filter wheel placed in front of the tube.
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Krissansen-Totton, Joshua; Schwieterman, Edward W.; Charnay, Benjamin; Arney, Giada; Robinson, Tyler D.;
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1450:; See, C. (April 2008). "A model of Titan's aerosols based on measurements made inside the atmosphere".
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1593:"'Pale Blue Dot' shines anew in Carl Sagan Institute video to mark iconic photo's 30th anniversary"
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1311:; Livengood, T. A.; Hewagama, T.; Barry, R. K.; Deming, L. D.; Lisse, C. M. (February 18, 2011).
1034:
1379:"Is the Pale Blue Dot unique? Optimized photometric bands for identifying Earth-like exoplanets"
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was the first space probe to provide detailed images of the two largest planets and their major
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549:, Carl Sagan comments on what he sees as the greater significance of the photograph, writing:
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on
February 14, 1990. At that time, the distance between the spacecraft and Earth was 40.47
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released a video with several noted astronomers reciting Sagan's "Pale Blue Dot" speech.
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In 2020, for the image's 30th anniversary, NASA published a new version of the original
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317:– intended for detailed imaging of specific targets. Both cameras are of the slow-scan
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1313:"Views from EPOXI: Colors in Our Solar System as an Analog for Extrasolar Planets"
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in 1980, the primary mission was declared complete in
November of the same year.
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250:. Since its launch, it receives routine commands and transmits data back to the
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1951:
1192:"NASA's JPL Horizon System for calculating ephemerides for solar system bodies"
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164:, as representing humanity's minuscule and ephemeral place amidst the cosmos.
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The wide-angle photograph of the Sun and inner planets (not visible), with
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2005:
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s
Imaging Science Subsystem (ISS) consists of two cameras: a 200 mm
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Tomasko, M.G.; Doose, L.; Engel, S.; Dafoe, L.E.; West, R.; Lemmon, M.;
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Robotic
Exploration of the Solar System Part I: The Golden Age 1957–1982
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820:"The Earth from the frontiers of the Solar system – The Pale, Blue Dot"
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1249:"PIA00450: Solar System Portrait – View of the Sun, Earth and Venus"
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were also being laid off or transferred to other projects. Finally,
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Earth appears as a blue dot in the photograph primarily because of
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150:, among bands of sunlight reflected by the camera. Commissioned by
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471:. Detailed analysis suggested that the camera also detected the
37:
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Carl Sagan's Cosmic
Connection: An Extraterrestrial Perspective
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The data from the camera was stored initially in an on-board
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1218:"PIA00452: Solar System Portrait – Earth as 'Pale Blue Dot'"
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on a mission to study the outer Solar System and eventually
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472:
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146:; the planet appears as a tiny dot against the vastness of
1567:"Nasa 're-masters' classic 'Pale Blue Dot' image of Earth"
1127:"Voyager Celebrates 20-Year-Old Valentine to Solar System"
570:
cherish the pale blue dot, the only home we've ever known.
219:
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and resulting from the advocacy of astronomer and author
16:
This article is about the photograph. For other uses, see
1570:
912:
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2652:
158:, the photograph was interpreted in Sagan's 1994 book,
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389:. The command sequence was then compiled and sent to
1764:
Video (3:26) – Carl Sagan reading – official version
1753:
Video (3:30) – Carl Sagan reading – original version
951:
Pale Blue Dot: A Vision of the Human Future in Space
2560:
2269:
Extraordinary claims require extraordinary evidence
1864:
Infrared interferometer spectrometer and radiometer
1243:
1241:
1239:
735:"From Earth to the Solar System, The Pale Blue Dot"
1499:
280:who devised and transmitted the radio commands to
629:List of photographs considered the most important
401:(6,055 million kilometers, 3,762 million miles).
4143:
1236:
1210:
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1152:
408:. Transmission to Earth was also delayed by the
113:from an unprecedented distance of approximately
1678:
467:point of view was approximately 32° above the
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899:
897:
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1004:
699:
697:
682:Timeline of first images of Earth from space
451:superimposed on the left, Venus to its right
2565:Carl Sagan Prize for Science Popularization
1267:
1097:"Voyager 1 Narrow Angle Camera Description"
940:
936:
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758:
756:
3047:Commercial Orbital Transportation Services
2675:
2661:
2188:
2174:
1805:
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813:
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562:from elsewhere to save us from ourselves.
36:
3941:Hubble Space Telescope anniversary images
1650:
1414:
1396:
1338:
846:Butrica, Andrew J. (1994). "Chapter 11".
694:
420:missions being given priority use of the
2263:Search for extraterrestrial intelligence
1275:"Solar System Exploration-Pale Blue Dot"
998:
931:
766:. starbrite.jpl.nasa.gov. Archived from
753:
584:
442:
354:
218:
4026:NASA International Space Apps Challenge
1732:Sagan's rationale for human spaceflight
1063:
848:From Engineering Science To Big Science
845:
804:
4144:
2814:Administrator and Deputy Administrator
2602:Pale Blue Dot: A Tribute to Carl Sagan
2381:The Varieties of Scientific Experience
1277:. solarsystem.nasa.gov. Archived from
839:
715:from the original on December 19, 2014
260:was expected to work only through the
4177:Photographs of Earth from outer space
3604:Transiting Exoplanet Survey Satellite
2656:
2438:God, the Universe and Everything Else
2169:
1973:Radioisotope thermoelectric generator
1786:
1590:
1494:
1364:
1362:
1360:
1358:
1298:
1296:
1051:from the original on January 16, 2017
1035:"Voyager – Imaging Science Subsystem"
817:
727:
4066:
1591:Gould, Chelsea (February 19, 2020).
1565:Amos, Jonathan (February 13, 2020).
1564:
1198:from the original on October 7, 2012
1107:from the original on January 1, 2016
882:from the original on August 14, 2012
782:
614:To celebrate the same occasion, the
424:. Then, between March and May 1990,
1812:
1662:The University Press of Mississippi
1137:from the original on April 19, 2016
104:taken on February 14, 1990, by the
13:
2720:National Aeronautics and Space Act
1615:
1546:from the original on April 2, 2017
1355:
1293:
1224:from the original on July 18, 2011
986:from the original on July 21, 2011
489:
342:, NASA mission managers commanded
14:
4193:
3674:Nancy Grace Roman Space Telescope
3228:Commercial Lunar Payload Services
1711:
1255:from the original on July 5, 2011
1158:
919:from the original on May 23, 2023
818:Sagan, Carl (September 9, 1990).
393:, with the images taken at 04:48
338:series of images, which included
192:, a 722-kilogram (1,592 lb)
4129:
4117:
4105:
4093:
4065:
4054:
4053:
3969:Apollo 15 postal covers incident
3727:Space Flight Operations Facility
2913:Operations and Checkout Building
2637:
2636:
1540:"'Pale Blue Dot' Images Turn 25"
1071:"Cassini Solstice Mission – ISS"
580:
202:encounter with the Jovian system
23:Photograph of Earth by Voyager 1
3188:Lunar Precursor Robotic Program
1660:(1st ed.). United States:
1584:
1558:
1488:
1439:
1184:
1089:
972:
167:The photograph was captured by
2349:Shadows of Forgotten Ancestors
2195:
1013:. Springer. pp. 441–443.
915:. February 5, 2019. PIA23645.
868:
538:
236:boundaries of the Solar System
18:Pale Blue Dot (disambiguation)
1:
1743:Video produced for Pangea Day
1657:Conversations with Carl Sagan
1251:. photojournal.jpl.nasa.gov.
1220:. photojournal.jpl.nasa.gov.
956:Random House Publishing Group
688:
350:
177:
4006:Space program on U.S. stamps
3931:Gemini and Apollo medallions
3881:Solar System Family Portrait
3657:Joint Polar Satellite System
3526:Lunar Reconnaissance Orbiter
2780:Vision for Space Exploration
2750:Space Exploration Initiative
1641:Resources in other libraries
7:
4001:U.S. Astronaut Hall of Fame
3958:We choose to go to the Moon
3921:Apollo 11 goodwill messages
3479:International Space Station
3459:Mars Reconnaissance Orbiter
3198:Great Observatories program
3042:International Space Station
3020:Roscosmos State Corporation
2937:Science Mission Directorate
2883:Manned Space Flight Network
2591:Carl Sagan Memorial Station
2446:Cosmos: A Spacetime Odyssey
1978:Specific orbital energy of
1720:of Carl Sagan reading from
1453:Planetary and Space Science
1340:10.1088/0004-637x/729/2/130
905:"Voyager 1's Pale Blue Dot"
878:. space.com. July 7, 2005.
621:
138:In the photograph, Earth's
10:
4198:
3818:NASA cameras on spacecraft
3629:James Webb Space Telescope
3541:Solar Dynamics Observatory
2762:U.S. National Space Policy
1694:Cambridge University Press
1416:10.3847/0004-637x/817/1/31
850:(1st ed.). New York:
455:Of the 640,000 individual
15:
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3949:
3826:
3741:
3686:
3649:
3448:
3258:
3245:
3175:
3089:
3079:
3034:
2960:
2949:
2893:Vehicle Assembly Building
2801:
2700:
2690:
2632:
2616:
2573:
2550:Carl Sagan Memorial Award
2542:
2495:
2464:
2430:Cosmos: A Personal Voyage
2421:
2414:
2391:
2284:
2277:
2203:
2144:
2121:
2102:
2070:
2028:
2019:
1960:
1914:
1889:
1845:
1820:
1636:Resources in your library
1474:10.1016/j.pss.2007.11.019
1384:The Astrophysical Journal
1318:The Astrophysical Journal
1166:Jet Propulsion Laboratory
1161:"Pale Blue Dot Revisited"
1040:Jet Propulsion Laboratory
876:"An Earthly View of Mars"
379:Jet Propulsion Laboratory
294:
125:), as part of that day's
85:
75:
65:
57:
47:
35:
30:
3964:Apollo 8 Genesis reading
3888:The Day the Earth Smiled
3223:Solar Terrestrial Probes
2682:
2301:Mars and the Mind of Man
1745:with Sagan reading from
980:"An Alien View Of Earth"
909:Solar System Exploration
677:The Day the Earth Smiled
275:Although many in NASA's
131:series of images of the
4021:Other primates in space
3733:Deep Space Atomic Clock
3553:Mars Science Laboratory
3341:Spitzer Space Telescope
2930:Lunar Sample Laboratory
2873:Launch Services Program
2454:Cosmos: Possible Worlds
2365:The Demon-Haunted World
2221:Faint young Sun paradox
2156:(2017 documentary film)
2001:NASA Deep Space Network
1774:Cassini’s Pale Blue Dot
1686:; Agel, Jerome (2000).
1466:2008P&SS...56..669T
609:Pale Blue Dot Revisited
590:Pale Blue Dot Revisited
4036:National Astronaut Day
3979:The Astronaut Monument
3801:Space Shuttle missions
3501:Mars Exploration Rover
3484:Hubble Space Telescope
3393:Kepler space telescope
3193:Earth Observing System
3167:Mars Exploration Rover
2878:Mercury Control Center
2123:Exploration of Neptune
2030:Exploration of Jupiter
1073:. NASA. Archived from
737:. NASA. Archived from
649:, or "pale orange dot"
593:
578:
452:
370:
230:
3984:Lunar sample displays
3974:Space Mirror Memorial
3916:Voyager Golden Record
3808:United States rockets
3000: (with the
2908:Launch Control Center
2373:Billions and Billions
2333:The Cold and the Dark
2293:The Cosmic Connection
2258:The Planetary Society
2231:Voyager Golden Record
2104:Exploration of Uranus
2072:Exploration of Saturn
1876:Voyager Golden Record
1870:Plasma Wave Subsystem
1778:European Space Agency
792:. nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov
709:The Planetary Society
588:
551:
446:
387:University of Arizona
358:
222:
4172:February 1990 events
3002:Soviet space program
2920:Johnson Space Center
2888:Kennedy Space Center
2851:spinoff technologies
2581:Carl Sagan Institute
1858:Cosmic Ray Subsystem
1696:. pp. XV, 302.
1654:; Head, Tom (2006).
1508:Random House USA Inc
1377:(January 20, 2016).
1281:on November 13, 2011
1194:. ssd.jpl.nasa.gov.
1101:Planetary Rings Node
741:on December 18, 2014
616:Carl Sagan Institute
4011:Apollo 17 Moon mice
3867:Pillars of Creation
3774:Space Shuttle crews
3252:(human and robotic)
3246:Individual featured
2829:Ranks and positions
2608:Symphony of Science
2515:Linda Salzman Sagan
2309:The Dragons of Eden
1726:Library of Congress
1407:2016ApJ...817...31K
1331:2011ApJ...729..130C
1077:on January 14, 2015
496:Rayleigh scattering
182:In September 1977,
100:is a photograph of
3813:NASA cancellations
3708:Deep Space Network
3698:Near Earth Network
3183:Living With a Star
3157:Project Prometheus
3137:Planetary Observer
2624:900 Stewart Avenue
1991:Grand Tour program
1922:Stamatios Krimigis
1303:Crow, Carolyn A.;
1103:. SETI Institute.
764:"Mission Overview"
594:
543:In his 1994 book,
517:spectrum from the
453:
422:Deep Space Network
399:astronomical units
371:
286:NASA Administrator
252:Deep Space Network
248:interstellar space
231:
198:interstellar space
194:robotic spacecraft
80:Interstellar space
4167:Color photographs
4162:1990s photographs
4081:
4080:
3994:stolen or missing
3791:uncrewed missions
3769:Apollo astronauts
3764:Gemini astronauts
3682:
3681:
3466:2001 Mars Odyssey
3241:
3240:
3117:Mars Surveyor '98
3075:
3074:
3018: (with
2951:Human spaceflight
2945:
2944:
2903:Launch Complex 48
2898:Launch Complex 39
2650:
2649:
2586:Sagan Planet Walk
2491:
2490:
2410:
2409:
2204:Scientific career
2163:
2162:
2140:
2139:
1622:Library resources
1506:. United States:
1375:Catling, David C.
1371:Meadows, Victoria
1007:Harland, David M.
965:978-0-307-80101-2
705:"A Pale Blue Dot"
332:After taking the
311:wide-angle camera
309:, low-resolution
93:
92:
4189:
4134:
4133:
4132:
4122:
4121:
4120:
4110:
4109:
4108:
4098:
4097:
4096:
4089:
4069:
4068:
4057:
4056:
3895:Fallen Astronaut
3536:Van Allen Probes
3256:
3255:
3162:Mars Exploration
3087:
3086:
2958:
2957:
2726:Space Task Group
2698:
2697:
2677:
2670:
2663:
2654:
2653:
2640:
2639:
2555:Carl Sagan Medal
2457:(2020 TV series)
2449:(2014 TV series)
2433:(1980 TV series)
2419:
2418:
2282:
2281:
2190:
2183:
2176:
2167:
2166:
2026:
2025:
1996:Rings of Jupiter
1807:
1800:
1793:
1784:
1783:
1765:
1754:
1737:The Space Review
1707:
1675:
1610:
1609:
1607:
1605:
1588:
1582:
1581:
1579:
1577:
1562:
1556:
1555:
1553:
1551:
1536:
1530:
1529:
1505:
1492:
1486:
1485:
1443:
1437:
1436:
1418:
1400:
1366:
1353:
1352:
1342:
1307:; Robinson, T.;
1300:
1291:
1290:
1288:
1286:
1271:
1265:
1264:
1262:
1260:
1245:
1234:
1233:
1231:
1229:
1214:
1208:
1207:
1205:
1203:
1188:
1182:
1181:
1179:
1177:
1156:
1147:
1146:
1144:
1142:
1123:
1117:
1116:
1114:
1112:
1093:
1087:
1086:
1084:
1082:
1067:
1061:
1060:
1058:
1056:
1031:
1025:
1024:
1002:
996:
995:
993:
991:
976:
970:
969:
958:. pp. 4–5.
938:
929:
928:
926:
924:
913:NASA/JPL-Caltech
901:
892:
891:
889:
887:
872:
866:
865:
843:
837:
836:
834:
832:
815:
802:
801:
799:
797:
786:
780:
779:
777:
775:
770:on July 21, 2011
760:
751:
750:
748:
746:
731:
725:
724:
722:
720:
701:
642:Bluedot Festival
576:
326:longer exposures
304:
271:
238:, including the
206:Saturnian system
204:in 1979 and the
120:
116:
70:Astrophotography
40:
28:
27:
4197:
4196:
4192:
4191:
4190:
4188:
4187:
4186:
4182:Voyager program
4142:
4141:
4140:
4130:
4128:
4118:
4116:
4106:
4104:
4094:
4092:
4084:
4082:
4077:
4045:
3945:
3936:Mission patches
3911:Pioneer plaques
3874:Mystic Mountain
3851:Family Portrait
3844:The Blue Marble
3828:
3822:
3796:Apollo missions
3737:
3689:
3678:
3645:
3450:
3444:
3281:Mercury-Atlas 6
3251:
3247:
3237:
3171:
3107:Mariner Mark II
3071:
3052:Commercial Crew
3030:
2953:
2941:
2925:Mission Control
2824:Astronaut Corps
2819:Chief Scientist
2797:
2702:
2686:
2681:
2651:
2646:
2628:
2612:
2569:
2538:
2487:
2460:
2406:
2387:
2273:
2243:Family Portrait
2226:Cosmic Calendar
2199:
2194:
2164:
2159:
2145:Popular culture
2136:
2117:
2098:
2066:
2021:
2015:
1956:
1947:Edward C. Stone
1942:Larry Soderblom
1932:Raymond Heacock
1910:
1905:Family Portrait
1885:
1841:
1816:
1814:Voyager program
1811:
1763:
1752:
1718:Audio recording
1714:
1704:
1672:
1647:
1646:
1645:
1630:
1629:
1625:
1618:
1616:Further reading
1613:
1603:
1601:
1589:
1585:
1575:
1573:
1563:
1559:
1549:
1547:
1538:
1537:
1533:
1526:
1493:
1489:
1444:
1440:
1367:
1356:
1305:McFadden, L. A.
1301:
1294:
1284:
1282:
1273:
1272:
1268:
1258:
1256:
1247:
1246:
1237:
1227:
1225:
1216:
1215:
1211:
1201:
1199:
1190:
1189:
1185:
1175:
1173:
1157:
1150:
1140:
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1125:
1124:
1120:
1110:
1108:
1095:
1094:
1090:
1080:
1078:
1069:
1068:
1064:
1054:
1052:
1033:
1032:
1028:
1021:
1003:
999:
989:
987:
978:
977:
973:
966:
939:
932:
922:
920:
903:
902:
895:
885:
883:
874:
873:
869:
862:
854:. p. 251.
844:
840:
830:
828:
825:PARADE Magazine
816:
805:
795:
793:
788:
787:
783:
773:
771:
762:
761:
754:
744:
742:
733:
732:
728:
718:
716:
703:
702:
695:
691:
686:
671:The Blue Marble
660:Overview effect
636:Family Portrait
624:
583:
577:
574:
541:
519:far-ultraviolet
492:
490:Pale blue color
353:
335:Family Portrait
302:
297:
277:Voyager program
269:
180:
142:is less than a
128:Family Portrait
118:
114:
43:
24:
21:
12:
11:
5:
4195:
4185:
4184:
4179:
4174:
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4114:
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4079:
4078:
4076:
4075:
4063:
4050:
4047:
4046:
4044:
4043:
4038:
4033:
4031:Astronauts Day
4028:
4023:
4018:
4013:
4008:
4003:
3998:
3997:
3996:
3991:
3981:
3976:
3971:
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3804:
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3798:
3793:
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3761:
3756:
3745:
3743:
3739:
3738:
3736:
3735:
3730:
3724:
3719:
3714:
3705:
3700:
3694:
3692:
3690:and navigation
3688:Communications
3684:
3683:
3680:
3679:
3677:
3676:
3671:
3668:Europa Clipper
3664:
3659:
3653:
3651:
3647:
3646:
3644:
3643:
3638:
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3636:
3626:
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3561:
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3338:
3333:
3328:
3323:
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3304:
3297:
3290:
3283:
3278:
3273:
3268:
3262:
3260:
3253:
3243:
3242:
3239:
3238:
3236:
3235:
3230:
3225:
3220:
3215:
3210:
3205:
3200:
3195:
3190:
3185:
3179:
3177:
3173:
3172:
3170:
3169:
3164:
3159:
3154:
3149:
3144:
3139:
3134:
3129:
3124:
3122:New Millennium
3119:
3114:
3109:
3104:
3099:
3093:
3091:
3084:
3077:
3076:
3073:
3072:
3070:
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2831:
2821:
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2811:
2805:
2803:
2799:
2798:
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2765:
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2747:
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2717:
2710:
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2695:
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2274:
2272:
2271:
2266:
2260:
2255:
2254:
2253:
2238:
2228:
2223:
2218:
2216:Pioneer plaque
2213:
2207:
2205:
2201:
2200:
2193:
2192:
2185:
2178:
2170:
2161:
2160:
2158:
2157:
2148:
2146:
2142:
2141:
2138:
2137:
2135:
2134:
2127:
2125:
2119:
2118:
2116:
2115:
2108:
2106:
2100:
2099:
2097:
2096:
2095:
2094:
2089:
2076:
2074:
2068:
2067:
2065:
2064:
2063:
2062:
2057:
2052:
2047:
2043:with volcanos
2034:
2032:
2023:
2017:
2016:
2014:
2013:
2008:
2003:
1998:
1993:
1988:
1983:
1975:
1970:
1968:Gravity assist
1964:
1962:
1958:
1957:
1955:
1954:
1952:Timothy Ferris
1949:
1944:
1939:
1934:
1929:
1924:
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1916:
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1911:
1909:
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1771:
1760:
1749:
1740:
1729:
1713:
1712:External links
1710:
1709:
1708:
1702:
1684:Dyson, Freeman
1676:
1670:
1644:
1643:
1638:
1632:
1631:
1620:
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1614:
1612:
1611:
1583:
1557:
1531:
1524:
1487:
1460:(5): 669–707.
1448:Karkoschka, E.
1438:
1354:
1309:Meadows, V. S.
1292:
1266:
1235:
1209:
1183:
1148:
1118:
1088:
1062:
1026:
1019:
1005:Ulivi, Paolo;
997:
971:
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532:photosynthetic
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4087:
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4051:
4048:
4042:
4041:Nikon NASA F4
4039:
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4029:
4027:
4024:
4022:
4019:
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4012:
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3955:
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3948:
3942:
3939:
3937:
3934:
3932:
3929:
3927:
3926:NASA insignia
3924:
3922:
3919:
3917:
3914:
3912:
3909:
3907:
3906:Lunar plaques
3904:
3902:
3899:
3897:
3896:
3892:
3890:
3889:
3885:
3883:
3882:
3878:
3876:
3875:
3871:
3869:
3868:
3864:
3860:
3859:
3858:Pale Blue Dot
3855:
3854:
3853:
3852:
3848:
3846:
3845:
3841:
3839:
3838:
3834:
3833:
3831:
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3811:
3809:
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3799:
3797:
3794:
3792:
3789:
3788:
3787:
3786:NASA missions
3784:
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3781:NASA aircraft
3779:
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3706:
3704:
3703:Space Network
3701:
3699:
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3695:
3693:
3691:
3685:
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3336:Space Shuttle
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3218:New Frontiers
3216:
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3127:Lunar Orbiter
3125:
3123:
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3118:
3115:
3113:
3110:
3108:
3105:
3103:
3100:
3098:
3095:
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3078:
3068:
3067:Lunar Gateway
3065:
3063:
3060:
3058:
3055:
3053:
3050:
3048:
3045:
3043:
3040:
3039:
3037:
3033:
3027:
3026:Constellation
3024:
3021:
3017:
3016:
3011:
3009:
3008:Space Shuttle
3006:
3003:
2999:
2996:
2994:
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2847:
2846:NASA research
2844:
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2548:
2547:
2545:
2541:
2534:
2531:
2528:
2525:
2522:
2519:
2517:(second wife)
2516:
2513:
2510:
2507:
2504:
2503:Lynn Margulis
2501:
2500:
2498:
2494:
2483:
2482:
2478:
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2383:
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2378:
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2374:
2370:
2367:
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2359:
2358:
2357:Pale Blue Dot
2354:
2351:
2350:
2346:
2343:
2342:
2338:
2335:
2334:
2330:
2327:
2326:
2322:
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2317:Broca's Brain
2314:
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2306:
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2250:Pale Blue Dot
2247:
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2232:
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2227:
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2222:
2219:
2217:
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2172:
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2155:
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2150:
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2147:
2143:
2133:
2130:and its moon
2129:
2128:
2126:
2124:
2120:
2114:
2110:
2109:
2107:
2105:
2101:
2093:
2090:
2088:
2085:with craters
2084:
2083:
2082:
2079:and its moon
2078:
2077:
2075:
2073:
2069:
2061:
2058:
2056:
2053:
2051:
2048:
2046:
2042:
2041:
2040:
2037:and its moon
2036:
2035:
2033:
2031:
2027:
2024:
2018:
2012:
2009:
2007:
2004:
2002:
1999:
1997:
1994:
1992:
1989:
1987:
1984:
1982:
1981:
1976:
1974:
1971:
1969:
1966:
1965:
1963:
1959:
1953:
1950:
1948:
1945:
1943:
1940:
1938:
1935:
1933:
1930:
1928:
1927:Carolyn Porco
1925:
1923:
1920:
1919:
1917:
1913:
1907:
1906:
1902:
1900:
1899:
1898:Pale Blue Dot
1895:
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1868:
1865:
1862:
1859:
1856:
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1750:
1748:
1747:Pale Blue Dot
1744:
1741:
1739:
1738:
1734:– Article in
1733:
1730:
1727:
1723:
1722:Pale Blue Dot
1719:
1716:
1715:
1705:
1703:0-521-78303-8
1699:
1695:
1691:
1690:
1685:
1681:
1677:
1673:
1671:1-57806-736-7
1667:
1663:
1659:
1658:
1653:
1649:
1648:
1642:
1639:
1637:
1634:
1633:
1628:
1627:Pale Blue Dot
1623:
1600:
1599:
1594:
1587:
1572:
1568:
1561:
1545:
1541:
1535:
1527:
1525:9780345376596
1521:
1517:
1513:
1509:
1504:
1503:
1502:Pale Blue Dot
1497:
1491:
1483:
1479:
1475:
1471:
1467:
1463:
1459:
1455:
1454:
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1442:
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1187:
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1128:
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1022:
1020:9780387493268
1016:
1012:
1008:
1001:
985:
981:
975:
967:
961:
957:
953:
952:
947:
943:
937:
935:
918:
914:
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906:
900:
898:
881:
877:
871:
863:
861:0-679-43841-6
857:
853:
849:
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827:
826:
821:
814:
812:
810:
808:
791:
785:
769:
765:
759:
757:
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736:
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683:
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638:
637:
632:
630:
627:
626:
619:
617:
612:
610:
606:
601:
599:
591:
587:
581:Anniversaries
571:
567:
563:
559:
555:
550:
548:
547:
546:Pale Blue Dot
536:
533:
529:
524:
523:near-infrared
520:
516:
511:
509:
505:
501:
497:
487:
484:
483:Pale Blue Dot
480:
479:Pale Blue Dot
476:
474:
470:
466:
462:
458:
450:
449:Pale Blue Dot
445:
441:
439:
438:Pale Blue Dot
433:
431:
427:
423:
419:
418:
413:
412:
407:
406:tape recorder
402:
400:
396:
392:
388:
384:
383:Carolyn Porco
380:
376:
368:
364:
363:
357:
348:
345:
341:
340:Pale Blue Dot
337:
336:
330:
327:
322:
320:
316:
315:Pale Blue Dot
312:
308:
301:
292:
290:
289:Richard Truly
287:
283:
278:
273:
268:
263:
259:
255:
253:
249:
245:
241:
237:
228:
227:
221:
217:
215:
211:
207:
203:
199:
195:
191:
190:
185:
175:
172:
170:
165:
163:
162:
161:Pale Blue Dot
157:
153:
149:
145:
141:
140:apparent size
136:
134:
130:
129:
124:
112:
109:
108:
103:
99:
98:
97:Pale Blue Dot
88:
84:
81:
78:
74:
71:
68:
64:
60:
56:
53:
50:
46:
39:
34:
31:Pale Blue Dot
29:
26:
19:
4112:Solar System
4071:
4059:
3893:
3886:
3880:
3872:
3865:
3857:
3856:
3849:
3842:
3835:
3666:
3615:Perseverance
3614:
3576:
3569:
3546:
3506:
3489:
3473:New Horizons
3471:
3464:
3457:
3430:
3422:
3398:
3386:
3379:
3366:
3354:
3346:
3307:
3299:
3292:
3285:
3014:
2998:Apollo–Soyuz
2600:
2529:(third wife)
2509:Dorion Sagan
2505:(first wife)
2479:
2471:
2452:
2444:
2436:
2428:
2398:
2379:
2371:
2363:
2355:
2347:
2339:
2331:
2323:
2315:
2307:
2299:
2291:
2249:
2248:
2242:
2211:Project A119
2153:The Farthest
2151:
1979:
1915:Voyager team
1904:
1897:
1896:
1834:
1827:
1746:
1735:
1721:
1688:
1656:
1626:
1604:February 19,
1602:. Retrieved
1596:
1586:
1576:February 19,
1574:. Retrieved
1560:
1550:February 15,
1548:. Retrieved
1534:
1501:
1490:
1457:
1451:
1441:
1388:
1382:
1322:
1316:
1283:. Retrieved
1279:the original
1269:
1257:. Retrieved
1226:. Retrieved
1212:
1200:. Retrieved
1186:
1176:February 13,
1174:. Retrieved
1164:
1139:. Retrieved
1121:
1111:December 26,
1109:. Retrieved
1100:
1091:
1081:December 26,
1079:. Retrieved
1075:the original
1065:
1055:December 26,
1053:. Retrieved
1038:
1029:
1010:
1000:
988:. Retrieved
974:
950:
921:. Retrieved
908:
884:. Retrieved
870:
852:Random House
847:
841:
829:. Retrieved
823:
794:. Retrieved
784:
772:. Retrieved
768:the original
745:December 24,
743:. Retrieved
739:the original
729:
719:December 21,
717:. Retrieved
669:
665:Space selfie
652:
635:
613:
608:
604:
602:
597:
595:
589:
568:
564:
560:
556:
552:
544:
542:
512:
507:
504:appears blue
493:
482:
478:
477:
464:
454:
448:
437:
434:
428:returned 60
425:
415:
409:
403:
390:
375:Candy Hansen
372:
360:
359:Position of
343:
339:
334:
331:
323:
314:
307:focal length
299:
298:
281:
274:
266:
257:
256:
232:
224:
209:
200:. After the
187:
181:
173:
168:
166:
159:
137:
133:Solar System
127:
121:miles, 40.5
117:kilometers (
105:
96:
95:
94:
51:
25:
4152:1990 in art
4136:Spaceflight
3901:Deep fields
3829:and artwork
3827:NASA images
3399:Opportunity
2868:NASA Social
2694:and history
2574:Recognition
2533:Sasha Sagan
2020:Observation
2006:Frank Drake
1680:Sagan, Carl
1652:Sagan, Carl
1496:Sagan, Carl
946:Druyan, Ann
942:Sagan, Carl
790:"Voyager 1"
647:Early Earth
539:Reflections
515:reflectance
244:heliosphere
240:Kuiper belt
119:3.7 billion
111:space probe
4157:1990 works
4146:Categories
3989:Moon rocks
3749:Astronauts
3742:NASA lists
3599:OSIRIS-REx
3433:helicopter
3301:Pioneer 11
3294:Pioneer 10
3097:Hitchhiker
2972:suborbital
2809:Space Race
2596:2709 Sagan
2535:(daughter)
2527:Ann Druyan
2521:Nick Sagan
2422:Television
2197:Carl Sagan
2055:Prometheus
2011:Carl Sagan
1986:Titan IIIE
1846:Components
1821:Spacecraft
1510:. p.
1398:1512.00502
1325:(2): 130.
689:References
575:Carl Sagan
377:of NASA's
351:Photograph
229:spacecraft
178:Background
156:Carl Sagan
4100:Astronomy
4016:Moon tree
3837:Earthrise
3712:Goldstone
3609:Mars 2020
3578:Voyager 2
3571:Voyager 1
3507:Curiosity
3451:operating
3449:Currently
3431:Ingenuity
3368:MESSENGER
3347:Sojourner
3276:Mercury 3
3266:Apollo 11
3213:Discovery
3203:Explorers
2792:Augustine
2756:Augustine
2481:Wanderers
2092:Shahrazad
2081:Enceladus
1980:Voyager 1
1937:Jim Blinn
1836:Voyager 2
1829:Voyager 1
1598:Space.com
1482:0032-0633
1433:119211858
1425:1538-4357
1391:(1): 31.
1349:0004-637X
654:Earthrise
598:Voyager 1
465:Voyager's
426:Voyager 1
391:Voyager 1
362:Voyager 1
344:Voyager 1
300:Voyager 1
282:Voyager 1
258:Voyager 1
226:Voyager 1
210:Voyager 1
189:Voyager 1
186:launched
169:Voyager 1
115:6 billion
107:Voyager 1
52:Voyager 1
4060:Category
3722:Canberra
3634:timeline
3622:timeline
3558:timeline
3514:timeline
3411:observed
3406:timeline
3374:Aquarius
3314:timeline
3287:Magellan
3249:missions
3147:Surveyor
3083:programs
3013:Shuttle–
2954:programs
2786:Aldridge
2705:creation
2642:Category
2241:Voyager
2235:contents
2111:and its
2087:Dunyazad
1880:contents
1544:Archived
1498:(1997).
1285:July 27,
1259:July 28,
1253:Archived
1228:July 27,
1222:Archived
1202:July 13,
1196:Archived
1141:June 23,
1135:Archived
1105:Archived
1049:Archived
1009:(2007).
990:July 12,
984:Archived
948:(2011).
917:Archived
886:July 28,
880:Archived
831:July 28,
796:July 27,
774:July 27,
713:Archived
622:See also
573:—
513:Earth's
500:sunlight
469:ecliptic
461:artifact
411:Magellan
367:ecliptic
76:Location
4086:Portals
4072:Commons
3950:Related
3759:by year
3754:by name
3531:GOES 15
3521:GOES 14
3438:flights
3424:InSight
3380:Cassini
3308:Galileo
3233:SIMPLEx
3208:Voyager
3176:Current
3132:Pioneer
3102:Mariner
3081:Robotic
3062:Artemis
3035:Current
2978:Mercury
2970: (
2863:NASA TV
2802:General
2701:History
2617:Related
2473:Contact
2400:Contact
2392:Fiction
2285:Science
2022:targets
1961:Related
1853:MHW-RTG
1769:YouTube
1758:YouTube
1462:Bibcode
1403:Bibcode
1327:Bibcode
1159:Staff.
982:. NPR.
923:May 23,
607:photo:
605:Voyager
521:to the
436:became
417:Galileo
385:of the
319:vidicon
267:Voyager
3717:Madrid
3650:Future
3565:NuSTAR
3496:THEMIS
3418:RHESSI
3355:Spirit
3152:Viking
3142:Ranger
2993:Skylab
2988:Apollo
2983:Gemini
2841:Budget
2794:(2009)
2788:(2004)
2782:(2004)
2776:(2003)
2770:(2002)
2768:CFUSAI
2764:(1996)
2758:(1990)
2752:(1989)
2746:(1987)
2740:(1986)
2738:Rogers
2734:(1986)
2728:(1958)
2722:(1958)
2716:(1915)
2692:Policy
2543:Prizes
2496:Family
2484:(2014)
2476:(1997)
2441:(1988)
2403:(1985)
2384:(2006)
2376:(1997)
2368:(1995)
2360:(1994)
2352:(1993)
2344:(1985)
2336:(1984)
2328:(1980)
2325:Cosmos
2320:(1979)
2312:(1977)
2304:(1973)
2296:(1973)
2265:(SETI)
2132:Triton
2045:Masubi
1890:Images
1866:(IRIS)
1700:
1668:
1624:about
1522:
1480:
1431:
1423:
1347:
1017:
962:
858:
592:, 2020
457:pixels
430:frames
295:Camera
262:Saturn
242:, the
48:Artist
4124:Space
3662:NISAR
3617:rover
3589:MAVEN
3509:rover
3490:Swift
3401:rover
3362:LADEE
3357:rover
3349:rover
3326:GRAIL
3321:GALEX
3112:MESUR
3057:Orion
2858:NASA+
2834:Chief
2732:Paine
2523:(son)
2511:(son)
2465:Films
2415:Media
2341:Comet
2278:Books
2113:rings
1872:(PWS)
1860:(CRS)
1429:S2CID
1393:arXiv
634:2010
528:Titan
303:'
270:'
214:moons
148:space
144:pixel
102:Earth
86:Owner
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