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Scale parameter

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291: 283: 4141: 4127: 25: 4165: 4153: 1143: 997: 866: 1620:. This scale factor is defined as the theoretical value of the value obtained by dividing the required scale parameter by the asymptotic value of the statistic. Note that the scale factor depends on the distribution in question. 1721:
needs to be multiplied by approximately 1.2533 to be a consistent estimator for standard deviation. Different factors would be required to estimate the standard deviation if the population did not follow a normal distribution.
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Special cases of distributions where the scale parameter equals unity may be called "standard" under certain conditions. For example, if the location parameter equals zero and the scale parameter equals one, the
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is the cmd for the parametrized family. This modification is necessary in order for the standard deviation of a non-central Gaussian to be a scale parameter, since otherwise the mean would change when we rescale
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for details.) That is, the MAD is not a consistent estimator for the standard deviation of a normal distribution, but 1.4826... MAD is a consistent estimator. Similarly, the
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exists for all values of the complete parameter set, then the density (as a function of the scale parameter only) satisfies
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Animation showing the effects of a scale parameter on a probability distribution supported on the positive real line.
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for the scale parameter, one must in general multiply the statistic by a constant
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Effect of a scale parameter over a mixture of two normal probability distributions
3993: 3737: 3599: 3526: 3201: 3075: 3048: 3025: 2994: 2621: 2570: 2300: 1951: 1761: 3483: 3942: 3937: 2400: 2330: 1976: 4185: 4099: 4066: 3929: 3890: 3701: 3670: 3134: 3088: 2693: 2395: 2222: 1986: 1981: 1756: 1503:. In practice the normal distribution is often parameterized in terms of the 264: 4041: 3974: 3951: 3866: 3196: 2492: 2390: 2325: 2267: 2252: 2189: 2144: 1617: 4084: 4046: 3729: 3630: 3492: 3305: 3272: 2764: 2681: 2676: 2320: 2277: 2257: 2237: 2227: 1996: 145:. The larger the scale parameter, the more spread out the distribution. 2930: 2410: 2110: 2041: 1991: 1966: 1886: 126: 1277:{\displaystyle f(x;\beta )={\frac {1}{\beta }}e^{-x/\beta },\;x\geq 0} 3083: 2935: 2555: 2350: 2262: 2247: 2242: 2207: 1594:
A statistic can be used to estimate a scale parameter so long as it:
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is the density of a standardized version of the density, i.e.
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is large, then the distribution will be more spread out; if
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Mood, A. M.; Graybill, F. A.; Boes, D. C. (1974). "VII.6.2
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is a probability density function, it integrates to unity:
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is usually parameterized in terms of a scale parameter
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could equivalently be written with rate parameter Îť as
595:{\displaystyle F(x;s,m,\theta )=F((x-m)/s;1,0,\theta )} 1644: 1551: 1513: 1489: 1469: 1423: 1383: 1296: 1208: 1154: 1015: 884: 757: 711: 684: 656: 608: 508: 488: 468: 389: 311: 178: 3768:
Autoregressive conditional heteroskedasticity (ARCH)
453: 49:. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. 3230: 1694: 1557: 1526: 1495: 1475: 1445: 1409: 1352: 1276: 1167: 1137: 991: 860: 740: 697: 662: 641: 594: 494: 474: 432: 368: 245:{\displaystyle F(x;s,\theta )=F(x/s;1,\theta ),\!} 244: 1612:satisfy these. In order to make the statistic a 365: 241: 4183: 1842: 1695:{\displaystyle 1/\Phi ^{-1}(3/4)\approx 1.4826,} 1199:with scale parameter β and probability density 3316:Multivariate adaptive regression splines (MARS) 458:In the case where a parametrized family has a 1871: 1713:) for the standard normal distribution. (See 1601:Scales linearly with the scale parameter, and 279:is small then it will be more concentrated. 1916: 1878: 1864: 1340: 1264: 1191:"), which is simply the reciprocal of the 2529: 1785: 1125: 1078: 979: 921: 109:Learn how and when to remove this message 1849:Introduction to the theory of statistics 289: 281: 673: 4184: 3842:Kaplan–Meier estimator (product limit) 1851:(3rd ed.). New York: McGraw-Hill. 3915: 3482: 3229: 2528: 2298: 1915: 1859: 1635:, one must multiply it by the factor 1183:Some families of distributions use a 433:{\displaystyle f(x)\equiv f_{s=1}(x)} 271:of the probability distribution. If 4152: 3852:Accelerated failure time (AFT) model 369:{\displaystyle f_{s}(x)=f(x/s)/s,\!} 47:adding citations to reliable sources 18: 4164: 3447:Analysis of variance (ANOVA, anova) 2299: 1786:Prokhorov, A.V. (7 February 2011). 1604:Converges as the sample size grows. 1006:of integral calculus, we then have 13: 3542:Cochran–Mantel–Haenszel statistics 2168:Pearson product-moment correlation 1836: 1654: 1623:For instance, in order to use the 1610:measures of statistical dispersion 1101: 1096: 1035: 1030: 959: 945: 904: 899: 447:of a scale parameter is called an 263:, since its value determines the " 157:is such that there is a parameter 14: 4203: 1819:KTH Royal Institute of Technology 1812: 1178: 454:Families with Location Parameters 4163: 4151: 4139: 4126: 4125: 3916: 1711:cumulative distribution function 642:{\displaystyle F(x,s,m,\theta )} 167:cumulative distribution function 23: 3801:Least-squares spectral analysis 34:needs additional citations for 2782:Mean-unbiased minimum-variance 1885: 1806: 1779: 1680: 1666: 1439: 1425: 1396: 1384: 1312: 1300: 1224: 1212: 1122: 1116: 1075: 1069: 1058: 1055: 1049: 1043: 976: 970: 962: 956: 948: 939: 918: 912: 852: 846: 835: 832: 826: 820: 774: 768: 721: 715: 636: 612: 589: 560: 548: 545: 536: 512: 427: 421: 399: 393: 351: 337: 328: 322: 235: 209: 200: 182: 1: 4095:Geographic information system 3311:Simultaneous equations models 1772: 1589: 1577:normal distribution, and the 1175:is also properly normalized. 482:, and the scale parameter by 148: 3278:Coefficient of determination 2889:Uniformly most powerful test 1373:can be parameterized with a 7: 3847:Proportional hazards models 3791:Spectral density estimation 3773:Vector autoregression (VAR) 3207:Maximum posterior estimator 2439:Randomized controlled trial 1792:Encyclopedia of Mathematics 1725: 1534:, which corresponds to the 1527:{\displaystyle \sigma ^{2}} 1363: 10: 4208: 3607:Multivariate distributions 2027:Average absolute deviation 1719:average absolute deviation 4121: 4075: 4012: 3965: 3928: 3924: 3911: 3883: 3865: 3832: 3823: 3781: 3728: 3689: 3638: 3629: 3595:Structural equation model 3550: 3507: 3503: 3478: 3437: 3403: 3357: 3324: 3286: 3253: 3249: 3225: 3165: 3074: 2993: 2957: 2948: 2931:Score/Lagrange multiplier 2916: 2869: 2814: 2740: 2731: 2541: 2537: 2524: 2483: 2457: 2409: 2364: 2346:Sample size determination 2311: 2307: 2294: 2198: 2153: 2127: 2109: 2065: 2017: 1937: 1928: 1924: 1911: 1893: 1625:median absolute deviation 155:probability distributions 143:probability distributions 4090:Environmental statistics 3612:Elliptical distributions 3405:Generalized linear model 3334:Simple linear regression 3104:Hodges–Lehmann estimator 2561:Probability distribution 2470:Stochastic approximation 2032:Coefficient of variation 1197:exponential distribution 741:{\displaystyle g(x)=x/s} 3750:Cross-correlation (XCF) 3358:Non-standard predictors 2792:Lehmann–ScheffĂŠ theorem 2465:Adaptive clinical trial 1558:{\displaystyle \theta } 1496:{\displaystyle \sigma } 1410:{\displaystyle (a+b)/2} 1189:inverse scale parameter 502:, then we require that 4192:Statistical parameters 4146:Mathematics portal 3967:Engineering statistics 3875:Nelson–Aalen estimator 3452:Analysis of covariance 3339:Ordinary least squares 3263:Pearson product-moment 2667:Statistical functional 2578:Empirical distribution 2411:Controlled experiments 2140:Frequency distribution 1918:Descriptive statistics 1767:Statistical dispersion 1752:Mean-preserving spread 1696: 1627:(MAD) to estimate the 1598:Is location-invariant, 1559: 1528: 1497: 1483:and a scale parameter 1477: 1460:has two parameters: a 1447: 1417:and a scale parameter 1411: 1354: 1278: 1195:. So for example the 1169: 1139: 993: 862: 742: 699: 664: 643: 596: 496: 476: 434: 370: 295: 287: 269:statistical dispersion 246: 161:(and other parameters 4062:Population statistics 4004:System identification 3738:Autocorrelation (ACF) 3666:Exponential smoothing 3580:Discriminant analysis 3575:Canonical correlation 3439:Partition of variance 3301:Regression validation 3145:(Jonckheere–Terpstra) 3044:Likelihood-ratio test 2733:Frequentist inference 2645:Location–scale family 2566:Sampling distribution 2531:Statistical inference 2498:Cross-sectional study 2485:Observational studies 2444:Randomized experiment 2273:Stem-and-leaf display 2075:Central limit theorem 1747:Location-scale family 1697: 1560: 1529: 1498: 1478: 1448: 1446:{\displaystyle |b-a|} 1412: 1355: 1279: 1170: 1168:{\displaystyle f_{s}} 1140: 994: 863: 743: 700: 698:{\displaystyle f_{s}} 665: 644: 597: 497: 477: 435: 371: 293: 285: 247: 133:is a special kind of 3985:Probabilistic design 3570:Principal components 3413:Exponential families 3365:Nonlinear regression 3344:General linear model 3306:Mixed effects models 3296:Errors and residuals 3273:Confounding variable 3175:Bayesian probability 3153:Van der Waerden test 3143:Ordered alternative 2908:Multiple comparisons 2787:Rao–Blackwellization 2750:Estimating equations 2706:Statistical distance 2424:Factorial experiment 1957:Arithmetic-Geometric 1642: 1614:consistent estimator 1585:Cauchy distribution. 1549: 1538:of the distribution. 1511: 1487: 1476:{\displaystyle \mu } 1467: 1421: 1381: 1371:uniform distribution 1294: 1206: 1152: 1013: 882: 755: 709: 682: 674:Simple manipulations 654: 606: 506: 486: 466: 387: 309: 176: 43:improve this article 4057:Official statistics 3980:Methods engineering 3661:Seasonal adjustment 3429:Poisson regressions 3349:Bayesian regression 3288:Regression analysis 3268:Partial correlation 3240:Regression analysis 2839:Prediction interval 2834:Likelihood interval 2824:Confidence interval 2816:Interval estimation 2777:Unbiased estimators 2595:Model specification 2475:Up-and-down designs 2163:Partial correlation 2119:Index of dispersion 2037:Interquartile range 1737:Invariant estimator 1633:normal distribution 1579:Cauchy distribution 1571:normal distribution 1458:normal distribution 1105: 1039: 966: 908: 449:estimator of scale. 300:probability density 135:numerical parameter 16:Statistical measure 4077:Spatial statistics 3957:Medical statistics 3857:First hitting time 3811:Whittle likelihood 3462:Degrees of freedom 3457:Multivariate ANOVA 3390:Heteroscedasticity 3202:Bayesian estimator 3167:Bayesian inference 3016:Kolmogorov–Smirnov 2901:Randomization test 2871:Testing hypotheses 2844:Tolerance interval 2755:Maximum likelihood 2650:Exponential family 2583:Density estimation 2543:Statistical theory 2503:Natural experiment 2449:Scientific control 2366:Survey methodology 2052:Standard deviation 1742:Location parameter 1692: 1629:standard deviation 1555: 1543:gamma distribution 1524: 1493: 1473: 1462:location parameter 1443: 1407: 1375:location parameter 1350: 1274: 1165: 1135: 1088: 1022: 989: 931: 891: 858: 738: 695: 660: 639: 592: 492: 472: 460:location parameter 430: 366: 296: 288: 242: 123:probability theory 4179: 4178: 4117: 4116: 4113: 4112: 4052:National accounts 4022:Actuarial science 4014:Social statistics 3907: 3906: 3903: 3902: 3899: 3898: 3834:Survival function 3819: 3818: 3681:Granger causality 3522:Contingency table 3497:Survival analysis 3474: 3473: 3470: 3469: 3326:Linear regression 3221: 3220: 3217: 3216: 3192:Credible interval 3161: 3160: 2944: 2943: 2760:Method of moments 2629:Parametric family 2590:Statistical model 2520: 2519: 2516: 2515: 2434:Random assignment 2356:Statistical power 2290: 2289: 2286: 2285: 2135:Contingency table 2105: 2104: 1972:Generalized/power 1815:"Scale parameter" 1788:"Scale parameter" 1707:quantile function 1238: 1004:substitution rule 812: 795: 663:{\displaystyle x} 495:{\displaystyle s} 475:{\displaystyle m} 139:parametric family 119: 118: 111: 93: 58:"Scale parameter" 4199: 4167: 4166: 4155: 4154: 4144: 4143: 4129: 4128: 4032:Crime statistics 3926: 3925: 3913: 3912: 3830: 3829: 3796:Fourier analysis 3783:Frequency domain 3763: 3710: 3676:Structural break 3636: 3635: 3585:Cluster analysis 3532:Log-linear model 3505: 3504: 3480: 3479: 3421: 3395:Homoscedasticity 3251: 3250: 3227: 3226: 3146: 3138: 3130: 3129:(Kruskal–Wallis) 3114: 3099: 3054:Cross validation 3039: 3021:Anderson–Darling 2968: 2955: 2954: 2926:Likelihood-ratio 2918:Parametric tests 2896:Permutation test 2879:1- & 2-tails 2770:Minimum distance 2742:Point estimation 2738: 2737: 2689:Optimal decision 2640: 2539: 2538: 2526: 2525: 2508:Quasi-experiment 2458:Adaptive designs 2309: 2308: 2296: 2295: 2173:Rank correlation 1935: 1934: 1926: 1925: 1913: 1912: 1880: 1873: 1866: 1857: 1856: 1852: 1845:Scale invariance 1830: 1829: 1827: 1825: 1810: 1804: 1803: 1801: 1799: 1783: 1732:Central tendency 1709:(inverse of the 1701: 1699: 1698: 1693: 1676: 1665: 1664: 1652: 1573:is known as the 1564: 1562: 1561: 1556: 1533: 1531: 1530: 1525: 1523: 1522: 1502: 1500: 1499: 1494: 1482: 1480: 1479: 1474: 1452: 1450: 1449: 1444: 1442: 1428: 1416: 1414: 1413: 1408: 1403: 1359: 1357: 1356: 1351: 1336: 1335: 1283: 1281: 1280: 1275: 1260: 1259: 1255: 1239: 1231: 1174: 1172: 1171: 1166: 1164: 1163: 1144: 1142: 1141: 1136: 1115: 1114: 1104: 1099: 1068: 1038: 1033: 998: 996: 995: 990: 965: 951: 907: 902: 867: 865: 864: 859: 845: 813: 805: 800: 796: 788: 767: 766: 747: 745: 744: 739: 734: 704: 702: 701: 696: 694: 693: 669: 667: 666: 661: 648: 646: 645: 640: 601: 599: 598: 593: 567: 501: 499: 498: 493: 481: 479: 478: 473: 439: 437: 436: 431: 420: 419: 375: 373: 372: 367: 358: 347: 321: 320: 251: 249: 248: 243: 219: 165:) for which the 114: 107: 103: 100: 94: 92: 51: 27: 19: 4207: 4206: 4202: 4201: 4200: 4198: 4197: 4196: 4182: 4181: 4180: 4175: 4138: 4109: 4071: 4008: 3994:quality control 3961: 3943:Clinical trials 3920: 3895: 3879: 3867:Hazard function 3861: 3815: 3777: 3761: 3724: 3720:Breusch–Godfrey 3708: 3685: 3625: 3600:Factor analysis 3546: 3527:Graphical model 3499: 3466: 3433: 3419: 3399: 3353: 3320: 3282: 3245: 3244: 3213: 3157: 3144: 3136: 3128: 3112: 3097: 3076:Rank statistics 3070: 3049:Model selection 3037: 2995:Goodness of fit 2989: 2966: 2940: 2912: 2865: 2810: 2799:Median unbiased 2727: 2638: 2571:Order statistic 2533: 2512: 2479: 2453: 2405: 2360: 2303: 2301:Data collection 2282: 2194: 2149: 2123: 2101: 2061: 2013: 1930:Continuous data 1920: 1907: 1889: 1884: 1839: 1837:Further reading 1834: 1833: 1823: 1821: 1811: 1807: 1797: 1795: 1784: 1780: 1775: 1762:Shape parameter 1728: 1705:where ÎŚ is the 1672: 1657: 1653: 1648: 1643: 1640: 1639: 1592: 1565:or its inverse. 1550: 1547: 1546: 1518: 1514: 1512: 1509: 1508: 1488: 1485: 1484: 1468: 1465: 1464: 1438: 1424: 1422: 1419: 1418: 1399: 1382: 1379: 1378: 1366: 1325: 1321: 1295: 1292: 1291: 1251: 1244: 1240: 1230: 1207: 1204: 1203: 1193:scale parameter 1181: 1159: 1155: 1153: 1150: 1149: 1110: 1106: 1100: 1092: 1061: 1034: 1026: 1014: 1011: 1010: 952: 935: 903: 895: 883: 880: 879: 838: 804: 787: 783: 762: 758: 756: 753: 752: 730: 710: 707: 706: 689: 685: 683: 680: 679: 676: 655: 652: 651: 607: 604: 603: 563: 507: 504: 503: 487: 484: 483: 467: 464: 463: 456: 409: 405: 388: 385: 384: 354: 343: 316: 312: 310: 307: 306: 261:scale parameter 215: 177: 174: 173: 153:If a family of 151: 131:scale parameter 115: 104: 98: 95: 52: 50: 40: 28: 17: 12: 11: 5: 4205: 4195: 4194: 4177: 4176: 4174: 4173: 4161: 4149: 4135: 4122: 4119: 4118: 4115: 4114: 4111: 4110: 4108: 4107: 4102: 4097: 4092: 4087: 4081: 4079: 4073: 4072: 4070: 4069: 4064: 4059: 4054: 4049: 4044: 4039: 4034: 4029: 4024: 4018: 4016: 4010: 4009: 4007: 4006: 4001: 3996: 3987: 3982: 3977: 3971: 3969: 3963: 3962: 3960: 3959: 3954: 3949: 3940: 3938:Bioinformatics 3934: 3932: 3922: 3921: 3909: 3908: 3905: 3904: 3901: 3900: 3897: 3896: 3894: 3893: 3887: 3885: 3881: 3880: 3878: 3877: 3871: 3869: 3863: 3862: 3860: 3859: 3854: 3849: 3844: 3838: 3836: 3827: 3821: 3820: 3817: 3816: 3814: 3813: 3808: 3803: 3798: 3793: 3787: 3785: 3779: 3778: 3776: 3775: 3770: 3765: 3757: 3752: 3747: 3746: 3745: 3743:partial (PACF) 3734: 3732: 3726: 3725: 3723: 3722: 3717: 3712: 3704: 3699: 3693: 3691: 3690:Specific tests 3687: 3686: 3684: 3683: 3678: 3673: 3668: 3663: 3658: 3653: 3648: 3642: 3640: 3633: 3627: 3626: 3624: 3623: 3622: 3621: 3620: 3619: 3604: 3603: 3602: 3592: 3590:Classification 3587: 3582: 3577: 3572: 3567: 3562: 3556: 3554: 3548: 3547: 3545: 3544: 3539: 3537:McNemar's test 3534: 3529: 3524: 3519: 3513: 3511: 3501: 3500: 3476: 3475: 3472: 3471: 3468: 3467: 3465: 3464: 3459: 3454: 3449: 3443: 3441: 3435: 3434: 3432: 3431: 3415: 3409: 3407: 3401: 3400: 3398: 3397: 3392: 3387: 3382: 3377: 3375:Semiparametric 3372: 3367: 3361: 3359: 3355: 3354: 3352: 3351: 3346: 3341: 3336: 3330: 3328: 3322: 3321: 3319: 3318: 3313: 3308: 3303: 3298: 3292: 3290: 3284: 3283: 3281: 3280: 3275: 3270: 3265: 3259: 3257: 3247: 3246: 3243: 3242: 3237: 3231: 3223: 3222: 3219: 3218: 3215: 3214: 3212: 3211: 3210: 3209: 3199: 3194: 3189: 3188: 3187: 3182: 3171: 3169: 3163: 3162: 3159: 3158: 3156: 3155: 3150: 3149: 3148: 3140: 3132: 3116: 3113:(Mann–Whitney) 3108: 3107: 3106: 3093: 3092: 3091: 3080: 3078: 3072: 3071: 3069: 3068: 3067: 3066: 3061: 3056: 3046: 3041: 3038:(Shapiro–Wilk) 3033: 3028: 3023: 3018: 3013: 3005: 2999: 2997: 2991: 2990: 2988: 2987: 2979: 2970: 2958: 2952: 2950:Specific tests 2946: 2945: 2942: 2941: 2939: 2938: 2933: 2928: 2922: 2920: 2914: 2913: 2911: 2910: 2905: 2904: 2903: 2893: 2892: 2891: 2881: 2875: 2873: 2867: 2866: 2864: 2863: 2862: 2861: 2856: 2846: 2841: 2836: 2831: 2826: 2820: 2818: 2812: 2811: 2809: 2808: 2803: 2802: 2801: 2796: 2795: 2794: 2789: 2774: 2773: 2772: 2767: 2762: 2757: 2746: 2744: 2735: 2729: 2728: 2726: 2725: 2720: 2715: 2714: 2713: 2703: 2698: 2697: 2696: 2686: 2685: 2684: 2679: 2674: 2664: 2659: 2654: 2653: 2652: 2647: 2642: 2626: 2625: 2624: 2619: 2614: 2604: 2603: 2602: 2597: 2587: 2586: 2585: 2575: 2574: 2573: 2563: 2558: 2553: 2547: 2545: 2535: 2534: 2522: 2521: 2518: 2517: 2514: 2513: 2511: 2510: 2505: 2500: 2495: 2489: 2487: 2481: 2480: 2478: 2477: 2472: 2467: 2461: 2459: 2455: 2454: 2452: 2451: 2446: 2441: 2436: 2431: 2426: 2421: 2415: 2413: 2407: 2406: 2404: 2403: 2401:Standard error 2398: 2393: 2388: 2387: 2386: 2381: 2370: 2368: 2362: 2361: 2359: 2358: 2353: 2348: 2343: 2338: 2333: 2331:Optimal design 2328: 2323: 2317: 2315: 2305: 2304: 2292: 2291: 2288: 2287: 2284: 2283: 2281: 2280: 2275: 2270: 2265: 2260: 2255: 2250: 2245: 2240: 2235: 2230: 2225: 2220: 2215: 2210: 2204: 2202: 2196: 2195: 2193: 2192: 2187: 2186: 2185: 2180: 2170: 2165: 2159: 2157: 2151: 2150: 2148: 2147: 2142: 2137: 2131: 2129: 2128:Summary tables 2125: 2124: 2122: 2121: 2115: 2113: 2107: 2106: 2103: 2102: 2100: 2099: 2098: 2097: 2092: 2087: 2077: 2071: 2069: 2063: 2062: 2060: 2059: 2054: 2049: 2044: 2039: 2034: 2029: 2023: 2021: 2015: 2014: 2012: 2011: 2006: 2001: 2000: 1999: 1994: 1989: 1984: 1979: 1974: 1969: 1964: 1962:Contraharmonic 1959: 1954: 1943: 1941: 1932: 1922: 1921: 1909: 1908: 1906: 1905: 1900: 1894: 1891: 1890: 1883: 1882: 1875: 1868: 1860: 1854: 1853: 1838: 1835: 1832: 1831: 1805: 1777: 1776: 1774: 1771: 1770: 1769: 1764: 1759: 1754: 1749: 1744: 1739: 1734: 1727: 1724: 1703: 1702: 1691: 1688: 1685: 1682: 1679: 1675: 1671: 1668: 1663: 1660: 1656: 1651: 1647: 1606: 1605: 1602: 1599: 1591: 1588: 1587: 1586: 1566: 1554: 1539: 1521: 1517: 1492: 1472: 1454: 1441: 1437: 1434: 1431: 1427: 1406: 1402: 1398: 1395: 1392: 1389: 1386: 1365: 1362: 1361: 1360: 1349: 1346: 1343: 1339: 1334: 1331: 1328: 1324: 1320: 1317: 1314: 1311: 1308: 1305: 1302: 1299: 1285: 1284: 1273: 1270: 1267: 1263: 1258: 1254: 1250: 1247: 1243: 1237: 1234: 1229: 1226: 1223: 1220: 1217: 1214: 1211: 1185:rate parameter 1180: 1179:Rate parameter 1177: 1162: 1158: 1146: 1145: 1134: 1131: 1128: 1124: 1121: 1118: 1113: 1109: 1103: 1098: 1095: 1091: 1087: 1084: 1081: 1077: 1074: 1071: 1067: 1064: 1060: 1057: 1054: 1051: 1048: 1045: 1042: 1037: 1032: 1029: 1025: 1021: 1018: 1000: 999: 988: 985: 982: 978: 975: 972: 969: 964: 961: 958: 955: 950: 947: 944: 941: 938: 934: 930: 927: 924: 920: 917: 914: 911: 906: 901: 898: 894: 890: 887: 869: 868: 857: 854: 851: 848: 844: 841: 837: 834: 831: 828: 825: 822: 819: 816: 811: 808: 803: 799: 794: 791: 786: 782: 779: 776: 773: 770: 765: 761: 748:, as follows: 737: 733: 729: 726: 723: 720: 717: 714: 692: 688: 675: 672: 659: 638: 635: 632: 629: 626: 623: 620: 617: 614: 611: 591: 588: 585: 582: 579: 576: 573: 570: 566: 562: 559: 556: 553: 550: 547: 544: 541: 538: 535: 532: 529: 526: 523: 520: 517: 514: 511: 491: 471: 455: 452: 429: 426: 423: 418: 415: 412: 408: 404: 401: 398: 395: 392: 377: 376: 364: 361: 357: 353: 350: 346: 342: 339: 336: 333: 330: 327: 324: 319: 315: 253: 252: 240: 237: 234: 231: 228: 225: 222: 218: 214: 211: 208: 205: 202: 199: 196: 193: 190: 187: 184: 181: 150: 147: 117: 116: 31: 29: 22: 15: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 4204: 4193: 4190: 4189: 4187: 4172: 4171: 4162: 4160: 4159: 4150: 4148: 4147: 4142: 4136: 4134: 4133: 4124: 4123: 4120: 4106: 4103: 4101: 4100:Geostatistics 4098: 4096: 4093: 4091: 4088: 4086: 4083: 4082: 4080: 4078: 4074: 4068: 4067:Psychometrics 4065: 4063: 4060: 4058: 4055: 4053: 4050: 4048: 4045: 4043: 4040: 4038: 4035: 4033: 4030: 4028: 4025: 4023: 4020: 4019: 4017: 4015: 4011: 4005: 4002: 4000: 3997: 3995: 3991: 3988: 3986: 3983: 3981: 3978: 3976: 3973: 3972: 3970: 3968: 3964: 3958: 3955: 3953: 3950: 3948: 3944: 3941: 3939: 3936: 3935: 3933: 3931: 3930:Biostatistics 3927: 3923: 3919: 3914: 3910: 3892: 3891:Log-rank test 3889: 3888: 3886: 3882: 3876: 3873: 3872: 3870: 3868: 3864: 3858: 3855: 3853: 3850: 3848: 3845: 3843: 3840: 3839: 3837: 3835: 3831: 3828: 3826: 3822: 3812: 3809: 3807: 3804: 3802: 3799: 3797: 3794: 3792: 3789: 3788: 3786: 3784: 3780: 3774: 3771: 3769: 3766: 3764: 3762:(Box–Jenkins) 3758: 3756: 3753: 3751: 3748: 3744: 3741: 3740: 3739: 3736: 3735: 3733: 3731: 3727: 3721: 3718: 3716: 3715:Durbin–Watson 3713: 3711: 3705: 3703: 3700: 3698: 3697:Dickey–Fuller 3695: 3694: 3692: 3688: 3682: 3679: 3677: 3674: 3672: 3671:Cointegration 3669: 3667: 3664: 3662: 3659: 3657: 3654: 3652: 3649: 3647: 3646:Decomposition 3644: 3643: 3641: 3637: 3634: 3632: 3628: 3618: 3615: 3614: 3613: 3610: 3609: 3608: 3605: 3601: 3598: 3597: 3596: 3593: 3591: 3588: 3586: 3583: 3581: 3578: 3576: 3573: 3571: 3568: 3566: 3563: 3561: 3558: 3557: 3555: 3553: 3549: 3543: 3540: 3538: 3535: 3533: 3530: 3528: 3525: 3523: 3520: 3518: 3517:Cohen's kappa 3515: 3514: 3512: 3510: 3506: 3502: 3498: 3494: 3490: 3486: 3481: 3477: 3463: 3460: 3458: 3455: 3453: 3450: 3448: 3445: 3444: 3442: 3440: 3436: 3430: 3426: 3422: 3416: 3414: 3411: 3410: 3408: 3406: 3402: 3396: 3393: 3391: 3388: 3386: 3383: 3381: 3378: 3376: 3373: 3371: 3370:Nonparametric 3368: 3366: 3363: 3362: 3360: 3356: 3350: 3347: 3345: 3342: 3340: 3337: 3335: 3332: 3331: 3329: 3327: 3323: 3317: 3314: 3312: 3309: 3307: 3304: 3302: 3299: 3297: 3294: 3293: 3291: 3289: 3285: 3279: 3276: 3274: 3271: 3269: 3266: 3264: 3261: 3260: 3258: 3256: 3252: 3248: 3241: 3238: 3236: 3233: 3232: 3228: 3224: 3208: 3205: 3204: 3203: 3200: 3198: 3195: 3193: 3190: 3186: 3183: 3181: 3178: 3177: 3176: 3173: 3172: 3170: 3168: 3164: 3154: 3151: 3147: 3141: 3139: 3133: 3131: 3125: 3124: 3123: 3120: 3119:Nonparametric 3117: 3115: 3109: 3105: 3102: 3101: 3100: 3094: 3090: 3089:Sample median 3087: 3086: 3085: 3082: 3081: 3079: 3077: 3073: 3065: 3062: 3060: 3057: 3055: 3052: 3051: 3050: 3047: 3045: 3042: 3040: 3034: 3032: 3029: 3027: 3024: 3022: 3019: 3017: 3014: 3012: 3010: 3006: 3004: 3001: 3000: 2998: 2996: 2992: 2986: 2984: 2980: 2978: 2976: 2971: 2969: 2964: 2960: 2959: 2956: 2953: 2951: 2947: 2937: 2934: 2932: 2929: 2927: 2924: 2923: 2921: 2919: 2915: 2909: 2906: 2902: 2899: 2898: 2897: 2894: 2890: 2887: 2886: 2885: 2882: 2880: 2877: 2876: 2874: 2872: 2868: 2860: 2857: 2855: 2852: 2851: 2850: 2847: 2845: 2842: 2840: 2837: 2835: 2832: 2830: 2827: 2825: 2822: 2821: 2819: 2817: 2813: 2807: 2804: 2800: 2797: 2793: 2790: 2788: 2785: 2784: 2783: 2780: 2779: 2778: 2775: 2771: 2768: 2766: 2763: 2761: 2758: 2756: 2753: 2752: 2751: 2748: 2747: 2745: 2743: 2739: 2736: 2734: 2730: 2724: 2721: 2719: 2716: 2712: 2709: 2708: 2707: 2704: 2702: 2699: 2695: 2694:loss function 2692: 2691: 2690: 2687: 2683: 2680: 2678: 2675: 2673: 2670: 2669: 2668: 2665: 2663: 2660: 2658: 2655: 2651: 2648: 2646: 2643: 2641: 2635: 2632: 2631: 2630: 2627: 2623: 2620: 2618: 2615: 2613: 2610: 2609: 2608: 2605: 2601: 2598: 2596: 2593: 2592: 2591: 2588: 2584: 2581: 2580: 2579: 2576: 2572: 2569: 2568: 2567: 2564: 2562: 2559: 2557: 2554: 2552: 2549: 2548: 2546: 2544: 2540: 2536: 2532: 2527: 2523: 2509: 2506: 2504: 2501: 2499: 2496: 2494: 2491: 2490: 2488: 2486: 2482: 2476: 2473: 2471: 2468: 2466: 2463: 2462: 2460: 2456: 2450: 2447: 2445: 2442: 2440: 2437: 2435: 2432: 2430: 2427: 2425: 2422: 2420: 2417: 2416: 2414: 2412: 2408: 2402: 2399: 2397: 2396:Questionnaire 2394: 2392: 2389: 2385: 2382: 2380: 2377: 2376: 2375: 2372: 2371: 2369: 2367: 2363: 2357: 2354: 2352: 2349: 2347: 2344: 2342: 2339: 2337: 2334: 2332: 2329: 2327: 2324: 2322: 2319: 2318: 2316: 2314: 2310: 2306: 2302: 2297: 2293: 2279: 2276: 2274: 2271: 2269: 2266: 2264: 2261: 2259: 2256: 2254: 2251: 2249: 2246: 2244: 2241: 2239: 2236: 2234: 2231: 2229: 2226: 2224: 2223:Control chart 2221: 2219: 2216: 2214: 2211: 2209: 2206: 2205: 2203: 2201: 2197: 2191: 2188: 2184: 2181: 2179: 2176: 2175: 2174: 2171: 2169: 2166: 2164: 2161: 2160: 2158: 2156: 2152: 2146: 2143: 2141: 2138: 2136: 2133: 2132: 2130: 2126: 2120: 2117: 2116: 2114: 2112: 2108: 2096: 2093: 2091: 2088: 2086: 2083: 2082: 2081: 2078: 2076: 2073: 2072: 2070: 2068: 2064: 2058: 2055: 2053: 2050: 2048: 2045: 2043: 2040: 2038: 2035: 2033: 2030: 2028: 2025: 2024: 2022: 2020: 2016: 2010: 2007: 2005: 2002: 1998: 1995: 1993: 1990: 1988: 1985: 1983: 1980: 1978: 1975: 1973: 1970: 1968: 1965: 1963: 1960: 1958: 1955: 1953: 1950: 1949: 1948: 1945: 1944: 1942: 1940: 1936: 1933: 1931: 1927: 1923: 1919: 1914: 1910: 1904: 1901: 1899: 1896: 1895: 1892: 1888: 1881: 1876: 1874: 1869: 1867: 1862: 1861: 1858: 1850: 1846: 1841: 1840: 1820: 1816: 1813:Koski, Timo. 1809: 1793: 1789: 1782: 1778: 1768: 1765: 1763: 1760: 1758: 1757:Scale mixture 1755: 1753: 1750: 1748: 1745: 1743: 1740: 1738: 1735: 1733: 1730: 1729: 1723: 1720: 1716: 1712: 1708: 1689: 1686: 1683: 1677: 1673: 1669: 1661: 1658: 1649: 1645: 1638: 1637: 1636: 1634: 1630: 1626: 1621: 1619: 1615: 1611: 1603: 1600: 1597: 1596: 1595: 1584: 1580: 1576: 1572: 1567: 1552: 1544: 1540: 1537: 1519: 1515: 1506: 1490: 1470: 1463: 1459: 1455: 1435: 1432: 1429: 1404: 1400: 1393: 1390: 1387: 1376: 1372: 1368: 1367: 1347: 1344: 1341: 1337: 1332: 1329: 1326: 1322: 1318: 1315: 1309: 1306: 1303: 1297: 1290: 1289: 1288: 1271: 1268: 1265: 1261: 1256: 1252: 1248: 1245: 1241: 1235: 1232: 1227: 1221: 1218: 1215: 1209: 1202: 1201: 1200: 1198: 1194: 1190: 1186: 1176: 1160: 1156: 1132: 1129: 1126: 1119: 1111: 1107: 1093: 1089: 1085: 1082: 1079: 1072: 1065: 1062: 1052: 1046: 1040: 1027: 1023: 1019: 1016: 1009: 1008: 1007: 1005: 986: 983: 980: 973: 967: 953: 942: 936: 932: 928: 925: 922: 915: 909: 896: 892: 888: 885: 878: 877: 876: 874: 855: 849: 842: 839: 829: 823: 817: 814: 809: 806: 801: 797: 792: 789: 784: 780: 777: 771: 763: 759: 751: 750: 749: 735: 731: 727: 724: 718: 712: 690: 686: 678:We can write 671: 657: 633: 630: 627: 624: 621: 618: 615: 609: 586: 583: 580: 577: 574: 571: 568: 564: 557: 554: 551: 542: 539: 533: 530: 527: 524: 521: 518: 515: 509: 489: 469: 461: 451: 450: 446: 441: 424: 416: 413: 410: 406: 402: 396: 390: 382: 362: 359: 355: 348: 344: 340: 334: 331: 325: 317: 313: 305: 304: 303: 301: 292: 284: 280: 278: 274: 270: 266: 262: 258: 238: 232: 229: 226: 223: 220: 216: 212: 206: 203: 197: 194: 191: 188: 185: 179: 172: 171: 170: 168: 164: 160: 156: 146: 144: 140: 136: 132: 128: 124: 113: 110: 102: 99:December 2009 91: 88: 84: 81: 77: 74: 70: 67: 63: 60: â€“  59: 55: 54:Find sources: 48: 44: 38: 37: 32:This article 30: 26: 21: 20: 4168: 4156: 4137: 4130: 4042:Econometrics 3992: / 3975:Chemometrics 3952:Epidemiology 3945: / 3918:Applications 3760:ARIMA model 3707:Q-statistic 3656:Stationarity 3552:Multivariate 3495: / 3491: / 3489:Multivariate 3487: / 3427: / 3423: / 3197:Bayes factor 3096:Signed rank 3008: 2982: 2974: 2962: 2657:Completeness 2616: 2493:Cohort study 2391:Opinion poll 2326:Missing data 2313:Study design 2268:Scatter plot 2190:Scatter plot 2183:Spearman's ρ 2145:Grouped data 1848: 1844: 1822:. Retrieved 1818: 1808: 1796:. Retrieved 1791: 1781: 1704: 1622: 1618:scale factor 1607: 1593: 1582: 1574: 1504: 1286: 1192: 1188: 1184: 1182: 1147: 1001: 872: 870: 705:in terms of 677: 457: 448: 442: 380: 378: 297: 276: 272: 260: 259:is called a 256: 254: 162: 158: 152: 130: 120: 105: 96: 86: 79: 72: 65: 53: 41:Please help 36:verification 33: 4170:WikiProject 4085:Cartography 4047:Jurimetrics 3999:Reliability 3730:Time domain 3709:(Ljung–Box) 3631:Time-series 3509:Categorical 3493:Time-series 3485:Categorical 3420:(Bernoulli) 3255:Correlation 3235:Correlation 3031:Jarque–Bera 3003:Chi-squared 2765:M-estimator 2718:Asymptotics 2662:Sufficiency 2429:Interaction 2341:Replication 2321:Effect size 2278:Violin plot 2258:Radar chart 2238:Forest plot 2228:Correlogram 2178:Kendall's τ 4037:Demography 3755:ARMA model 3560:Regression 3137:(Friedman) 3098:(Wilcoxon) 3036:Normality 3026:Lilliefors 2973:Student's 2849:Resampling 2723:Robustness 2711:divergence 2701:Efficiency 2639:(monotone) 2634:Likelihood 2551:Population 2384:Stratified 2336:Population 2155:Dependence 2111:Count data 2042:Percentile 2019:Dispersion 1952:Arithmetic 1887:Statistics 1824:7 February 1798:7 February 1794:. Springer 1773:References 1590:Estimation 169:satisfies 149:Definition 127:statistics 69:newspapers 3418:Logistic 3185:posterior 3111:Rank sum 2859:Jackknife 2854:Bootstrap 2672:Bootstrap 2607:Parameter 2556:Statistic 2351:Statistic 2263:Run chart 2248:Pie chart 2243:Histogram 2233:Fan chart 2208:Bar chart 2090:L-moments 1977:Geometric 1684:≈ 1659:− 1655:Φ 1553:θ 1516:σ 1491:σ 1471:μ 1433:− 1345:≥ 1330:λ 1327:− 1319:λ 1310:λ 1269:≥ 1257:β 1246:− 1236:β 1222:β 1102:∞ 1097:∞ 1094:− 1090:∫ 1036:∞ 1031:∞ 1028:− 1024:∫ 960:∞ 946:∞ 943:− 933:∫ 905:∞ 900:∞ 897:− 893:∫ 802:⋅ 634:θ 587:θ 555:− 534:θ 445:estimator 403:≡ 233:θ 198:θ 4186:Category 4132:Category 3825:Survival 3702:Johansen 3425:Binomial 3380:Isotonic 2967:(normal) 2612:location 2419:Blocking 2374:Sampling 2253:Q–Q plot 2218:Box plot 2200:Graphics 2095:Skewness 2085:Kurtosis 2057:Variance 1987:Heronian 1982:Harmonic 1726:See also 1608:Various 1583:standard 1575:standard 1536:variance 1364:Examples 1066:′ 871:Because 843:′ 4158:Commons 4105:Kriging 3990:Process 3947:studies 3806:Wavelet 3639:General 2806:Plug-in 2600:L space 2379:Cluster 2080:Moments 1898:Outline 1631:of the 1581:as the 1505:squared 1002:By the 298:If the 83:scholar 4027:Census 3617:Normal 3565:Manova 3385:Robust 3135:2-way 3127:1-way 2965:-test 2636:  2213:Biplot 2004:Median 1997:Lehmer 1939:Center 1687:1.4826 1507:scale 602:where 379:where 85:  78:  71:  64:  56:  3651:Trend 3180:prior 3122:anova 3011:-test 2985:-test 2977:-test 2884:Power 2829:Pivot 2622:shape 2617:scale 2067:Shape 2047:Range 1992:Heinz 1967:Cubic 1903:Index 1187:(or " 267:" or 265:scale 255:then 137:of a 90:JSTOR 76:books 3884:Test 3084:Sign 2936:Wald 2009:Mode 1947:Mean 1826:2019 1800:2019 1541:The 1456:The 1369:The 129:, a 125:and 62:news 3064:BIC 3059:AIC 1847:". 1715:MAD 1377:of 1148:So 443:An 141:of 121:In 45:by 4188:: 1817:. 1790:. 1348:0. 440:. 3009:G 2983:F 2975:t 2963:Z 2682:V 2677:U 1879:e 1872:t 1865:v 1828:. 1802:. 1690:, 1681:) 1678:4 1674:/ 1670:3 1667:( 1662:1 1650:/ 1646:1 1520:2 1453:. 1440:| 1436:a 1430:b 1426:| 1405:2 1401:/ 1397:) 1394:b 1391:+ 1388:a 1385:( 1342:x 1338:, 1333:x 1323:e 1316:= 1313:) 1307:; 1304:x 1301:( 1298:f 1272:0 1266:x 1262:, 1253:/ 1249:x 1242:e 1233:1 1228:= 1225:) 1219:; 1216:x 1213:( 1210:f 1161:s 1157:f 1133:. 1130:x 1127:d 1123:) 1120:x 1117:( 1112:s 1108:f 1086:= 1083:x 1080:d 1076:) 1073:x 1070:( 1063:g 1059:) 1056:) 1053:x 1050:( 1047:g 1044:( 1041:f 1020:= 1017:1 987:. 984:x 981:d 977:) 974:x 971:( 968:f 963:) 957:( 954:g 949:) 940:( 937:g 929:= 926:x 923:d 919:) 916:x 913:( 910:f 889:= 886:1 873:f 856:. 853:) 850:x 847:( 840:g 836:) 833:) 830:x 827:( 824:g 821:( 818:f 815:= 810:s 807:1 798:) 793:s 790:x 785:( 781:f 778:= 775:) 772:x 769:( 764:s 760:f 736:s 732:/ 728:x 725:= 722:) 719:x 716:( 713:g 691:s 687:f 658:x 637:) 631:, 628:m 625:, 622:s 619:, 616:x 613:( 610:F 590:) 584:, 581:0 578:, 575:1 572:; 569:s 565:/ 561:) 558:m 552:x 549:( 546:( 543:F 540:= 537:) 531:, 528:m 525:, 522:s 519:; 516:x 513:( 510:F 490:s 470:m 428:) 425:x 422:( 417:1 414:= 411:s 407:f 400:) 397:x 394:( 391:f 381:f 363:, 360:s 356:/ 352:) 349:s 345:/ 341:x 338:( 335:f 332:= 329:) 326:x 323:( 318:s 314:f 277:s 273:s 257:s 239:, 236:) 230:, 227:1 224:; 221:s 217:/ 213:x 210:( 207:F 204:= 201:) 195:, 192:s 189:; 186:x 183:( 180:F 163:θ 159:s 112:) 106:( 101:) 97:( 87:¡ 80:¡ 73:¡ 66:¡ 39:.

Index


verification
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"Scale parameter"
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JSTOR
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probability theory
statistics
numerical parameter
parametric family
probability distributions
probability distributions
cumulative distribution function
scale
statistical dispersion


probability density
estimator
location parameter
substitution rule
exponential distribution
uniform distribution
location parameter
normal distribution

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