51:
29:
271:. This compound does not originate in the tarsal gland itself, but rather it is extracted from the animal's urine by the tarsal hair tuft during the rub-urination process. In white-tailed deer, the presence and concentration of certain chemical compounds in the urine depend on the season, gender, reproductive status and
226:, depositing the scent from his interdigital gland on the ground. After that, he may bite the tip off an overhanging branch, depositing secretions from his salivary glands onto the branch. He may then rub his face on the overhanging branch, depositing secretions from the sudoriferous and preorbital glands on it.
250:
is central to this mechanism. During rub-urination, the animal squats while urinating so that urine will run down the insides of its legs and onto its tarsal glands. The tarsal glands have a tuft of hair which is specially adapted to extract certain chemical compounds from the
310:
which surrounds the anus like a pocket. The pocket opens to the exterior with a horizontal slit below the tail. Other glands are located near the penis or vagina, with the penile glands emitting a strong odor. Like the herpestids, it has no
209:
have seven major external scent glands distributed throughout their bodies. Deer rely heavily on these scent glands to communicate with other members of their species, and possibly even with members of other species. For example, male
1036:
241:)-3-tridecen-2-one was shown to have antibiotic activity against some skin pathogens. These compounds are absent from white-tailed deer interdigital glands, which contain a number of 2-Methylcarboxylic acids.
275:
of the animals. This fact, along with the observation of rub-urination behavior in this animal (at least in the male) indicates that urine probably plays a role in
195:
56:
1049:
580:
757:
1007:
846:
821:
737:
526:
662:
Wood, William F.; Shaffer, Tony B.; Kubo, Aya (1995). "Volatile ketones from interdigital glands of black-tailed deer,
481:
811:
590:
244:
The tarsal gland appears to operate by a different mechanism than the other external scent glands. A behavior called
554:
997:
229:
The interdigital glands of male and female black-tailed deer contain three volatile ketones, 2-tridecanone, (
914:
Wolf and
Johnson; Johnson, Martha F. (1979). "Scent Marking in Taiga Voles (Microtus xanthognathus)".
150:. The odor may be subliminal—not consciously detectable. Though it is not their primary function, the
1023:
90:
1073:
693:
Wood, William F. (1999). "2-Methylcarboxylic acids in the interdigital glands of whitetail deer,
291:
276:
147:
102:
446:
268:
219:
350:
8:
272:
143:
513:. Topics in current chemistry. Vol. 240. Berlin: Springer-Verlag. pp. 231–78.
1037:
Microanatomy and bacterial flora of the perineal glands of the North
American porcupine
939:
896:
782:
190:(located inside the nostrils), the interdigital glands (located between the toes), the
163:
41:
37:
710:
503:
1003:
978:
931:
842:
817:
769:
733:
728:
The
Behavior Guide to African Mammals: Including Hoofed Mammals, Carnivores, Primates
586:
532:
522:
477:
368:
256:
211:
958:
631:)-3-Tridecen-2-one, an antibiotic from the interdigital glands of black-tailed deer
970:
923:
886:
774:
706:
675:
644:
514:
420:
179:
386:
Various glands producing pheromone signals found in non-avian reptiles, including
1068:
360:
191:
95:
474:
Mammalian semiochemistry: the investigation of chemical signals between mammals
295:
199:
170:
of which are involved in semiochemical communication. These glands include the
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50:
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compounds. These odor-messengers indicate information such as status,
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167:
135:
131:
60:
1024:
The perineal scent gland and social dominance in the male guinea pig
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891:
878:
778:
957:
Weldon, Paul; Flaschbarth, Birte; Schulz, Stefan (September 2008).
518:
414:
338:
307:
303:
454:, defensive glands of some arthropods that emit noxious compounds
451:
183:
866:. Washington, D.C.: U.S. Bureau of Sport Fisheries and Wildlife.
408:
391:
354:
326:
198:(located outside of the hind legs), the tarsal glands (located
175:
127:
28:
606:
395:
381:
364:
287:
264:
202:), and the inguinal glands in the lower belly or groin area.
78:
263:), the major constituent of the tarsal gland secretion is a
959:"Natural products from the integument of nonavian reptiles"
377:
330:
223:
206:
809:
627:
Wood, William F.; Shaffer, Tony B.; Kubo, Aya. (1995). "(
423:, found in many species including mice, pigs, and wolves
956:
913:
582:
The
Chemistry of Pheromones and Other Semiochemicals II
511:
The chemistry of pheromones and other semiochemicals II
585:. Springer Science & Business Media. p. 254.
166:(Artiodactyla) have many specialized skin glands, the
154:may also function as scent glands in some animals.
1039:." Canadian Journal of Zoology 88.1 (2009): 59-68.
1026:." Physiology & behavior 13.5 (1974): 669-673.
805:
803:
725:
476:. New York: John Wiley and Sons. pp. 74–134.
222:. First, the animal scrapes at the dirt with its
1060:
755:
194:(located inside the foreskin of the penis), the
836:
810:L. David Mech; Luigi Boitani (1 October 2010).
800:
661:
626:
609:. Huntley, Illinois: Hunting Network, LLC. 2012
723:
548:
546:
497:
495:
493:
1052:." How animals communicate (1977): 728-748.
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813:Wolves: Behavior, Ecology, and Conservation
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290:have several scent glands that are used in
995:
864:The Sea Otter in the Eastern Pacific Ocean
855:
543:
890:
837:Dyce, KM; Sack, WO; Wensing, CJG (1987).
599:
490:
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205:Like many other species of Artiodactyla,
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989:
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870:
830:
717:
552:
1061:
1048:Fox, Michael W., and James A. Cohen. "
861:
578:
501:
471:
174:(located on the forehead, between the
16:Exocrine glands found in most mammals
692:
756:Köhncke, M.; Leonhardt, K. (1986).
699:Biochemical Systematics and Ecology
472:Albone, ES (1984). "Scent glands".
426:Supracaudal glands, found in canids
344:
13:
732:. University of California Press.
14:
1085:
695:Odocoileus virginianus dacotensis
555:"Understanding seven deer glands"
282:
218:) are often seen working over a
49:
27:
1042:
1029:
1016:
950:
816:. University of Chicago Press.
664:Odocoileus hemionus columbianus
633:Odocoileus hemionus columbianus
298:has several scent glands. Like
261:Odocoileus hemionus columbianus
877:Ford, LS; Hoffman, RS (1988).
839:Textbook of Veterinary Anatomy
686:
655:
620:
572:
561:. New York: Field & Stream
1:
711:10.1016/S0305-1978(98)00053-2
579:Schulz, Stefan (2005-01-07).
458:
417:, guinea pigs, and porcupines
55:The arrow is pointing to the
1002:. Cornell University Press.
130:. They produce semi-viscous
7:
607:"Understanding deer glands"
430:
182:(extending from the medial
10:
1090:
553:Nickens, TE (2009-11-05).
504:"Mammalian semiochemicals"
413:Perineal glands, found in
985:– via Researchgate.
841:. W.B. Saunders Company.
559:Field & Stream Online
447:White-tailed deer#Marking
101:
89:
77:
72:
67:
48:
26:
21:
233:)-3-tridecen-2-one and (
963:Natural Product Reports
292:olfactory communication
277:olfactory communication
200:inside of the hind legs
724:Richard Estes (1992).
509:. In Schulz, S (ed.).
367:surface glands of the
255:. For example, in the
237:)-4-tridecen-2-one. (
216:Odocoileus virginianus
158:In even-toed ungulates
103:Anatomical terminology
351:Apocrine sweat glands
306:skin gland inside an
269:(Z)-6-dodecen-4-olide
1022:Beauchamp, Gary K. "
916:Journal of Mammalogy
442:Red fox#Scent glands
1050:Canid communication
996:R. F. Ewer (1973).
862:Kenyon, KW (1969).
668:J. Chemical Ecology
502:Burger, BV (2005).
172:sudoriferous glands
164:even-toed ungulates
144:territorial marking
1035:Roze, U., et al. "
760:Cryptoprocta ferox
680:10.1007/BF02035141
649:10.1007/BF01928897
186:of each eye), the
84:glandula odorifera
42:small Indian civet
38:large Indian civet
1009:978-0-8014-8493-3
883:Mammalian Species
848:978-0-7216-1332-1
823:978-0-226-51698-1
770:Mammalian Species
739:978-0-520-08085-0
528:978-3-540-21308-6
369:red-bellied lemur
353:, such as in the
321:are found in all
257:black-tailed deer
212:white-tailed deer
196:metatarsal glands
180:preorbital glands
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421:Preputial glands
361:Sebaceous glands
345:In other animals
148:sexual behaviour
109:edit on Wikidata
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178:and eyes), the
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124:exocrine glands
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1074:Mammal anatomy
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999:The Carnivores
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969:(4): 742–749.
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879:"Potos flavus"
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253:animal's urine
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134:which contain
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674:: 1401–1408.
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611:. Retrieved
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563:. Retrieved
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400:Crocodylians
374:Flank glands
317:
286:
260:
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238:
234:
230:
228:
215:
204:
188:nasal glands
161:
146:, mood, and
119:
118:
83:
643:: 368–369.
637:Experientia
407:, found in
405:Castor sacs
319:Anal glands
273:social rank
120:Scent gland
73:Identifiers
34:Anal glands
22:Scent gland
1063:Categories
613:2012-05-21
565:2012-05-27
459:References
335:sea otters
325:including
313:prescrotal
300:herpestids
168:secretions
138:and other
136:pheromones
132:secretions
936:0022-2372
705:: 93–95.
537:0340-1022
437:Deer musk
415:viverrids
357:of humans
339:kinkajous
323:carnivora
302:it has a
279:in deer.
61:Sika deer
983:18663393
452:Ozadenes
431:See also
315:glands.
308:anal sac
304:perianal
944:1379814
901:3504086
787:3503919
409:beavers
392:lizards
365:cranial
355:armpits
184:canthus
176:antlers
128:mammals
96:D012543
68:Details
1069:Glands
1006:
981:
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792:19 May
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736:
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398:, and
396:snakes
382:shrews
327:wolves
294:. The
288:Canids
224:hooves
220:scrape
40:and a
940:JSTOR
897:JSTOR
783:JSTOR
765:(PDF)
507:(PDF)
378:voles
331:bears
296:fossa
265:lipid
107:[
79:Latin
59:of a
36:of a
1004:ISBN
979:PMID
932:ISSN
843:ISBN
818:ISBN
794:2010
734:ISBN
587:ISBN
533:ISSN
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478:ISBN
337:and
207:deer
162:The
122:are
91:MeSH
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Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
