47:
20:
268:. The key issue in the crisis became Britain's refusal to include in the proposed international arbitration the territory east of the Schomburgk Line. The crisis ultimately saw Britain accept the United States' intervention in the dispute to force arbitration of the entire disputed territory, and tacitly accept the United States' right to intervene under the
216:
to carry out a survey of Guiana's boundaries. This survey resulted in what came to be known as the
Schomburgk Line. Schomburgk's initial sketch, which had been published in 1840, was the only version of the "Schomburgk Line" published until 1886, which led to later accusations by
288:, giving Venezuela a substantial territory east of the line – territory which Britain had originally refused to include in the arbitration. However, Britain received most of the disputed territory, and all of the gold mines.
228:
River. Venezuela disputed
Schomburgk's survey, claiming that the United Kingdom had illegally acquired an extra 30,000 square miles (80,000 km) of territory. Venezuela claimed its borders extended as far east as the
211:
exploration to
British Guiana, which resulted in a sketch of the territory with a line marking what he believed to be the western boundary claimed by the Dutch. As a result of this in 1840 he was commissioned by the
138:
248:
In
October 1886 Britain declared the Line to be the provisional frontier of British Guiana, and in February 1887 Venezuela severed diplomatic relations. Venezuela appealed to the
280:
at the mouth of the
Orinoco, giving it undisputed control of the river, and thus the ability to levy duties on Venezuelan commerce. The second was drawing the border at the
131:
272:. An international arbitration panel resolved the dispute in 1899. The Schomburgk Line was, with small deviations, re-established as the border between
368:
Walter LaFeber. "The
Background of Cleveland's Venezuelan Policy: A Reinterpretation". The American Historical Review 66 (July 1961), pp. 947–967.
417:
124:
256:
as justification. The United States expressed concern but did little in the way of resolving the situation, until
Venezuela's hiring of
36:
104:
242:
224:
The Line went well beyond the area of
British occupation, and gave British Guiana control of the mouth of the
213:
371:
Lars
Schoult. A History of U.S. Policy Toward Latin America (Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 1998).
200:
109:
265:
168:
80:
68:
276:
and
Venezuela. The first deviation from the Schomburgk line was that Venezuela's territory included
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323:(1967), "Anglo-American Rivalries and the Venezuela Crisis of 1895", Presidential Address to the
320:
257:
86:
98:
341:
238:
388:
Robert Hermann Schomburgk's Travels in Guiana and on the Orinoco During the Years 1835–1839
74:
8:
46:
19:
176:
234:
92:
422:
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218:
374:
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253:
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273:
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164:
411:
296:
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167:. The line was named after German-born English explorer and naturalist
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Melville Weston Fuller - Chief Justice of the United States 1888–1910
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156:
291:
On a related issue the southern boundary between British Guiana and
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375:
U.S. Department of State, "Venezuela Boundary Dispute, 1895–1899"
225:
184:
159:
line that figured in a 19th-century territorial dispute between
16:
Survey line involved in the Guyana–Venezuela territorial dispute
292:
204:
395:
A Description of British Guiana, Geographical and Statistical
383:, 2 vols (Aldershot: Ashgate for the Hakluyt Society, 2006).
191:
in 1814, the western border with Venezuela was not defined.
404:, 2 vols (Georgetown: Daily Chronicle Office, 1922, 1923).
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that the line had been extended "in some mysterious way".
402:
Richard Schomburgk's Travels in British Guiana 1840–1844
299:
in 1904, where Schomburgk's survey also played a role.
264:brought the dispute to a head in the shape of the
175:acquired British Guiana (known as the colonies of
381:The Guiana Travels of Robert Schomburgk 1835–1844
409:
171:(1804–1865). The dispute arose because when the
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329:Transactions of the Royal Historical Society
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314:
312:
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29:* The extreme border claimed by Venezuela
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18:
390:(Georgetown: The Argosy Company, 1931).
25:* The extreme border claimed by Britain
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295:was settled after arbitration by the
418:Guyana–Venezuela territorial dispute
203:, Schomburgk was sent on a trip of
27:*The current boundary (roughly) and
13:
14:
434:
400:Walter E. Roth (ed. and trans.),
199:In 1835, under the aegis of the
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349:
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243:Captaincy General of Venezuela
1:
362:
105:2023 Guyana–Venezuela crisis
7:
10:
439:
386:Otto A. Schomburgk (ed.),
201:Royal Geographical Society
266:Venezuelan crisis of 1895
252:to intervene, citing the
169:Robert Hermann Schomburgk
81:Mallet-Prevost memorandum
340:Willard L. King (2007),
325:Royal Historical Society
302:
194:
155:is the name given to a
99:Port of Spain Protocol
30:
379:Peter Rivière (ed.),
239:Treaty of Tordesillas
187:until 1831) from the
110:Venezuelan referendum
22:
75:Paris Arbitral Award
393:Robert Schomburgk,
39:territorial dispute
327:10 December 1966,
258:William L. Scruggs
214:British Government
31:
346:, Macmillan. p249
260:as a lobbyist in
241:which led to the
235:Pope Alexander VI
149:
148:
93:Rupununi uprising
69:Venezuelan crisis
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356:
353:
347:
338:
332:
318:
284:rather than the
262:Washington, D.C.
219:Grover Cleveland
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87:Geneva Agreement
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37:Guyana–Venezuela
33:
32:
438:
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433:
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397:(London, 1840).
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355:King (2007:260)
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331:, 17: pp131-164
321:R. A. Humphreys
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310:
305:
270:Monroe Doctrine
254:Monroe Doctrine
231:Essequibo River
197:
153:Schomburgk Line
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63:Schomburgk Line
38:
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173:United Kingdom
165:British Guiana
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297:King of Italy
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286:Cuyuni River
282:Wenamu River
278:Barima Point
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223:
209:geographical
198:
152:
150:
62:
23:Map showing:
189:Netherlands
412:Categories
363:References
245:in 1777.
233:, citing
205:botanical
177:Essequibo
161:Venezuela
237:and his
181:Demerara
423:Borders
226:Orinoco
185:Berbice
54:History
293:Brazil
183:, and
157:survey
101:(1970)
95:(1969)
89:(1966)
83:(1949)
77:(1899)
71:(1895)
65:(1840)
303:Notes
207:and
195:Line
163:and
151:The
414::
311:^
179:,
140:e
133:t
126:v
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