Joseph Schumpeter - Knowledge

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attention of English-speaking economists. Kondratiev fused important elements that Schumpeter missed. Yet, the Schumpeterian variant of the long-cycles hypothesis, stressing the initiating role of innovations, commands the widest attention today. In Schumpeter's view, technological innovation is the cause of both cyclical instability and economic growth. Fluctuations in innovation cause fluctuations in investment and those cause cycles in economic growth. Schumpeter sees innovations as clustering around certain points in time that he refers to as "neighborhoods of equilibrium" when entrepreneurs perceive that risk and returns warrant innovative commitments. These clusters lead to long cycles by generating periods of acceleration in aggregate growth.

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involves extremely complex relations among a set of key variables: inventions, innovations, diffusion paths, and investment activities. The impact of technological innovation on aggregate output is mediated through a succession of relationships that have yet to be explored systematically in the context of the long wave. New inventions are typically primitive, their performance is usually poorer than existing technologies and the cost of their production is high. A production technology may not yet exist, as is often the case in major chemical and pharmaceutical inventions. The speed with which inventions are transformed into innovations and diffused depends on the actual and expected trajectory of performance improvement and cost reduction.

6903: 2052:"Intellectuals" are a social class in a position to critique societal matters for which they are not directly responsible and to stand up for the interests of other classes. Intellectuals tend to have a negative outlook on capitalism, even relying on it for prestige because their professions rely on antagonism toward it. The growing number of people with higher education is a great advantage of capitalism, according to Schumpeter. Yet, unemployment and a lack of fulfilling work will lead to intellectual critique, discontent, and protests. 44: 7009: 2110:

unrealistic, and that people's ignorance and superficiality meant that they were largely manipulated by politicians, who set the agenda. Furthermore, he claimed that even if the common good was possible to find, it would still not make clear the means needed to reach its end, since citizens do not have the requisite knowledge to design government policy. This made a 'rule by the people' concept both unlikely and undesirable. Instead, he advocated a minimalist model, much influenced by

7021: 6997: 6961: 1935: 1298: 6985: 1310: 6973: 2045:, Schumpeter predicts a different way this will come about. While Marx predicted that capitalism would be overthrown by a violent proletarian revolution, which occurred in the least capitalist countries, Schumpeter believed that capitalism would gradually weaken itself and eventually collapse. Specifically, the success of capitalism would lead to 2114:, whereby democracy is the mechanism for competition between leaders, much like a market structure. Although periodic votes by the general public legitimize governments and keep them accountable, the policy program is very much seen as their own and not that of the people, and the participatory role of individuals is usually severely limited. 2134:", as he criticizes the rationality and knowledge of voters, and expresses a preference for politicians making decisions. Democracy is therefore in a sense a means to ensure circulation among elites. However, studies by Natasha Piano (of the University of Chicago) emphasize that Schumpeter had substantial disdain for elites as well. 2118:

characteristics. This minimalist definition stands in contrast to broader definitions of democracy, which may emphasize aspects such as "representation, accountability, equality, participation, justice, dignity, rationality, security, freedom". Within such a minimalist definition, states which other scholars say have experienced

1797:. A Kondratiev wave could consist of three lower-degree Kuznets waves. Each Kuznets wave could, itself, be made up of two Juglar waves. Similarly two (or three) Kitchin waves could form a higher degree Juglar wave. If each of these were in phase; more importantly, if the downward arc of each was simultaneous so that the 2154:. Many social economists and popular authors of the day argued that large businesses had a negative effect on the standard of living of ordinary people. Contrary to this prevailing opinion, Schumpeter argued that the agents that drive innovation and the economy are large companies that have the capital to invest in 2179:

Schumpeter was the most influential thinker to argue that long cycles are caused by innovation and are an incident of it. His treatise on how business cycles developed was based on Kondratiev's ideas which attributed the causes very differently. Schumpeter's treatise brought Kondratiev's ideas to the

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At Harvard, Schumpeter was considered a memorable character, erudite, and even showy in the classroom. He became known for his heavy teaching load and his personal and painstaking interest in his students. He served as the faculty advisor of the Graduate Economics Club and organized private seminars

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and which lack civil liberties, a free press, the rule of law and a constrained executive, would still be considered democracies. For Schumpeter, the formation of a government is the endpoint of the democratic process, which means that for the purposes of his democratic theory, he has no comment on

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economy. It links every nation's money rates and price levels with the money rates and price levels of all the other nations that are 'on gold.' However, gold is extremely sensitive to government expenditure and even to attitudes or policies that do not involve expenditure directly, for example, in

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to marry. They married in 1925, but within a year, she died in childbirth. The loss of his wife and newborn son came only weeks after Schumpeter's mother had died. Five years after arriving in the US, in 1937, at the age of 54, Schumpeter married the American economic historian Dr. Elizabeth Boody

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Schumpeter identified innovation as the critical dimension of economic change. He argued that economic change revolves around innovation, entrepreneurial activities, and market power. He sought to prove that innovation-originated market power can provide better results than the invisible hand and

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The technological view of change needs to demonstrate that changes in the rate of innovation govern changes in the rate of new investments and that the combined impact of innovation clusters takes the form of fluctuation in aggregate output or employment. The process of technological innovation

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price competition. He argued that technological innovation often creates temporary monopolies, allowing abnormal profits that would soon be competed away by rivals and imitators. These temporary monopolies were necessary to provide the incentive for firms to develop new products and processes.

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The field of entrepreneurship theory owed much to Schumpeter's contributions. His fundamental theories are often referred to as Mark I and Mark II. In Mark I, Schumpeter argued that the innovation and technological change of a nation come from entrepreneurs or wild spirits. He coined the word

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In the same book, Schumpeter expounded on a theory of democracy that sought to challenge what he called the "classical doctrine". He disputed the idea that democracy was a process by which the electorate identified the common good, and politicians carried this out for them. He argued this was

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of each was coincident, it would explain disastrous slumps and consequent depressions. As far as the segmentation of the Kondratiev Wave, Schumpeter never proposed such a fixed model. He saw these cycles varying in time – although in a tight time frame by coincidence – and for each to serve a

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As soon as we go into details and inquire into the individual items in which progress was most conspicuous, the trail leads not to the doors of those firms that work under conditions of comparatively free competition but precisely to the door of the large concerns – which, as in the case of

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Schumpeter defined democracy as the method by which people elect representatives in competitive elections to carry out their will. This definition has been described as simple, elegant and parsimonious, making it clearer to distinguish political systems that either fulfill or fail these

1921:. One could divide economists among (1) those who emphasized "real" analysis and regarded money as merely a "veil" and (2) those who thought monetary institutions were important and money could be a separate driving force. Both Schumpeter and Keynes were among the latter. 4485: 1765:

The entrepreneur disturbs this equilibrium and is the prime cause of economic development, which proceeds cyclically along with several time scales. In fashioning this theory connecting innovations, cycles, and development, Schumpeter kept alive the Russian

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plant. In 1921, he became president of the private Biedermann Bank. He was also a board member at the Kaufmann Bank. Problems at those banks left Schumpeter in debt. His resignation was a condition of the takeover of the Biedermann Bank in September 1924.

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inaugurated a column on business and management named "Schumpeter". The publication has a history of naming columns after significant figures or symbols in the covered field, including naming its British affairs column after former editor

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agricultural machinery, also account for much of the progress in the competitive sector – and a shocking suspicion dawns upon us that big business may have had more to do with creating that standard of life than with keeping it down.

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Schumpeter was married three times. His first wife was Gladys Ricarde Seaver, an Englishwoman nearly 12 years his senior (married 1907, separated 1913, divorced 1925). His best man at his wedding was his friend and Austrian jurist

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for the "Ricardian vice". According to Schumpeter, both Ricardo and Keynes reasoned in terms of abstract models, where they would freeze all but a few variables. Then they could argue that one caused the other in a simple

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in the United States and a graduate assistant of Schumpeter's at Harvard, that Schumpeter "played a formative role in his development as a thinker". Other outstanding students of Schumpeter's include the economists

2369:. The initial Schumpeter column praised him as a "champion of innovation and entrepreneurship" whose writing showed an understanding of the benefits and dangers of business that proved to be far ahead of its time. 1912:

is not adequate to capture the key mechanisms of economic development. Schumpeter also thought that the institution enabling the entrepreneur to buy the resources needed to realize his vision was a well-developed

8839: 2242:. He said he had reached two of his goals, but he never said which two, although he is reported to have said that there were too many fine horsemen in Austria for him to succeed in all his aspirations. 6847: 2147:, German for "entrepreneur-spirit", and asserted that "... the doing of new things or the doing of things that are already being done in a new way" stemmed directly from the efforts of entrepreneurs. 7971: 1693:

to be the "greatest of all economists", beside whom other economists' theories were "like inadequate attempts to catch some particular aspects of Walrasian truth". Schumpeter criticized

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Schumpeter claimed that he had set himself three goals in life: to be the greatest economist in the world, to be the best horseman in all of Austria, and the greatest lover in all of

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Rosenberg, Nathan. "Technological Innovation and Long Waves." In Exploring the Black Box: Technology, Economics, and History, 62–84. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press, 1994.

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from the University of Vienna's faculty of law, with a specialisation in economics. In 1909, after some study trips, he became a professor of economics and government at the

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theory, and economic development, and who tended to be on the other end of the political spectrum from Schumpeter and were also often influenced by Keynes, Karl Marx, and

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The American Economic Review, Papers and Proceedings of the Fifty-eighth Annual Meeting of the American Economic Association (The American Economy in the Interwar Period)

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Today, Schumpeter has a following outside standard textbook economics, in areas such as economic policy, management studies, industrial policy, and the study of

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Piano, Natasha (January 16, 2019). "Revisiting Democratic Elitism: The Italian School of Elitism, American Political Science, and the Problem of Plutocracy".

7858: 5248: 1641:'s concept of fiscal sociology influenced Schumpeter's analysis of the tax state. A 2012 paper showed that Schumpeter's writings displayed the influence of 1746:

Schumpeter's relationships with the ideas of other economists were quite complex in his most important contributions to economic analysis – the theory of

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what kinds of decisions that the government can take to be a democracy. Schumpeter faced pushback on his theory from other democratic theorists, such as

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which, excluding any innovations and innovative activities, leads to a stationary state. The stationary state is, according to Schumpeter, described by

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of new products and services and to deliver them to customers more cheaply, thus raising their standard of living. In one of his seminal works,

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Schumpeter, Joseph A. (1946), "The future of private enterprise in the face of modern socialistic tendencies", in Conference, Papers (ed.),

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foreign policy, certain policies of taxation, and, in general, precisely all those policies that violate the principles of liberalism.

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fashion. This led to the belief that one could easily deduce policy conclusions directly from a highly abstract theoretical model.

1630:. Despite being born in Austria and having trained with many of the same economists, some argue he cannot be categorized with the 9115: 3921:

Schumpeter, Joseph A.; Boody Schumpeter, Elizabeth (September 1988). "Schumpeter on the disintegration of the bourgeois family".

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Dahms, Harry (1995). "From Creative Action to the Social Rationalization of the Economy: Joseph A. Schumpeter's Social Theory".

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Schumpeter, Joseph A. (1934), "The nature and necessity of a price system", in Harris, Seymour E.; Bernstein, Edward M. (eds.),

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Piano, Natasha (October 2, 2017). ""Schumpeterianism" Revised: The Critique of Elites in Capitalism, Socialism and Democracy".

5474: 1971: 1583:, which was fashionable; others resented his criticisms, particularly of their failure to offer an assistant professorship to 9105: 9050: 9045: 7039: 5748:"Schumpeterian patterns of innovation and the sources of breakthrough inventions: Evidence from a Data-Set of R&D Awards" 5652: 4797: 4763: 4729: 3827:

The American Economic Review, Papers and Proceedings of the Sixty-second Annual Meeting of the American Economic Association

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Schumpeter, Joseph A. (May 1940). "The influence of protective tariffs on the industrial development of the United States".

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replacement of old ways of doing things by new ways), which will ultimately undermine and destroy the capitalist structure.

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The American Economic Review, Papers and Proceedings of the Forty-Third Annual Meeting of the American Economic Association

3145: 1591:. This period of his life was characterized by hard work and comparatively little recognition of his massive 2-volume book 5445:

Przeworski, Adam (1999). "Minimalist Conception of Democracy: A Defense". In Shapiro, Ian; Hacker-Cordón, Casiano (eds.).

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Freeman, Christopher, ed. Long Wave Theory, International Library of Critical Writings in Economics: Edward Elgar, 1996

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The theory of economic development: an inquiry into profits, capital, credit, interest, and the business cycle

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The theory of economic development: an inquiry into profits, capital, credit, interest, and the business cycle

1967: 7980: 7217: 6989: 6848:"Schumpeter's Business Cycles: A Theoretical, Historical, And Statistical Analysis of the Capitalist Process" 1370: 1099: 757: 17: 3846:

Schumpeter, Joseph A. (May 1951). "Review of the troops (a chapter from the history of economic analysis)".

2682: 1601:, reprinted many times and in many languages in the following decades, as well as cited thousands of times. 7234: 6102: 3011:

The economics and sociology of capitalism (ESC) Comment sauvegarder l'entreprise privée (conference papers)

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Schumpeter, Joseph A. (1934), "Depressions: Can we learn from past experience?", in Schumpeter, Joseph A.;

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Schumpeter was one of the most influential economists of the early 20th century, and popularized the term "

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Classics and Moderns in Economics Volume II: Essays on Nineteenth and Twentieth Century Economic Thought

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Entrepreneurship, competitiveness and local development: frontiers in European entrepreneurship research

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Schumpeter, Joseph A. (2009) , "There is still time to stop inflation", in Clemence, Richard V. (ed.),

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Schumpeter, Joseph A. (2009) , "There is still time to stop inflation", in Clemence, Richard V. (ed.),

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Ziemnowicz, Christopher (2020). "Joseph A. Schumpeter and Innovation". In Carayannis, Elias G. (ed.).

2101:, noted that Schumpeter saw any political system in which the power was fully monopolized as fascist. 8950: 7883: 7677: 4427: 4421: 2298: 1595:

However, Schumpeter persevered, and in 1942 published what became the most popular of all his works,

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Schumpeter, Joseph A. (1949), "Economic theory and entrepreneurial history", in Wohl, R. R. (ed.),

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can be seen as a continuation of ideas originated by the historical school, especially the work of

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Schumpeter emphasizes throughout this book that he is analyzing trends, not engaging in political

1520:. He proposed a capital levy as a way to tackle the war debt and opposed the socialization of the 1459: 223: 8721: 8560: 8405: 8000: 7141: 5428: 2344: 1945: 1876: 1537: 1094: 740: 735: 725: 420: 247: 7468: 5024: 4856: 8465: 8381: 8238: 8101: 7197: 7192: 4995: 4527:

The Creative Destruction of Medicine: How the Digital Revolution Will Create Better Health Care

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Schumpeter, Joseph A. (1947). "Theoretical problems: theoretical problems of economic growth".

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Schumpeter, Joseph A. (1949), "The historical approach to the analysis of business cycles", in

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investigated him and his wife, Elizabeth Boody (a prominent scholar of Japanese economics) for

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Schumpeter, Joseph A. (1943), "Capitalism in the postwar world", in Harris, Seymour E. (ed.),

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Business cycles: a theoretical, historical, and statistical analysis of the capitalist process

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parties, and democratic majorities will vote for restrictions on entrepreneurship. Increasing

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Schumpeter, Joseph A. (December 1984). "The meaning of rationality in the social sciences".

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The source of Schumpeter's dynamic, change-oriented, and innovation-based economics was the

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School of Economics and Management, Technical University of Lisbon, Department of Economics

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Schumpeter, Joseph A. (March 1931). "The present world depression: a tentative diagnosis".

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Schumpeter, Joseph A. (October 1949). "English economists and the state-managed economy".

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Schumpeter, Joseph A. (March 1935). "A theorist's comment on the current business cycle".

8: 8733: 8626: 8483: 8441: 8292: 8184: 8143: 8107: 7738: 7409: 7359: 7182: 3654:. 7, Supplement: Economic Growth: A Symposium (1947). Economic History Association: 1–9. 2263: 1721:, Schumpeter stated the following: "An 'automatic' gold currency is part and parcel of a 1694: 1660: 1490: 991: 913: 868: 863: 730: 720: 620: 430: 395: 353: 299: 184: 7379: 7324: 6060:"Romaine Elizabeth (Boody) Schumpeter, 1898-1953 - Social Networks and Archival Context" 4986:

Michaelides, Panayotis G. (2009). "Joseph Schumpeter and the German Historical School".

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Essays: on entrepreneurs, innovations, business cycles, and the evolution of capitalism

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Essays: on entrepreneurs, innovations, business cycles, and the evolution of capitalism

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in Germany. In March 1919, he was invited to take office as Minister of Finance in the

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Schumpeter, Joseph A.; Cole, A. H.; Mason, E. S. (May 1941). "Frank William Taussig".

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For some time after his death, Schumpeter's views were most influential among various

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Fontana, Roberto; Nuvolari, Alessandro; Shimitzu, Hiroshi; Vezzulli, Andrea (2012).

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Schumpeter, Joseph A. (November 1947). "The creative response in economic history".

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Change and the entrepreneur: postulates and the patterns for entrepreneurial history

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of the apartment where he grew up. As a divorced man, he and his bride converted to

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In 1918, Schumpeter was a member of the Socialisation Commission established by the

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Schumpeter, Joseph A. (June 1983). "American institutions and economic progress".

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was one of Schumpeter's most renowned pupils, who wrote extensively about him in

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Schumpeter, Joseph A. (December 1927). "The explanation of the business cycle".

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Explorations in economics: notes and essays contributed in honor of F.W. Taussig

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and socialism, which he thought would lead to dictatorship, and even criticized

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Recent research suggests that the Kuznets swing could be regarded as the third

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is the reason why gold is so unpopular now and also why it was so popular in a

1642: 1627: 1584: 1541: 1417: 1393: 1267: 1252: 1222: 1144: 640: 485: 475: 405: 390: 385: 321: 311: 239: 77: 7076: 5941:"Economics and the New Economy: The Invisible Hand Meets Creative Destruction" 5804: 4820:

Seidl, Christian (1994). "The Bauer-Schumpeter Controversy on Socialisation".

4010: 3659: 3626: 1690: 1006: 279: 9014: 8980: 8944: 8932: 8920: 8908: 8902: 8763: 8709: 8679: 8667: 8608: 8578: 8477: 8471: 8429: 8363: 8357: 8149: 8119: 8047: 7871: 7840: 7785: 7714: 7689: 7659: 7600: 7486: 7480: 7433: 7421: 7373: 7274: 7269: 7146: 6787: 6550: 6508: 6343: 5762: 5721: 5626: 5092: 4445: 3184: 3042: 3018: 2813: 2702: 2673: 2606: 2400: 2356: 1848: 1822: 1790: 1782: 1755: 1722: 1714: 1710: 1698: 1502: 1374: 1257: 1129: 1089: 961: 625: 525: 505: 4117:

Schumpeter, Joseph A. (February 1950). "Wesley Clair Mitchell (1874–1948)".

2873: 2561: 2544: 2527: 2510: 1413: 64: 8998: 8962: 8878: 8805: 8781: 8775: 8715: 8638: 8620: 8566: 8524: 8345: 8322: 8250: 8089: 8083: 8059: 7931: 7647: 7641: 7594: 7582: 7534: 7222: 7187: 7111: 6898: 5363:

Medearis, John (December 1997). "Schumpeter, the New Deal, and Democracy".

4567: 3137: 3065: 3013:, Montreal: Association Professionnelle des Industriels, pp. 401–405, 2931:

Schumpeter, Joseph A. (1936), "Professor Taussig on wages and capital", in

2898: 2570: 2474: 2428: 2314: 2302: 2131: 1837: 1786: 1750:

and development. Following neither Walras nor Keynes, Schumpeter starts in

1580: 1572: 1564: 1179: 1119: 1046: 830: 605: 515: 265: 154: 6519:. Thousand Oaks, CA: SAGE Publications; Cato Institute. pp. 452–455. 6334: 6101:

Schumpeter's Diary as quoted in "Prophet of Innovation" by Thomas McCraw,

5543: 3997:

Schumpeter, Joseph A. (March 2003). "How does one study social science?".

3476:

Schumpeter, Joseph A. (January 1933). "The common sense of econometrics".

3166: 3002: 2924: 2830: 2522:. Germany: Zeitschrift für Wolkswirtschaft, Sozialpolitik und Verwaltung. 1579:

and discussion groups. Some colleagues thought his views were outdated by

8938: 8799: 8614: 8572: 8459: 8256: 7889: 7804: 7756: 7665: 7546: 7516: 7498: 6582: 5009: 4273:

Schumpeter, Joseph A.; Nichol, A. J. (April 1934). "Review of Robinson's

4067:

Schumpeter, Joseph A. (September 1946). "John Maynard Keynes 1883–1946".

3426:

Schumpeter, Joseph A. (September 1928). "The instability of capitalism".

3368:

Schumpeter, Joseph A. (February 1909). "On the concept of social value".

3274: 2840: 2746: 2366: 2289: 2227: 2222:. His second was Anna Reisinger, 20 years his junior and daughter of the 2219: 2124: 2091: 2046: 1483: 1451: 1262: 1164: 1084: 840: 535: 490: 460: 415: 303: 261: 243: 8847: 7020: 6643:

Robbins, Lionel C. (1955). "Schumpeter's History of Economic Analysis".

6429: 5859:

Mansfield, Edwin (May 1983). "Long Waves and Technological Innovation".

5316: 4833: 4603:

Opening Doors: the Life and Work of Joseph Schumpeter: Europe (Volume 1)

4199: 3988: 3963: 3913: 2266:, especially Europeans, who were interested in industrial organization, 8992: 8787: 7901: 7588: 7558: 7202: 7096: 6664: 6167: 5872: 5408:

Schumpeter's Vision: Capitalism, Socialism and Democracy After 40 years

5384: 4610: 4381: 4298: 4265: 4232: 4167: 4138: 4080: 4059: 3942: 3892: 3867: 3838: 3809: 3772: 3739: 3667: 3634: 3605: 3584: 3555: 3526: 3497: 3468: 3447: 3418: 3389: 2788:, Princeton, New Jersey: Princeton University Press, pp. 220–229, 2627:. Translated by Aris, Reinhold. Whitefish Montana: Literary Licensing. 2321: 2202: 2099:

Schumpeter's Vision: Capitalism, Socialism and Democracy After 40 Years

1959: in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. 1917:

financial system, including a whole range of institutions for granting

1914: 1826: 1726: 1686: 1242: 951: 772: 703: 361: 291: 6706:. Library of Economics and Liberty (2nd ed.). Liberty Fund. 2008. 6408: 5916:

Encyclopedia of creativity, invention, innovation and entrepreneurship

5791:

Schumpeter, J.A. (1947). "The Creative Response in Economic History".

4426:. Cambridge, Massachusetts, London, England: MIT Press. Archived from 4109: 2719:, Princeton, New Jersey: Princeton University Press, pp. 99–140, 2324:. Schumpeter was probably the first scholar to develop theories about 2171:

As of 2017 Mark I and Mark II arguments are considered complementary.

1381:, where he remained until the end of his career, and in 1939 obtained 7300: 7212: 7151: 6996: 6748:"Reading Guide 10: Schumpeter, "Capitalism, Socialism and Democracy"" 5084: 3534:

Schumpeter, Joseph A. (May 1935). "The analysis of economic change".

2267: 2223: 2111: 2049:

and to values hostile to capitalism, especially among intellectuals.

2042: 2038: 1735: 1703: 1467: 1282: 1272: 1217: 1041: 976: 820: 568: 375: 307: 295: 150: 6808:"Creative Destruction's Reconstruction: Joseph Schumpeter Revisited" 6656: 5376: 5242:"Gold Standards and the Real Bills Doctrine in U.S. Monetary Policy" 4789:

Opening Doors: Life and Work of Joseph Schumpeter: Volume 2, America

4257: 4224: 4159: 4130: 4101: 4051: 3934: 3859: 3576: 3547: 3518: 3489: 3439: 3410: 3381: 2317:

was his student at Harvard, and he expanded on Schumpeter's theory.

1934: 1587:, but recanted when they thought him likely to accept a position at 7979: 6400: 5618: 5286: 5068: 4356: 4290: 4146:

Schumpeter, Joseph A. (July 1948). "Irving Fisher's Econometrics".

3801: 3764: 2868:. Schriftenreihe d. dt. Volkswirt. Berlin, Germany: Dt. Volkswirt. 2601:. Translated by Aris, Reinhold. New York: Oxford University Press. 2076: 1794: 1556: 1536:

in 1927–1928 and 1930. In 1931, he was a visiting professor at the

1109: 1016: 470: 380: 6542: 4661:

Schumpeter and the Idea of Social Science: A Metatheoretical Study

1681:, Schumpeter thought that the greatest 18th-century economist was 6562:

Prophet of Innovation: Joseph Schumpeter and Creative Destruction

5576: 5174:

Drechsler, Wolfgang; Reinert, Erik; Kattel, Rainer, eds. (2009).

4088:

Schumpeter, Joseph A. (May 1949). "Vilfredo Pareto (1848–1923)".

3117:. United States Chamber of Commerce: 33–35, 88–91. Archived from 2151: 2071:". Thus, the intellectual and social climate needed for thriving 1634:

without major qualifications while others maintain the opposite.

1549: 1533: 1475: 1436: 1405: 1297: 410: 275: 6482:(2000) . "Chapter 10: The Contradictions of Joseph Schumpeter". 3592:

Schumpeter, Joseph A. (May 1946). "The decade of the twenties".

2711:

Schumpeter, Joseph A. (1991), "The crisis of the tax state", in

2420:

Das Wesen und der Hauptinhalt der theoretischen Nationalökonomie

1709:

In this book, Joseph Schumpeter recognized the implication of a

6984: 6270:"Opening ceremony: Schumpeter School of Business and Economics" 6036:

Joseph A. Schumpeter: a theory of social and economic evolution

5745: 5276:

translated from the German by Redvers Opie (1961) New York: OUP

2239: 2067:

and regulatory institutions would evolve non-politically into "

1918: 1545: 1440: 1432: 1309: 5578:

Measuring Democracy: A Bridge between Scholarship and Politics

3825:

Schumpeter, Joseph A. (May 1950). "The march into socialism".

3320:. Neuauflage, Göttingen, Germany: Vandenhoeck & Ruprecht. 2209:. The creation of the report is credited in part to his work. 1493:

as an invited professor. This invitation marked, according to

6879: 1798: 495: 6828:"Can Capitalism Survive? 80 Years After Schumpeter's Answer" 6416:

Davis, Horace B (Winter 1960). "Schumpeter as Sociologist".

6368:

Carayannis, Elias G.; Ziemnowicz, Christopher, eds. (2007).

5654:

Regimes and Democracy in Latin America: Theories and Methods

5528:"Elections Without Democracy: Thinking About Hybrid Regimes" 5507:

Bidner, Chris; Francois, Patrick; Trebbi, Francesco (2014).

5176:

Techno-economic paradigms: essays in honour of Carlota Perez

5151:

Revue Interventions économiques. Papers in Political Economy

3726:

Schumpeter, Joseph A. (March 1949). "Science and Ideology".

2825:. Germany: Archiv für Sozialwissenschaft und Sozialpolitik. 1777:

Schumpeter suggested a model in which the four main cycles,

6316:

Jacobson, Arthur J.; McCormick, John P. (October 1, 2005).

6231:

I've watched the process at work through my entire career,

4908:

Iandoli, Luca; Landström, Hans; Raffa, Mario, eds. (2007).

4314:

Schumpeter, Joseph A. (December 1936). "Review of Keynes's

3234:

Schumpeter, Joseph A. (1969) . Clemence, Richard V. (ed.).

2739:. Germany: Archiv für Sozialwissenschaft und Sozialpolitik. 5893:. Thomson Custom Publishing for University of Wollongong. 3920: 3695:. United States Chamber of Commerce: 33–35. Archived from 1793:(about 4 years) can be added together to form a composite 7354: 4721:

Joseph Alois Schumpeter: The Public Life of a Private Man

2393:Über die mathematische Methode der theoretischen Ökonomie 1568: 5891:

An introduction to economics with emphasis on innovation

5069:"Joseph Schumpeter and the Austrian School of Economics" 4023:

Translated from a speech given in German by Schumpeter,

3056:

Rudimentary mathematics for economists and statisticians

6272:. University of Wuppertal. July 8, 2011. Archived from 4188:

Weltwirtschaftliches Archiv (Review of World Economics)

3269:

Edited from a manuscript by Elizabeth Boody Schumpeter.

3146:

National Bureau of Economic Research (NBER), Conference

2823:

Social classes in an ethnically homogeneous environment

2666:

Das wissenschaftliche lebenswerk eugen von böhm-bawerks

2347:, Germany. According to University President Professor 1677:

Schumpeter's scholarship is apparent in his posthumous

6626:

The Mind and the Market: Capitalism in Western Thought

5948:

Business Review – Federal Reserve Bank of Philadelphia

5173: 4339:

Schumpeter, Joseph A. (June 1941). "Alfred Marshall's

3296:

Schumpeter, Joseph A. (2014). Mann, Fritz Karl (ed.).

2687:. Germany: München und Leipzig, Duncker & Humblot. 2372:

Schumpeter's thoughts inspired the economic theory of

2288:, John Bellamy Foster wrote of that journal's founder 2130:

Schumpeter's view of democracy has been described as "

2031:

Schumpeter's most popular book in English is probably

1365:; February 8, 1883 – January 8, 1950) was an Austrian 6949: 5570: 5568: 4907: 4851:

Opening Doors: The Life and Work of Joseph Schumpeter

3346:. Princeton, New Jersey: Princeton University Press. 3052:

Schumpeter, Joseph A.; Crum, William Leonard (1946).

2957:. Mansfield Centre, Connecticut: Martino Publishing. 2780:

Schumpeter, Joseph A. (1991), "Max Weber's work", in

2445:. New Brunswick, New Jersey: Transaction Publishers. 2254:, at the age of 66, on the night of January 7, 1950. 1548:. Schumpeter also became known for his opposition to 1528:

From 1925 until 1932, Schumpeter held a chair at the

1497:, the "high point of his worldly success". He taught 6367: 5506: 5473:

Barany, Zoltan; Moser, Robert G. (August 27, 2001).

5163:– via journals-openedition-org.translate.goog. 4207:

Schumpeter, Joseph A. (November 1930). "Mitchell's:

1575:

sympathies, but found no evidence of such leanings.

4037: 7061: 6559: 6457: 6208: 5830:. New York: Harper and Roe Publishers. p. 82. 5565: 5468: 5466: 4848: 4630:. Cheltenham: Edward Elgar Publishing. p. 4. 4524: 3970: 3053: 2645:Economic doctrine and method: an historical sketch 2625:Economic doctrine and method: an historical sketch 2599:Economic doctrine and method: an historical sketch 2150:Schumpeter developed Mark II while a professor at 6864:"Papers of Joseph Alois Schumpeter: an inventory" 6580: 6315: 6154:Giersch, H. (May 1984). "The Age of Schumpeter". 2041:that capitalism will collapse and be replaced by 9012: 6211:The Age of Turbulence: Adventures in a New World 4272: 2939:, New York City: McGraw-Hill, pp. 213–222, 2684:Vergangenheit und Zukunft der Sozialwissenschaft 2577:. New Brunswick, New Jersey: Transaction Books. 9161:Presidents of the American Economic Association 7981:Presidents of the American Economic Association 6285: 6283: 5476:Russian Politics: Challenges of Democratization 5463: 5294: 4420:. In Breit, William; Spencer, Roger W. (eds.). 4376:(1.1). American Economic Association: 161–164. 4320:Journal of the American Statistical Association 3887:(3). American Economic Association: 1049–1059. 3565:Proceedings of the Academy of Political Science 3507:Journal of the American Statistical Association 3073:Schumpeter, Joseph A. (1946), "Capitalism", in 2978:(2nd ed.). Floyd, Virginia: Impact Books. 2689:Reprinted by the University of Michigan Library 1670: 9096:Converts to Lutheranism from Roman Catholicism 5025:"The Austrian Tradition: Schumpeter and Mises" 4423:Lives of the Laureates, Seven Nobel Economists 3952:Zeitschrift für die Gesamte Staatswissenschaft 3902:Zeitschrift für die Gesamte Staatswissenschaft 3875:Schumpeter, Joseph A. (September 1982). "The " 3051: 3025: 2568: 2174: 1509:. Columbia awarded him an honorary doctorate. 8833: 7965: 7340: 7047: 6581:Michaelides, Panayotis; Milios, John (2005). 6162:(2). American Economic Association: 103–109. 5689:. Harvard University Press. pp. 183–184. 5440: 5438: 5427:(1st ed.). Harper and Brothers. p. 4627:Schumpeter's Market: Enterprise and Evolution 4351:(2). American Economic Association: 236–248. 4075:(4). American Economic Association: 495–518. 3833:(2). American Economic Association: 446–456. 3734:(2). American Economic Association: 346–359. 3463:(1). American Economic Association: 179–282. 3281:. Fairfield, New Jersey: Augustus M. Kelley. 3238:. Port Washington, New York: Kennikat Press. 2847:. Fairfield, New Jersey: Augustus M. Kelley. 2753:. Fairfield, New Jersey: Augustus M. Kelley. 1884: 1762:. The hero of his story is the entrepreneur. 1334: 6280: 4005:(3). Translated by Muller, Jerry Z.: 57–63. 3236:Essays on economic topics of J.A. Schumpeter 3179:. New York Oxford: Oxford University Press. 3161:. New York Oxford: Oxford University Press. 2309:and former chairman of the Federal Reserve, 6488:(seventh ed.). London: Penguin Books. 6436: 6322:International Journal of Constitutional Law 5757:. WP 24/2012/DE/UECE Working Papers: 2–37. 5472: 4985: 4941:McCraw, Prophet of Innovation, pp. 210–217. 4889:McCraw, Prophet of Innovation, pp. 231–232. 4694:"Joseph A. Schumpeter, Outsider Looking In" 3993:The first 2 chapters of A Treatise on Money 2613:Epochen der dogmen – und Methodengeschichte 2423:. Germany: Leipzig, Duncker & Humblot. 1399: 9176:American people of Moravian-German descent 9091:Austrian people of Moravian-German descent 8840: 8826: 7972: 7958: 7347: 7333: 7054: 7040: 6901: 6478: 6081:. Dubuque, Iowa: Kendall/Hunt Publishers. 6079:Economic systems in historical perspective 5913: 5888: 5834: 5825: 5790: 5741: 5739: 5444: 5435: 5420: 5239: 5198: 5124:. Princeton University Press. p. 48. 5029:Neoclassical Economic Theory, 1870 to 1930 4664:. Cambridge University Press. p. 14. 4565: 4554:popularized the term creative destruction. 4363: 4338: 4313: 4239: 4206: 4181: 4145: 4116: 4087: 4066: 3996: 3949: 3899: 3874: 3845: 3824: 3787: 3746: 3725: 3705: 3682: 3649: 3612: 3600:(2). American Economic Association: 1–10. 3591: 3562: 3533: 3504: 3475: 3454: 3425: 3396: 3367: 3337: 3315: 3295: 3272: 3252: 3233: 3212: 3192: 3174: 3156: 3150:NBER Conference on Business Cycle Research 3143: 3127: 3104: 3085: 3072: 3008: 2992: 2971: 2952: 2930: 2904: 2880: 2863: 2838: 2820: 2803: 2779: 2769: 2744: 2734: 2710: 2692: 2680: 2663: 2642: 2622: 2611:Translated from the 1912 original German, 2596: 2589:Translated from the 1911 original German, 2551: 2534: 2517: 2500: 2487:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher ( 2464: 2440: 2416: 2407: 2390: 2334:International Joseph A. Schumpeter Society 1891: 1877: 1341: 1327: 42: 9201:Naturalized citizens of the United States 6876:"Web Joseph Alois Schumpeter in Memoriam" 6792:"Modern Prophets: Schumpeter and Keynes?" 6333: 6206: 5858: 5852: 5410:. New York City: Praeger. pp. 50–54. 5315: 5158: 5144: 5122:The Economics and Sociology of Capitalism 4999: 4786:Allen, Robert Loring (December 2, 2017). 4718:Stolper, Wolfgang F. (January 15, 2019). 4596: 4594: 4592: 4366:Reflections on the revolution of our time 3344:The economics and sociology of capitalism 3215:Ten great economists: from Marx to Keynes 3195:Ten great economists: from Marx to Keynes 3177:Ten great economists: from Marx to Keynes 3159:Ten great economists: from Marx to Keynes 2786:The economics and sociology of capitalism 2774:. Germany: Der österreichische Volkswirt. 2717:The economics and sociology of capitalism 2443:The nature and essence of economic theory 2410:Das Rentenprinzip in der Verteilungslehre 2019:Learn how and when to remove this message 1648: 1454:and began his career studying law at the 9141:Academic staff of the University of Bonn 7290:Three-component theory of stratification 6832:American Institute for Economic Research 6671: 6502: 6318:"The business of democracy is democracy" 6076: 6033: 5999: 5969:Hawthorn, Geoffrey (February 27, 1992). 5968: 5938: 5646: 5644: 5600: 5598: 5362: 5112: 4751: 4698:American Institute for Economic Research 4692:Ebeling, Richard M. (January 13, 2020). 4657: 4490:. Macmillan International. p. 192. 4483: 4240:Schumpeter, Joseph A. (December 1933). " 3747:Schumpeter, Joseph A. (June 1949). "The 2591:Theorie der wirtschaftlichen Entwicklung 27:Austrian political economist (1883–1950) 9101:Academic staff of Chernivtsi University 9081:Austrian emigrants to the United States 6825: 6642: 6153: 6006:. John Wiley & Sons. p. 1894. 6003:Joseph A. Schumpeter: His Life and Work 5736: 5525: 5405: 5298:; Tsirel, Sergey V. (January 7, 2010). 5254:from the original on September 10, 2005 5145:Dannequin, Fabrice (November 1, 2012). 5022: 4755:Joseph A. Schumpeter: His Life and Work 4717: 4691: 4623: 3685:"There is still time to stop inflation" 3107:"There is still time to stop inflation" 2503:Bemerkungen über das Zurechnungsproblem 2245: 1924: 1431:parents. Both of his grandmothers were 14: 9013: 7295:Tripartite classification of authority 6845: 6750:. Macquarie University. Archived from 6623: 6583:"Did Hilferding Influence Schumpeter?" 6557: 6455: 6180: 5884: 5882: 5215:"Phases of the Marginalist Revolution" 4589: 4572:"$ 200 Laptops Break a Business Model" 3536:The Review of Economics and Statistics 3152:, Chicago: University of Chicago Press 2365:and its European affairs column after 1443:. Schumpeter was a loyal supporter of 1373:in 1919. In 1932, he emigrated to the 9156:Presidents of the Econometric Society 8821: 7953: 7328: 7035: 6745: 6704:The Concise Encyclopedia of Economics 6700:"Joseph Alois Schumpeter (1893–1950)" 6437:Groenewegen, Peter, ed. (2002). "2". 6415: 6386: 6242: 5889:Pol, Eduardo; Carroll, Peter (2006). 5699: 5650: 5641: 5604: 5595: 5574: 5178:. London: Anthem Press. p. 126. 5160:10.4000/interventionseconomiques.1753 5066: 4846: 4819: 4785: 4600: 4522: 4440: 4415: 4364:Schumpeter, Joseph A. (March 1944). " 3060:. New York City London: McGraw-Hill. 2997:, New York City London: McGraw-Hill, 2909:, New York City London: McGraw-Hill, 2893:, New York City London: McGraw-Hill, 2891:The economics of the recovery program 1360: 6710: 6127: 6114:P. A. Samuelson and W. D. Nordhaus, 5424:Capitalism, Socialism, and Democracy 5118:"Introduction: The Man and His Work" 2537:Über das Wesen der Wirtschaftskrisen 2332:, are influenced by Schumpeter. The 2104: 2055:Parliaments will increasingly elect 1957:adding citations to reliable sources 1928: 6826:Ebeling, Richard M. (May 1, 2022). 6786: 6245:"Robert Solow on Joseph Schumpeter" 5879: 5828:Capitalism, Socialism and Democracy 5240:Timberlake, Richard (August 2005). 4460:"Joseph Alois Schumpeter 1883–1950" 4025:Wie studiert man Sozialwissenschaft 3975:(Fall 1991). "Money and currency". 3879:" in economics – fifty years ago". 3683:Schumpeter, Joseph A. (June 1948). 3361: 3105:Schumpeter, Joseph A. (June 1948). 2975:Capitalism, socialism and democracy 2554:Wie studiert man Sozialwissenschaft 2160:Capitalism, Socialism and Democracy 2137: 2034:Capitalism, Socialism and Democracy 1598:Capitalism, Socialism and Democracy 1489:In 1913–1914, Schumpeter taught at 24: 9151:Fellows of the Econometric Society 8850:International Economic Association 6805: 6517:The Encyclopedia of Libertarianism 6360: 6135:. Federal Reserve Bank of Richmond 5939:Nakamura, Leonard I. (July 2000). 5684: 5581:. Johns Hopkins University Press. 5509:"A Theory of Minimalist Democracy" 4828:(2). Accademia Editoriale: 54–67. 4745: 4275:Economics of imperfect competition 4213:The Quarterly Journal of Economics 4119:The Quarterly Journal of Economics 4090:The Quarterly Journal of Economics 4040:The Quarterly Journal of Economics 3848:The Quarterly Journal of Economics 3370:The Quarterly Journal of Economics 3024:See also the English translation: 2083:" (a borrowed phrase to denote an 2075:will be replaced by some form of " 1752:The Theory of Economic Development 1741: 25: 9212: 6812:The Chronicle of Higher Education 6692: 6181:Foster, John Bellamy (May 2008). 5365:American Political Science Review 5203:. London: George Allen and Unwin. 4975:. Bremen, Germany. November 2005. 4752:Swedberg, Richard (May 2, 2013). 4484:Westland, J. Christopher (2016). 3923:Population and Development Review 3217:. San Diego: Simon Publications. 2196: 9181:20th-century American economists 9086:Austrian people of Czech descent 9056:20th-century Austrian economists 7019: 7007: 6995: 6983: 6971: 6959: 6505:"Schumpeter, Joseph (1883–1950)" 6456:Harris, Seymour E., ed. (1951). 4343:: a semi-centennial appraisal". 3973:Swedberg, Richard (introduction) 3081:, Chicago: University of Chicago 2457:Translated by: Bruce A. McDaniel 2341:School of Business and Economics 2212: 1933: 1514:Council of the People's Deputies 1308: 1296: 9166:Austrian expatriates in Germany 9126:American development economists 9111:Government ministers of Austria 6309: 6262: 6236: 6200: 6174: 6147: 6121: 6108: 6095: 6070: 6052: 6027: 5993: 5962: 5932: 5907: 5843: 5819: 5784: 5693: 5678: 5519: 5500: 5414: 5399: 5356: 5331: 5279: 5266: 5233: 5207: 5192: 5167: 5138: 5106: 5060: 5016: 4979: 4962: 4953: 4944: 4935: 4926: 4901: 4892: 4883: 4840: 4813: 4779: 4711: 4685: 4182:Schumpeter, Joseph A. (1927). " 3652:The Journal of Economic History 3615:The Journal of Economic History 3273:Schumpeter, Joseph A. (1989) . 2972:Schumpeter, Joseph A. (2014) . 2953:Schumpeter, Joseph A. (2006) . 2839:Schumpeter, Joseph A. (1989) . 2745:Schumpeter, Joseph A. (1989) . 2250:Schumpeter died in his home in 1944:needs additional citations for 1903: 1559:. In 1939, Schumpeter became a 1450:Schumpeter was educated at the 1404:Schumpeter was born in 1883 in 9116:Historians of economic thought 7063:Historical school of economics 6724:Journal of Economic Literature 6676:. Princeton University Press. 6645:Quarterly Journal of Economics 6602:10.1080/18386318.2005.11681205 6513:Schumpeter, Joseph (1893–1950) 5687:Law, Pragmatism, and Democracy 5479:. Cambridge University Press. 5449:. Cambridge University Press. 5031:. Springer. pp. 201–249. 4988:Cambridge Journal of Economics 4950:McCraw, pp. 273–278, 306–3311. 4724:. Princeton University Press. 4651: 4617: 4559: 4516: 4477: 4452: 4434: 4409: 4332:10.1080/01621459.1936.10502311 3983:(3). The New School: 499–543. 3881:Journal of Economic Literature 3338:Schumpeter, Joseph A. (1991). 3279:Imperialism and social classes 3253:Schumpeter, Joseph A. (1954). 3213:Schumpeter, Joseph A. (2003). 3193:Schumpeter, Joseph A. (1997). 3175:Schumpeter, Joseph A. (1965). 3157:Schumpeter, Joseph A. (1951). 2864:Schumpeter, Joseph A. (1928). 2845:Imperialism and social classes 2821:Schumpeter, Joseph A. (1927). 2804:Schumpeter, Joseph A. (1921). 2770:Schumpeter, Joseph A. (1920). 2751:Imperialism and social classes 2735:Schumpeter, Joseph A. (1919). 2693:Schumpeter, Joseph A. (1918). 2681:Schumpeter, Joseph A. (1915). 2664:Schumpeter, Joseph A. (1914). 2643:Schumpeter, Joseph A. (2012). 2623:Schumpeter, Joseph A. (2011). 2597:Schumpeter, Joseph A. (1954). 2552:Schumpeter, Joseph A. (1915). 2535:Schumpeter, Joseph A. (1910). 2518:Schumpeter, Joseph A. (1910). 2501:Schumpeter, Joseph A. (1909). 2465:Schumpeter, Joseph A. (1908). 2441:Schumpeter, Joseph A. (2010). 2417:Schumpeter, Joseph A. (1908). 2408:Schumpeter, Joseph A. (1907). 2391:Schumpeter, Joseph A. (1906). 2379: 2343:opened in October 2008 at the 1616:historical school of economics 1462:, an economic theorist of the 13: 1: 9171:Austrian expatriates in Japan 9061:20th-century Austrian writers 5918:(Second ed.). Springer. 5714:10.1080/08913811.2017.1458501 5526:Diamond, Larry (April 2002). 4847:Allen, Robert Loring (1991). 4601:Allen, Robert Loring (1991). 4403: 3751:in sociology and economics". 3701:Continued on pp. 88–91. 3257:. London: Allen & Unwin. 2737:The sociology of imperialisms 2336:awards the Schumpeter Prize. 2187: 2097:William Fellner, in the book 1609: 1100:Critique of political economy 758:Critique of political economy 9106:Finance ministers of Austria 9051:20th-century Austrian people 9046:19th-century Austrian people 7235:Methodological individualism 6926:Finance Minister of Austria 6628:(Reprint ed.). Anchor. 6503:Humphrey, Thomas M. (2008). 6464:. Harvard University Press. 6460:Schumpeter: Social Scientist 6243:Thoma, Mark (May 17, 2007). 6156:The American Economic Review 6077:Viksnins, George J. (1997). 5861:The American Economic Review 5651:Munck, Gerardo Luis (2007). 5201:History of Economic Analysis 4487:Global Innovation Management 4446:"Interview with Anne Carter" 4370:The American Economic Review 4345:The American Economic Review 4279:Journal of Political Economy 4069:The American Economic Review 4031: 3958:(4). Mohr Siebeck: 577–593. 3908:(2). Mohr Siebeck: 191–196. 3790:Journal of Political Economy 3753:Journal of Political Economy 3728:The American Economic Review 3255:History of economic analysis 3031:History of Political Economy 2467:Methodological Individualism 2233:History of Economic Analysis 1851:(infrastructural investment) 1770:'s ideas on 50-year cycles, 1719:History of Economic Analysis 1679:History of Economic Analysis 1672:History of Economic Analysis 1632:Austrian School of economics 1150:Periodizations of capitalism 7: 9191:Columbia University faculty 9146:University of Vienna alumni 9131:People from Austria-Hungary 7920:Pinelopi Koujianou Goldberg 6868:Harvard University Archives 6590:History of Economics Review 6291:"Schumpeter: Taking flight" 6034:Andersen, Esben S. (2011). 5826:Schumpeter, Joseph (1942). 5793:Journal of Economic History 5657:. Oxford University Press. 5421:Schumpeter, Joseph (1942). 5199:Schumpeter, Joseph (1954). 5073:Journal of Economic Studies 5037:10.1007/978-94-009-2181-8_6 4912:. Edward Elgar. p. 5. 4389: 3316:Schumpeter, Joseph (1970). 2695:The crisis of the tax state 2641:Reprinted in paperback as: 2175:Cycles and long wave theory 1466:. In 1906, he received his 1371:Finance Minister of Austria 846:Simple commodity production 163:History of economic thought 10: 9217: 9186:Harvard University faculty 7245:National innovation system 6846:Schumpeter, Joseph Alois. 6672:Swedberg, Richard (1992). 6558:McCraw, Thomas K. (2007). 6525:10.4135/9781412965811.n276 6441:. Routledge. p. 203. 6249:Economistsview.typepad.com 6000:Swedberg, Richard (2013). 5575:Munck, Gerardo L. (2009). 4878:Schumpeter Biedermann Bank 4624:Reisman, David A. (2004). 4175: 2866:Das deutsche finanzproblem 2621:Reprinted in hardback as: 1652: 1532:, Germany. He lectured at 1518:Republic of German-Austria 1482:, where he remained until 1155:Perspectives on capitalism 9066:20th-century male writers 8856: 8660: 8493: 8332: 8245:Oliver M. W. Sprague 8171: 8034: 7987: 7778: 7610: 7449: 7366: 7285:Theory of business cycles 7160: 7069: 6931: 6924: 6916: 6911: 6624:Muller, Jerry Z. (2003). 6215:. Penguin Press. p. 5971:"Schumpeter the Superior" 5805:10.1017/s0022050700054279 5674:– via Google Books. 5496:– via Google Books. 4822:History of Economic Ideas 4758:. John Wiley & Sons. 4658:Shionoya, Yuichi (2007). 4647:– via Google Books. 4011:10.1007/s12115-003-1039-3 3660:10.1017/S0022050700065189 3627:10.1017/s0022050700054279 2995:Postwar economic problems 2299:Nicholas Georgescu-Roegen 2257: 2079:". This will exacerbate " 1869: 1637:The Austrian sociologist 1604: 1538:Tokyo College of Commerce 1478:. In 1911, he joined the 1445:Franz Joseph I of Austria 1377:to become a professor at 343: 317: 271: 258:Nicholas Georgescu-Roegen 253: 229: 217: 201: 168: 146: 141: 137: 126: 112: 104: 85: 50: 41: 34: 9196:American anti-communists 9041:Austrian anti-communists 6485:The Worldly Philosophers 6370:Rediscovering Schumpeter 6207:Greenspan, Alan (2007). 5406:Heertje, Arnold (1981). 4855:. Transaction. pp. 4194:(1). Springer: 131–133. 3043:10.1215/00182702-7-3-293 2520:Marie Ésprit Léon Walras 2384: 2313:. Future Nobel Laureate 2280:The Worldly Philosophers 2156:research and development 2061:workers' self-management 1908:In Schumpeter's theory, 1544:economists displaced by 1472:University of Czernowitz 1400:Early life and education 426:Economic interventionism 195:University of Czernowitz 182:Biedermann Bank, 1921–24 8561:Charles P. Kindleberger 8299:Emanuel A. Goldenweiser 7142:Heinrich von Treitschke 6852:Business History Review 6715:Schumpeter: A Biography 6711:Andersen, Esben Sloth. 6674:Schumpeter: A Biography 6183:"Sweezy in Perspective" 5607:The Journal of Politics 4531:. Basic Books. p. 3971:Schumpeter, Joseph A.; 3314:Originally printed as: 3103:Originally printed as: 3079:Encyclopædia Britannica 2907:Economic reconstruction 2569:Schumpeter, Joseph A.; 2354:On September 17, 2009, 2345:University of Wuppertal 2037:. While he agrees with 1369:. He served briefly as 1354:Joseph Alois Schumpeter 1095:Criticism of capitalism 8466:John Kenneth Galbraith 7250:Philosophy of identity 7198:Fictitious commodities 7193:Enlightened absolutism 6990:Business and economics 6768:"Joseph A. Schumpeter" 6372:. Palgrave Macmillan. 6038:. Palgrave Macmillan. 5975:London Review of Books 5304:Structure and Dynamics 5247:. Econ Journal Watch. 4959:McCraw pp. 347 et seq. 2497:and first eight pages. 2307:John Kenneth Galbraith 2169: 2120:democratic backsliding 1715:fiat monetary standard 1711:gold monetary standard 1655:Evolutionary economics 1649:Evolutionary economics 1563:. At the beginning of 1125:Exploitation of labour 836:Primitive accumulation 338:Evolutionary economics 254:Other notable students 9071:Austrian male writers 9026:Innovation economists 7702:Jean-Michel Grandmont 7280:Theory of Bureaucracy 7255:Protestant work ethic 7218:Laspeyres price index 7092:Georg Friedrich Knapp 7082:Johann Gustav Droysen 6806:DeLong, J. Bradford. 6770:. HET. Archived from 5544:10.1353/jod.2002.0025 5217:. HET. Archived from 4416:Tobin, James (1986). 4368:by Harold J. Laski". 3699:on November 29, 2014. 3689:The Nation's Business 3197:. London: Routledge. 3121:on November 29, 2014. 3111:The Nation's Business 2292:, one of the leading 2164: 1910:Walrasian equilibrium 1862:(technological basis) 1760:Walrasian equilibrium 1507:Wesley Clair Mitchell 1460:Eugen von Böhm-Bawerk 1303:Capitalism portal 1115:Culture of capitalism 1070:Capitalist propaganda 826:Industrial Revolution 816:Commercial Revolution 224:Eugen von Böhm-Bawerk 8519:Tjalling C. Koopmans 8132:Herbert J. Davenport 8042:Edwin R. A. Seligman 7751:Robert E. Lucas, Jr. 7721:Jean-Jacques Laffont 7240:Monopoly on violence 7208:Innovation economics 7168:Creative destruction 7127:Gustav von Schmoller 6297:. September 17, 2009 6128:Humphrey, Thomas M. 5532:Journal of Democracy 5296:Korotayev, Andrey V. 5023:Simpson, D. (1990). 4570:(January 25, 2009). 4523:Topol, Eric (2012). 4246:The Economic Journal 4184:The economic problem 3428:The Economic Journal 3318:Das wesen des geldes 2887:Leontief, Wassily W. 2264:heterodox economists 2252:Taconic, Connecticut 2246:Later life and death 2207:creative destruction 2162:, Schumpeter wrote: 2081:creative destruction 2065:industrial democracy 1953:improve this article 1925:Demise of capitalism 1689:, and he considered 1665:creative destruction 1624:Gustav von Schmoller 1554:Franklin Roosevelt's 1456:University of Vienna 1390:creative destruction 1383:American citizenship 1278:Right-libertarianism 1208:Classical liberalism 1175:Venture philanthropy 811:Capitalism and Islam 806:Age of Enlightenment 401:Capital accumulation 330:Economic development 326:Creative destruction 236:Ferdinand A. Hermens 131:University of Vienna 8945:Anthony B. Atkinson 8734:Christopher A. Sims 8633:Arnold C. Harberger 8597:Thomas C. Schelling 8555:Charles L. Schultze 8442:Kenneth E. Boulding 8394:Theodore W. Schultz 7859:Jean-Charles Rochet 7690:Anthony B. Atkinson 7410:John Maynard Keynes 7360:Econometric Society 7183:Economistic fallacy 6858:on October 9, 2016. 6754:on October 25, 2012 6418:Science and Society 6389:Sociological Theory 6335:10.1093/icon/moi049 6276:on October 1, 2011. 6130:"Analyst of Change" 6064:snaccooperative.org 5513:NBER Working Papers 5343:thelatinlibrary.com 5339:"Joseph Schumpeter" 5317:10.5070/SD941003306 4932:McCraw, pp. 337–343 4898:McCraw, pp. 317–321 4430:on August 26, 2003. 4242:Essays in biography 4186:by R. G. Hawtrey". 3749:Communist Manifesto 3027:Henderson, David R. 1968:"Joseph Schumpeter" 1810: 1754:with a treatise of 1695:John Maynard Keynes 1661:Christopher Freeman 1491:Columbia University 1367:political economist 1362:[ˈʃʊmpeːtɐ] 1315:Business portal 431:Economic liberalism 421:Competitive markets 185:Columbia University 9076:Austrian academics 8987:Joseph E. Stiglitz 8867:Gottfried Haberler 8848:Presidents of the 8448:William J. Fellner 8424:Joseph J. Spengler 8412:Gottfried Haberler 8382:George W. Stocking 8376:Morris A. Copeland 8263:Frederick C. Mills 8203:Matthew B. Hammond 8156:Wesley C. Mitchell 8138:Jacob H. Hollander 7636:Franklin M. Fisher 7553:Hendrik Houthakker 7265:Schumpeterian rent 6912:Political offices 6596:(Winter): 98–125. 6480:Heilbroner, Robert 5772:on October 8, 2018 5067:Boehm, S. (1987). 5010:10.1093/cje/ben052 4576:The New York Times 4397:Schumpeterian rent 4244:by J. M. Keynes". 3332:Reprinted in 2008. 3298:Treatise on money 2883:Chamberlin, Edward 2493:Pdf of preface by 2294:Marxist economists 2069:liberal capitalism 1840:(fixed investment) 1805: 1802:specific purpose. 1768:Nikolai Kondratiev 1530:University of Bonn 1480:University of Graz 1379:Harvard University 1075:Capitalist realism 466:Goods and services 446:Fictitious capital 190:University of Graz 178:University of Bonn 173:Harvard University 9136:People from Třešť 9021:Joseph Schumpeter 9008: 9007: 8927:Víctor L. Urquidi 8897:Paul A. Samuelson 8891:Giuseppe Ugo Papi 8885:E. A. G. Robinson 8861:Joseph Schumpeter 8815: 8814: 8770:Olivier Blanchard 8758:Robert J. Shiller 8728:Orley Ashenfelter 8704:Thomas J. Sargent 8651:Dale W. Jorgenson 8585:Joseph A. Pechman 8537:William J. Baumol 8507:Lawrence R. Klein 8501:Franco Modigliani 8418:George J. Stigler 8400:Paul A. Samuelson 8311:Joseph Schumpeter 8221:William Z. Ripley 8215:George E. Barnett 8179:Edwin W. Kemmerer 8102:Walter F. Willcox 8054:Jeremiah W. Jenks 8001:Charles F. Dunbar 7995:Francis A. Walker 7947: 7946: 7938:Eliana La Ferrara 7829:Lars Peter Hansen 7817:Thomas J. Sargent 7727:Andreu Mas-Colell 7696:Hugo Sonnenschein 7654:James A. Mirrlees 7523:Franco Modigliani 7440:Tjalling Koopmans 7398:Joseph Schumpeter 7322: 7321: 7313:Werturteilsstreit 7132:Joseph Schumpeter 7117:Leopold von Ranke 7102:Étienne Laspeyres 6948: 6947: 6932:Succeeded by 6895:Joseph Schumpeter 6882:on March 30, 2010 6746:Kilcullen, John. 6733:on March 27, 2009 6566:. Belknap Press. 5685:Posner, Richard. 5447:Democracy's value 5272:Schumpeter, J.A. 5114:Swedberg, Richard 4799:978-1-351-50152-1 4765:978-0-7456-6870-3 4731:978-0-691-19449-3 4504:on March 10, 2021 4442:McCulloch, Rachel 3340:Swedberg, Richard 2933:Taussig, Frank W. 2782:Swedberg, Richard 2713:Swedberg, Richard 2282:. In the journal 2276:Robert Heilbroner 2105:Democratic theory 2057:social democratic 2029: 2028: 2021: 2003: 1901: 1900: 1825:(inventory, e.g. 1639:Rudolf Goldscheid 1351: 1350: 1170:Spontaneous order 1140:History of theory 783:New institutional 753:Market monetarism 688:Economic theories 521:Supply and demand 456:Free price system 347: 346: 159:Political economy 99:, Connecticut, US 36:Joseph Schumpeter 16:(Redirected from 9208: 8915:Edmond Malinvaud 8842: 8835: 8828: 8819: 8818: 8746:William Nordhaus 8686:Martin Feldstein 8674:Robert Lucas Jr. 8531:Moses Abramovitz 8478:Walter W. Heller 8472:Kenneth J. Arrow 8454:Wassily Leontief 8352:Calvin B. Hoover 8340:John H. Williams 8239:Alvin S. Johnson 8209:Ernest L. Bogart 8126:Henry B. Gardner 8108:Thomas N. Carver 8019:Arthur T. Hadley 7974: 7967: 7960: 7951: 7950: 7914:Orazio Attanasio 7872:James J. Heckman 7867: 7841:Roger B. Myerson 7823:Richard Blundell 7811:Ariel Rubinstein 7800: 7763:Robert B. Wilson 7739:Christopher Sims 7710: 7541:Michio Morishima 7529:Edmond Malinvaud 7475:Wassily Leontief 7386:Harold Hotelling 7380:François Divisia 7349: 7342: 7335: 7326: 7325: 7087:Bruno Hildebrand 7056: 7049: 7042: 7033: 7032: 7024: 7023: 7012: 7011: 7010: 7000: 6999: 6988: 6987: 6976: 6975: 6974: 6964: 6963: 6962: 6955: 6943: 6920:Otto Steinwender 6917:Preceded by 6909: 6908: 6905: 6891: 6889: 6887: 6878:. Archived from 6871: 6859: 6854:. Archived from 6842: 6840: 6838: 6822: 6820: 6818: 6802: 6800: 6798: 6783: 6781: 6779: 6763: 6761: 6759: 6742: 6740: 6738: 6732: 6726:. 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Solow 8873:Howard S. Ellis 8852: 8846: 8816: 8811: 8794:Christina Romer 8692:Daniel McFadden 8656: 8645:D. Gale Johnson 8639:Robert W. Fogel 8627:Anne O. Krueger 8621:Victor R. Fuchs 8603:William Vickrey 8567:Alice M. Rivlin 8549:W. Arthur Lewis 8525:Robert M. Solow 8489: 8484:R. Aaron Gordon 8436:Milton Friedman 8406:Edward S. Mason 8388:Arthur F. Burns 8346:Harold A. Innis 8328: 8317:Howard S. Ellis 8293:I. Leo Sharfman 8287:Joseph S. Davis 8281:Albert B. Wolfe 8275:Edwin G. Nourse 8269:Sumner Slichter 8227:Harry A. Millis 8185:Thomas S. Adams 8167: 8144:Henry R. Seager 8114:John R. Commons 8084:Frank A. Fetter 8078:Henry W. Farnam 8072:Edmund J. James 8060:Simon N. Patten 8030: 7983: 7978: 7948: 7943: 7926:Guido Tabellini 7878:Manuel Arellano 7861: 7853:Bengt Holmström 7835:Torsten Persson 7794: 7774: 7769:Elhanan Helpman 7745:Roger Guesnerie 7733:Takashi Negishi 7704: 7672:Daniel McFadden 7642:J. Denis Sargan 7624:Lionel McKenzie 7606: 7493:Trygve Haavelmo 7445: 7404:Wesley Mitchell 7362: 7353: 7323: 7318: 7260:Rationalization 7178:Double movement 7156: 7122:Wilhelm Roscher 7065: 7060: 7030: 7018: 7008: 7006: 6994: 6982: 6972: 6970: 6960: 6958: 6950: 6944: 6937: 6928: 6922: 6885: 6883: 6874: 6862: 6836: 6834: 6816: 6814: 6796: 6794: 6777: 6775: 6774:on May 17, 2013 6766: 6757: 6755: 6736: 6734: 6730: 6719: 6698: 6695: 6690: 6684: 6657:10.2307/1884847 6636: 6614: 6612: 6585: 6574: 6535: 6496: 6472: 6449: 6380: 6363: 6361:Further reading 6358: 6348: 6346: 6314: 6310: 6300: 6298: 6289: 6288: 6281: 6268: 6267: 6263: 6253: 6251: 6241: 6237: 6227: 6205: 6201: 6191: 6189: 6179: 6175: 6152: 6148: 6138: 6136: 6132: 6126: 6122: 6113: 6109: 6100: 6096: 6089: 6075: 6071: 6058: 6057: 6053: 6046: 6032: 6028: 6018: 6016: 6014: 5998: 5994: 5984: 5982: 5967: 5963: 5953: 5951: 5943: 5937: 5933: 5926: 5912: 5908: 5901: 5887: 5880: 5857: 5853: 5848: 5844: 5839: 5835: 5824: 5820: 5789: 5785: 5775: 5773: 5769: 5750: 5744: 5737: 5702:Critical Review 5698: 5694: 5683: 5679: 5669: 5667: 5665: 5649: 5642: 5603: 5596: 5589: 5573: 5566: 5556: 5554: 5524: 5520: 5505: 5501: 5491: 5489: 5487: 5471: 5464: 5457: 5443: 5436: 5419: 5415: 5404: 5400: 5377:10.2307/2952166 5361: 5357: 5347: 5345: 5337: 5336: 5332: 5322: 5320: 5291:Kondratiev wave 5284: 5280: 5271: 5267: 5257: 5255: 5251: 5244: 5238: 5234: 5224: 5222: 5221:on May 26, 2013 5213: 5212: 5208: 5197: 5193: 5186: 5172: 5168: 5143: 5139: 5132: 5111: 5107: 5097: 5095: 5065: 5061: 5051: 5049: 5047: 5021: 5017: 5001:10.1.1.903.6952 4984: 4980: 4972: 4968: 4967: 4963: 4958: 4954: 4949: 4945: 4940: 4936: 4931: 4927: 4920: 4906: 4902: 4897: 4893: 4888: 4884: 4871: 4869: 4867: 4845: 4841: 4818: 4814: 4804: 4802: 4800: 4784: 4780: 4770: 4768: 4766: 4750: 4746: 4736: 4734: 4732: 4716: 4712: 4702: 4700: 4690: 4686: 4676: 4674: 4672: 4656: 4652: 4642: 4640: 4638: 4622: 4618: 4599: 4590: 4580: 4578: 4564: 4560: 4547: 4545: 4543: 4521: 4517: 4507: 4505: 4498: 4482: 4478: 4468: 4466: 4458: 4457: 4453: 4439: 4435: 4414: 4410: 4406: 4401: 4392: 4258:10.2307/2224509 4225:10.2307/1882530 4209:Business cycles 4178: 4160:10.2307/1907276 4131:10.2307/1881963 4102:10.2307/1883096 4052:10.2307/1885636 4034: 3977:Social Research 3935:10.2307/1972201 3860:10.2307/1879531 3718: 3577:10.2307/1172508 3548:10.2307/1927845 3519:10.2307/2278223 3490:10.2307/1912225 3440:10.2307/2224315 3411:10.2307/2548401 3405:(21): 286–311. 3382:10.2307/1882798 3364: 3354: 3328: 3308: 3289: 3275:Sweezy, Paul M. 3265: 3246: 3225: 3205: 3098: 2986: 2965: 2947: 2917: 2855: 2841:Sweezy, Paul M. 2796: 2761: 2747:Sweezy, Paul M. 2727: 2655: 2635: 2585: 2480: 2479: 2453: 2439:Translated as: 2387: 2382: 2374:Adam Przeworski 2349:Lambert T. Koch 2339:The Schumpeter 2330:Lisbon Strategy 2260: 2248: 2215: 2199: 2190: 2177: 2140: 2107: 2025: 2014: 2008: 2005: 1962: 1960: 1950: 1938: 1927: 1906: 1897: 1871: 1860:Kondratiev wave 1817:Period (years) 1814:Cycle/wave name 1789:(9 years), and 1748:business cycles 1744: 1742:Business cycles 1675: 1657: 1651: 1612: 1607: 1589:Yale University 1522:Alpine Mountain 1499:economic theory 1468:doctoral degree 1464:Austrian School 1426:German-speaking 1422:Austria-Hungary 1420:, then part of 1402: 1357: 1347: 1307: 1295: 1288: 1287: 1193: 1185: 1184: 1160:Post-capitalism 1065:Anti-capitalism 1060: 1052: 1051: 947: 939: 938: 859: 851: 850: 801: 793: 792: 689: 681: 680: 671:State-sponsored 549: 541: 540: 406:Capital markets 371: 336: 332: 328: 324: 322:Business cycles 264: 260: 246: 242: 238: 231: 219: 212:Lausanne School 210: 208:Austrian School 203: 193: 188: 183: 181: 176: 161: 157: 153: 142:Academic career 119: 100: 94: 90: 89:January 8, 1950 81: 75: 73:Austria-Hungary 62: 56: 54: 37: 28: 23: 22: 15: 12: 11: 5: 9214: 9204: 9203: 9198: 9193: 9188: 9183: 9178: 9173: 9168: 9163: 9158: 9153: 9148: 9143: 9138: 9133: 9128: 9123: 9118: 9113: 9108: 9103: 9098: 9093: 9088: 9083: 9078: 9073: 9068: 9063: 9058: 9053: 9048: 9043: 9038: 9033: 9028: 9023: 9006: 9005: 9003: 9002: 8996: 8990: 8984: 8978: 8972: 8966: 8960: 8954: 8948: 8942: 8936: 8930: 8924: 8918: 8912: 8906: 8900: 8894: 8888: 8882: 8876: 8870: 8864: 8857: 8854: 8853: 8845: 8844: 8837: 8830: 8822: 8813: 8812: 8810: 8809: 8803: 8797: 8791: 8785: 8779: 8773: 8767: 8761: 8755: 8752:Richard Thaler 8749: 8743: 8740:Claudia Goldin 8737: 8731: 8725: 8719: 8713: 8707: 8701: 8698:George Akerlof 8695: 8689: 8683: 8677: 8671: 8664: 8662: 8658: 8657: 8655: 8654: 8648: 8642: 8636: 8630: 8624: 8618: 8612: 8606: 8600: 8594: 8588: 8582: 8576: 8573:Gary S. Becker 8570: 8564: 8558: 8552: 8546: 8543:Gardner Ackley 8540: 8534: 8528: 8522: 8516: 8513:Jacob Marschak 8510: 8504: 8497: 8495: 8491: 8490: 8488: 8487: 8481: 8475: 8469: 8463: 8457: 8451: 8445: 8439: 8433: 8427: 8421: 8415: 8409: 8403: 8397: 8391: 8385: 8379: 8373: 8370:Edwin E. Witte 8367: 8361: 8355: 8349: 8343: 8336: 8334: 8330: 8329: 8327: 8326: 8320: 8314: 8308: 8302: 8296: 8290: 8284: 8278: 8272: 8266: 8260: 8254: 8248: 8242: 8236: 8230: 8224: 8218: 8212: 8206: 8200: 8194: 8191:Fred M. Taylor 8188: 8182: 8175: 8173: 8169: 8168: 8166: 8165: 8162:Allyn A. Young 8159: 8153: 8147: 8141: 8135: 8129: 8123: 8117: 8111: 8105: 8099: 8093: 8087: 8081: 8075: 8069: 8066:Davis R. Dewey 8063: 8057: 8051: 8045: 8038: 8036: 8032: 8031: 8029: 8028: 8025:Richard T. Ely 8022: 8016: 8013:Henry C. Adams 8010: 8004: 7998: 7991: 7989: 7985: 7984: 7977: 7976: 7969: 7962: 7954: 7945: 7944: 7942: 7941: 7935: 7929: 7923: 7917: 7911: 7908:Stephen Morris 7905: 7899: 7896:Drew Fudenberg 7893: 7887: 7881: 7875: 7869: 7856: 7850: 7844: 7838: 7832: 7826: 7820: 7814: 7808: 7802: 7789: 7782: 7780: 7776: 7775: 7773: 7772: 7766: 7760: 7754: 7748: 7742: 7736: 7730: 7724: 7718: 7712: 7699: 7693: 7687: 7684:Dale Jorgenson 7681: 7675: 7669: 7666:Amartya K. Sen 7663: 7657: 7651: 7645: 7639: 7633: 7627: 7621: 7618:Hirofumi Uzawa 7614: 7612: 7608: 7607: 7605: 7604: 7598: 7592: 7586: 7580: 7574: 7568: 7565:Leonid Hurwicz 7562: 7556: 7550: 7544: 7538: 7532: 7526: 7520: 7514: 7511:Lawrence Klein 7508: 7505:Marcel Boiteux 7502: 7496: 7490: 7484: 7478: 7472: 7466: 7463:Paul Samuelson 7460: 7457:R. G. D. Allen 7453: 7451: 7447: 7446: 7444: 7443: 7437: 7431: 7425: 7419: 7416:Jacob Marschak 7413: 7407: 7401: 7395: 7389: 7383: 7377: 7370: 7368: 7364: 7363: 7352: 7351: 7344: 7337: 7329: 7320: 7319: 7317: 7316: 7309: 7304: 7297: 7292: 7287: 7282: 7277: 7272: 7267: 7262: 7257: 7252: 7247: 7242: 7237: 7232: 7229:Methodenstreit 7225: 7220: 7215: 7210: 7205: 7200: 7195: 7190: 7185: 7180: 7175: 7173:Disenchantment 7170: 7164: 7162: 7158: 7157: 7155: 7154: 7149: 7144: 7139: 7137:Werner Sombart 7134: 7129: 7124: 7119: 7114: 7109: 7107:Friedrich List 7104: 7099: 7094: 7089: 7084: 7079: 7073: 7071: 7067: 7066: 7059: 7058: 7051: 7044: 7036: 7029: 7028: 7016: 7014:Libertarianism 7004: 6992: 6980: 6968: 6946: 6945: 6935:Richard Reisch 6933: 6930: 6923: 6918: 6914: 6913: 6907: 6906: 6892: 6872: 6860: 6843: 6823: 6803: 6788:Drucker, Peter 6784: 6764: 6743: 6708: 6694: 6693:External links 6691: 6689: 6688: 6683:978-0691042961 6682: 6669: 6640: 6635:978-0385721660 6634: 6621: 6578: 6573:978-0674025233 6572: 6555: 6534:978-1412965804 6533: 6509:Hamowy, Ronald 6500: 6495:978-0140290066 6494: 6476: 6471:978-0836911381 6470: 6453: 6448:978-0415301671 6447: 6434: 6413: 6401:10.2307/202001 6384: 6379:978-1403942418 6378: 6364: 6362: 6359: 6357: 6356: 6328:(4): 706–722. 6308: 6279: 6261: 6235: 6226:978-1594201318 6225: 6199: 6187:Monthly Review 6173: 6146: 6120: 6118:(1998, p. 178) 6107: 6094: 6087: 6069: 6051: 6045:978-1403996275 6044: 6026: 6013:978-0745668703 6012: 5992: 5961: 5931: 5925:978-3319153469 5924: 5906: 5900:978-0170133005 5899: 5878: 5867:(2): 141–145. 5851: 5842: 5833: 5818: 5799:(2): 149–159. 5783: 5735: 5708:(4): 505–529. 5692: 5677: 5663: 5640: 5619:10.1086/701636 5613:(2): 524–538. 5594: 5587: 5564: 5518: 5499: 5485: 5462: 5455: 5434: 5413: 5398: 5371:(4): 819–832. 5355: 5330: 5278: 5265: 5232: 5206: 5191: 5184: 5166: 5137: 5131:978-0691042534 5130: 5105: 5059: 5046:978-9400921818 5045: 5015: 4994:(3): 495–516. 4978: 4961: 4952: 4943: 4934: 4925: 4918: 4900: 4891: 4882: 4865: 4839: 4812: 4798: 4778: 4764: 4744: 4730: 4710: 4684: 4671:978-0521037969 4670: 4650: 4637:978-1845420857 4636: 4616: 4588: 4558: 4542:978-0465025503 4541: 4515: 4496: 4476: 4451: 4433: 4407: 4405: 4402: 4400: 4399: 4393: 4391: 4388: 4387: 4386: 4361: 4336: 4316:General Theory 4311: 4291:10.1086/254595 4285:(2): 249–259. 4270: 4237: 4219:(1): 150–172. 4204: 4177: 4174: 4173: 4172: 4154:(3): 219–231. 4143: 4125:(1): 139–155. 4114: 4096:(2): 147–173. 4085: 4064: 4046:(3): 337–363. 4033: 4030: 4029: 4028: 3994: 3968: 3947: 3929:(3): 499–506. 3918: 3897: 3872: 3854:(2): 149–180. 3843: 3822: 3802:10.1086/256862 3796:(5): 371–382. 3785: 3765:10.1086/256806 3759:(3): 199–212. 3744: 3723: 3722: 3721: 3717:978-1412822749 3716: 3704:Reprinted as: 3680: 3647: 3621:(2): 149–159. 3610: 3589: 3560: 3531: 3502: 3473: 3452: 3423: 3394: 3376:(2): 213–232. 3363: 3360: 3359: 3358: 3353:978-0691003832 3352: 3335: 3334: 3333: 3327:978-3525131213 3326: 3307:978-9076660363 3306: 3293: 3288:978-0678000205 3287: 3270: 3264:978-0415108881 3263: 3250: 3245:978-0804605854 3244: 3231: 3230: 3229: 3224:978-1932512090 3223: 3211:Reprinted as: 3209: 3204:978-0415110785 3203: 3191:Reprinted as: 3189: 3173:Reprinted as: 3154: 3141: 3125: 3124: 3123: 3097:978-1412822749 3096: 3083: 3075:Bento, William 3070: 3049: 3048: 3047: 3037:(3): 293–298. 3006: 2990: 2985:978-1617208652 2984: 2969: 2964:978-1578985562 2963: 2950: 2946:978-0836904352 2945: 2928: 2916:978-1258305727 2915: 2902: 2878: 2861: 2860: 2859: 2854:978-0678000205 2853: 2837:Reprinted as: 2818: 2801: 2800: 2799: 2795:978-0691003832 2794: 2778:Reprinted as: 2767: 2766: 2765: 2760:978-0678000205 2759: 2732: 2731: 2730: 2726:978-0691003832 2725: 2709:Reprinted as: 2690: 2678: 2661: 2660: 2659: 2654:978-1614273370 2653: 2639: 2634:978-1258003425 2633: 2594: 2584:978-0878556984 2583: 2566: 2549: 2532: 2515: 2498: 2461: 2460: 2459: 2458: 2452:978-1412811507 2451: 2434: 2433: 2414: 2405: 2386: 2383: 2381: 2378: 2363:Walter Bagehot 2311:Alan Greenspan 2285:Monthly Review 2259: 2256: 2247: 2244: 2214: 2211: 2198: 2197:Doing Business 2195: 2189: 2186: 2176: 2173: 2139: 2136: 2106: 2103: 2027: 2026: 1941: 1939: 1932: 1926: 1923: 1905: 1902: 1899: 1898: 1896: 1895: 1888: 1881: 1870: 1867: 1866: 1863: 1856: 1855: 1852: 1845: 1844: 1841: 1834: 1833: 1830: 1819: 1818: 1815: 1808:economic waves 1743: 1740: 1713:compared to a 1674: 1669: 1653:Main article: 1650: 1647: 1643:Francis Galton 1628:Werner Sombart 1611: 1608: 1606: 1603: 1585:Paul Samuelson 1474:in modern-day 1418:Czech Republic 1401: 1398: 1394:Werner Sombart 1349: 1348: 1346: 1345: 1338: 1331: 1323: 1320: 1319: 1318: 1317: 1305: 1290: 1289: 1286: 1285: 1280: 1275: 1270: 1268:Ordoliberalism 1265: 1260: 1255: 1250: 1245: 1240: 1235: 1230: 1225: 1220: 1215: 1210: 1205: 1200: 1194: 1191: 1190: 1187: 1186: 1183: 1182: 1177: 1172: 1167: 1162: 1157: 1152: 1147: 1145:Market economy 1142: 1137: 1132: 1127: 1122: 1117: 1112: 1107: 1102: 1097: 1092: 1087: 1082: 1077: 1072: 1067: 1061: 1059:Related topics 1058: 1057: 1054: 1053: 1050: 1049: 1044: 1039: 1034: 1029: 1024: 1019: 1014: 1009: 1004: 999: 994: 989: 984: 979: 974: 969: 964: 959: 954: 948: 945: 944: 941: 940: 937: 936: 931: 929:State monopoly 926: 921: 916: 911: 906: 901: 896: 891: 886: 881: 876: 871: 866: 860: 857: 856: 853: 852: 849: 848: 843: 838: 833: 828: 823: 818: 813: 808: 802: 799: 798: 795: 794: 791: 790: 785: 780: 775: 770: 765: 760: 755: 750: 749: 748: 743: 738: 728: 723: 718: 713: 712: 711: 701: 696: 690: 687: 686: 683: 682: 679: 678: 673: 668: 663: 658: 653: 648: 643: 638: 633: 628: 623: 618: 613: 608: 603: 598: 593: 588: 581: 576: 571: 566: 561: 556: 550: 547: 546: 543: 542: 539: 538: 533: 528: 523: 518: 513: 508: 503: 498: 493: 488: 486:Liberalization 483: 478: 476:Invisible hand 473: 468: 463: 458: 453: 448: 443: 438: 433: 428: 423: 418: 413: 408: 403: 398: 393: 391:Businessperson 388: 386:Business cycle 383: 378: 372: 369: 368: 365: 364: 358: 357: 345: 344: 341: 340: 319: 315: 314: 273: 269: 268: 255: 251: 250: 240:Paul Samuelson 233: 227: 226: 221: 215: 214: 205: 202:School or 199: 198: 170: 166: 165: 148: 144: 143: 139: 138: 135: 134: 128: 124: 123: 114: 110: 109: 106: 102: 101: 95: 93:(aged 66) 87: 83: 82: 78:Czech Republic 63: 52: 48: 47: 39: 38: 35: 26: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 9213: 9202: 9199: 9197: 9194: 9192: 9189: 9187: 9184: 9182: 9179: 9177: 9174: 9172: 9169: 9167: 9164: 9162: 9159: 9157: 9154: 9152: 9149: 9147: 9144: 9142: 9139: 9137: 9134: 9132: 9129: 9127: 9124: 9122: 9119: 9117: 9114: 9112: 9109: 9107: 9104: 9102: 9099: 9097: 9094: 9092: 9089: 9087: 9084: 9082: 9079: 9077: 9074: 9072: 9069: 9067: 9064: 9062: 9059: 9057: 9054: 9052: 9049: 9047: 9044: 9042: 9039: 9037: 9034: 9032: 9029: 9027: 9024: 9022: 9019: 9018: 9016: 9000: 8997: 8994: 8991: 8988: 8985: 8982: 8981:Masahiko Aoki 8979: 8976: 8973: 8970: 8967: 8964: 8961: 8958: 8957:Jacques Drèze 8955: 8952: 8951:Michael Bruno 8949: 8946: 8943: 8940: 8937: 8934: 8933:Kenneth Arrow 8931: 8928: 8925: 8922: 8921:Shigeto Tsuru 8919: 8916: 8913: 8910: 8909:Fritz Machlup 8907: 8904: 8903:Erik Lundberg 8901: 8898: 8895: 8892: 8889: 8886: 8883: 8880: 8877: 8874: 8871: 8868: 8865: 8862: 8859: 8858: 8855: 8851: 8843: 8838: 8836: 8831: 8829: 8824: 8823: 8820: 8807: 8804: 8801: 8798: 8795: 8792: 8789: 8786: 8783: 8780: 8777: 8774: 8771: 8768: 8765: 8764:Alvin E. Roth 8762: 8759: 8756: 8753: 8750: 8747: 8744: 8741: 8738: 8735: 8732: 8729: 8726: 8723: 8720: 8717: 8714: 8711: 8710:Avinash Dixit 8708: 8705: 8702: 8699: 8696: 8693: 8690: 8687: 8684: 8681: 8680:Peter Diamond 8678: 8675: 8672: 8669: 8668:Sherwin Rosen 8666: 8665: 8663: 8659: 8652: 8649: 8646: 8643: 8640: 8637: 8634: 8631: 8628: 8625: 8622: 8619: 8616: 8613: 8610: 8609:Zvi Griliches 8607: 8604: 8601: 8598: 8595: 8592: 8591:Gérard Debreu 8589: 8586: 8583: 8580: 8579:Robert Eisner 8577: 8574: 8571: 8568: 8565: 8562: 8559: 8556: 8553: 8550: 8547: 8544: 8541: 8538: 8535: 8532: 8529: 8526: 8523: 8520: 8517: 8514: 8511: 8508: 8505: 8502: 8499: 8498: 8496: 8492: 8485: 8482: 8479: 8476: 8473: 8470: 8467: 8464: 8461: 8458: 8455: 8452: 8449: 8446: 8443: 8440: 8437: 8434: 8431: 8430:Fritz Machlup 8428: 8425: 8422: 8419: 8416: 8413: 8410: 8407: 8404: 8401: 8398: 8395: 8392: 8389: 8386: 8383: 8380: 8377: 8374: 8371: 8368: 8365: 8364:John D. Black 8362: 8359: 8358:Simon Kuznets 8356: 8353: 8350: 8347: 8344: 8341: 8338: 8337: 8335: 8331: 8324: 8321: 8318: 8315: 8312: 8309: 8306: 8303: 8300: 8297: 8294: 8291: 8288: 8285: 8282: 8279: 8276: 8273: 8270: 8267: 8264: 8261: 8258: 8255: 8252: 8249: 8246: 8243: 8240: 8237: 8234: 8233:John M. Clark 8231: 8228: 8225: 8222: 8219: 8216: 8213: 8210: 8207: 8204: 8201: 8198: 8195: 8192: 8189: 8186: 8183: 8180: 8177: 8176: 8174: 8170: 8163: 8160: 8157: 8154: 8151: 8150:Carl C. Plehn 8148: 8145: 8142: 8139: 8136: 8133: 8130: 8127: 8124: 8121: 8120:Irving Fisher 8118: 8115: 8112: 8109: 8106: 8103: 8100: 8097: 8094: 8091: 8088: 8085: 8082: 8079: 8076: 8073: 8070: 8067: 8064: 8061: 8058: 8055: 8052: 8049: 8048:F. W. Taussig 8046: 8043: 8040: 8039: 8037: 8033: 8026: 8023: 8020: 8017: 8014: 8011: 8008: 8007:John B. Clark 8005: 8002: 7999: 7996: 7993: 7992: 7990: 7986: 7982: 7975: 7970: 7968: 7963: 7961: 7956: 7955: 7952: 7939: 7936: 7933: 7930: 7927: 7924: 7921: 7918: 7915: 7912: 7909: 7906: 7903: 7900: 7897: 7894: 7891: 7888: 7885: 7884:Robert Porter 7882: 7879: 7876: 7873: 7870: 7865: 7860: 7857: 7854: 7851: 7848: 7847:John H. Moore 7845: 7842: 7839: 7836: 7833: 7830: 7827: 7824: 7821: 7818: 7815: 7812: 7809: 7806: 7803: 7798: 7793: 7790: 7787: 7786:Avinash Dixit 7784: 7783: 7781: 7777: 7770: 7767: 7764: 7761: 7758: 7755: 7752: 7749: 7746: 7743: 7740: 7737: 7734: 7731: 7728: 7725: 7722: 7719: 7716: 7715:Peter Diamond 7713: 7708: 7703: 7700: 7697: 7694: 7691: 7688: 7685: 7682: 7679: 7678:Michael Bruno 7676: 7673: 7670: 7667: 7664: 7661: 7660:Herbert Scarf 7658: 7655: 7652: 7649: 7646: 7643: 7640: 7637: 7634: 7631: 7628: 7625: 7622: 7619: 7616: 7615: 7613: 7609: 7602: 7601:Zvi Griliches 7599: 7596: 7593: 7590: 7587: 7584: 7581: 7578: 7577:Gérard Debreu 7575: 7572: 7571:Jacques Drèze 7569: 7566: 7563: 7560: 7557: 7554: 7551: 7548: 7545: 7542: 7539: 7536: 7533: 7530: 7527: 7524: 7521: 7518: 7515: 7512: 7509: 7506: 7503: 7500: 7497: 7494: 7491: 7488: 7487:Kenneth Arrow 7485: 7482: 7481:Richard Stone 7479: 7476: 7473: 7470: 7467: 7464: 7461: 7458: 7455: 7454: 7452: 7448: 7441: 7438: 7435: 7434:Ragnar Frisch 7432: 7429: 7426: 7423: 7422:Jan Tinbergen 7420: 7417: 7414: 7411: 7408: 7405: 7402: 7399: 7396: 7393: 7392:Arthur Bowley 7390: 7387: 7384: 7381: 7378: 7375: 7374:Irving Fisher 7372: 7371: 7369: 7365: 7361: 7357: 7350: 7345: 7343: 7338: 7336: 7331: 7330: 7327: 7315: 7314: 7310: 7308: 7305: 7303: 7302: 7298: 7296: 7293: 7291: 7288: 7286: 7283: 7281: 7278: 7276: 7275:Substantivism 7273: 7271: 7270:Social action 7268: 7266: 7263: 7261: 7258: 7256: 7253: 7251: 7248: 7246: 7243: 7241: 7238: 7236: 7233: 7231: 7230: 7226: 7224: 7221: 7219: 7216: 7214: 7211: 7209: 7206: 7204: 7201: 7199: 7196: 7194: 7191: 7189: 7186: 7184: 7181: 7179: 7176: 7174: 7171: 7169: 7166: 7165: 7163: 7161:Contributions 7159: 7153: 7150: 7148: 7147:Adolph Wagner 7145: 7143: 7140: 7138: 7135: 7133: 7130: 7128: 7125: 7123: 7120: 7118: 7115: 7113: 7110: 7108: 7105: 7103: 7100: 7098: 7095: 7093: 7090: 7088: 7085: 7083: 7080: 7078: 7075: 7074: 7072: 7068: 7064: 7057: 7052: 7050: 7045: 7043: 7038: 7037: 7034: 7027: 7022: 7017: 7015: 7005: 7003: 6998: 6993: 6991: 6986: 6981: 6979: 6969: 6967: 6957: 6956: 6953: 6941: 6936: 6927: 6921: 6915: 6910: 6904: 6900: 6896: 6893: 6881: 6877: 6873: 6869: 6865: 6861: 6857: 6853: 6849: 6844: 6833: 6829: 6824: 6813: 6809: 6804: 6793: 6789: 6785: 6773: 6769: 6765: 6753: 6749: 6744: 6729: 6725: 6718: 6716: 6709: 6705: 6701: 6697: 6696: 6685: 6679: 6675: 6670: 6666: 6662: 6658: 6654: 6650: 6646: 6641: 6637: 6631: 6627: 6622: 6611: 6607: 6603: 6599: 6595: 6591: 6584: 6579: 6575: 6569: 6564: 6563: 6556: 6552: 6548: 6544: 6540: 6536: 6530: 6526: 6522: 6518: 6514: 6510: 6506: 6501: 6497: 6491: 6487: 6486: 6481: 6477: 6473: 6467: 6462: 6461: 6454: 6450: 6444: 6440: 6435: 6431: 6427: 6423: 6419: 6414: 6410: 6406: 6402: 6398: 6394: 6390: 6385: 6381: 6375: 6371: 6366: 6365: 6345: 6341: 6336: 6331: 6327: 6323: 6319: 6312: 6296: 6295:The Economist 6292: 6286: 6284: 6275: 6271: 6265: 6254:September 21, 6250: 6246: 6239: 6232: 6228: 6222: 6218: 6213: 6212: 6203: 6192:September 21, 6188: 6184: 6177: 6169: 6165: 6161: 6157: 6150: 6131: 6124: 6117: 6111: 6104: 6098: 6090: 6088:9780787233761 6084: 6080: 6073: 6065: 6061: 6055: 6047: 6041: 6037: 6030: 6015: 6009: 6005: 6004: 5996: 5980: 5976: 5972: 5965: 5949: 5942: 5935: 5927: 5921: 5917: 5910: 5902: 5896: 5892: 5885: 5883: 5874: 5870: 5866: 5862: 5855: 5846: 5837: 5829: 5822: 5814: 5810: 5806: 5802: 5798: 5794: 5787: 5768: 5764: 5760: 5756: 5749: 5742: 5740: 5731: 5727: 5723: 5719: 5715: 5711: 5707: 5703: 5696: 5688: 5681: 5666: 5664:9780199219902 5660: 5656: 5655: 5647: 5645: 5636: 5632: 5628: 5624: 5620: 5616: 5612: 5608: 5601: 5599: 5590: 5588:9780801896507 5584: 5580: 5579: 5571: 5569: 5553: 5549: 5545: 5541: 5537: 5533: 5529: 5522: 5514: 5510: 5503: 5488: 5486:9780521805124 5482: 5478: 5477: 5469: 5467: 5458: 5456:9780521643887 5452: 5448: 5441: 5439: 5430: 5426: 5425: 5417: 5409: 5402: 5394: 5390: 5386: 5382: 5378: 5374: 5370: 5366: 5359: 5344: 5340: 5334: 5318: 5313: 5309: 5305: 5301: 5297: 5292: 5288: 5282: 5275: 5269: 5250: 5243: 5236: 5220: 5216: 5210: 5202: 5195: 5187: 5185:9781843317852 5181: 5177: 5170: 5161: 5156: 5152: 5148: 5141: 5133: 5127: 5123: 5119: 5115: 5109: 5094: 5090: 5086: 5082: 5078: 5074: 5070: 5063: 5048: 5042: 5038: 5034: 5030: 5026: 5019: 5011: 5007: 5002: 4997: 4993: 4989: 4982: 4971: 4965: 4956: 4947: 4938: 4929: 4921: 4919:9781847203274 4915: 4911: 4904: 4895: 4886: 4879: 4868: 4866:9781412815611 4862: 4858: 4853: 4852: 4843: 4835: 4831: 4827: 4823: 4816: 4801: 4795: 4792:. Routledge. 4791: 4790: 4782: 4767: 4761: 4757: 4756: 4748: 4733: 4727: 4723: 4722: 4714: 4699: 4695: 4688: 4673: 4667: 4663: 4662: 4654: 4639: 4633: 4629: 4628: 4620: 4612: 4608: 4604: 4597: 4595: 4593: 4581:September 21, 4577: 4573: 4569: 4568:Vance, Ashlee 4566:Stone, Brad; 4562: 4555: 4544: 4538: 4534: 4529: 4528: 4519: 4503: 4499: 4497:9781137520197 4493: 4489: 4488: 4480: 4465: 4461: 4455: 4447: 4443: 4437: 4429: 4425: 4424: 4419: 4418:"James Tobin" 4412: 4408: 4398: 4395: 4394: 4383: 4379: 4375: 4371: 4367: 4362: 4358: 4354: 4350: 4346: 4342: 4337: 4333: 4329: 4325: 4321: 4317: 4312: 4308: 4304: 4300: 4296: 4292: 4288: 4284: 4280: 4276: 4271: 4267: 4263: 4259: 4255: 4251: 4247: 4243: 4238: 4234: 4230: 4226: 4222: 4218: 4214: 4210: 4205: 4201: 4197: 4193: 4189: 4185: 4180: 4179: 4169: 4165: 4161: 4157: 4153: 4149: 4144: 4140: 4136: 4132: 4128: 4124: 4120: 4115: 4111: 4107: 4103: 4099: 4095: 4091: 4086: 4082: 4078: 4074: 4070: 4065: 4061: 4057: 4053: 4049: 4045: 4041: 4036: 4035: 4026: 4020: 4016: 4012: 4008: 4004: 4000: 3995: 3990: 3986: 3982: 3978: 3974: 3969: 3965: 3961: 3957: 3953: 3948: 3944: 3940: 3936: 3932: 3928: 3924: 3919: 3915: 3911: 3907: 3903: 3898: 3894: 3890: 3886: 3882: 3878: 3873: 3869: 3865: 3861: 3857: 3853: 3849: 3844: 3840: 3836: 3832: 3828: 3823: 3819: 3815: 3811: 3807: 3803: 3799: 3795: 3791: 3786: 3782: 3778: 3774: 3770: 3766: 3762: 3758: 3754: 3750: 3745: 3741: 3737: 3733: 3729: 3724: 3719: 3713: 3709: 3703: 3702: 3698: 3694: 3690: 3686: 3681: 3677: 3673: 3669: 3665: 3661: 3657: 3653: 3648: 3644: 3640: 3636: 3632: 3628: 3624: 3620: 3616: 3611: 3607: 3603: 3599: 3595: 3590: 3586: 3582: 3578: 3574: 3570: 3566: 3561: 3557: 3553: 3549: 3545: 3541: 3537: 3532: 3528: 3524: 3520: 3516: 3512: 3508: 3503: 3499: 3495: 3491: 3487: 3483: 3479: 3474: 3470: 3466: 3462: 3458: 3453: 3449: 3445: 3441: 3437: 3433: 3429: 3424: 3420: 3416: 3412: 3408: 3404: 3400: 3395: 3391: 3387: 3383: 3379: 3375: 3371: 3366: 3365: 3355: 3349: 3345: 3341: 3336: 3329: 3323: 3319: 3313: 3312: 3309: 3303: 3299: 3294: 3290: 3284: 3280: 3276: 3271: 3266: 3260: 3256: 3251: 3247: 3241: 3237: 3232: 3226: 3220: 3216: 3210: 3206: 3200: 3196: 3190: 3186: 3182: 3178: 3172: 3171: 3168: 3164: 3160: 3155: 3151: 3147: 3142: 3139: 3135: 3131: 3126: 3120: 3116: 3112: 3108: 3102: 3101: 3099: 3093: 3089: 3084: 3080: 3076: 3071: 3067: 3063: 3058: 3057: 3050: 3044: 3040: 3036: 3032: 3028: 3023: 3022: 3020: 3016: 3012: 3007: 3004: 3000: 2996: 2991: 2987: 2981: 2977: 2976: 2970: 2966: 2960: 2956: 2951: 2948: 2942: 2938: 2934: 2929: 2926: 2922: 2918: 2912: 2908: 2903: 2900: 2896: 2892: 2888: 2884: 2879: 2875: 2871: 2867: 2862: 2856: 2850: 2846: 2842: 2836: 2835: 2832: 2828: 2824: 2819: 2815: 2811: 2807: 2802: 2797: 2791: 2787: 2783: 2777: 2776: 2773: 2768: 2762: 2756: 2752: 2748: 2743:Reprinted as 2742: 2741: 2738: 2733: 2728: 2722: 2718: 2714: 2708: 2707: 2704: 2700: 2696: 2691: 2686: 2685: 2679: 2675: 2671: 2667: 2662: 2656: 2650: 2646: 2640: 2636: 2630: 2626: 2620: 2619: 2618: 2614: 2608: 2604: 2600: 2595: 2592: 2586: 2580: 2576: 2572: 2571:Opie, Redvers 2567: 2563: 2559: 2555: 2550: 2546: 2542: 2538: 2533: 2529: 2525: 2521: 2516: 2512: 2508: 2504: 2499: 2496: 2490: 2484: 2476: 2472: 2468: 2463: 2462: 2454: 2448: 2444: 2438: 2437: 2436: 2435: 2430: 2426: 2422: 2421: 2415: 2411: 2406: 2402: 2398: 2394: 2389: 2388: 2377: 2375: 2370: 2368: 2364: 2359: 2358: 2357:The Economist 2352: 2350: 2346: 2342: 2337: 2335: 2331: 2327: 2323: 2318: 2316: 2312: 2308: 2304: 2300: 2295: 2291: 2287: 2286: 2281: 2277: 2273: 2269: 2265: 2255: 2253: 2243: 2241: 2236: 2234: 2229: 2225: 2221: 2213:Personal life 2210: 2208: 2204: 2194: 2185: 2181: 2172: 2168: 2163: 2161: 2157: 2153: 2148: 2146: 2135: 2133: 2128: 2126: 2121: 2115: 2113: 2102: 2100: 2095: 2093: 2088: 2086: 2082: 2078: 2074: 2070: 2066: 2062: 2058: 2053: 2050: 2048: 2044: 2040: 2036: 2035: 2023: 2020: 2012: 2009:February 2019 2001: 1998: 1994: 1991: 1987: 1984: 1980: 1977: 1973: 1970: – 1969: 1965: 1964:Find sources: 1958: 1954: 1948: 1947: 1942:This section 1940: 1936: 1931: 1930: 1922: 1920: 1916: 1911: 1894: 1889: 1887: 1882: 1880: 1875: 1874: 1868: 1864: 1861: 1858: 1857: 1853: 1850: 1849:Kuznets swing 1847: 1846: 1842: 1839: 1836: 1835: 1831: 1828: 1824: 1823:Kitchin cycle 1821: 1820: 1816: 1813: 1812: 1809: 1803: 1800: 1796: 1792: 1788: 1784: 1780: 1775: 1773: 1769: 1763: 1761: 1757: 1756:circular flow 1753: 1749: 1739: 1737: 1733: 1728: 1724: 1723:laissez-faire 1720: 1716: 1712: 1707: 1705: 1700: 1699:David Ricardo 1696: 1692: 1688: 1684: 1680: 1673: 1668: 1666: 1662: 1659:According to 1656: 1646: 1644: 1640: 1635: 1633: 1629: 1625: 1621: 1617: 1602: 1600: 1599: 1594: 1590: 1586: 1582: 1576: 1574: 1570: 1566: 1562: 1558: 1555: 1551: 1547: 1543: 1539: 1535: 1531: 1526: 1523: 1519: 1515: 1510: 1508: 1504: 1503:Irving Fisher 1500: 1496: 1492: 1487: 1485: 1481: 1477: 1473: 1469: 1465: 1461: 1457: 1453: 1448: 1446: 1442: 1438: 1434: 1430: 1427: 1423: 1419: 1415: 1411: 1407: 1397: 1395: 1392:", coined by 1391: 1386: 1384: 1380: 1376: 1375:United States 1372: 1368: 1363: 1355: 1344: 1339: 1337: 1332: 1330: 1325: 1324: 1322: 1321: 1316: 1311: 1306: 1304: 1299: 1294: 1293: 1292: 1291: 1284: 1281: 1279: 1276: 1274: 1271: 1269: 1266: 1264: 1261: 1259: 1258:Neoliberalism 1256: 1254: 1251: 1249: 1246: 1244: 1241: 1239: 1236: 1234: 1231: 1229: 1226: 1224: 1221: 1219: 1216: 1214: 1211: 1209: 1206: 1204: 1203:Authoritarian 1201: 1199: 1196: 1195: 1189: 1188: 1181: 1178: 1176: 1173: 1171: 1168: 1166: 1163: 1161: 1158: 1156: 1153: 1151: 1148: 1146: 1143: 1141: 1138: 1136: 1133: 1131: 1130:Globalization 1128: 1126: 1123: 1121: 1118: 1116: 1113: 1111: 1108: 1106: 1103: 1101: 1098: 1096: 1093: 1091: 1090:Crisis theory 1088: 1086: 1083: 1081: 1078: 1076: 1073: 1071: 1068: 1066: 1063: 1062: 1056: 1055: 1048: 1045: 1043: 1040: 1038: 1035: 1033: 1030: 1028: 1025: 1023: 1020: 1018: 1015: 1013: 1010: 1008: 1005: 1003: 1000: 998: 995: 993: 990: 988: 985: 983: 980: 978: 975: 973: 970: 968: 965: 963: 960: 958: 955: 953: 950: 949: 946:Intellectuals 943: 942: 935: 934:Technological 932: 930: 927: 925: 922: 920: 917: 915: 912: 910: 907: 905: 902: 900: 897: 895: 892: 890: 887: 885: 882: 880: 877: 875: 872: 870: 867: 865: 862: 861: 855: 854: 847: 844: 842: 839: 837: 834: 832: 829: 827: 824: 822: 819: 817: 814: 812: 809: 807: 804: 803: 797: 796: 789: 786: 784: 781: 779: 776: 774: 771: 769: 766: 764: 761: 759: 756: 754: 751: 747: 744: 742: 739: 737: 734: 733: 732: 729: 727: 726:Institutional 724: 722: 719: 717: 714: 710: 707: 706: 705: 702: 700: 697: 695: 692: 691: 685: 684: 677: 674: 672: 669: 667: 664: 662: 659: 657: 654: 652: 649: 647: 644: 642: 639: 637: 634: 632: 629: 627: 624: 622: 619: 617: 614: 612: 609: 607: 604: 602: 599: 597: 594: 592: 589: 587: 586: 585:Laissez-faire 582: 580: 577: 575: 572: 570: 567: 565: 562: 560: 559:Authoritarian 557: 555: 552: 551: 545: 544: 537: 534: 532: 529: 527: 526:Surplus value 524: 522: 519: 517: 514: 512: 509: 507: 506:Privatization 504: 502: 499: 497: 494: 492: 489: 487: 484: 482: 479: 477: 474: 472: 469: 467: 464: 462: 459: 457: 454: 452: 449: 447: 444: 442: 439: 437: 434: 432: 429: 427: 424: 422: 419: 417: 414: 412: 409: 407: 404: 402: 399: 397: 394: 392: 389: 387: 384: 382: 379: 377: 374: 373: 367: 366: 363: 360: 359: 355: 351: 350: 342: 339: 335: 331: 327: 323: 320: 318:Contributions 316: 313: 309: 305: 301: 297: 293: 289: 285: 281: 277: 274: 270: 267: 263: 259: 256: 252: 249: 245: 241: 237: 234: 228: 225: 222: 216: 213: 209: 206: 200: 196: 191: 186: 179: 174: 171: 167: 164: 160: 156: 152: 149: 145: 140: 136: 132: 129: 125: 122: 121:United States 118: 115: 111: 107: 103: 98: 88: 84: 79: 74: 70: 66: 53: 49: 45: 40: 33: 30: 19: 18:Schumpeterian 8999:Kaushik Basu 8969:János Kornai 8879:Erik Lindahl 8860: 8806:Janet Currie 8782:Janet Yellen 8776:Ben Bernanke 8716:Angus Deaton 8661:2001–present 8323:Frank Knight 8310: 8305:Paul Douglas 8251:Alvin Hansen 8197:Edwin F. Gay 8096:John H. Gray 8090:David Kinley 7932:Rosa Matzkin 7779:2001–present 7648:Marc Nerlove 7630:János Kornai 7595:Don Patinkin 7583:W. M. Gorman 7535:Robert Solow 7428:Charles Roos 7397: 7311: 7307:Wagner's law 7299: 7227: 7223:Life chances 7188:Embeddedness 7131: 7112:Karl Polanyi 6925: 6899:Find a Grave 6884:. Retrieved 6880:the original 6867: 6856:the original 6851: 6835:. Retrieved 6831: 6815:. Retrieved 6811: 6795:. Retrieved 6776:. Retrieved 6772:the original 6756:. Retrieved 6752:the original 6735:. Retrieved 6728:the original 6723: 6714: 6703: 6673: 6648: 6644: 6625: 6613:. Retrieved 6593: 6589: 6561: 6516: 6512: 6484: 6459: 6438: 6424:(1): 13–35. 6421: 6417: 6392: 6388: 6369: 6347:. Retrieved 6325: 6321: 6311: 6301:December 19, 6299:. Retrieved 6294: 6274:the original 6264: 6252:. Retrieved 6248: 6238: 6230: 6210: 6202: 6190:. Retrieved 6186: 6176: 6159: 6155: 6149: 6137:. Retrieved 6123: 6115: 6110: 6097: 6078: 6072: 6063: 6054: 6035: 6029: 6019:December 19, 6017:. 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