Alexey Shchusev - Knowledge

505: 475: 1417: 438: 453: 2201:" that were raised in 1937 were, for the most part, justified. Shchusev's workplace ethics were not much different from those of other Soviet architectural bosses, but his treatment of assistants was particularly controversial. Nikifor Tamonkin (1881–1951), one of his closest associates for almost forty years, and a competent architect in his own right, described Shchusev as an unforgiving, disrespectful, ruthless exploiter of "lesser people". "He had zero tolerance to his assistants, especially to me. Due to my peasant roots and sketchy education, he looked at me like an American or an Englishman looks at а "defective" native. This was the most conspicuous and substantial side of his personality." According to Tamonkin, Shchusev treated his wife, children, and his junior brother Pavel just as harshly: in his bipolar world of "important" and "unimportant" people, the family belonged to the second class. 1369: 490: 1831: 44: 1079:. The reasons for choosing Shchusev remain unknown. Dmitry Chmelnizki speculates that, regardless of Shchusev's conservative planning policies, he had already become "the architect closest to the Communist Party elite". The first, temporary, wooden mausoleum was designed overnight and erected in three days, at temperatures reaching −30 °C. Due to a lack of time and resources, Shchusev's original proposal was scaled down to a bare minimum. The resulting makeshift hut was too small for its intended role as a communist shrine; thus in March 1924 Shchusev was commanded to design and build a larger temporary structure that could also function as a 1027: 1381: 892: 1846: 1393: 2122: 1405: 1173: 1039: 1151: 2298: 1691:, Shchusev's trusted deputy at the workshop, joined the "purge frenzy", along with many of his former associates. By the end of September, Shchusev had been dismissed from all his managerial positions; his chair of the 2nd State Workshop passed to Chechulin. The new boss immediately fired those who sympathized with Shchusev, and distributed his ongoing projects to other assistants. Very few people, notably Eugene Lanceray and 2162:, who was hired in 1935 and by 1946 had become the leader of his own design institute. However, most of Shchusev's staff stayed with the firm for decades. Some long-term associates, particularly Eugene Lanceray and Isidor Frantsuz, are well known to art collectors, and their works are usually easily identifiable. Others worked exclusively for the firm and remained unknown; their authorship cannot be reliably ascertained. 5680: 1720:; but, according to Schlögel, its true target was the older generation of established architects, such as Shchusev. Mark Meerovich agrees with the motive, but does not name Alabyan, or any particular person. According to Dmitry Chmelnizki, neither the people behind the attack, nor their motives can be established with any certainty. One possible pretext, mentioned in 504: 879:. Pokrovsky leaned to a "true" recreation of the medieval spirit, while Shchusev was more responsive to Art Nouveau influences. According to Ikonnikov, Shchusev stood above Pokrovsky, due to a combination of his natural intuitive talent, first-hand knowledge of world architecture, and experience in archaeological research. Works by "second-tier" architects such as 2151:, which were then distributed to his assistants for proper drawing. Almost all ink drawings and watercolours published by Shchusev in the 1920s–1940s under his own name were created by others. Shchusev valued fine draftsmanship; a few well executed watercolors could guarantee an applicant a place in Shchusev's firm. This was, for instance, the case with 874: 2113:. According to Chmelnizky, Shchusev performed in Stalinist architecture as brilliantly as he did in Art Nouveau and Constructivism; but this time the superlatives had nothing to do with art. Rather, they marked "the highest degree of compliance with the requirements of censorship", including Shchusev occasionally acting as a censor himself. 818: 1205: 2302: 1117:. The opportunity was lost when the architects replaced most of the porphyry with granite. Shchusev created an illusion that the Mausoleum is made of solid granite blocks, when in reality it is primarily concrete covered with thin granite panels. This third mausoleum, superficially similar to its predecessor, disposed with 1258:; the latter proposal won the contest. Avant-garde groups unanimously condemned "stylistic double-dealing" by both Shchusev and Shchuko. Contempt for Shchusev's indiscriminate "omnivoracity" persisted for decades, even making its way into a 1985 Soviet college textbook. Even Nesterov complained that Shchusev was all about 738:, designed in 1907–1909 and completed in 1910: "the strictly functional floorplan, nearly absolute absence of direct borrowings, and the freedom in the treatment of form foreshadow Shchusev's constructivist buildings... thoroughly modern, in spite of clear allusions to Old Russian architecture". According to biographer 1952:. These projects were planned not at Akademproekt but at a special state-owned workshop for urban redevelopment. The Akademproekt, expanded through the hire of Shchusev's former associates, was overloaded with ongoing projects and new defense contracts. The former included expansion of the Lenin Mausoleum, the new 1102:, supported by local historian Alexey Klimenko, asserts that the Mausoleum was designed solely by Frantsuz. Subsequent research reinstated Shchusev to his rightful place; it is, however, true that during the design process Shchusev often traveled out of Moscow, leaving Frantsuz as the de facto lead architect. 2210:

voices of the professional elite, and often heeded their pleas—even moreso when the advocate was the architect of the Lenin Mausoleum. Prior to 1937, Shchusev never hesitated to use the mausoleum as his trump card; although, after 1937, according to Vaskin, that argument lost its former effectiveness.

2362:

would remain intact, with carefully placed "rays" of boulevards and parks extending from the Kremlin to the suburbs. Shchusev consistently rejected large-scale, all-or-nothing redevelopment ideas, and preferred continuing to build off of the existing city. He often clashed with the city authorities,

1136:

inside, became the symbols of Soviet Moscow, very little is known about the subterranean core of the Mausoleum. As of 2021, its floor plans, structural and vertical layout remain classified. A single 1930 publication revealed that the as-built internal volume of the third Mausoleum encompassed 2,400

2231: 2209:

At the same time, Shchusev often acted as the advocate for the "lesser people" wrongfully persecuted by the communist regime. He was quite effective in this role, owing to his business skill and his first-hand knowledge of the communist leaders, the NKVD chiefs in particular. The NKVD was undeaf to

2109:), he still valued functionality and freedom of composition above exterior decorations. He disposed with his trademark asymmetry but never mastered the new visual code of "superhuman monumentality". Very soon, he lost out to the younger generation of architects, who willfully and sincerely embraced 2344:

assumed control of the New Moscow redevelopment plan sponsored by the communist city council. The planning team emerged as an extension of Zholtovsky's workshop; but by 1922 Shchusev, as the chairman of the Moscow Architectural Society, became the sole leader of the project. Although his staff was

2165:

The back-and-forth, iterative cycle of sketching and drafting allowed Shchusev to explore many alternatives simultaneously, and to keep on improving the design during construction. His completed buildings invariably deviate from the originally approved draft. Shchusev considered himself a builder,

1572:

response to the structural weakness of the former Grand Hotel building, which had been incorporated into the new hotel. The theaters in Novosibirsk and Moscow were less fortunate. The former was completed to Shchusev's exterior design in 1945, losing Grinberg's interior innovations in the process.

1324:

One of Shchusev's last constructivist building in Moscow, the Military Transport Academy, was designed in 1929–1930 and completed in 1934. According to Dmitry Chmelnizki, it was "one of Shchusev's best works... True modern architecture – rational, restrained, serious and finely drawn". Finally, in

294:), as the fourth of five children in the family of a provincial civil administrator. Both his parents died when Alexey was fifteen years old. With the help of older siblings and a scholarship from the Chișinău city council, Alexey and his younger brother Pavel (1880–1957) graduated from the local 1097:

was conspicuously asymmetric, with a circular tribune at the front left corner. The government rejected it and instructed the architects to follow the pattern of the wooden mausoleum. The resulting design, credited to Shchusev, Frantsuz, and interior designer G. K. Yakovlev, was built in sixteen

2065:

in 1946–1948. The minions of these, the most influential entities of Stalin's regime, quite naturally reaped the most Stalin Prizes in technology and architecture. The awards did not make Shchusev invulnerable to unpredictable twists of Stalinist politics. In 1948, when a new smear campaign was

1567:

as joint project managers. By the end of the year, Taut dropped out; and Shchusev assumed full responsibility. The first part of the hotel, modified according to Shchusev's design, was opened in December 1935. The longer, northwestern facade received positive reviews, but the taller and shorter

1551:

In the case of the Moscow Hotel, Shchusev's takeover was publicly explained as being necessary due to the inexperience of Savelyev and Stapran, who had allegedly made too many design errors and failed to correct them. According to Chmelnizki, Savelyev and Stapran were sufficiently competent to

2146:

In the early 1900s, Shchusev rapidly progressed from the role of an individual contractor to that of a charismatic leader of a large professional firm. A skilled draftsman in ink and watercolors, he created his own recognizable drawings himself until around 1914. While working on the Kazansky

943:

Functionally, the terminal was compromised by cost cuts. Although Shchusev preferred a two-storey floorplan for easier separation and distribution of passenger flow, the client insisted on a cheaper single-storey plan. Construction began in 1913 but was interrupted by World War I and the

1583: 1468:

In 1933, the formerly independent architectural firms of Moscow were nationalized and reorganized into ten state-owned workshops. Shchusev was appointed the head of the 2nd State Workshop, a fairly large design firm employing dozens of professional architects and engineers. Some—such as

2635:

The front right corner of the mausoleum has a recessed niche, which is absent from the front left corner. The architect reasoned that visitors, approaching the entrance from the right, should not face a sharp massive corner. Thus, he removed the latter when the construction was largely

851: 1513:

While the competitions for the Palace of the Soviets were still unfolding, Shchusev was instructed to take over ongoing high-profile Constructivist projects, and to redesign and complete them in "neoclassical style". The first three victims of Stalinist "improvement" were the giant

2514: 1912:

exterior. The city hall was surrounded by wildly decorated hotels and outlying wooden tourist lodges with luxurious interiors. The purpose of this fantastic, improbable, yet highly publicized proposal remains unexplained. According to Chmelnizki, it could have been a study for a

2369: 1775:, Shchusev's former client in the Caucasus. Dmitry Chmelnizki speculates that in the autumn of 1937 Shchusev fled Moscow for the Caucasus to appeal directly to Beria, and that Beria indeed helped the architect with the academy contract. When Beria was appointed the chief of the 474: 977: 1137:

cubic metres (85,000 cu ft), suggesting that there already was a spacious underground compound. Further expansion followed in 1939–1946, but the only visible changes, credited solely to Shchusev, were the redesign of Lenin's sarcophagus and the government tribunal.

1876: 2220: 962: 2523:

of German art was secretly deposited in the museum, with Shchusev's consent, in 1948. However, the main purpose of the museum, as envisaged by Shchusev himself, was the recording and archiving of Russian heritage that had been destroyed or damaged during the war.

1210:

adjacent to the Kazansky terminal, was a transitional design that contravened his own warnings. The exterior decor is a coarse imitation of Baroque, intended to blend with the historicist terminal; but the expressive uncluttered floorplan is certainly modernist.

646: 834:. Stalin-era critics avoided references to Art Nouveau altogether, presenting Shchusev's work as an indigenous, patriotic, and "progressive" art. The official brief biography, written in 1948 for an American audience, omitted church designs altogether. 5646: 5601: 1801: 1524: 1315: 707: 672: 1453:, and fairly modest in size. Critics complained that it "did not look like a palace". Shchusev wisely skipped the second, most publicized stage of the contest. His entries in the third and the fourth stages were properly neoclassical but uninspiring. 1228: 1735:

Shchusev disappeared from public and, according to his assistant Irina Sinyova, locked himself in his study in Moscow. The state made no attempt to prosecute him; according to Chmelnizki, the more established architects were usually exempt from the

2010:

in 1949, and built in 1949–1951. The base structure, using then novel all-steel construction, provided for an exceptionally spacious interior. The main Baroque motif echoes the ornamentation of the Kazansky terminal, which was in turn based on the

1320:

and Shchusev. Grinberg stepped aside at an early stage of the project; Shchusev managed the construction personally. Three men of Shchusev's team produced most of the drafts, but only two (Frantsuz and Yakovlev) were credited as junior co-authors.

1237:

in Moscow. This time, he produced two proposals with almost identical floorplans. The first proposal featured a symmetrical neoclassical facade, and was rejected as "outdated". The second was strikingly modernist, leaning more to the works of

5617: 1752:. The government did not denounce the charges made against Shchusev, but tacitly agreed to give him a second chance. The smear campaign instantly waned. In July 1938, Schusev's new workshop was reorganized as the Akademproekt Institute, a 956:, one of the few reliable sources on the inner workings of the Shchusev firm, stayed with it until the end of his life. It took until 1926 to complete and commission the first part of the terminal; the western facade was finished in 1940. 5551: 2242: 1479: 2353:

freshmen, the result was thoroughly conservative, with large territorial expansion into moderately dense suburbs and little intrusion into the old city. Shchusev proposed relocating the national administrative center northwest, to the

2030:, awarded posthumously in 1952. Later, foreign and Soviet authors alike criticized the "floridly overdone" design for its excessive and obtrusive historicism, which, according to Ikonnikov, was inappropriate for a busy transport hub. 2251:. However, Komarovsky and Olsufyev were killed in December 1937 and March 1938, respectively, when Shchusev himself was expecting arrest; Golitsyn perished during World War II. Likewise, Shchusev failed to help Nesterov's son-in-law 608: 701:. Another personal touch, already present in the Pochayiv Cathedral, is the deliberate asymmetry of Shchusev's churches. One facade of the church may look perfectly symmetrical, while the other is distinctly irregular. According to 546: 437: 3208: 1416: 1067:

on Tverskaya Square, the pavilions of the 1923 All-Russian Exhibition of Agriculture and Domestic Industry, and the two temporary Lenin mausoleums of 1924—were not meant to last, and were demolished by the end of the decade.

813: 2280: 2157: 2005: 1812: 1711: 1535: 1501: 923:

styling. He visited old towns to study their extant baroque architecture, and used the knowledge thus gained in his design for the exterior of the new building. The design for the staggered corner tower borrows from the

2714:

in May 1943. Even then, the frontline passed within less than 300 kilometres (190 mi) from Moscow, and around 250 kilometres (160 mi) from Istra. The Red Army had won around one hundred kilometres more in the

2017: 2257: 1490: 1871: 957: 1605: 2401:). Shchusev still deplored the fact that the Americans were replacing art with engineering, and warned against blind imitation of their business practices. At the same time, he commended American technology and 621:

was much debated by architects and preservationists, but was nevertheless approved for construction in 1907. Further debate followed; and in 1908 Shchusev was forced to submit a revised design, with the help of

2213:

The record of Shchusev's advocacy begins with the arrest of Nesterov in 1924; a few days later, Nesterov was released and the charges against him dropped. In 1925, Shchusev appealed for the release of muralist

1449:. Shchusev's drafts, published in 2001, indicate that he had probably anticipated the stylistic revolution as early as 1931. His first entry in the competition, though, was thoroughly modernist, reminiscent of 1092: 628: 1728:. Khrushchev wrote that "all this was reported to Stalin, but Stalin restrained himself and made no move against Shchusev". Alternatively, the persecution could have been provoked by Shchusev's conflict with 262:, Shchusev lost all his executive positions and design contracts, and was effectively banished from architectural practice. Modern Russian historians of art agree that the charges of professional dishonesty, 1747:

quietly awarded Shchusev the contract for the design of the academy headquarters, with sufficient funding to relaunch his design workshop. According to Sinyova, Komarov acted with the prior consent of the

2741:

Vaskin quotes lengthy passages from Tamonkin's memoirs, written after Shchusev's death in 1950. The uncensored manuscript had never been intended for print. After Shchusev's death it was deposited at the

2455: 1289: 243:. He consecutively designed and built three mausoleums, two temporary and one permanent, and supervised the latter's further expansion in the 1940s. In the 1920s and early 1930s he successfully embraced 1682: 2559: 2546: 2437:

in the old main building, which he extended to the north. The "Shchusev wing", completed in 1936, became his last project in the Russian Revival style. Shchusev enjoyed working full-time as a museum

2329:, where he had learnt the art of adaptation to historical environments. His approach to reconciling past and present was similar to that of the younger generation of Italian urbanists, particularly 1233:, and the State Bank in Moscow. All three of Shchusev's proposals were distinctly constructivist, and all three lost to other entrants. In 1928–29, Shchusev lost another competition, to design the 2057:

station (1952, posthumously). According to Chmelnizki, these awards were not indicative of Shchusev's own achievements. Rather, they reflected the influence of Shchusev's ultimate employers – the

1086:

Five years later, the government decided that the concept "had passed the test of time", and awarded Shchusev a contract to design a third, permanent mausoleum. An early proposal by Shchusev and

712:, in the beginning Shchusev merely imitated the irregularities of medieval churches, but soon went beyond what he found in historical sources and elevated asymmetry and irregularity to an almost 1199:. Shchusev expressly warned against superficial imitations of modernist ideas with inappropriate materials and for inappropriate functions. His first building of the constructivist period, the 2363:

arguing against the demolition of historic buildings. By the end of 1925, his preservationist stance had come into disfavour with the government, which replaced him with the far more amenable

1702:, the attack on Shchusev was orchestrated by Alabyan in an attempt to subdue independent professionals who stood in the way of the Union of Soviet Architects. The campaign killed lesser known 452: 391:

Karchevsky House in Chișinău, and later designs for Soviet-era projects built in the Caucasus, Kazakhstan, and Central Asia. In August 1898, Shchusev and his wife started their sixteen-month

2166:

rather than a designer, and never hesitated to change the design, whether from his own or the client's desires. He was equally at home dealing with Orthodox bishops, railway executives, and

1063:

of Moscow's community of old-school architects, and was elected chairman of their association, the Moscow Architectural Society (MAO). His tangible projects of the early 1920s—the 1922–1923

2503: 2492: 1223: 830:

The stylistic classification of Shchusev's churches in Soviet and Russian literature has been heavily influenced by politics. For most of the Soviet period, Art Nouveau was despised as a

641: 1806:

disagrees. According to Vaskin, the hypothesis is "interesting" and "plausible"; but there is very little direct evidence. The only certain fact is that Shchusev was a frequent guest at

2012: 559:

were, to varying degrees, the result of Nesterov's recommendations. In the course of a decade, Shchusev established himself as primarily a church architect, and quickly progressed from

2041:

In the last decade of his life, Shchusev designed and built very few memorable buildings. However, in the same period he amassed an exceptional number of state awards, including four

1756:

nominally charged with the design of various academy projects. In the ten years that followed, Shchusev designed various academy institute buildings in Moscow and the building of the

1200: 2377:

When they did not threaten historic buildings, Shchusev used the latest ideas of European and American planners. He liked the idea of standalone high-rise buildings, as advocated by

755: 464: 3217:, p. 13: The cathedral was not as tall as the nearby Dormition Cathedral. However, its floorplan of 36 by 24 metres (118 by 79 ft) was very large for an Orthodox church. 1519: 1310: 869: 731: 603: 1807: 520:

Upon returning to Saint Petersburg, Shchusev tried to set up an independent practice, but failed to find clients. His fortunes changed in 1901–1902, when his design for a new

911:

were published in 1913. While the 1911 plans tended toward Shchusev's free-flowing church style, the final result was different. Shchusev decided to break the 220 meter long

2364: 2226: 1622:. The project, sponsored and supervised by Beria, was completed in 1938 and instantly became a benchmark of Stalinist architecture. It is distantly reminiscent of the 1913 1677: 1300: 1162: 972: 2252: 2152: 1600: 4073: 1904:. A few months later Shchusev proposed to rebuild Istra into an exclusive winter skiing resort. The new city hall, designed by Lanceray, looked suspiciously similar to 270:

raised against Shchusev were, for the most part, justified. In the following years he gradually returned to practice, and restored his public image as the patriarch of

2078:, Shchusev was not targeted directly; but he nevertheless temporarily lost his control over the Akademproekt. He had to appeal directly to Stalin to have it restored. 352:

to the families of the deceased. A family member accepted his offer, and Shchusev (still an undergraduate student) received his first commission in Saint Petersburg.

2487: 2482:, and used his connections within that organization to free it for the museum. Under Shchusev's management the museum became a refuge for Jews unemployed due to the 2509: 2468: 556: 2425:. Frequent but fruitless competitions that led to infrequent tangible jobs left Shchusev enough free time to, in 1926, accept an offer to manage the nationalized 846: 1921:

facilities near Istra. The city hall was a fantasy meant to deceive, but various lesser, low-cost buildings were not, and several were actually built near the

379:. While the paperwork for the latter was being prepared, he traveled to Chișinău to marry his fiancée, Maria Karchevskaya. He spent the winter of 1897–1898 in 2626:

Porphyry was used only for the black "waistline" into which the contrasting letters ΛЕНИН (LENIN) are inlaid. The rest of the structure is dressed in granite.

1695:, dared to defend Shchusev in public. The magazines released in October reviewed Shchusev's IMEL building favorably but did not mention the architect's name. 5751: 2215: 2033:

In May 1949, Shchusev suffered a heart attack during a brief business trip to Kyiv. He decided to return to Moscow, and a few days later died in a hospital.

667: 2755:

This was an indirect consequence of state payroll policies. The officially-set museum salaries were so meagre that they could only attract social outcasts.

2595:

All four brothers, and their half-sister from the father's first marriage, received complete university-level educations, despite coming from modest means.

1295: 1157: 541: 184:

26 September] 1873 – 24 May 1949) was a Russian and Soviet architect who was successful during three consecutive epochs of Russian architecture –

1996: 1474: 1346: 720: 2385:, but considered them too expensive for the Soviet economy and too hazardous for the existing level of technology. Although in 1924 he declared himself 2275: 1796: 1578: 1284: 739: 702: 623: 1129:. Like Shchusev's churches, the mausoleum is distinctly and deliberately asymmetrical, although the asymmetry escapes the notice of casual observers. 2450: 1706: 1530: 1485: 1087: 599: 2000: 1496: 341: 2237: 2732:

During his tenure with Shchusev, Tamonkin was officially credited as the lead architect of at least two Academy of Sciences buildings in Moscow.

1305:

in Moscow, was conceived in 1928–1929 and completed in 1933. The true authorship of the building's design, which was probably influenced by the

321:

and concentrated on architecture. At about the same time, 1893 or 1894, he designed and built his first tangible project on a private estate in

2498: 1568:

southwestern facade came in for much criticism due to its proportions and conspicuously asymmetric decor. This time, asymmetry was a forced

2405:

as the instruments of mitigating the adverse effects of high-rise construction. His views were evolving, until the 1934 publication of the

750: 459: 1059:, Shchusev stayed in Moscow, collaborating with the Bolshevik authorities on urban planning matters. By 1921, he had become the informal 2473: 1764:. However, the designs for the main building of the academy, which Shchusev worked on until his death, remained a fruitless exercise in 2434: 2225:. When the initial appeal failed, Shchusev arranged a joint petition with fellow artists. In the same year, Shchusev defended painter 306:; he would collaborate with Alexey on bridge projects in Moscow and be the custodian of Alexey's artwork and archive after his death. 43: 2062: 1614:, designed during the same period, would be built in the 1940s, in a simplified, scaled-down form. Shchusev fared much better in the 900: 5168: 1341:, so these hotels were rarely mentioned by Soviet media. It is not possible to trace the beginning of Shchusev's collaboration with 5721: 2654:

Yakir, like Shchusev, was born and raised in Chișinău. Shchusev was well familiar with Yakir's uncle, a respected local physician.

2089:

held in poetry. His religious and modernist heritage was forgotten; instead, the critics emphasized Shchusev's active aversion to "

1897: 663:

setting, was also completed in 1911. Thus, Shchusev joined the small circle of builders of very large structures during this time.

5736: 4955: 1741: 865: 5726: 2334: 1795:. The connection between Beria and Shchusev was rumoured for decades. While Dmitry Chmelnizki takes it for granted, biographer 682: 564: 317:. In his first years at the Academy, Shchusev attended both architecture and painting classes. In 1894, he joined the class of 208: 4204: 251:

when the government deemed modernism inappropriate for the Communist state. He was one of the members of the art association ‘

1368: 1105:

Typically for Shchusev, the approved design changed many times during construction. Initially, Shchusev wanted to dress the

5741: 5136:

Townscapes in Transition: Transformation and Reorganization of Italian Cities and Their Architecture in the Interwar Period

1515: 1306: 1083:

for the use of government officials. The second wooden mausoleum was built in April and opened to visitors in August 1924.

1830: 489: 4082:, p. 51 cites Stalin's letter of 7 August 1932 addressed to Kaganovich, Molotov and Voroshilov, published in 1999.. 2337:

and developed a keen interest in each other's works; Piacentini would refer to Shchusev's architecture until the 1950s.

5585: 769: 744: 1125:; while the second wooden Mausoleum had leaned to simplified neoclassicism, the third was certainly influenced by the 5662: 5534: 5513: 5492: 5471: 5443: 5422: 5182: 5144: 4687: 4522: 1749: 2617:

All sources regarding this episode ultimately trace to Shchusev's own account published in the Soviet Union in 1937.

5684: 1563:

that was a prerequisite to "stylistic improvements". Thus, in April–May 1932 the government appointed Shchusev and

1430: 2684:

by Shchusev (signature cropped out in this scan but well visible in the book) but reliably attributed to Lanceray.

5756: 2743: 2541: 2464: 2054: 1992: 1462: 904: 228: 685:, he carefully avoided rote stylization. Instead of merely copying his sources, he created his own free-flowing 2671:. Regardless of the mobbing campaign, he enjoyed living in the South which gave him temporary physical relief. 1757: 656: 579:

buildings of the period are scarce and, as a whole, are distinctly inferior to his churches. Shchusev's church

528:

was noticed approvingly by fellow architects and the Orthodox clergy. He was appointed as a consultant to the

2803: 1652:, dishonesty, "counter-revolutionary mindset", and "harbouring the enemies of the state". Within a week, the 181: 5593:

Note: The 2007 hardcopy Russian edition cites an invalid ISBN-10. Here, the valid code is referenced to the

2285:

and managed to extricate him from exile. In 1948, Shchusev and Grabar arranged the release of art historian

1744: 857: 572: 216: 4317: 1779:, the Akademproekt became the NKVD's in-house design firm and received contracts for the expansion of the 5731: 5555: 3754:

Vaskin, A. (2013). "Как Мавзолей Красную площадь спас" [How the Mausoleum saved the Red Square].

2402: 2081:

Posthumously, the state awarded Shchusev unprecedented honours. A brief propaganda campaign declared him

1968:, which were standard, unremarkable Stalinist edifices with perfectly symmetrical floorplans and central 348:. Later, according to Shchusev himself, he browsed through the obituaries in a newspaper, and was making 244: 4481: 4479: 5746: 2483: 2317:

Shchusev's conservative views on city planning and redevelopment were influenced by his experiences in

1890: 1788: 908: 907:

in Moscow. Work on the proposal continued for at least three more years; the first relatively complete

575:

tradition. He did not have as much luck in getting lucrative residential and government contracts; his

355:

In 1896, his last year at the Imperial Academy, Shchusev studied old Northern Russian architecture in

4476: 2716: 2098: 1957: 1545: 1260: 989:

In 1914–1916, Shchusev also designed a series of station buildings for the new railroad lines in the

932:, and is at the same time distinctly unique. The clock tower and the clock itself were influenced by 698: 952:

group, fell apart; but Shchusev managed to retain the core of his architectural assistants. Painter

4275: 2358:, thus relieving the city core from the rapidly increasing congestion. Most of the city within the 2023: 1881:. Little is known about Shchusev's other emergency assignments until the erection of the temporary 1294:

in Moscow—were conceived in 1927 and built in 1928. The largest of his constructivist designs, the

360: 310: 114: 1437:, held in four stages in 1931–1933, coincided with the sharp turn of Soviet architecture from the 666:

The first building to display Shchusev's distinct style was the diminutive chapel at the grave of

2174:

asserts that "If I could negotiate with the priests, I would somehow do it with the Bolsheviks" (

1985: 1922: 1669: 1627: 933: 773: 496: 17: 2389:, by 1929 he had changed his mind. This is evident from his patronage of the Russian edition of 967:

was not built until the 1990s. Shchusev's firm also designed adjacent service buildings and the

5133:

Vyazemtseva, A. (2019). "The Transformation of Rome and the Masterplan to Reconstruct Moscow".

1973: 1765: 1753: 1687:, arranged a "unanimous indignation" by its Moscow cell, and expelled Shchusev from the Union. 1596: 1446: 1280: 1122: 1106: 1080: 345: 271: 267: 193: 71: 3328: 1189:

movement. He supported the new school in public, but never allied himself with constructivism

5569: 5453: 2097:

in architecture". Despite all accolades, Shchusev ultimately failed to adapt to the rules of

2090: 1977: 1560: 1434: 1380: 1234: 891: 837:

Late Soviet theory, as outlined by Ikonnikov, placed Shchusev at the evolutionary end of the

725: 2608:

of the Trinity cathedral, shaped like a fortress tower, is distinctly taller than the others

1214:

In 1925, Shchusev took part in three high-profile architectural competitions: to design the

5716: 5711: 5167:

Ovsyannikova, Ye.; Vasilyev, N. (2019). "«Новая Москва» Щусева и историческая застройка ".

2698: 2130: 1859: 1845: 1665: 1186: 925: 384: 274:. The causes of his downfall and the forces behind his subsequent recovery remain unknown. 189: 2085:

most valuable and talented of all Soviet architects, elevating him to the same level that

1026: 801: 8: 5690: 5175:

History of the architecture of Moscow. End of 19th century to the first half of the 19302

2720: 2446: 2418: 2330: 2306: 2086: 1905: 1886: 1792: 1791:, and the Akademproekt concentrated on top-secret research facilities such as the future 1438: 1265: 1196: 1126: 998: 694: 525: 303: 2711: 2442: 1918: 1729: 1717: 1618:

region. In 1933, he won a competition for the Institute of Marx-Engels-Lenin (IMEL) in

1541: 1251: 1110: 945: 929: 330: 295: 232: 1044:

The third (permanent) Lenin Mausoleum. Typically for Shchusev, the two corners of the

540:. Nesterov was impressed, and became Shchusev's patron. Shchusev's contracts with the 416: 5658: 5581: 5530: 5509: 5488: 5467: 5439: 5418: 5178: 5140: 4964:, p. 208, cites a 1943 letter by Kaganovich to his daughter, published in 1996.. 4683: 4518: 2664: 2520: 2430: 2426: 2094: 1953: 1909: 1780: 1721: 1442: 1392: 1056: 920: 831: 660: 560: 248: 2121: 1740:

that ravaged all levels of Soviet society. A few months later, the president of the

1599:

buildings for Moscow, foreshadowing the late Stalinist style of the post-war years.

1465:, but without the cross. Perhaps, Shchusev hopes to add a cross at a later date..." 207:

In the 1900s, Shchusev established himself as a church architect, and developed his

4212: 2386: 2262:

but eventually secured the release of Nesterov's daughter Olga. In 1943, Shchusev,

2183: 2175: 2148: 2126: 2102: 2042: 2027: 1981: 1901: 1688: 1574: 1470: 1247: 1243: 968: 861: 842: 781: 584: 552: 533: 375:. The next year, he graduated from the academy with the right to a state-sponsored 314: 299: 224: 201: 197: 132: 1699: 5594: 5524: 5503: 5482: 5457: 5433: 5412: 5134: 4450: 2579: 2571: 2563: 2550: 2422: 2346: 2341: 2191: 2110: 2075: 2045:: for the IMEL building (1940), the expansion of the Lenin Mausoleum (1946), the 1933: 1863: 1836: 1784: 1772: 1623: 1342: 1172: 1076: 994: 953: 880: 686: 618: 529: 372: 240: 5463: 2390: 2382: 2355: 2310: 2286: 1653: 1510:. The remaining staff formed Shchusev's personal team, a "firm within a firm". 1191: 809: 652: 637:. From 1908 to 1911, the church was rebuilt, according to the revised design. 592: 588: 481: 444: 383:, with Veselovsky, studying and documenting medieval shrines. This exposure to 291: 259: 258:

His career proceeded smoothly until September 1937, when, after a brief public

75: 2180:Если я умел договариваться с попами, то с большевиками я как-нибудь договорюсь 1889:(1941–1942). The "unexpectedly effective" wooden structure strangely combined 5705: 2463:

In the summer of 1945, Shchusev began campaigning for the establishment of a

2374:. Shchusev's master plan was duly approved and then retired to the archives. 2271: 2267: 2046: 1961: 1937: 1692: 1611: 1454: 1404: 1038: 983: 949: 761: 634: 283: 252: 67: 2409:. By this time political pressure had put an end to independent theorizing. 2190:", was more valuable to the regime than the earnest, stubborn neoclassicist 1461:, and was suspicious of Shchusev's motives: "Shchusev's project is the same 2378: 2247:. All three were scions of princely families, and thus easy targets of the 2182:). The Bolsheviks, in return, appreciated Shchusev's willingness to adapt. 2067: 1945: 1673: 1507: 1450: 1239: 1099: 1010: 1002: 990: 349: 326: 103: 99: 1995:

metro station, which was conceived by Shchusev in 1945, fully designed by

812:

in Southern Russia. The last building to be completed before 1918 was the

196:, being one of the few Russian architects to be celebrated under both the 5484:

Blueprints and Blood: The Stalinization of Soviet Architecture, 1917-1937

5170:История архитектуры Москвы. Конец XIX века — первая половина 1930–х годов 2449:

had different plans, and at the beginning of 1929 replaced Shchusev with

2359: 2297: 2263: 2187: 2071: 1914: 1737: 1661: 1639: 1592: 1458: 1133: 993:. Most of the lesser stations followed a standardized design inspired by 785: 690: 568: 521: 388: 318: 220: 212: 185: 5526:

Moscow Monumental: Soviet Skyscrapers and Urban Life in Stalin's Capital

1150: 1075:

to receive the most important commission of his life, the design of the

5695: 2693:

Shchusev's arrival at Istra coincided with the farthest advance of the

2322: 2248: 2167: 1929: 1882: 1839:. Reconstruction of Istra, main square and city hall. Watercolor, 1942. 1725: 1724:'s memoirs, was Shchusev's public compassion for the recently executed 1649: 1564: 1351: 1276: 824: 537: 392: 376: 322: 263: 236: 200:

and the communists, becoming the most decorated architect in terms of

2694: 2540:

Also spelled Schusev (the preferred English-language spelling by the

2350: 2198: 2134: 1867: 1591:

In 1934–1936, Shchusev's workshop proposed a large number of lavish,

1553: 1326: 1215: 1064: 1045: 916: 713: 380: 364: 3732: 2719:

in August–October 1943, and then the frontline stabilized until the

1896:

In September 1942, Shchusev, Lanceray, and their assistants came to

1009:, were styled in Elizabethan Baroque and the Russian version of the 948:. The team of artists and craftsmen, which united almost all of the 5691:

Alexey Shchusev's Constructivist Narkomzem building at galinsky.com

5057: 5055: 4774: 4772: 2050: 1703: 1615: 1557: 1255: 1118: 1114: 356: 3705: 3703: 3595: 3593: 2101:. Although he publicly declared that "The State wants splendor!" ( 1976:

in Moscow, Shchusev applied for the contract to design the future

1195:, which comprised a small group engaged in endless rivalries with 4876: 4874: 4784: 4202: 3830: 3803: 2438: 2318: 2133:. Shchusev is wearing oriental garments that he had brought from 2036: 1969: 1870:. Shchusev decided that the task was technically impossible, and 1657: 1648:

published an exposé by Savelyev and Stapran accusing Shchusev of

1619: 1219: 1072: 1071:

On the night of 22–23 January 1924, Shchusev was summoned to the

1006: 883:

were markedly inferior to those of either Shchusev or Pokrovsky.

805: 793: 408: 400: 368: 287: 5052: 4769: 3791: 3781: 3779: 3777: 3529: 3527: 3525: 1866:

summoned Shchusev to fortify the Lenin Mausoleum against German

1552:

complete their original design; but, like most graduates of the

1337:

in 1938. The recently established Intourist was operated by the

5679: 4735: 4733: 4705: 4703: 4701: 4699: 4610: 4608: 4606: 4234: 4232: 4230: 4049: 4039: 4037: 3700: 3690: 3688: 3686: 3671: 3590: 2668: 2445:, and printing postcards. However, the Commissar for Education 2417:

The 1920s were not as productive for Shchusev as they were for

1965: 1941: 1761: 1644: 1569: 1330: 937: 912: 777: 735: 614: 511: 396: 337: 95: 4871: 4207:[The mystery of the asymmetry of the hotel "Moscow"]. 4012: 4010: 4008: 4006: 3993: 3991: 3978: 3976: 3974: 3972: 3892: 3890: 3888: 3886: 3884: 3871: 3869: 3820: 3818: 3297: 2645:

The decisions were formally announced through Moscow city hall

1972:. In 1947, when the government announced plans to construct a 1325:

1930 Shchusev designed two constructivist hotel buildings for

768:

of Shchusev's churches, and arguably one of the best works of

5414:

Building a new New World: Amerikanizm in Russian Architecture

5232: 5230: 5096: 5094: 5030: 5028: 5026: 4654: 4652: 4409: 4407: 4405: 4109: 4107: 3957: 3945: 3774: 3762: 3522: 3339:(22). Embassy of the Soviet Union to the United States. 1948. 3186: 3184: 2326: 2186:

privately wrote that Shchusev, "a businesslike and pragmatic

1060: 1016: 797: 580: 576: 412: 404: 334: 5633:

Sokolov, N. (1975). "А. В. Щусев" [A. V. Shchusev].

4903: 4901: 4886: 4861: 4859: 4857: 4855: 4853: 4813: 4811: 4745: 4730: 4720: 4718: 4696: 4639: 4637: 4635: 4603: 4593: 4591: 4589: 4587: 4515:

Memoirs of Nikita Khrushchev: Commissar, 1918–1945, Volume 1

4466: 4464: 4462: 4460: 4368: 4366: 4364: 4362: 4294: 4292: 4290: 4265: 4263: 4261: 4259: 4227: 4171: 4169: 4167: 4130: 4128: 4126: 4124: 4122: 4094: 4092: 4090: 4088: 4034: 3683: 3647: 3605: 3343: 3113: 3111: 1820: 5203: 4945: 4943: 4918: 4916: 4682:] (in Russian). Комендант Мавзолея Кирюшин...: Litres. 4284:, p. 374, cites the 1940 book by Shchusev on the IMEL. 4003: 3988: 3969: 3902: 3881: 3866: 3815: 3722: 3720: 3718: 3637: 3635: 3483: 3481: 3479: 3477: 3433: 3372: 3370: 3273: 3239: 3237: 3235: 3159: 3157: 3144: 3142: 3140: 3138: 3086: 3084: 3082: 3080: 2845: 2605: 2479: 2058: 1949: 1787:. After World War II, Beria left the NKVD to supervise the 1776: 1338: 1334: 789: 678: 5371: 5359: 5347: 5335: 5311: 5299: 5227: 5191: 5091: 5079: 5067: 5023: 4999: 4649: 4555: 4543: 4531: 4402: 4390: 4347: 4244: 4104: 3854: 3622: 3620: 3512: 3510: 3508: 3464: 3462: 3460: 3387: 3385: 3309: 3249: 3196: 3181: 3065: 3019: 3017: 2944: 2942: 2940: 2927: 2925: 2923: 2786: 2784: 5111: 5109: 4989: 4987: 4985: 4972: 4970: 4898: 4850: 4828: 4826: 4808: 4796: 4757: 4715: 4632: 4620: 4584: 4574: 4572: 4570: 4496: 4494: 4457: 4359: 4337: 4335: 4333: 4331: 4287: 4256: 4181: 4164: 4152: 4140: 4119: 4085: 3169: 3123: 3108: 3096: 3053: 1132:

Although the building exterior, and the image of Lenin's

595:

complained that they were "neither bold, nor religious".

5265: 5263: 5261: 5259: 5257: 4940: 4913: 4022: 3842: 3715: 3632: 3568: 3566: 3539: 3474: 3367: 3355: 3285: 3232: 3154: 3135: 3077: 3029: 2862: 2860: 1928:

In 1943–1948, Shchusev worked on projects for restoring

1900:, a small war-torn town situated between Moscow and the 1246:, rather than Russian constructivism. The rival team of 784:

in 1908 and completed in 1912. Prior to the outbreak of

749:, the most visually striking is the small church on the 5242: 5215: 4061: 3659: 3617: 3578: 3505: 3493: 3457: 3421: 3409: 3397: 3382: 3261: 3220: 3041: 3014: 2966: 2954: 2937: 2920: 2781: 2429:. During his short tenure at the gallery, he installed 1309:, cannot be resolved. All sources credit its design to 827:

to the dying soldiers and was demolished in the 1940s.

255:’, which existed in Moscow and Leningrad in 1924-1931. 5383: 5323: 5287: 5275: 5106: 5040: 5011: 4982: 4967: 4928: 4838: 4823: 4567: 4491: 4378: 4328: 2896: 2872: 2769: 2116: 1630:, although the connection may be purely coincidental. 1140: 302:. Pavel, like Alexey, would become an architect and a 5254: 3933: 3563: 3551: 2857: 2821: 2274:

jointly appealed to Beria for the release of painter

1960:

in Rome, and Academy of Sciences projects in Moscow,

1358: 868:, and ultimately peaked in the works of Shchusev and 427: 5166: 4320:[The life and deeds of architect Shchusev]. 4203:Рогачев, Алексей; Простаков, Сергей (20 June 2014). 3445: 3002: 2990: 2978: 2908: 2884: 2333:. The two architects had known each other since the 1633: 1573:

The latter was completed to a nondescript design by

886: 617:. Shchusev's controversial five-domed design in the 598:

In 1904, the Holy Synod entrusted Shchusev with the

5635:Мастера советской архитектуры об архитектуре, том 1 5459:

Alexey Shchusev. Architect of Stalin's Empire Style

2833: 2804:"Alexei Shchusev (Șciusev) (1873–1949) | Chisinau" 2292: 2197:The charges of plagiarism and running a "creative 681:(1904–1907). Although Shchusev clearly alluded to 333:. In the same year, Shchusev designed and built a 309:In 1891, Alexey left Chișinău and enrolled at the 1254:went in the reverse direction, from modernism to 640:In 1905, Shchusev was commissioned to design the 591:, did not impress contemporary observers either. 5703: 5641:] (in Russian). Iskusstvo. pp. 150–156. 3927:The history of the Soviet architecture 1917–1954 1345:to these projects; however, as the chief of the 856:. The style, very different from the "official" 780:, which Shchusev designed in collaboration with 2129:, created in June–July 1941, shortly after the 1529:, 1928–1931); the Meyerhold Theatre in Moscow ( 1185:Around 1923–1924, Shchusev embraced the rising 823:, which was built during the war to administer 788:, Shchusev also designed and built churches in 536:with the repairs to the poorly-built church in 422: 415:, where Shchusev studied for six months at the 223:he designed and built railway stations for the 5616: 3836: 3809: 3797: 3785: 3768: 3738: 3709: 3694: 3677: 3653: 3611: 3599: 3533: 2147:terminal, he reduced his involvement to quick 2037:Official accolades and subsequent reassessment 239:, and was rewarded with the contract for the 175: 5752:Full Members of the USSR Academy of Sciences 1908:, at approximately the same size but with a 1548:(Leonid Savelyev and Oswald Stapran, 1931). 1422:The Architects' House in Moscow (background) 915:into an asymmetric row of visually separate 697:, was radically different from contemporary 5132: 4318:""Жизнь и деятельность архитектора Щусева"" 2345:composed of modernist architects, from the 2093:" and his contribution to the creation of " 1664:" to having had contacts with the executed 1660:. New accusations ranged from "anti-soviet 325:. In 1895, he took his first study tour of 5610:One thousand years of Russian architecture 5568: 5452: 5435:Moscow: Governing the Socialist Metropolis 4961: 4907: 4892: 4865: 4790: 4778: 4763: 4751: 4739: 4724: 4709: 4643: 4626: 4614: 4597: 4561: 4470: 4448: 4372: 4311: 4309: 4307: 4298: 4269: 4250: 4238: 4198: 4196: 4175: 4158: 4146: 4134: 4098: 4079: 4055: 4043: 4028: 4016: 3997: 3982: 3963: 3951: 3908: 3896: 3875: 3824: 3726: 3641: 3487: 3291: 3279: 3214: 3163: 3148: 3090: 2790: 2775: 2746:and is currently available to researchers. 1017:Lenin's Mausoleum (1924, 1929–1930, 1940s) 42: 5639:Leading Soviet architects on architecture 5600: 5550: 5209: 4949: 4880: 4817: 4802: 4512: 4488:, "while the blow fell on Okhitovich...". 4315: 4187: 3923:История советской архитектуры (1917–1954) 3860: 3848: 3665: 3626: 3584: 3545: 3516: 3499: 3468: 3439: 3427: 3415: 3403: 3391: 3376: 3361: 3349: 3315: 3303: 3267: 3255: 3243: 3226: 3202: 3190: 3071: 3047: 3023: 2948: 2931: 2902: 2878: 2866: 2827: 1821:Wartime and post-war projects (1941–1949) 1349:communist party organization, Beria was, 841:that emerged around 1880 in the works of 5522: 5501: 4922: 4485: 4067: 3920: 2296: 2141: 2120: 2026:. The design earned Shchusev his fourth 1457:had already made his choice in favor of 890: 730:, the best example of this style is the 5632: 5580:] (in Russian). Прогресс-Традиция. 5248: 5221: 5162: 5160: 5158: 5156: 5128: 5126: 5124: 4673: 4669: 4667: 4444: 4442: 4304: 4193: 2465:museum of Russian national architecture 1178:The Military Transport Academy building 895:The completed Kazansky Terminal in 2019 387:would influence his design of the 1898 235:, Shchusev pragmatically supported the 14: 5704: 5645: 5480: 5431: 5389: 5377: 5365: 5353: 5341: 5329: 5317: 5305: 5293: 5281: 5236: 5197: 5115: 5100: 5085: 5073: 5061: 5046: 5034: 5017: 5005: 4993: 4976: 4934: 4844: 4832: 4658: 4578: 4549: 4537: 4500: 4440: 4438: 4436: 4434: 4432: 4430: 4428: 4426: 4424: 4422: 4413: 4396: 4384: 4353: 4341: 4281: 4113: 3939: 3753: 3749: 3747: 3572: 3557: 3451: 3175: 3129: 3117: 3102: 3059: 3035: 3008: 2996: 2984: 2972: 2960: 2914: 2890: 2851: 2839: 2697:offensive and the early stages of the 2407:Architectural organization of the city 1851:Komsomolskaya-Koltsevaya metro station 1638:On 30 August 1937, at the peak of the 298:and continued their educations at the 5655:Shchusev: The architect of All Russia 5410: 5269: 4674:Voronin, Anatoly (14 December 2019). 4205:"Тайна асимметрии гостиницы "Москва"" 2663:By this time, Shchusev has developed 2204: 2013:17th century church of the Hodegetria 1872:Lenin's body was evacuated to Siberia 1771:The Akademproekt was the creation of 1668:, and multiple counts of intentional 1113:, to create an illusion of a perfect 683:medieval Vladimir-Suzdal architecture 5153: 5121: 4664: 3329:"Russia's Great Architect, Shchusev" 2412: 1991:Shchusev's final major work was the 1333:was completed in 1934, the hotel in 532:, and soon had the chance to assist 4419: 3744: 3321: 2441:, arranging exhibitions, enforcing 2117:Public activities and controversies 1141:Constructivist projects (1923–1932) 1032:The second (wooden) Lenin Mausoleum 760:, conceived as a private museum of 659:, and starkly contrasting with its 367:; and the European architecture of 24: 4449:Chmelnizki, D. (20 January 2020). 1359:Early Stalinist period (1932–1937) 958:The last part of the original plan 814:church of the Brotherhood Cemetery 428:Religious architecture (1900–1918) 25: 5768: 5672: 4517:. Penn State Press. p. 111. 1634:Disgrace and recovery (1937–1938) 887:Railway architecture (1911–1930s) 5678: 5628:] (in Russian). Просвещение. 4506: 2749: 2735: 2726: 2704: 2687: 2674: 2657: 2648: 2639: 2460:, a purely political appointee. 1844: 1829: 1415: 1403: 1391: 1379: 1367: 1171: 1149: 1037: 1025: 503: 488: 473: 451: 436: 219:. Immediately before and during 5722:Burials at Novodevichy Cemetery 5696:Shchusev Museum of Architecture 5564:] (in Russian). Стройиздат. 3914: 2744:Shchusev Museum of Architecture 2629: 2620: 2611: 2598: 2542:Shchusev Museum of Architecture 2313:on a 2023 stamp sheet of Russia 2293:Urban planning and preservation 1858:Shortly after the beginning of 1463:Cathedral of Christ the Saviour 1441:of the 1920s to the monumental 5737:Recipients of the Stalin Prize 5606:Тысяча лет русской архитектуры 5529:. Princeton University Press. 5487:. Princeton University Press. 3929:]. Стройиздат. p. 11. 2796: 2589: 2534: 1893:with mandatory monumentality. 1758:Kazakhstan Academy of Sciences 1750:Council of People's Commissars 1676:, the leader of the Stalinist 1307:Schocken building in Stuttgart 864:, who introduced the ideas of 524:for the main cathedral of the 277: 13: 1: 5544: 5404: 5399: 2680:This is one of many drawings 2107:Государство требует пышности! 1698:According to Hugh Hudson and 1398:The Navoi Theatre in Tashkent 657:Novgorod-Pskov medieval style 583:, influenced by the works of 27:Russian architect (1873–1949) 5438:. Harvard University Press. 5177:] (in Russian). Tatlin. 4211:(in Russian). Archived from 2762: 1410:The IMEL building in Tbilisi 1386:The Novosibirsk Opera facade 1355:, Shchusev's direct client. 1285:compact residential building 655:. The building, executed in 555:families and the charity of 423:Major architectural projects 282:Alexey Shchusev was born in 217:Russian Revival architecture 7: 5742:Academic staff of Vkhutemas 2712:evacuated the Rzhev Salient 2467:. He personally picked the 1275:constructivist buildings—a 860:, was further developed by 689:. This approach, common in 563:to the creation of his own 245:Constructivist architecture 172:Alexey Victorovich Shchusev 10: 5773: 4513:Khruschev, Nikita (2004). 2484:anti-cosmopolitan campaign 1980:, but lost to the team of 1917:, probably related to the 1789:Soviet atomic bomb project 1678:Union of Soviet Architects 1197:other avant-garde factions 1001:. The larger stations, in 973:Alekseevskaya railway line 247:, but quickly reverted to 5417:. Yale University Press. 5064:, pp. 331, 347, 423. 3333:USSR Information Bulletin 2179: 2106: 2099:totalitarian architecture 1958:Palazzo della Cancelleria 1540:, Sergey Vakhtangov, and 1506:—were managing their own 1431:architectural competition 899:In 1911, Shchusev won an 510:Saint Basil monastery in 443:Trinity Cathedral of the 176: 165: 144: 140: 128: 120: 110: 84: 53: 41: 34: 5727:Architects from Chișinău 5657:]. Молодая гвардия. 3921:Bylinkin, N. P. (1985). 2527: 2125:Portrait of Shchusev by 2055:Komsomolskaya-Koltsevaya 1993:Komsomolskaya–Koltsevaya 1656:escalated into a public 1374:The Moscow Hotel in 1966 1098:months in 1929–1930. An 901:invitational competition 772:is the cathedral of the 411:, and then via Italy to 311:Imperial Academy of Arts 177:Алексей Викторович Щусев 136:(1940, 1946, 1948, 1952) 115:Imperial Academy of Arts 5651:Щусев: Зодчий всея Руси 4324:(in Russian) (30 July). 2478:, then occupied by the 2435:heating and ventilation 2399:How Does America Build? 1986:Vyacheslav Oltarzhevsky 1923:New Jerusalem Monastery 903:with his design of the 774:Marfo-Mariinsky Convent 557:Grand Duchess Elisabeth 497:Marfo-Mariinsky Convent 5757:Art Nouveau architects 4793:, pp. 72–73, 155. 4316:Meerovich, M. (2015). 3741:, pp. 92–93, 106. 2854:, pp. 38, 41, 53. 2583: 2575: 2567: 2554: 2510:Alexander Gabrichevsky 2340:In 1918, Shchusev and 2314: 2138: 1766:visionary architecture 1544:, 1930–1931); and the 1516:theatre in Novosibirsk 1447:Stalinist architecture 1107:cast-in-place concrete 905:Kazansky rail terminal 896: 604:twelfth century church 346:Alexander Nevsky Lavra 272:Stalinist architecture 229:Kazansky Rail Terminal 194:Stalinist architecture 180:; 8 October [ 151:2nd Mosproekt Workshop 72:Bessarabia Governorate 5578:Stalin's Architecture 5523:Zubovich, K. (2020). 5502:Schlögel, K. (2014). 5411:Cohen, J.-L. (2021). 4781:, pp. 65, 70–72. 4058:, pp. 45, 47–52. 3306:, pp. 27–28, 35. 2557:(academic spelling), 2300: 2142:Work style and ethics 2124: 2061:in 1938–1946 and the 1974:series of skyscrapers 1919:military intelligence 1561:visual arts education 1435:Palace of the Soviets 1201:railway workers' club 894: 847:Abramtsevo art colony 732:Saint Basil Monastery 342:Russo-Byzantine style 231:in Moscow. After the 211:style, which blended 188:(broadly construed), 5687:at Wikimedia Commons 4883:, pp. 175, 177. 2699:Battle of Stalingrad 2469:former Talyzin House 2335:1911 Rome Exhibition 1860:Operation Barbarossa 1666:Mikhail Tukhachevsky 1518:(original design by 1484:, and the tandem of 934:St Mark's Clocktower 385:Islamic architecture 227:family, notably the 5574:Архитектура Сталина 5481:Hudson, H. (2015). 5432:Colton, T. (1995). 5380:, pp. 421–422. 5368:, pp. 427–417. 5356:, pp. 418–421. 5344:, pp. 419–420. 5320:, pp. 261–266. 5308:, pp. 262–263. 5239:, pp. 228–230. 5200:, pp. 225–227. 5103:, pp. 423–426. 5088:, pp. 424–426. 5076:, pp. 423–424. 5037:, pp. 422–423. 5008:, pp. 398–402. 4661:, pp. 331–332. 4552:, pp. 327–329. 4540:, pp. 307–308. 4416:, pp. 326–327. 4399:, pp. 319–323. 4356:, pp. 309–315. 4116:, pp. 284–285. 3966:, pp. 37, 151. 3954:, pp. 150–151. 3839:, pp. 121–122. 3837:Khan-Magomedov 1972 3812:, pp. 111–112. 3810:Khan-Magomedov 1972 3798:Khan-Magomedov 1972 3786:Khan-Magomedov 1972 3769:Khan-Magomedov 1972 3739:Khan-Magomedov 1972 3710:Khan-Magomedov 1972 3695:Khan-Magomedov 1972 3678:Khan-Magomedov 1972 3654:Khan-Magomedov 1972 3612:Khan-Magomedov 1972 3600:Khan-Magomedov 1972 3534:Khan-Magomedov 1972 3352:, pp. 340–341. 3178:, pp. 114–115. 3132:, pp. 338–339. 3120:, pp. 340–341. 3105:, pp. 110–114. 3062:, pp. 104–110. 2717:Smolensk offensives 2447:Anatoly Lunacharsky 2419:Konstantin Melnikov 2331:Marcello Piacentini 2307:Sergius of Radonezh 2216:Vladimir Komarovsky 2087:Vladimir Mayakovsky 1906:Stockholm City Hall 1793:Kurchatov Institute 1742:Academy of Sciences 1612:theater in Tashkent 1127:Russian avant-garde 999:Elizabethan Baroque 946:revolutions of 1917 866:Finnish Art Nouveau 770:Russian Art Nouveau 699:revivalist practice 693:and in the nascent 668:Natalya Shabelskaya 526:Kyiv Pechersk Lavra 290:, then part of the 5732:Russian architects 5618:Khan-Magomedov, S. 4215:on 10 January 2022 4046:, pp. 43, 45. 3800:, pp. 99–104. 3442:, pp. 44, 70. 3038:, pp. 93–104. 2443:catalog procedures 2315: 2236:and art historian 2205:Political advocacy 2170:. An often quoted 2139: 1730:Vyacheslav Molotov 1718:Mikhail Okhitovich 1610:would be built. A 1597:utterly improbable 1556:, they lacked the 1542:Vsevolod Meyerhold 1520:Alexander Grinberg 1311:Alexander Grinberg 1296:Narkomzem Building 1252:Vladimir Helfreich 1158:Narkomzem building 991:Upper Volga region 986:for the terminal. 930:Borovitskaya Tower 897: 870:Vladimir Pokrovsky 331:Nikolay Veselovsky 233:October Revolution 5747:Soviet architects 5698:official website. 5683:Media related to 5626:Lenin's Mausoleum 5612:]. Iskusstvo. 5597: 5212:, pp. 60–61. 4754:, pp. 70–71. 4742:, pp. 68–69. 4712:, pp. 67–68. 4617:, pp. 64–65. 4241:, pp. 60–61. 4019:, pp. 40–42. 4000:, pp. 38–39. 3985:, pp. 37–38. 3911:, pp. 36–37. 3899:, pp. 33–37. 3878:, pp. 29–32. 3863:, pp. 80–81. 3827:, pp. 26–27. 3712:, pp. 93–94. 3680:, pp. 47–48. 3602:, pp. 61–62. 3318:, pp. 28–30. 3282:, pp. 14–15. 3258:, pp. 27–28. 3205:, pp. 21–22. 3193:, pp. 18–21. 3074:, pp. 14–16. 2975:, pp. 82–85. 2963:, pp. 86–87. 2665:diabetes mellitus 2521:Baldin Collection 2431:electrical wiring 2427:Tretyakov Gallery 2413:Museum management 2395:Wie Baut Amerika? 2301:Shchusev and the 2227:Vladimir Golitsyn 2168:Bolshevik leaders 2095:socialist realism 1997:Alisa Zabolotnaya 1956:styled after the 1954:Lubyanka Building 1910:Naryshkin Baroque 1808:Beria's residence 1781:Lubyanka Building 1722:Nikita Khrushchev 1475:Alexey Rukhlyadev 1271:Shchusev's first 1224:Central Telegraph 1057:Russian Civil War 982:that serves as a 921:Naryshkin Baroque 832:decadent movement 751:Natalievka estate 721:Dmitry Chmelnizki 661:Ukrainian Baroque 495:Cathedral of the 329:, with professor 169: 168: 104:Soviet Union 16:(Redirected from 5764: 5682: 5668: 5642: 5629: 5613: 5592: 5591: 5565: 5540: 5519: 5498: 5477: 5449: 5428: 5393: 5387: 5381: 5375: 5369: 5363: 5357: 5351: 5345: 5339: 5333: 5327: 5321: 5315: 5309: 5303: 5297: 5291: 5285: 5279: 5273: 5267: 5252: 5246: 5240: 5234: 5225: 5219: 5213: 5207: 5201: 5195: 5189: 5188: 5164: 5151: 5150: 5130: 5119: 5113: 5104: 5098: 5089: 5083: 5077: 5071: 5065: 5059: 5050: 5044: 5038: 5032: 5021: 5015: 5009: 5003: 4997: 4991: 4980: 4974: 4965: 4959: 4953: 4947: 4938: 4932: 4926: 4920: 4911: 4905: 4896: 4895:, p. 74–75. 4890: 4884: 4878: 4869: 4863: 4848: 4842: 4836: 4830: 4821: 4815: 4806: 4800: 4794: 4788: 4782: 4776: 4767: 4761: 4755: 4749: 4743: 4737: 4728: 4722: 4713: 4707: 4694: 4693: 4671: 4662: 4656: 4647: 4641: 4630: 4624: 4618: 4612: 4601: 4595: 4582: 4576: 4565: 4559: 4553: 4547: 4541: 4535: 4529: 4528: 4510: 4504: 4498: 4489: 4483: 4474: 4468: 4455: 4454: 4451:"Загадки Щусева" 4446: 4417: 4411: 4400: 4394: 4388: 4382: 4376: 4370: 4357: 4351: 4345: 4339: 4326: 4325: 4313: 4302: 4296: 4285: 4279: 4273: 4267: 4254: 4248: 4242: 4236: 4225: 4224: 4222: 4220: 4200: 4191: 4185: 4179: 4173: 4162: 4156: 4150: 4144: 4138: 4132: 4117: 4111: 4102: 4096: 4083: 4077: 4071: 4065: 4059: 4053: 4047: 4041: 4032: 4026: 4020: 4014: 4001: 3995: 3986: 3980: 3967: 3961: 3955: 3949: 3943: 3937: 3931: 3930: 3918: 3912: 3906: 3900: 3894: 3879: 3873: 3864: 3858: 3852: 3846: 3840: 3834: 3828: 3822: 3813: 3807: 3801: 3795: 3789: 3783: 3772: 3766: 3760: 3759: 3751: 3742: 3736: 3730: 3724: 3713: 3707: 3698: 3692: 3681: 3675: 3669: 3663: 3657: 3651: 3645: 3639: 3630: 3624: 3615: 3609: 3603: 3597: 3588: 3582: 3576: 3570: 3561: 3555: 3549: 3543: 3537: 3531: 3520: 3514: 3503: 3497: 3491: 3485: 3472: 3466: 3455: 3449: 3443: 3437: 3431: 3425: 3419: 3413: 3407: 3401: 3395: 3389: 3380: 3374: 3365: 3359: 3353: 3347: 3341: 3340: 3325: 3319: 3313: 3307: 3301: 3295: 3289: 3283: 3277: 3271: 3265: 3259: 3253: 3247: 3241: 3230: 3224: 3218: 3212: 3206: 3200: 3194: 3188: 3179: 3173: 3167: 3161: 3152: 3146: 3133: 3127: 3121: 3115: 3106: 3100: 3094: 3088: 3075: 3069: 3063: 3057: 3051: 3045: 3039: 3033: 3027: 3021: 3012: 3006: 3000: 2994: 2988: 2982: 2976: 2970: 2964: 2958: 2952: 2946: 2935: 2929: 2918: 2912: 2906: 2900: 2894: 2888: 2882: 2876: 2870: 2864: 2855: 2849: 2843: 2837: 2831: 2825: 2819: 2818: 2816: 2814: 2800: 2794: 2788: 2779: 2773: 2756: 2753: 2747: 2739: 2733: 2730: 2724: 2708: 2702: 2691: 2685: 2678: 2672: 2661: 2655: 2652: 2646: 2643: 2637: 2633: 2627: 2624: 2618: 2615: 2609: 2602: 2596: 2593: 2587: 2562: 2549: 2538: 2518: 2507: 2496: 2477: 2459: 2387:anti-Americanist 2373: 2365:Sergey Shestakov 2284: 2276:Pyotr Neradovsky 2261: 2253:Victor Schroeter 2246: 2235: 2224: 2184:Lazar Kaganovich 2181: 2161: 2153:Mikhail Posokhin 2127:Mikhail Nesterov 2108: 2053:(1948), and the 2021: 2009: 1982:Arkady Mordvinov 1880: 1848: 1833: 1816: 1805: 1797:Alexander Vaskin 1754:state-owned firm 1745:Vladimir Komarov 1715: 1689:Dmitry Chechulin 1686: 1609: 1601:Only one of them 1595:, and sometimes 1587: 1579:Tchaikovsky Hall 1575:Dmitry Chechulin 1539: 1528: 1505: 1494: 1483: 1471:Dmitry Chechulin 1419: 1407: 1395: 1383: 1371: 1319: 1304: 1293: 1248:Vladimir Shchuko 1244:Erich Mendelsohn 1232: 1209: 1175: 1166: 1153: 1096: 1048:are asymmetrical 1041: 1029: 1013:, respectively. 981: 969:elevated viaduct 966: 878: 862:Fyodor Schechtel 855: 843:Victor Vasnetsov 839:Neorussian style 822: 759: 748: 740:Kirill Afanasyev 729: 711: 703:Andrey Ikonnikov 676: 650: 632: 624:Pyotr Pokryshkin 612: 585:Viktor Vasnetsov 567:style, blending 550: 534:Mikhail Nesterov 507: 492: 477: 468: 455: 440: 315:Saint Petersburg 300:university level 286:(in present-day 179: 178: 91: 63: 61: 48:Shchusev in 1914 46: 32: 31: 21: 5772: 5771: 5767: 5766: 5765: 5763: 5762: 5761: 5702: 5701: 5685:Alexey Shchusev 5675: 5665: 5622:Мавзолей Ленина 5588: 5547: 5537: 5516: 5495: 5474: 5446: 5425: 5407: 5402: 5397: 5396: 5388: 5384: 5376: 5372: 5364: 5360: 5352: 5348: 5340: 5336: 5328: 5324: 5316: 5312: 5304: 5300: 5292: 5288: 5280: 5276: 5268: 5255: 5247: 5243: 5235: 5228: 5220: 5216: 5208: 5204: 5196: 5192: 5185: 5165: 5154: 5147: 5139:. p. 116. 5131: 5122: 5114: 5107: 5099: 5092: 5084: 5080: 5072: 5068: 5060: 5053: 5049:, pp. 429. 5045: 5041: 5033: 5024: 5016: 5012: 5004: 5000: 4992: 4983: 4975: 4968: 4962:Chmelnizki 2007 4960: 4956: 4948: 4941: 4933: 4929: 4921: 4914: 4908:Chmelnizki 2021 4906: 4899: 4893:Chmelnizki 2021 4891: 4887: 4879: 4872: 4866:Chmelnizki 2021 4864: 4851: 4843: 4839: 4831: 4824: 4816: 4809: 4801: 4797: 4791:Chmelnizki 2021 4789: 4785: 4779:Chmelnizki 2021 4777: 4770: 4764:Chmelnizki 2021 4762: 4758: 4752:Chmelnizki 2021 4750: 4746: 4740:Chmelnizki 2021 4738: 4731: 4725:Chmelnizki 2021 4723: 4716: 4710:Chmelnizki 2021 4708: 4697: 4690: 4672: 4665: 4657: 4650: 4644:Chmelnizki 2021 4642: 4633: 4627:Chmelnizki 2021 4625: 4621: 4615:Chmelnizki 2021 4613: 4604: 4598:Chmelnizki 2021 4596: 4585: 4577: 4568: 4562:Chmelnizki 2007 4560: 4556: 4548: 4544: 4536: 4532: 4525: 4511: 4507: 4499: 4492: 4484: 4477: 4471:Chmelnizki 2021 4469: 4458: 4447: 4420: 4412: 4403: 4395: 4391: 4383: 4379: 4373:Chmelnizki 2021 4371: 4360: 4352: 4348: 4340: 4329: 4314: 4305: 4299:Chmelnizki 2021 4297: 4288: 4280: 4276: 4270:Chmelnizki 2021 4268: 4257: 4251:Chmelnizki 2007 4249: 4245: 4239:Chmelnizki 2021 4237: 4228: 4218: 4216: 4201: 4194: 4186: 4182: 4176:Chmelnizki 2021 4174: 4165: 4159:Chmelnizki 2021 4157: 4153: 4147:Chmelnizki 2021 4145: 4141: 4135:Chmelnizki 2021 4133: 4120: 4112: 4105: 4099:Chmelnizki 2021 4097: 4086: 4080:Chmelnizki 2021 4078: 4074: 4066: 4062: 4056:Chmelnizki 2021 4054: 4050: 4044:Chmelnizki 2021 4042: 4035: 4029:Chmelnizki 2021 4027: 4023: 4017:Chmelnizki 2021 4015: 4004: 3998:Chmelnizki 2021 3996: 3989: 3983:Chmelnizki 2021 3981: 3970: 3964:Chmelnizki 2021 3962: 3958: 3952:Chmelnizki 2021 3950: 3946: 3938: 3934: 3919: 3915: 3909:Chmelnizki 2021 3907: 3903: 3897:Chmelnizki 2021 3895: 3882: 3876:Chmelnizki 2021 3874: 3867: 3859: 3855: 3847: 3843: 3835: 3831: 3825:Chmelnizki 2021 3823: 3816: 3808: 3804: 3796: 3792: 3784: 3775: 3767: 3763: 3752: 3745: 3737: 3733: 3727:Chmelnizki 2021 3725: 3716: 3708: 3701: 3693: 3684: 3676: 3672: 3664: 3660: 3652: 3648: 3642:Chmelnizki 2021 3640: 3633: 3625: 3618: 3610: 3606: 3598: 3591: 3583: 3579: 3571: 3564: 3556: 3552: 3544: 3540: 3532: 3523: 3515: 3506: 3498: 3494: 3488:Chmelnizki 2021 3486: 3475: 3467: 3458: 3450: 3446: 3438: 3434: 3426: 3422: 3414: 3410: 3402: 3398: 3390: 3383: 3375: 3368: 3360: 3356: 3348: 3344: 3327: 3326: 3322: 3314: 3310: 3302: 3298: 3292:Chmelnizki 2021 3290: 3286: 3280:Chmelnizki 2021 3278: 3274: 3266: 3262: 3254: 3250: 3242: 3233: 3225: 3221: 3215:Chmelnizki 2021 3213: 3209: 3201: 3197: 3189: 3182: 3174: 3170: 3164:Chmelnizki 2021 3162: 3155: 3149:Chmelnizki 2021 3147: 3136: 3128: 3124: 3116: 3109: 3101: 3097: 3091:Chmelnizki 2021 3089: 3078: 3070: 3066: 3058: 3054: 3046: 3042: 3034: 3030: 3022: 3015: 3007: 3003: 2995: 2991: 2983: 2979: 2971: 2967: 2959: 2955: 2947: 2938: 2930: 2921: 2913: 2909: 2901: 2897: 2889: 2885: 2877: 2873: 2865: 2858: 2850: 2846: 2838: 2834: 2826: 2822: 2812: 2810: 2802: 2801: 2797: 2791:Chmelnizki 2021 2789: 2782: 2776:Chmelnizki 2021 2774: 2770: 2765: 2760: 2759: 2754: 2750: 2740: 2736: 2731: 2727: 2709: 2705: 2692: 2688: 2679: 2675: 2662: 2658: 2653: 2649: 2644: 2640: 2634: 2630: 2625: 2621: 2616: 2612: 2603: 2599: 2594: 2590: 2558: 2545: 2539: 2535: 2530: 2512: 2501: 2490: 2471: 2453: 2451:Mikhail Christy 2423:Vesnin brothers 2415: 2367: 2347:Vesnin brothers 2342:Ivan Zholtovsky 2295: 2278: 2255: 2240: 2229: 2218: 2207: 2192:Ivan Zholtovsky 2155: 2144: 2131:German invasion 2119: 2111:totalitarianism 2091:cosmopolitanism 2076:Ivan Zholtovsky 2039: 2015: 2003: 1934:Veliky Novgorod 1874: 1864:Anastas Mikoyan 1856: 1855: 1854: 1853: 1852: 1849: 1841: 1840: 1837:Eugene Lanceray 1834: 1823: 1810: 1799: 1785:Lenin Mausoleum 1773:Lavrentiy Beria 1738:reign of terror 1709: 1707:Solomon Lisagor 1680: 1636: 1624:Hill Auditorium 1603: 1581: 1533: 1531:Mikhail Barkhin 1522: 1499: 1488: 1486:Leonid Savelyev 1477: 1427: 1426: 1425: 1424: 1423: 1420: 1412: 1411: 1408: 1400: 1399: 1396: 1388: 1387: 1384: 1376: 1375: 1372: 1361: 1343:Lavrentiy Beria 1329:. The hotel in 1313: 1298: 1287: 1226: 1203: 1183: 1182: 1181: 1180: 1179: 1176: 1168: 1167: 1160: 1154: 1143: 1109:frame in black 1090: 1088:Isidor Frantsuz 1077:Lenin Mausoleum 1053: 1052: 1051: 1050: 1049: 1042: 1034: 1033: 1030: 1019: 975: 960: 954:Eugene Lanceray 926:Söyembikä Tower 889: 881:Ilya Bondarenko 872: 858:Russian Revival 849: 816: 753: 742: 723: 705: 687:visual language 670: 644: 626: 619:Byzantine style 606: 573:Russian Revival 565:proto-modernist 561:historic styles 544: 518: 517: 516: 515: 514: 508: 500: 499: 493: 485: 484: 478: 470: 469: 462: 456: 448: 447: 441: 430: 425: 417:Académie Julian 373:Austria-Hungary 304:bridge engineer 280: 241:Lenin Mausoleum 209:proto-modernist 161: 157: 152: 135: 111:Alma mater 106: 93: 89: 80: 78: 65: 59: 57: 49: 37: 36:Alexey Shchusev 28: 23: 22: 15: 12: 11: 5: 5770: 5760: 5759: 5754: 5749: 5744: 5739: 5734: 5729: 5724: 5719: 5714: 5700: 5699: 5693: 5688: 5674: 5673:External links 5671: 5670: 5669: 5663: 5643: 5630: 5614: 5598: 5587:978-5898262716 5586: 5570:Chmelnizki, D. 5566: 5562:A. V. Shchusev 5546: 5543: 5542: 5541: 5535: 5520: 5514: 5499: 5493: 5478: 5472: 5464:DOM publishers 5454:Chmelnizki, D. 5450: 5444: 5429: 5423: 5406: 5403: 5401: 5398: 5395: 5394: 5392:, p. 420. 5382: 5370: 5358: 5346: 5334: 5332:, p. 266. 5322: 5310: 5298: 5296:, p. 261. 5286: 5284:, p. 260. 5274: 5272:, p. 223. 5253: 5251:, p. 177. 5241: 5226: 5224:, p. 154. 5214: 5210:Afanasyev 1978 5202: 5190: 5183: 5152: 5145: 5120: 5118:, p. 426. 5105: 5090: 5078: 5066: 5051: 5039: 5022: 5020:, p. 402. 5010: 4998: 4996:, p. 398. 4981: 4979:, p. 325. 4966: 4954: 4950:Afanasyev 1978 4939: 4937:, p. 397. 4927: 4925:, p. 113. 4912: 4897: 4885: 4881:Afanasyev 1978 4870: 4849: 4847:, p. 434. 4837: 4835:, p. 327. 4822: 4820:, p. 365. 4818:Ikonnikov 1990 4807: 4805:, p. 363. 4803:Ikonnikov 1990 4795: 4783: 4768: 4756: 4744: 4729: 4714: 4695: 4688: 4663: 4648: 4631: 4619: 4602: 4583: 4581:, p. 330. 4566: 4564:, p. 170. 4554: 4542: 4530: 4523: 4505: 4503:, p. 290. 4490: 4475: 4456: 4418: 4401: 4389: 4387:, p. 199. 4377: 4358: 4346: 4344:, p. 198. 4327: 4303: 4286: 4274: 4255: 4253:, p. 198. 4243: 4226: 4209:Russian Planet 4192: 4190:, p. 111. 4188:Afanasyev 1978 4180: 4163: 4151: 4139: 4118: 4103: 4084: 4072: 4060: 4048: 4033: 4021: 4002: 3987: 3968: 3956: 3944: 3942:, p. 337. 3932: 3913: 3901: 3880: 3865: 3861:Afanasyev 1978 3853: 3851:, p. 106. 3849:Afanasyev 1978 3841: 3829: 3814: 3802: 3790: 3788:, p. 110. 3773: 3771:, p. 105. 3761: 3743: 3731: 3714: 3699: 3682: 3670: 3666:Afanasyev 1978 3658: 3646: 3631: 3627:Afanasyev 1978 3616: 3604: 3589: 3587:, pp. 85. 3585:Afanasyev 1978 3577: 3575:, p. 225. 3562: 3560:, p. 216. 3550: 3548:, p. 180. 3546:Afanasyev 1978 3538: 3536:, p. 104. 3521: 3517:Afanasyev 1978 3504: 3500:Afanasyev 1978 3492: 3473: 3469:Afanasyev 1978 3456: 3444: 3440:Afanasyev 1978 3432: 3428:Afanasyev 1978 3420: 3416:Afanasyev 1978 3408: 3404:Afanasyev 1978 3396: 3392:Afanasyev 1978 3381: 3379:, p. 353. 3377:Ikonnikov 1990 3366: 3364:, p. 347. 3362:Ikonnikov 1990 3354: 3350:Ikonnikov 1990 3342: 3320: 3316:Afanasyev 1978 3308: 3304:Afanasyev 1978 3296: 3284: 3272: 3268:Afanasyev 1978 3260: 3256:Afanasyev 1978 3248: 3246:, p. 351. 3244:Ikonnikov 1990 3231: 3227:Afanasyev 1978 3219: 3207: 3203:Afanasyev 1978 3195: 3191:Afanasyev 1978 3180: 3168: 3153: 3134: 3122: 3107: 3095: 3076: 3072:Afanasyev 1978 3064: 3052: 3048:Afanasyev 1978 3040: 3028: 3024:Afanasyev 1978 3013: 3001: 2989: 2977: 2965: 2953: 2949:Afanasyev 1978 2936: 2932:Afanasyev 1978 2919: 2907: 2903:Afanasyev 1978 2895: 2883: 2879:Afanasyev 1978 2871: 2867:Afanasyev 1978 2856: 2844: 2832: 2828:Afanasyev 1978 2820: 2808:Visit Chișinău 2795: 2780: 2767: 2766: 2764: 2761: 2758: 2757: 2748: 2734: 2725: 2721:summer of 1944 2703: 2686: 2673: 2656: 2647: 2638: 2628: 2619: 2610: 2597: 2588: 2532: 2531: 2529: 2526: 2414: 2411: 2391:Richard Neutra 2383:Walter Gropius 2356:Khodynka Field 2311:Kulikovo Field 2294: 2291: 2287:Nikolai Sychov 2206: 2203: 2143: 2140: 2118: 2115: 2084: 2038: 2035: 2001:Viktor Kokorin 1891:expressiveness 1850: 1843: 1842: 1835: 1828: 1827: 1826: 1825: 1824: 1822: 1819: 1732:in June 1937. 1654:smear campaign 1635: 1632: 1497:Oswald Stapran 1421: 1414: 1413: 1409: 1402: 1401: 1397: 1390: 1389: 1385: 1378: 1377: 1373: 1366: 1365: 1364: 1363: 1362: 1360: 1357: 1347:Transcaucasian 1187:constructivism 1177: 1170: 1169: 1155: 1148: 1147: 1146: 1145: 1144: 1142: 1139: 1043: 1036: 1035: 1031: 1024: 1023: 1022: 1021: 1020: 1018: 1015: 971:of the nearby 888: 885: 810:Kulikovo Field 767: 653:Pochayiv Lavra 602:of the ruined 593:Alexander Blok 589:Mikhail Vrubel 509: 502: 501: 494: 487: 486: 482:Kulikovo Field 480:Church on the 479: 472: 471: 457: 450: 449: 445:Pochayiv Lavra 442: 435: 434: 433: 432: 431: 429: 426: 424: 421: 377:tour of Europe 292:Russian Empire 279: 276: 260:smear campaign 190:Constructivism 174:(Russian: 167: 166: 163: 162: 160: 159: 154: 148: 146: 142: 141: 138: 137: 130: 126: 125: 122: 118: 117: 112: 108: 107: 94: 92:(aged 75) 86: 82: 81: 76:Russian Empire 66: 64:8 October 1873 55: 51: 50: 47: 39: 38: 35: 26: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 5769: 5758: 5755: 5753: 5750: 5748: 5745: 5743: 5740: 5738: 5735: 5733: 5730: 5728: 5725: 5723: 5720: 5718: 5715: 5713: 5710: 5709: 5707: 5697: 5694: 5692: 5689: 5686: 5681: 5677: 5676: 5666: 5664:9785235038073 5660: 5656: 5652: 5648: 5644: 5640: 5636: 5631: 5627: 5623: 5619: 5615: 5611: 5607: 5603: 5602:Ikonnikov, A. 5599: 5596: 5589: 5583: 5579: 5575: 5571: 5567: 5563: 5559: 5558: 5553: 5552:Afanasyev, K. 5549: 5548: 5538: 5536:9780691205298 5532: 5528: 5527: 5521: 5517: 5515:9780745683621 5511: 5507: 5506: 5500: 5496: 5494:9781400872824 5490: 5486: 5485: 5479: 5475: 5473:9783869224749 5469: 5465: 5461: 5460: 5455: 5451: 5447: 5445:9780674587496 5441: 5437: 5436: 5430: 5426: 5424:9780300248159 5420: 5416: 5415: 5409: 5408: 5391: 5386: 5379: 5374: 5367: 5362: 5355: 5350: 5343: 5338: 5331: 5326: 5319: 5314: 5307: 5302: 5295: 5290: 5283: 5278: 5271: 5266: 5264: 5262: 5260: 5258: 5250: 5245: 5238: 5233: 5231: 5223: 5218: 5211: 5206: 5199: 5194: 5186: 5184:9785000752029 5180: 5176: 5172: 5171: 5163: 5161: 5159: 5157: 5148: 5146:9783839446607 5142: 5138: 5137: 5129: 5127: 5125: 5117: 5112: 5110: 5102: 5097: 5095: 5087: 5082: 5075: 5070: 5063: 5058: 5056: 5048: 5043: 5036: 5031: 5029: 5027: 5019: 5014: 5007: 5002: 4995: 4990: 4988: 4986: 4978: 4973: 4971: 4963: 4958: 4952:, p. 54. 4951: 4946: 4944: 4936: 4931: 4924: 4923:Zubovich 2020 4919: 4917: 4910:, p. 75. 4909: 4904: 4902: 4894: 4889: 4882: 4877: 4875: 4868:, p. 74. 4867: 4862: 4860: 4858: 4856: 4854: 4846: 4841: 4834: 4829: 4827: 4819: 4814: 4812: 4804: 4799: 4792: 4787: 4780: 4775: 4773: 4766:, p. 71. 4765: 4760: 4753: 4748: 4741: 4736: 4734: 4727:, p. 70. 4726: 4721: 4719: 4711: 4706: 4704: 4702: 4700: 4691: 4689:9785042208768 4685: 4681: 4677: 4670: 4668: 4660: 4655: 4653: 4646:, p. 66. 4645: 4640: 4638: 4636: 4629:, p. 65. 4628: 4623: 4616: 4611: 4609: 4607: 4600:, p. 72. 4599: 4594: 4592: 4590: 4588: 4580: 4575: 4573: 4571: 4563: 4558: 4551: 4546: 4539: 4534: 4526: 4524:9780271023328 4520: 4516: 4509: 4502: 4497: 4495: 4487: 4486:Schlögel 2014 4482: 4480: 4473:, p. 64. 4472: 4467: 4465: 4463: 4461: 4452: 4445: 4443: 4441: 4439: 4437: 4435: 4433: 4431: 4429: 4427: 4425: 4423: 4415: 4410: 4408: 4406: 4398: 4393: 4386: 4381: 4375:, p. 63. 4374: 4369: 4367: 4365: 4363: 4355: 4350: 4343: 4338: 4336: 4334: 4332: 4323: 4319: 4312: 4310: 4308: 4301:, p. 62. 4300: 4295: 4293: 4291: 4283: 4278: 4272:, p. 61. 4271: 4266: 4264: 4262: 4260: 4252: 4247: 4240: 4235: 4233: 4231: 4214: 4210: 4206: 4199: 4197: 4189: 4184: 4178:, p. 58. 4177: 4172: 4170: 4168: 4161:, p. 57. 4160: 4155: 4149:, p. 56. 4148: 4143: 4137:, p. 55. 4136: 4131: 4129: 4127: 4125: 4123: 4115: 4110: 4108: 4101:, p. 60. 4100: 4095: 4093: 4091: 4089: 4081: 4076: 4070:, p. 35. 4069: 4068:Zubovich 2020 4064: 4057: 4052: 4045: 4040: 4038: 4031:, p. 50. 4030: 4025: 4018: 4013: 4011: 4009: 4007: 3999: 3994: 3992: 3984: 3979: 3977: 3975: 3973: 3965: 3960: 3953: 3948: 3941: 3936: 3928: 3924: 3917: 3910: 3905: 3898: 3893: 3891: 3889: 3887: 3885: 3877: 3872: 3870: 3862: 3857: 3850: 3845: 3838: 3833: 3826: 3821: 3819: 3811: 3806: 3799: 3794: 3787: 3782: 3780: 3778: 3770: 3765: 3757: 3750: 3748: 3740: 3735: 3729:, p. 26. 3728: 3723: 3721: 3719: 3711: 3706: 3704: 3697:, p. 91. 3696: 3691: 3689: 3687: 3679: 3674: 3668:, p. 92. 3667: 3662: 3656:, p. 44. 3655: 3650: 3644:, p. 25. 3643: 3638: 3636: 3629:, p. 99. 3628: 3623: 3621: 3614:, p. 41. 3613: 3608: 3601: 3596: 3594: 3586: 3581: 3574: 3569: 3567: 3559: 3554: 3547: 3542: 3535: 3530: 3528: 3526: 3519:, p. 49. 3518: 3513: 3511: 3509: 3502:, p. 47. 3501: 3496: 3490:, p. 29. 3489: 3484: 3482: 3480: 3478: 3471:, p. 42. 3470: 3465: 3463: 3461: 3454:, p. 95. 3453: 3448: 3441: 3436: 3430:, p. 44. 3429: 3424: 3418:, p. 43. 3417: 3412: 3406:, p. 45. 3405: 3400: 3394:, p. 40. 3393: 3388: 3386: 3378: 3373: 3371: 3363: 3358: 3351: 3346: 3338: 3334: 3330: 3324: 3317: 3312: 3305: 3300: 3294:, p. 15. 3293: 3288: 3281: 3276: 3270:, p. 23. 3269: 3264: 3257: 3252: 3245: 3240: 3238: 3236: 3229:, p. 22. 3228: 3223: 3216: 3211: 3204: 3199: 3192: 3187: 3185: 3177: 3172: 3166:, p. 17. 3165: 3160: 3158: 3151:, p. 14. 3150: 3145: 3143: 3141: 3139: 3131: 3126: 3119: 3114: 3112: 3104: 3099: 3093:, p. 12. 3092: 3087: 3085: 3083: 3081: 3073: 3068: 3061: 3056: 3050:, p. 14. 3049: 3044: 3037: 3032: 3026:, p. 13. 3025: 3020: 3018: 3011:, p. 90. 3010: 3005: 2999:, p. 89. 2998: 2993: 2987:, p. 87. 2986: 2981: 2974: 2969: 2962: 2957: 2951:, p. 11. 2950: 2945: 2943: 2941: 2934:, p. 12. 2933: 2928: 2926: 2924: 2917:, p. 70. 2916: 2911: 2904: 2899: 2893:, p. 54. 2892: 2887: 2880: 2875: 2868: 2863: 2861: 2853: 2848: 2842:, p. 37. 2841: 2836: 2829: 2824: 2809: 2805: 2799: 2793:, p. 78. 2792: 2787: 2785: 2777: 2772: 2768: 2752: 2745: 2738: 2729: 2722: 2718: 2713: 2707: 2700: 2696: 2690: 2683: 2677: 2670: 2666: 2660: 2651: 2642: 2632: 2623: 2614: 2607: 2604:The northern 2601: 2592: 2585: 2581: 2577: 2573: 2569: 2565: 2561: 2556: 2552: 2548: 2543: 2537: 2533: 2525: 2522: 2516: 2511: 2505: 2500: 2494: 2489: 2485: 2481: 2475: 2470: 2466: 2461: 2457: 2452: 2448: 2444: 2440: 2436: 2432: 2428: 2424: 2420: 2410: 2408: 2404: 2400: 2396: 2392: 2388: 2384: 2380: 2375: 2371: 2366: 2361: 2357: 2352: 2348: 2343: 2338: 2336: 2332: 2328: 2324: 2320: 2312: 2308: 2304: 2299: 2290: 2288: 2282: 2277: 2273: 2272:Victor Vesnin 2269: 2268:Boris Asafyev 2265: 2259: 2254: 2250: 2244: 2239: 2238:Yury Olsufyev 2233: 2228: 2222: 2217: 2211: 2202: 2200: 2195: 2193: 2189: 2185: 2177: 2173: 2169: 2163: 2159: 2154: 2150: 2136: 2132: 2128: 2123: 2114: 2112: 2104: 2100: 2096: 2092: 2088: 2082: 2079: 2077: 2073: 2069: 2064: 2060: 2056: 2052: 2048: 2047:Navoi Theater 2044: 2043:Stalin Prizes 2034: 2031: 2029: 2025: 2019: 2014: 2007: 2002: 1998: 1994: 1989: 1987: 1983: 1979: 1978:Hotel Ukraina 1975: 1971: 1967: 1963: 1962:Moscow Oblast 1959: 1955: 1951: 1947: 1943: 1939: 1935: 1931: 1926: 1924: 1920: 1916: 1911: 1907: 1903: 1902:Rzhev salient 1899: 1894: 1892: 1888: 1884: 1878: 1873: 1869: 1865: 1861: 1847: 1838: 1832: 1818: 1814: 1809: 1803: 1798: 1794: 1790: 1786: 1782: 1778: 1774: 1769: 1767: 1763: 1759: 1755: 1751: 1746: 1743: 1739: 1733: 1731: 1727: 1723: 1719: 1713: 1708: 1705: 1701: 1700:Karl Schlögel 1696: 1694: 1693:Viktor Vesnin 1690: 1684: 1679: 1675: 1671: 1667: 1663: 1659: 1655: 1651: 1647: 1646: 1641: 1631: 1629: 1625: 1621: 1617: 1613: 1607: 1602: 1598: 1594: 1589: 1585: 1580: 1576: 1571: 1566: 1562: 1559: 1555: 1549: 1547: 1543: 1537: 1532: 1526: 1521: 1517: 1511: 1509: 1508:project teams 1503: 1498: 1492: 1487: 1481: 1476: 1472: 1466: 1464: 1460: 1456: 1455:Joseph Stalin 1452: 1448: 1444: 1440: 1436: 1432: 1418: 1406: 1394: 1382: 1370: 1356: 1354: 1353: 1348: 1344: 1340: 1336: 1332: 1328: 1322: 1317: 1312: 1308: 1302: 1297: 1291: 1286: 1282: 1278: 1274: 1269: 1267: 1263: 1262: 1257: 1253: 1249: 1245: 1241: 1236: 1235:Lenin Library 1230: 1225: 1221: 1217: 1212: 1207: 1202: 1198: 1194: 1193: 1192:sensu stricto 1188: 1174: 1164: 1159: 1152: 1138: 1135: 1130: 1128: 1124: 1123:fluted panels 1120: 1116: 1112: 1108: 1103: 1101: 1094: 1089: 1084: 1082: 1078: 1074: 1069: 1066: 1062: 1058: 1047: 1040: 1028: 1014: 1012: 1008: 1004: 1000: 996: 992: 987: 985: 984:picture frame 979: 974: 970: 964: 959: 955: 951: 950:Mir iskusstva 947: 941: 939: 935: 931: 927: 922: 919:, and to use 918: 914: 910: 906: 902: 893: 884: 882: 876: 871: 867: 863: 859: 853: 848: 844: 840: 835: 833: 828: 826: 820: 815: 811: 808:; and on the 807: 803: 799: 795: 791: 787: 783: 779: 775: 771: 765: 763: 762:Russian icons 757: 752: 746: 741: 737: 733: 727: 722: 719:According to 717: 715: 709: 704: 700: 696: 692: 688: 684: 680: 674: 669: 664: 662: 658: 654: 648: 643: 642:new cathedral 638: 636: 635:Leonid Vesnin 630: 625: 620: 616: 610: 605: 601: 596: 594: 590: 586: 582: 578: 574: 570: 566: 562: 558: 554: 548: 543: 539: 535: 531: 527: 523: 513: 506: 498: 491: 483: 476: 466: 461: 454: 446: 439: 420: 418: 414: 410: 406: 402: 398: 394: 390: 386: 382: 378: 374: 370: 366: 362: 358: 353: 351: 347: 343: 339: 336: 332: 328: 324: 320: 316: 312: 307: 305: 301: 297: 293: 289: 285: 275: 273: 269: 265: 261: 256: 254: 253:The Four Arts 250: 246: 242: 238: 234: 230: 226: 222: 218: 214: 210: 205: 203: 202:Stalin prizes 199: 195: 191: 187: 183: 173: 164: 155: 150: 149: 147: 143: 139: 134: 131: 127: 123: 119: 116: 113: 109: 105: 101: 97: 87: 83: 79:(now Moldova) 77: 73: 69: 56: 52: 45: 40: 33: 30: 19: 5654: 5650: 5638: 5634: 5625: 5621: 5609: 5605: 5595:2013 reprint 5577: 5573: 5561: 5556: 5525: 5505:Moscow, 1937 5504: 5483: 5458: 5434: 5413: 5385: 5373: 5361: 5349: 5337: 5325: 5313: 5301: 5289: 5277: 5249:Sokolov 1975 5244: 5222:Sokolov 1975 5217: 5205: 5193: 5174: 5169: 5135: 5081: 5069: 5042: 5013: 5001: 4957: 4930: 4888: 4840: 4798: 4786: 4759: 4747: 4679: 4676:Москва, 1941 4675: 4622: 4557: 4545: 4533: 4514: 4508: 4392: 4380: 4349: 4321: 4277: 4246: 4217:. Retrieved 4213:the original 4208: 4183: 4154: 4142: 4075: 4063: 4051: 4024: 3959: 3947: 3935: 3926: 3922: 3916: 3904: 3856: 3844: 3832: 3805: 3793: 3764: 3755: 3734: 3673: 3661: 3649: 3607: 3580: 3553: 3541: 3495: 3447: 3435: 3423: 3411: 3399: 3357: 3345: 3336: 3332: 3323: 3311: 3299: 3287: 3275: 3263: 3251: 3222: 3210: 3198: 3171: 3125: 3098: 3067: 3055: 3043: 3031: 3004: 2992: 2980: 2968: 2956: 2910: 2905:, p. 9. 2898: 2886: 2881:, p. 8. 2874: 2869:, p. 7. 2847: 2835: 2830:, p. 6. 2823: 2811:. Retrieved 2807: 2798: 2778:, p. 4. 2771: 2751: 2737: 2728: 2710:The Germans 2706: 2689: 2681: 2676: 2659: 2650: 2641: 2631: 2622: 2613: 2600: 2591: 2568:Schtschussew 2536: 2462: 2416: 2406: 2398: 2394: 2379:Le Corbusier 2376: 2339: 2316: 2212: 2208: 2196: 2171: 2164: 2145: 2137:in the 1890s 2080: 2068:Karo Alabyan 2066:directed at 2040: 2032: 2028:Stalin Prize 1990: 1946:Khreshchatyk 1927: 1895: 1885:pavilion in 1857: 1770: 1734: 1697: 1674:Karo Alabyan 1643: 1637: 1590: 1577:in 1940, as 1550: 1546:Moscow Hotel 1512: 1467: 1451:Le Corbusier 1428: 1350: 1323: 1272: 1270: 1264:rather than 1259: 1240:Le Corbusier 1213: 1190: 1184: 1131: 1104: 1100:urban legend 1085: 1070: 1054: 1011:Empire style 1003:Krasnoufimsk 988: 942: 898: 838: 836: 829: 718: 665: 639: 597: 542:Kharitonenko 519: 354: 327:Central Asia 308: 281: 268:exploitation 257: 206: 171: 170: 156:Akademproekt 133:Stalin Prize 100:Russian SFSR 90:(1949-05-24) 29: 5717:1949 deaths 5712:1873 births 5557:А. В. Щусев 5390:Vaskin 2015 5378:Vaskin 2015 5366:Vaskin 2015 5354:Vaskin 2015 5342:Vaskin 2015 5330:Vaskin 2015 5318:Vaskin 2015 5306:Vaskin 2015 5294:Vaskin 2015 5282:Vaskin 2015 5237:Colton 1995 5198:Colton 1995 5116:Vaskin 2015 5101:Vaskin 2015 5086:Vaskin 2015 5074:Vaskin 2015 5062:Vaskin 2015 5047:Vaskin 2015 5035:Vaskin 2015 5018:Vaskin 2015 5006:Vaskin 2015 4994:Vaskin 2015 4977:Vaskin 2015 4935:Vaskin 2015 4845:Vaskin 2015 4833:Colton 1995 4680:Moscow 1941 4659:Vaskin 2015 4579:Vaskin 2015 4550:Vaskin 2015 4538:Vaskin 2015 4501:Vaskin 2015 4453:. archi.ru. 4414:Vaskin 2015 4397:Vaskin 2015 4385:Hudson 2015 4354:Vaskin 2015 4342:Hudson 2015 4282:Vaskin 2015 4114:Vaskin 2015 3940:Vaskin 2015 3573:Colton 1995 3558:Colton 1995 3452:Vaskin 2015 3176:Vaskin 2015 3130:Vaskin 2015 3118:Vaskin 2015 3103:Vaskin 2015 3060:Vaskin 2015 3036:Vaskin 2015 3009:Vaskin 2015 2997:Vaskin 2015 2985:Vaskin 2015 2973:Vaskin 2015 2961:Vaskin 2015 2915:Vaskin 2015 2891:Vaskin 2015 2852:Vaskin 2015 2840:Vaskin 2015 2576:Chtchoussev 2513: [ 2502: [ 2499:Abram Efros 2491: [ 2488:David Arkin 2472: [ 2454: [ 2368: [ 2360:Garden Ring 2279: [ 2264:Igor Grabar 2256: [ 2241: [ 2230: [ 2219: [ 2188:eclecticist 2172:shchusevism 2156: [ 2072:Boris Iofan 2016: [ 2004: [ 1915:closed city 1875: [ 1811: [ 1800: [ 1710: [ 1681: [ 1662:physiognomy 1640:Great Purge 1628:Albert Kahn 1604: [ 1582: [ 1534: [ 1523: [ 1500: [ 1489: [ 1478: [ 1459:Boris Iofan 1443:historicism 1314: [ 1299: [ 1288: [ 1261:stylization 1227: [ 1204: [ 1161: [ 1134:sarcophagus 1091: [ 1055:During the 976: [ 961: [ 873: [ 850: [ 817: [ 786:World War I 764:. The best 754: [ 743: [ 724: [ 706: [ 691:Art Nouveau 671: [ 645: [ 627: [ 607: [ 600:restoration 569:Art Nouveau 545: [ 522:iconostasis 463: [ 389:orientalist 319:Leon Benois 278:Early years 249:historicism 221:World War I 213:Art Nouveau 186:Art Nouveau 158:(1938–1948) 153:(1932–1937) 88:24 May 1949 5706:Categories 5647:Vaskin, A. 5545:In Russian 5466:, Berlin. 5405:In English 5400:References 5270:Cohen 2021 2486:, such as 2323:Bessarabia 2249:Red Terror 1948:Street in 1930:Stalingrad 1887:Gorky Park 1883:war trophy 1868:airstrikes 1726:Iona Yakir 1650:plagiarism 1565:Bruno Taut 1352:ex officio 1277:sanatorium 909:elevations 825:last rites 802:Cuhureshti 538:Abastumani 530:Holy Synod 460:Natalievka 458:Church in 393:Grand Tour 350:cold calls 323:Bessarabia 264:plagiarism 237:Bolsheviks 121:Occupation 60:1873-10-08 5508:. Wiley. 3758:(13 May). 2813:2 October 2763:Citations 2695:Case Blue 2636:complete. 2584:Szczusiew 2560:‹See Tfd› 2547:‹See Tfd› 2351:Vkhutemas 2199:sweatshop 2135:Samarkand 1704:urbanists 1558:classical 1554:Vkhutemas 1439:modernism 1327:Intourist 1273:completed 1119:pilasters 1065:propylaea 1046:stylobate 917:pavilions 714:grotesque 695:modernism 571:with the 381:Samarkand 365:Yaroslavl 296:gymnasium 204:awarded. 124:Architect 5649:(2015). 5620:(1972). 5604:(1990). 5572:(2007). 5554:(1978). 5456:(2021). 4322:Archi.ru 2433:and new 2149:sketches 2051:Tashkent 1970:porticos 1938:Chișinău 1783:and the 1670:wrecking 1616:Caucasus 1593:eclectic 1433:for the 1281:Matsesta 1256:Art Deco 1115:monolith 1111:porphyry 928:and the 845:and the 782:Nesterov 553:von Meck 357:Kostroma 284:Chișinău 225:von Meck 198:Romanovs 145:Practice 68:Kishinev 4219:3 April 3756:Историк 2439:curator 2421:or the 2349:to the 2319:Ukraine 2309:on the 2176:Russian 2103:Russian 1658:mobbing 1620:Tbilisi 1220:Kharkiv 1216:Gosprom 1081:tribune 1073:Kremlin 1007:Sergach 995:Petrine 806:Moldova 794:Sanremo 716:level. 651:at the 409:Tunisia 401:Trieste 369:Romania 344:at the 288:Moldova 18:Schusev 5661: 5584: 5533: 5512: 5491: 5470: 5442: 5421: 5181: 5143: 4686: 4521: 2682:signed 2669:asthma 2580:Polish 2572:French 2564:German 2555:Ščusev 2551:German 2519:. The 2508:, and 2403:zoning 2325:, and 2303:Temple 2270:, and 2074:, and 2024:Rostov 1966:Almaty 1964:, and 1944:, and 1942:Tuapse 1762:Almaty 1645:Pravda 1570:ad hoc 1331:Batumi 1283:and a 1222:, the 938:Venice 913:facade 778:Moscow 736:Ovruch 615:Ovruch 581:murals 512:Ovruch 397:Vienna 395:, via 363:, and 361:Rostov 338:chapel 266:, and 192:, and 129:Awards 96:Moscow 5653:[ 5637:[ 5624:[ 5608:[ 5576:[ 5560:[ 5173:[ 4678:[ 3925:[ 2528:Notes 2517:] 2506:] 2495:] 2476:] 2458:] 2372:] 2327:Italy 2283:] 2260:] 2245:] 2234:] 2223:] 2160:] 2020:] 2008:] 1898:Istra 1879:] 1815:] 1804:] 1714:] 1685:] 1608:] 1586:] 1538:] 1527:] 1504:] 1493:] 1482:] 1318:] 1303:] 1292:] 1266:style 1231:] 1208:] 1165:] 1095:] 1061:doyen 980:] 965:] 877:] 854:] 821:] 800:; in 798:Italy 796:, in 766:known 758:] 747:] 728:] 710:] 675:] 649:] 631:] 611:] 549:] 467:] 413:Paris 405:Italy 335:crypt 215:with 5659:ISBN 5582:ISBN 5531:ISBN 5510:ISBN 5489:ISBN 5468:ISBN 5440:ISBN 5419:ISBN 5179:ISBN 5141:ISBN 4684:ISBN 4519:ISBN 4221:2022 2815:2023 2667:and 2606:apse 2480:NKVD 2381:and 2059:NKVD 1999:and 1984:and 1950:Kyiv 1777:NKVD 1716:and 1495:and 1429:The 1339:NKVD 1335:Baku 1250:and 1242:and 1156:The 1121:and 1005:and 997:and 792:and 790:Bari 679:Nice 633:and 587:and 551:and 371:and 182:O.S. 85:Died 54:Born 2544:), 2393:'s 2305:of 2083:the 2063:MGB 2049:in 2022:in 1760:in 1626:by 1445:of 1279:in 1218:in 936:in 804:in 776:in 734:in 677:in 613:in 577:lay 407:to 340:in 313:in 5708:: 5462:. 5256:^ 5229:^ 5155:^ 5123:^ 5108:^ 5093:^ 5054:^ 5025:^ 4984:^ 4969:^ 4942:^ 4915:^ 4900:^ 4873:^ 4852:^ 4825:^ 4810:^ 4771:^ 4732:^ 4717:^ 4698:^ 4666:^ 4651:^ 4634:^ 4605:^ 4586:^ 4569:^ 4493:^ 4478:^ 4459:^ 4421:^ 4404:^ 4361:^ 4330:^ 4306:^ 4289:^ 4258:^ 4229:^ 4195:^ 4166:^ 4121:^ 4106:^ 4087:^ 4036:^ 4005:^ 3990:^ 3971:^ 3883:^ 3868:^ 3817:^ 3776:^ 3746:^ 3717:^ 3702:^ 3685:^ 3634:^ 3619:^ 3592:^ 3565:^ 3524:^ 3507:^ 3476:^ 3459:^ 3384:^ 3369:^ 3335:. 3331:. 3234:^ 3183:^ 3156:^ 3137:^ 3110:^ 3079:^ 3016:^ 2939:^ 2922:^ 2859:^ 2806:. 2783:^ 2582:: 2578:, 2574:: 2570:, 2566:: 2553:: 2515:ru 2504:ru 2497:, 2493:ru 2474:ru 2456:ru 2370:ru 2321:, 2289:. 2281:ru 2266:, 2258:ru 2243:ru 2232:ru 2221:ru 2194:. 2178:: 2158:ru 2105:: 2070:, 2018:ru 2006:ru 1988:. 1940:, 1936:, 1932:, 1925:. 1877:ru 1862:, 1817:. 1813:ru 1802:ru 1768:. 1712:ru 1683:ru 1672:. 1642:, 1606:ru 1588:. 1584:ru 1536:ru 1525:ru 1502:ru 1491:ru 1480:ru 1473:, 1316:ru 1301:ru 1290:ru 1268:. 1229:ru 1206:ru 1163:ru 1093:ru 978:ru 963:ru 940:. 875:ru 852:ru 819:ru 756:ru 745:de 726:de 708:ru 673:ru 647:ru 629:ru 609:ru 547:ru 465:ru 419:. 403:, 399:, 359:, 102:, 98:, 74:, 70:, 5667:. 5590:. 5539:. 5518:. 5497:. 5476:. 5448:. 5427:. 5187:. 5149:. 4692:. 4527:. 4223:. 3337:8 2817:. 2723:. 2701:. 2586:. 2397:( 62:) 58:( 20:)

Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.

Index