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520:, while the Vesnin brothers designed a School of Film Actors in Moscow. Ginzburg critiqued the idea of building in the new society being the same as in the old: "treating workers' housing in the same way as they would bourgeois apartments...the Constructivists however approach the same problem with maximum consideration for those shifts and changes in our everyday life...our goal is the collaboration with the proletariat in creating a new way of life". OSA published a magazine,
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407:'s Wolkenbügel horizontal skyscrapers and Konstantin Melnikov's temporary pavilions showed the originality and ambition of this new group. Melnikov would design the Soviet Pavilion at the Paris Exposition of Decorative Arts of 1925, which popularised the new style, with its rooms designed by Rodchenko and its jagged, mechanical form. Another glimpse of a Constructivist lived environment is visible in the popular science fiction film
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became a focus for
Constructivism. Beginning in 1925 communal housing was designed for the area by architects like A. Gegello and OSA's Alexander Nikolsky, as well as public buildings like the Kirov Town Hall by Noi Trotsky (1932–4), an experimental school by G.A Simonov and a series of Communal
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in that it reacted against modernist architecture's cosmopolitanism, alleged ugliness and inhumanity with a pick and mix of historical styles, sometimes achieved with new technology. Housing projects like the
Narkomfin were designed for the attempts to reform everyday life in the 1920s, such as
922:. However, this coincided with widespread criticism of Modernism, which was always difficult to sustain in a still mostly agrarian country. There was also the critique that the style merely copied the forms of technology while using fairly routine construction methods. The winning entry by
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721:, Lazar Khikeidel – Cosmic Habitats (1921–1922), Architectons (1922–1927), Workers Club (1926), Communal Dwelling (Коммунальное Жилище)(1927), A. Nikolsky and L. Khidekel – Moscow Cooperative Institute (1929). The fantastical element also found expression in the work of
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or
Contemporary Architecture from 1926 to 1930. The leading rationalist Ladovsky designed his own, rather different kind of mass housing, completing a Moscow apartment block in 1929. A particularly extravagant example is the 'Chekists Village' in Sverdlovsk (now
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apartments are in a sense a continuation of the aborted experiment, although under very different conditions. Outside the USSR, Constructivism has often been seen as an alternative, more radical modernism, and its legacy can be seen in designers as diverse as
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After this brief synthesis, Neo-Classical reaction was totally dominant until 1955. Rationalist buildings were still common in industrial architecture, but extinct in urban projects. Last isolated constructivist buildings were launched in 1933–1935, such as
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1024:. Their book included only one building from the USSR, an electrical laboratory by a government team led by Nikolaev. During the 1960s Constructivism was rehabilitated to a certain extent, and both the wilder experimental buildings of the era (such as the
799:. His disurbanism proposed a system of one-person or one-family buildings connected by linear transport networks, spread over a huge area that traversed the boundaries between the urban and agricultural, in which it resembled a socialist equivalent of
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A central aim of the
Constructivists was instilling the avant-garde in everyday life. From 1927 they worked on projects for Workers' Clubs, communal leisure facilities usually built in factory districts. Among the most famous of these are the
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social purpose. Although it was divided into several competing factions, the movement produced many pioneering projects and finished buildings, before falling out of favor around 1932. It has left marked effects on later developments in
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Dubrovskiy
Electro Power Station S.M. Kirov and Residential settlement Doubrovskaya HPP. Planning and construction of the first in the Soviet Union socialist town - sotsgorodok for workers and specialists (1931–1933) by
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collectivisation of facilities, equality of the sexes and collective raising of children, all of which fell out of favour as
Stalinism revived family values. The styles of the old world were also revived, with the
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482:, who wrote in 1919 that "the real emancipation of women and real communism begins with the mass struggle against these petty household chores and the true reforming of the mass into a vast socialist household."
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Despite the ambitiousness of many
Constructivist proposals for reconstructed cities, there were fairly few examples of coherent Constructivist town planning. However, the Narvskaya Zastava district of
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601:, the largest scale Modernist work of the 1920s. Other notable works included the aluminum parabola and glazed staircase of Mikhail Barsch and Mikhail Sinyavsky's 1929 Moscow Planetarium.
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373:, leading to daring experiments with form such as Simbirchev's glass-clad suspended restaurant. Among the architects affiliated to the ASNOVA (Association of New Architects) were
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and urban space, while rejecting decorative stylization in favor of the industrial assemblage of materials. Designs combined advanced technology and engineering with an avowedly
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By the end of the 1920s
Constructivism was the country's dominant architecture, and surprisingly many buildings of this period survive. Initially the reaction was towards an
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213:, it turned its attentions to the new social demands and industrial tasks required of the new regime. Two distinct threads emerged, the first was encapsulated in
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project in Red Square, 1934, another unbuilt
Stalinist edifice. Traces of Constructivism can also be found in some Socialist Realist works, for instance in the
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516:. Flats were built in a Constructivist idiom in Kharkiv, Moscow and Leningrad and in smaller towns. Ginzburg also designed a government building in
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The new forms of the
Constructivists began to symbolise the project for a new everyday life of the Soviet Union, then in the mixed economy of the
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529:) designed by Ivan Antonov, Veniamin Sokolov and Arseny Tumbasov, a hammer and sickle shaped collective housing complex for staff of the
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846:. The duplex apartments and collective facilities of the OSA group were a major influence on his later work. Another famous modernist,
419:, as was the Vesnin brothers' Mostorg store, built three years later. Modern offices for the mass press were also popular, such as the
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648:'s film The General Line, which also featured a specially built mock-up Constructivist collective farm designed by Andrey Burov.
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found brief favour, with the architect writing a 'reply to Moscow' that later became the Ville Radieuse plan, and designing the
2327:["We have a powerful architecture and history." How a Zaporizhzhian designer makes people fall in love with the city].
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laundries and kitchens, designed for the area by local ASNOVA members. An example of a finished Constructivist neighborhood is
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357:, the USSR was too impoverished to commission any major new building projects. Nonetheless, the Soviet avant-garde school
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Short film on the heavily Constructivist-influenced buildings that Berthold Lubetkin designed for Dudley Zoo in the 1930s
1080:'s early projects were adaptations of Malevich's Architektons, and the influence of Chernikhov is clear on her drawings.
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Many of the Constructivists hoped to see their ambitions realised during the 'Cultural Revolution' that accompanied the
415:. The state-run Mosselprom department store of 1924 was also an early modernist building for the new consumerism of the
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building (finished 1935), the Moscow Textile Institute (finished 1938) or Ladovsky's rationalist vestibules for the
369:(association of new architects). The teaching methods were both functional and fantastic, reflecting an interest in
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to replace the collectivised 19th century housing that was the norm, was the main priority of this group. The term
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702:'s self-explanatory Flying City, an ASNOVA project that was intended as a serious proposal for airborne housing.
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The first and most famous Constructivist architectural project was the 1919 proposal for the headquarters of the
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elevations of Iofan's ultra-Stalinist 1937 Paris Pavilion, which had Suprematist interiors by Nikolai Suetin.
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model. The Linear City was propagandised by the head of the Finance Commissariat Nikolay Milyutin in his book
698:. This consisted of a skyscraper-sized library, a planetarium and dome, all linked together by a monorail; or
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A colder and more technological Constructivist style was introduced by the 1923/4 glass office project by the
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Pumping station. Vasilyeostrovskaya pumping station near the harbor in Leningrad. Construction (1929-1930)by
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were often rejected in favour of the more pragmatic German architects fleeing Nazism, such as 'May Brigade' (
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512:(Ordzhonikidze St, Moscow, 1929–1931), and Ginzburg's Moscow Gosstrakh flats and, most famously, his
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A split occurred in 1922 when Pevsner and Gabo emigrated. The movement then developed along socially
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The popularity of the new aesthetic led to traditionalist architects adopting Constructivism, as in
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992:. Clearly Modernist competition entries were made by the Vesnin brothers and Ivan Leonidov for the
779:. At this point the Constructivists were divided between urbanists and disurbanists who favoured a
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345:; Lazar Khidekel's Workers Club (1926) and his Dubrovka Power Plant and first Sots Town (1931–33).
462:—the Organisation of Contemporary Architects. This group had much in common with Weimar Germany's
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of 1929–32. For a few years some structures were designed in a composite style sometimes called
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in his Moscow Diary, 'unlike any similar structure in the West'. Shukhov also collaborated with
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and Lissitzky designed various projects that forced together the 'non-objective' abstraction of
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are fine examples of the tensions between individualism and utilitarianism in Constructivism.
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complex in Kharkiv (designed by Serafimov, Folger and Kravets, 1926–1928) which was noted by
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At the same time as this foray into the everyday, outlandish projects were designed such as
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Form of modern architecture that flourished in the Soviet Union in the 1920s and early 1930s
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neighborhood (1930–1931), originally named Sotsmisto Novyi Kharkiv (Sotsgorod Novy Kharkov)
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evokes the dynamism of Constructivism, though without the social aspect, as in the work of
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Krayispolkom (Regional Administration Building, 1932) by Boris Gordeev and Sergey Turgenev
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with more utilitarian aims, creating ideal Constructivist cities— see also El Lissitzky's
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in the 1920s and early 1930s. Abstract and austere, the movement aimed to reflect modern
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2437:"Reportaje | Cuatro generaciones viviendo entre pétalos y arquitecturas racionales"
2324:"У нас є потужна архітектура та історія". Як запорізька дизайнерка закохує людей в місто
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Moscow District House of Soviets (1935) by Igor Fomin, Igor Daugul and Boris Serebrovsky
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Classicism that was initially inflected with Constructivist devices, such as in Iofan's
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which was concerned with space and rhythm, the second represented a struggle within the
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S. Khan-Magomedov. Lazar Khidekel (Creators of Russian Classical Avant-garde series)
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work. Their integration of the avant-garde and everyday life has parallels with the
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A.Kuznetsov, V.Movchan, G.Movchan, L.Meilman, All-Union Electrotechnical Institute,
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556:'s 'Endangered Buildings' list, and there was an international campaign to save it.
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1236:'s list of "Endangered Buildings". There is an international campaign to save it.
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https://www.theguardian.com/world/2010/apr/15/radio-tower-campaign-russia-foster
1843:'Gorodok chekistov' (1933) by Ivan Antonov, Veniamin Sokolov and Arseny Tumbasov
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2645:— April 2006 Conference by the Moscow Architectural Preservation Society (MAPS)
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Heritage at Risk: Preservation of 20th Century Architecture and World Heritage
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411:, which had interiors and exteriors modelled in angular, geometric fashion by
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High Tech architecture also owes a debt to Constructivism, most obviously in
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807:. The disurbanists and urbanists proposed projects for new cities such as
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Narkomfin Building before its restoration in 2020 (Moisei Ginzburg, 1930)
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et al. El Lissitzky also popularised the style abroad with his 1930 book
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was coined to describe their aims, which followed from the ideas of V.I.
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206:
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Constructivist buildings and other modernist projects in the former USSR
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headquarters. This was built in 1926–7 and designed by Grigori Barkhin
259:
228:
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S. Khan-Magomedov. 100 Masterpieces of Soviet Avant-garde Architecture
361:
started an architectural wing in 1921, which was led by the architect
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wrote a parable on the political trajectory of Constructivism called
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Another famous early Constructivist project was the Lenin Tribune by
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267:
266:, and later became the dominant influence of the architectural group
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26:
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795:(1930). This was taken to a more extreme level by the OSA theorist
725:, who produced several books of experimental designs—most famously
517:
420:
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2953:
1938:
House of Kraysnabsbyt (1934) by Boris Gordeev and Sergey Turgenev
1764:
1038:
910:, featured entries from all the major Constructivists as well as
598:
694:'s Lenin Institute, a high tech work that bears comparison with
485:
197:. Constructivist art had attempted to apply a three-dimensional
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Catherine Cooke, "Fantasy and Construction: Iakov Chernikhov" (
2101:(Paperback) (Third ed.). World of Art. p. 376 pages.
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1229:
1163:
Izvestia Building, Moscow (Grigori & Mikhail Barkhin, 1926)
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Due in part to its political commitment—and its replacement by
984:
955:
858:. A Five Year Plan project with major Constructivist input was
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before its restoration in 2020. The building was at the top of
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470:. Housing, especially collective housing in specially designed
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366:
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198:
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1st House of Lensovet (1934) by Evgeny Levinson and Igor Fomin
620:'s Narkomzem offices, both in Moscow. Similarly, the engineer
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and also St Petersburg Wandering Camera on Simonov's school:
2273:"Narkomzem (Agriculture Ministry) Moscow by Aleksey Shchusev"
1500:
1452:
Former hospital Bezručova by Alois Balán and Jiří Grossmann,
745:
668:, the club of the Likachev works by the Vesnin brothers, and
479:
628:
was often seen as an avant-garde work and was, according to
2198:
S.N Khan-Magomedov, Pioneers of Soviet Architecture (1988).
1318:
Narkomfin Building, apartment house (Moisei Ginzburg, 1930)
939:
in particular popularising the idea of 'workers' palaces'.
530:
258:
lines. The productivist majority gained the support of the
2550:
Russian Academy of Architecture. M., Editorial URSS, 2005
2305:
Chto Delat/What is to be Done issue on Narvskaya Zastava:
1950:(1936) by Sergey Turgenev, Ivan Voronov and Boris Gordeyev
1783:(1928) by Sergey Serafimov, Samuil Kravets and Marc Folger
1704:
Stadium for metal workers "Red Profintern" (1927) by and
2679:
Constructivism and Postconstructivism at St Petersburg's
1789:(1932) by Sergey Serafimov and Maria Sandberg-Serafimova
2674:
Constructivist designs at the Russian Utopia Depository
2669:
Campaign for the Preservation of the Narkomfin Building
2659:
Guardian article on preserving Constructivist buildings
1944:(1936) by Boris Gordeyev, S. P. Turgenev, V. N. Nikitin
1935:(1933) by D. A. Ageyev, B. A. Bitkin and Boris Gordeyev
2649:
Archive Constructivist Photos and Designs at polito.it
2586:
The Reconstruction of Architecture in the Soviet Union
2059:
Oliver Stallybrass, Alan Bullock; et al. (1988).
2023:"THE CONSTRUCTIVIST ETHOS: RUSSIA 1913–1932 (PART II)"
2416:
See interview with film director Isa Willinger here:
2307:
http://www.chtodelat.org/images/pdfs/Chtodelat_07.pdf
2153:(Hardback). Harry N. Abrams, Inc. p. 143 pages.
2046:
Lord Foster fires up campaign to save Shukhov Tower:
531:
People's Commissariat for the Internal Affairs (NKVD)
504:
Collective housing projects that were built included
1743:
Club for the shipyard workers in Leningrad. by and
2654:
The Moscow Times' Guide to Constructivist buildings
189:Constructivist architecture emerged from the wider
51:. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.
2058:
1846:House of Communications (1933) by Kasyan Solomonov
1283:The Peoples Commissariat For Communication Lines (
736:
717:skyscrapers called 'planits' or 'architektons' by
2927:
2479:Architectural Drawings of the Russian Avant-Garde
2151:Architectural Drawings of the Russian Avant Garde
1927:Novosibirsk Chemical Engineering Technical School
582:. State buildings were constructed like the huge
130:, The Monument to the Third International, 1919 (
3476:
2784:Neo-Byzantine architecture in the Russian Empire
2629:Documentary on Moscow's Constructivist buildings
2418:http://awayfromallsuns.de/de/on_constructivism/
2211:ed Campbell/Lynton, Hayward Gallery London 1971
1698:
536:
272:
749:Town Hall by Noi Trotsky, Leningrad, 1932–1934
608:House of Printing (1935) in Kazan by Semen Pen
454:, also with ties to Vkhutemas, was founded by
403:Projects from 1923 to 1935 like Lissitzky and
321:(1920), a moving speaker's podium. During the
2913:
2729:
2565:, "The Story of the Pool" (1977) included in
2311:http://www.enlight.ru/camera/354/index_e.html
2175:"Izvestia Building Moscow by Grigory Barkhin"
2092:
2090:
2088:
2086:
1856:House of Red Army (1930) by Pyotr Scherbachov
1402:Regional administration building, 1930–1932,
2510:Modern Architecture: a Critical Introduction
1831:
1473:University of Leicester Engineering Building
926:marked the start of eclectic historicism of
873:
868:The Reconstruction of Architecture in Russia
842:government building with the Constructivist
2527:Alexander Vesnin and Russian Constructivism
1954:
1859:Factory kitchen (1933) by Evgenya Maksimova
1547:. Unsourced material may be challenged and
854:and popularised Constructivism in his book
729:(1933)—earning him the epithet 'the Soviet
2920:
2906:
2736:
2722:
2664:Constructivism in Architecture at Kmtspace
2458:Theory and Design in the First Machine Age
2260:Theory and Design in the First Machine Age
2194:
2192:
2083:
1887:(1928) by D. F. Fridman and I. A. Burlakov
1840:House of Printing (1930) by Vladimir Sigov
1731:Kirov District House of Soviets (1935) by
1213:Flats, Zamoskvorechye, Moscow (late 1920s)
1057:, particularly the New Babylon project of
592:Theory and Design in the First Machine Age
435:Barsch/Sinyavsky, Moscow Planetarium, 1929
2265:
1948:NKVD House (Serebrennikovskaya Street 23)
1923:(1932) by Ivan Voronov and Boris Gordeyev
1921:NKVD House (Serebrennikovskaya Street 16)
1917:(1932) by Boris Gordeyev and A. I. Bobrov
1862:House of Industry (1933) by Vasily Sukhov
1567:Learn how and when to remove this message
348:
111:Learn how and when to remove this message
2834:
2743:
2698:Czech Constructivism - Villa Victor Kriz
2099:Modern architecture — a critical history
2096:
2062:The Fontana Dictionary of Modern Thought
941:
889:
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678:
603:
559:
540:
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391:
276:
173:
122:
2495:magazine, vol. 59 no. 7–8, London 1989)
2220:See the discussion in Victor Buchli's,
2201:
2189:
2167:
1827:(Sotsgorod) of Zaporizhzhia (1929–1932)
644:. Many of these buildings are shown in
510:Communal House of the Textile Institute
3477:
2252:
2214:
2142:
2052:
1837:Builders Club (1929) by Yakov Kornfeld
1374:Red Carnation Factory, St Petersburg (
930:, a style which bears similarities to
2901:
2717:
2343:
2235:"Svobody (Freedom) Square in Kharkiv"
2148:
1850:
533:, which currently serves as a hotel.
205:non-objective 'constructions' with a
2065:(Paperback). Fontana press. p.
2020:
1545:adding citations to reliable sources
1512:
49:adding citations to reliable sources
20:
2789:Neoclassical architecture in Russia
2703:Commie vs. Capitalist: Architecture
1989:
1267:, mixed-use building by Jan Buijs (
906:, a grandiose project to rival the
13:
2764:Art Nouveau architecture in Russia
2498:Catherine Cooke & Igor Kazus,
2262:(Architectural Press, 1971), p297.
1390:Textile Institute, Moscow (1930–8)
466:, such as the housing projects of
14:
3536:
2611:
2500:Soviet Architectural Competitions
3520:Architecture in the Soviet Union
3500:Modernist architecture in Russia
3451:
1517:
1484:
1465:
1445:
1425:
1410:
1395:
1383:
1367:
1351:
1335:
1323:
1311:
1292:
1276:
1257:
1241:
1218:
1206:
1187:
1168:
1156:
1137:
1122:
1106:
823:), the 'Bauhaus Brigade' led by
25:
3525:Architecture related to utopias
2534:Pioneers of Soviet Architecture
2447:
2429:
2410:
2383:
2356:
2315:
2299:
2287:
2227:
2021:Hunt, Ronald (1 October 1967).
1805:
1691:ZiL House of Culture (1937) by
1030:Tbilisi Roads Ministry Building
616:'s 1926 MOGES power station or
341:, the 'Dynamic City' (1919) of
36:needs additional citations for
2474:(Hayward Gallery, London 1971)
2115:
2040:
2014:
1866:
1623:Novo-Ryazanskaya Street Garage
1145:Novo-Ryazanskaya Street Garage
642:Novo-Ryazanskaya Street Garage
229:Commissariat for Enlightenment
1:
1982:
902:The 1932 competition for the
713:There were also projects for
231:between those who argued for
169:
60:"Constructivist architecture"
2809:Russian Revival architecture
2804:Russian neoclassical revival
2536:(Thames & Hudson 1988),
1933:Kuzbassugol Building Complex
1763:(and similar Oblispolkom in
1699:Leningrad (Saint-Petersburg)
894:Political Convicts House in
755:Sotsgorod: Cities for Utopia
537:The everyday and the utopian
273:A revolution in architecture
7:
3485:Constructivist architecture
2842:Russian church architecture
2769:Constructivist architecture
2759:Architecture of Kievan Rus'
2619:Constructivist architecture
2512:(Thames & Hudson, 1980)
2465:An Archaeology of Socialism
2460:(Architectural Press, 1972)
1113:Collective Housing design (
191:Constructivist art movement
139:Constructivist architecture
10:
3541:
2529:(Thames & Hudson 1986)
2222:An Archeology of Socialism
2097:Frampton, Kenneth (2004).
1942:Dinamo Residential Complex
1774:
1099:
852:Red Banner Textile Factory
821:Margarete Schütte-Lihotzky
752:
211:Russian Revolution of 1917
3445:
3142:
2936:
2885:
2859:
2827:
2751:
2634:27 September 2013 at the
2571:(Monacelli Press, 1997),
2149:Cooke, Catherine (1990).
1832:Sverdlovsk (Ekaterinburg)
1685:Gosplan Garage (1936) by
1588:(1925) by Nikolai Strukov
1579:
1003:
874:The end of constructivism
856:Russland, Europa, Amerika
686:(1932) by Vesnin Brothers
594:as being, along with the
2470:Campbell/Lynton (eds.),
2323:
1955:Non-implemented projects
1875:(1927) by I. A. Burlakov
1754:
1708:Red Flag Textile Factory
1432:Club of Slovak Artists,
3458:Architecture portal
2867:National Romantic style
2847:One-day votive churches
2423:5 November 2013 at the
1761:Government House, Minsk
1716:in Leningrad (1932) by
1592:Bakhmetevsky Bus Garage
1232:. It was at the top of
1032:) and the unornamented
1022:Henry-Russell Hitchcock
850:, designed Leningrad's
727:Architectural Fantasies
708:Bakhmetevsky Bus Garage
638:Bakhmetevsky Bus Garage
149:that flourished in the
3505:Architecture in Russia
3495:Modernist architecture
2819:Stalinist architecture
2121:see the picture here:
1929:(1932) by A. I. Bobrov
1798:Post Office (1929) by
1491:Barrio de las Flores,
1342:MPS Building, Moscow (
1010:Stalinist architecture
959:
928:Stalinist Architecture
899:
887:
750:
687:
609:
575:
557:
501:
436:
426:
400:
353:Immediately after the
349:ASNOVA and rationalism
292:
186:
135:
3515:Russian art movements
2392:"17 - Costruttivismo"
2365:"17 - Costruttivismo"
2124:"17 - Costruttivismo"
1961:Palace of the Soviets
1673:Tsentrosoyuz building
1655:Rusakov Workers' Club
1358:Maxim Gorky Theatre,
1132:(David Kogan, 1923–4)
1094:The Story of the Pool
1049:, as well as in much
1016:as it was defined by
953:
908:Empire State Building
904:Palace of the Soviets
893:
881:
834:The city-planning of
748:
682:
607:
563:
544:
490:Rusakov Workers' Club
488:
434:
395:
280:
177:
126:
3490:Architectural styles
3402:Critical regionalism
2984:Critical regionalism
2745:Russian architecture
2603:The Minimum Dwelling
1906:Rabochaya Pyatiletka
1881:(1928) by P. Shyokin
1614:Svoboda Factory Club
1605:Kauchuk Factory Club
1541:improve this section
1417:Krasny Prospekt 11.
1195:Kauchuk Factory Club
1176:Svoboda Factory Club
1088:. In the late 1970s
1063:Constant Nieuwenhuys
882:Intourist Garage by
777:first five-year plan
565:Svoboda Factory Club
193:, which grew out of
45:improve this article
3510:Russian avant-garde
3250:International style
3242:Rationalist-Fascist
3186:Stripped Classicism
3119:Stripped Classicism
3099:Rationalist-Fascist
3024:International style
2930:modern architecture
2872:Russian avant-garde
2774:Elizabethan Baroque
2532:S. Khan-Magomedov,
2525:S. Khan-Magomedov,
2488:(AD magazine, 1988)
1687:Konstantin Melnikov
1659:Konstantin Melnikov
1640:Konstantin Melnikov
1627:Konstantin Melnikov
1618:Konstantin Melnikov
1609:Konstantin Melnikov
1596:Konstantin Melnikov
1586:Mosselprom building
1302:, apartment house (
1252:, Chekists Village)
1130:Mosselprom building
1014:International Style
980:Panteleimon Golosov
968:House on Embankment
958:, 1927–1930 (video)
884:Konstantin Melnikov
666:Konstantin Melnikov
580:New Economic Policy
498:Konstantin Melnikov
417:New Economic Policy
379:Konstantin Melnikov
365:, which was called
241:Alexander Rodchenko
209:element. After the
147:modern architecture
3333:(1940s–late 1970s)
3322:Mid-century modern
3290:Postconstructivism
3234:Streamline Moderne
3114:Streamline Moderne
3079:Postconstructivism
3034:Mid-Century modern
2799:Postconstructivism
2568:Delirious New York
2472:Art and Revolution
2389:Illustrated here:
2293:Benjamin, Walter,
2209:Art and Revolution
1873:Prombank Dormitory
1851:Kuybyshev (Samara)
1664:Zuev Workers' Club
1651:and Ignaty Milinis
1645:Narkomfin Building
1300:Narkomfin Building
972:Postconstructivism
960:
900:
888:
801:Frank Lloyd Wright
797:Mikhail Okhitovich
751:
704:The Melnikov House
696:Buckminster Fuller
688:
674:Zuev Workers' Club
610:
576:
558:
546:Narkomfin Building
514:Narkomfin Building
502:
437:
401:
397:Zuev Workers' Club
371:Gestalt psychology
329:group centered on
293:
282:The print shop of
187:
155:industrial society
136:
3472:
3471:
2895:
2894:
2855:
2854:
2779:Naryshkin Baroque
2577:978-1-885254-00-9
2542:978-0-500-34102-5
2484:Catherine Cooke,
2477:Catherine Cooke,
2349:Catherine Cooke,
1915:Soyuzzoloto House
1787:House of Projects
1722:Alexander Gegello
1577:
1576:
1569:
1086:Coop Himmelb(l)au
951:
741:and town planning
646:Sergei Eisenstein
413:Aleksandra Ekster
387:Berthold Lubetkin
355:Russian Civil War
323:Russian Civil War
262:and the magazine
245:Varvara Stepanova
224:Realist manifesto
201:vision to wholly
121:
120:
113:
95:
3532:
3464:Related articles
3456:
3455:
3438:
3430:
3422:
3414:
3410:Deconstructivism
3406:
3398:
3390:
3382:
3374:
3366:
3358:
3350:
3342:
3334:
3326:
3318:
3310:
3302:
3294:
3286:
3278:
3270:
3262:
3254:
3246:
3238:
3230:
3222:
3214:
3206:
3198:
3190:
3182:
3174:
3166:
3158:
2994:Deconstructivism
2922:
2915:
2908:
2899:
2898:
2860:Related articles
2832:
2831:
2814:Siberian Baroque
2738:
2731:
2724:
2715:
2714:
2689:
2681:Wandering Camera
2620:
2595:(Reaktion, 2005)
2506:Kenneth Frampton
2441:
2440:
2433:
2427:
2414:
2408:
2407:
2405:
2403:
2398:on 15 April 2008
2394:. Archived from
2387:
2381:
2380:
2378:
2376:
2371:on 15 April 2008
2367:. Archived from
2360:
2354:
2347:
2341:
2340:
2338:
2336:
2319:
2313:
2303:
2297:
2291:
2285:
2284:
2282:
2280:
2269:
2263:
2256:
2250:
2249:
2247:
2245:
2231:
2225:
2218:
2212:
2205:
2199:
2196:
2187:
2186:
2184:
2182:
2171:
2165:
2164:
2146:
2140:
2139:
2137:
2135:
2130:on 15 April 2008
2126:. Archived from
2119:
2113:
2112:
2094:
2081:
2080:
2056:
2050:
2044:
2038:
2037:
2035:
2033:
2018:
2012:
2011:
2009:
2007:
1997:"Constructivism"
1993:
1901:Andrey Kryachkov
1879:Polyclinic No. 1
1800:Arkady Mordvinov
1631:Vladimir Shukhov
1600:Vladimir Shukhov
1572:
1565:
1561:
1558:
1552:
1521:
1513:
1488:
1469:
1449:
1429:
1414:
1399:
1387:
1376:Yakov Chernikhov
1371:
1355:
1339:
1327:
1315:
1296:
1280:
1261:
1245:
1222:
1210:
1191:
1172:
1160:
1141:
1126:
1115:Nikolai Ladovsky
1110:
1082:Deconstructivism
1074:Lloyd's building
952:
916:Erich Mendelsohn
896:Saint Petersburg
848:Erich Mendelsohn
723:Yakov Chernikhov
719:Kasimir Malevich
622:Vladimir Shukhov
476:social condenser
456:Alexander Vesnin
383:Vladimir Krinsky
363:Nikolai Ladovsky
331:Kasimir Malevich
195:Russian Futurism
116:
109:
105:
102:
96:
94:
53:
29:
21:
3540:
3539:
3535:
3534:
3533:
3531:
3530:
3529:
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3474:
3473:
3468:
3450:
3441:
3436:
3428:
3420:
3412:
3404:
3396:
3388:
3380:
3372:
3364:
3356:
3348:
3340:
3332:
3324:
3316:
3308:
3300:
3292:
3284:
3276:
3268:
3260:
3252:
3244:
3236:
3228:
3226:New Objectivity
3220:
3212:
3204:
3196:
3188:
3180:
3172:
3164:
3156:
3147:
3145:
3144:By start year /
3138:
3069:New Objectivity
2932:
2926:
2896:
2891:
2881:
2851:
2823:
2794:Petrine Baroque
2747:
2742:
2705:- slideshow by
2687:
2636:Wayback Machine
2618:
2614:
2591:Karl Schlögel,
2520:Style and Epoch
2516:Moisei Ginzburg
2502:(Phaidon, 1992)
2486:The Avant Garde
2463:Victor Buchli,
2450:
2445:
2444:
2435:
2434:
2430:
2425:Wayback Machine
2415:
2411:
2401:
2399:
2390:
2388:
2384:
2374:
2372:
2363:
2362:Archive photo:
2361:
2357:
2351:The Avant-Garde
2348:
2344:
2334:
2332:
2325:
2321:
2320:
2316:
2304:
2300:
2292:
2288:
2278:
2276:
2271:
2270:
2266:
2258:Reyner Banham,
2257:
2253:
2243:
2241:
2233:
2232:
2228:
2219:
2215:
2206:
2202:
2197:
2190:
2180:
2178:
2173:
2172:
2168:
2161:
2147:
2143:
2133:
2131:
2122:
2120:
2116:
2109:
2095:
2084:
2077:
2057:
2053:
2045:
2041:
2031:
2029:
2019:
2015:
2005:
2003:
1995:
1994:
1990:
1985:
1976:Narkomtiazhprom
1971:Vladimir Tatlin
1957:
1869:
1853:
1834:
1808:
1777:
1757:
1701:
1693:Vesnin brothers
1649:Moisei Ginzburg
1582:
1573:
1562:
1556:
1553:
1538:
1522:
1511:
1504:
1489:
1480:
1470:
1461:
1450:
1441:
1430:
1421:
1415:
1406:
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1391:
1388:
1379:
1372:
1363:
1356:
1347:
1340:
1331:
1328:
1319:
1316:
1307:
1304:Moisei Ginzburg
1297:
1288:
1281:
1272:
1262:
1253:
1246:
1237:
1223:
1214:
1211:
1202:
1192:
1183:
1173:
1164:
1161:
1152:
1142:
1133:
1127:
1118:
1111:
1102:
1006:
994:Narkomtiazhprom
942:
876:
768:(Sotsgorod) of
757:
743:
700:Georgy Krutikov
630:Walter Benjamin
618:Alexey Shchusev
614:Ivan Zholtovsky
550:Moisei Ginzburg
539:
460:Moisei Ginzburg
445:Leningradskaya
441:Vesnin brothers
429:
351:
310:, often called
308:Vladimir Tatlin
275:
249:Vladimir Tatlin
215:Antoine Pevsner
172:
132:Vladimir Tatlin
117:
106:
100:
97:
54:
52:
42:
30:
17:
12:
11:
5:
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3375:
3367:
3359:
3351:
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3335:
3327:
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3311:
3303:
3295:
3287:
3279:
3271:
3263:
3255:
3247:
3239:
3231:
3223:
3215:
3210:Constructivism
3207:
3199:
3191:
3183:
3175:
3170:Prairie School
3167:
3159:
3150:
3148:
3143:
3140:
3139:
3137:
3136:
3131:
3126:
3121:
3116:
3111:
3106:
3101:
3096:
3094:Prairie School
3091:
3086:
3081:
3076:
3071:
3066:
3061:
3056:
3051:
3046:
3041:
3036:
3031:
3026:
3021:
3016:
3011:
3006:
3001:
2996:
2991:
2986:
2981:
2976:
2974:Constructivism
2971:
2966:
2961:
2956:
2951:
2946:
2940:
2938:
2937:Alphabetically
2934:
2933:
2925:
2924:
2917:
2910:
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2638:
2626:
2613:
2612:External links
2610:
2609:
2608:
2606:
2596:
2589:
2588:(Vienna, 1930)
2579:
2556:
2555:
2548:
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2331:(in Ukrainian)
2314:
2298:
2286:
2275:. galinsky.com
2264:
2251:
2239:www.kharkov.ua
2226:
2213:
2200:
2188:
2177:. galinsky.com
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2082:
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2013:
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1986:
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1980:
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1967:Tatlin's Tower
1964:
1956:
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1952:
1951:
1945:
1939:
1936:
1930:
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1918:
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1903:
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1891:Aeroflot House
1888:
1885:Business House
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1769:Iosif Langbard
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1636:Melnikov House
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1477:James Stirling
1471:
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1360:Rostov-na-Donu
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1101:
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1070:Richard Rogers
1026:Globus Theatre
1018:Philip Johnson
1005:
1002:
932:Post-Modernism
912:Walter Gropius
875:
872:
862:, designed by
805:Broadacre City
742:
735:
538:
535:
450:. In 1925 the
428:
425:
385:and the young
350:
347:
343:Gustav Klutsis
312:Tatlin's Tower
274:
271:
171:
168:
143:constructivist
128:Tatlin's Tower
119:
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3448:
3447:
3444:
3435:
3432:
3427:
3426:New Classical
3424:
3419:
3416:
3411:
3408:
3403:
3400:
3395:
3392:
3387:
3384:
3379:
3376:
3371:
3370:Postmodernism
3368:
3363:
3360:
3355:
3354:Structuralism
3352:
3347:
3344:
3339:
3336:
3331:
3328:
3323:
3320:
3315:
3312:
3309:(1930s–1950s)
3307:
3304:
3299:
3296:
3291:
3288:
3283:
3280:
3275:
3272:
3267:
3264:
3261:(1920s–1970s)
3259:
3258:Functionalism
3256:
3251:
3248:
3245:(1920s–1930s)
3243:
3240:
3235:
3232:
3227:
3224:
3219:
3216:
3211:
3208:
3203:
3200:
3195:
3192:
3187:
3184:
3179:
3178:Expressionism
3176:
3173:(1890s–1920s)
3171:
3168:
3163:
3160:
3155:
3152:
3151:
3149:
3141:
3135:
3132:
3130:
3127:
3125:
3124:Structuralism
3122:
3120:
3117:
3115:
3112:
3110:
3107:
3105:
3102:
3100:
3097:
3095:
3092:
3090:
3087:
3085:
3084:Postmodernism
3082:
3080:
3077:
3075:
3072:
3070:
3067:
3065:
3062:
3060:
3059:New Classical
3057:
3055:
3052:
3050:
3047:
3045:
3044:Monumentalism
3042:
3040:
3037:
3035:
3032:
3030:
3027:
3025:
3022:
3020:
3017:
3015:
3012:
3010:
3007:
3005:
3004:Functionalism
3002:
3000:
2999:Expressionism
2997:
2995:
2992:
2990:
2987:
2985:
2982:
2980:
2977:
2975:
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2720:
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2716:
2710:
2709:
2708:Life magazine
2704:
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2699:
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2459:
2455:
2454:Reyner Banham
2452:
2451:
2438:
2432:
2426:
2422:
2419:
2413:
2397:
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2370:
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2255:
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2236:
2230:
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2217:
2210:
2204:
2195:
2193:
2176:
2170:
2162:
2160:0-8109-6000-1
2156:
2152:
2145:
2129:
2125:
2118:
2110:
2108:0-500-20257-5
2104:
2100:
2093:
2091:
2089:
2087:
2078:
2076:0-00-686129-6
2072:
2068:
2064:
2063:
2055:
2049:
2043:
2028:
2024:
2017:
2002:
1998:
1992:
1988:
1977:
1974:
1972:
1968:
1965:
1962:
1959:
1958:
1949:
1946:
1943:
1940:
1937:
1934:
1931:
1928:
1925:
1922:
1919:
1916:
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1910:
1907:
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1902:
1898:
1895:
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1889:
1886:
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1877:
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1870:
1861:
1858:
1855:
1854:
1845:
1842:
1839:
1836:
1835:
1826:
1823:
1821:
1820:Nikolai Kolli
1817:
1816:Viktor Vesnin
1813:
1810:
1809:
1801:
1797:
1794:
1791:
1788:
1785:
1782:
1779:
1778:
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1736:
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1727:
1723:
1719:
1715:
1712:
1709:
1706:
1703:
1702:
1694:
1690:
1688:
1684:
1682:
1681:Nikolai Kolli
1678:
1674:
1671:
1669:
1665:
1662:
1660:
1656:
1653:
1650:
1646:
1643:
1641:
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1597:
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1587:
1584:
1583:
1571:
1568:
1560:
1550:
1546:
1542:
1536:
1535:
1531:
1526:This section
1524:
1520:
1515:
1514:
1502:
1498:
1494:
1487:
1482:
1478:
1474:
1468:
1463:
1459:
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1448:
1443:
1439:
1435:
1428:
1423:
1420:
1413:
1408:
1405:
1398:
1393:
1386:
1381:
1377:
1370:
1365:
1361:
1354:
1349:
1345:
1338:
1333:
1326:
1321:
1314:
1309:
1305:
1301:
1295:
1290:
1286:
1279:
1274:
1270:
1266:
1265:De Volharding
1260:
1255:
1251:
1250:Yekaterinburg
1244:
1239:
1235:
1231:
1227:
1221:
1216:
1209:
1204:
1200:
1196:
1190:
1185:
1181:
1177:
1171:
1166:
1159:
1154:
1150:
1146:
1140:
1135:
1131:
1125:
1120:
1116:
1109:
1104:
1103:
1097:
1095:
1091:
1087:
1083:
1079:
1075:
1071:
1066:
1064:
1060:
1056:
1055:Situationists
1052:
1048:
1044:
1040:
1035:
1034:Khrushchyovka
1031:
1027:
1023:
1019:
1015:
1011:
1001:
999:
995:
991:
987:
986:
981:
975:
973:
969:
965:
964:art decoesque
957:
940:
938:
933:
929:
925:
921:
917:
913:
909:
905:
897:
892:
885:
880:
871:
869:
865:
864:Victor Vesnin
861:
857:
853:
849:
845:
844:Nikolai Kolli
841:
837:
832:
830:
826:
822:
818:
814:
810:
806:
802:
798:
794:
790:
786:
782:
778:
773:
771:
767:
762:
756:
747:
740:
734:
732:
728:
724:
720:
716:
711:
709:
705:
701:
697:
693:
692:Ivan Leonidov
685:
681:
677:
675:
671:
667:
663:
659:
655:
649:
647:
643:
639:
635:
631:
627:
626:Shukhov Tower
623:
619:
615:
606:
602:
600:
597:
593:
589:
588:Reyner Banham
585:
581:
574:
570:
566:
562:
555:
551:
548:in Moscow by
547:
543:
534:
532:
528:
527:Yekaterinburg
523:
519:
515:
511:
507:
506:Ivan Nikolaev
499:
495:
491:
487:
483:
481:
477:
473:
469:
465:
464:Functionalism
461:
457:
453:
449:
448:
442:
433:
424:
422:
418:
414:
410:
406:
398:
394:
390:
388:
384:
380:
376:
372:
368:
364:
360:
356:
346:
344:
340:
336:
332:
328:
324:
320:
315:
313:
309:
306:
302:
301:St Petersburg
298:
291:
287:
285:
279:
270:
269:
265:
261:
257:
252:
250:
246:
242:
238:
237:Productivists
234:
230:
226:
225:
220:
216:
212:
208:
204:
200:
196:
192:
184:
180:
179:Shukhov Tower
176:
167:
165:
160:
156:
152:
148:
144:
140:
133:
129:
125:
115:
112:
104:
93:
90:
86:
83:
79:
76:
72:
69:
65:
62: –
61:
57:
56:Find sources:
50:
46:
40:
39:
34:This article
32:
28:
23:
22:
19:
3449:
3434:Contemporary
3386:Neo-futurism
3378:Blobitecture
3317:(1930s–1970)
3209:
3049:Neo-Futurism
2979:Contemporary
2973:
2959:Blobitecture
2889:Russian arts
2768:
2706:
2680:
2640:
2602:
2592:
2585:
2582:El Lissitzky
2566:
2563:Rem Koolhaas
2557:
2549:
2533:
2526:
2519:
2509:
2499:
2492:
2485:
2481:(MOMA, 1990)
2478:
2471:
2467:(Berg, 2002)
2464:
2457:
2448:Bibliography
2431:
2412:
2400:. Retrieved
2396:the original
2385:
2373:. Retrieved
2369:the original
2358:
2350:
2345:
2333:. Retrieved
2329:О, Море.Сity
2328:
2317:
2301:
2295:Moscow Diary
2294:
2289:
2277:. Retrieved
2267:
2259:
2254:
2244:13 September
2242:. Retrieved
2238:
2229:
2221:
2216:
2208:
2203:
2179:. Retrieved
2169:
2150:
2144:
2132:. Retrieved
2128:the original
2117:
2098:
2061:
2054:
2042:
2030:. Retrieved
2026:
2016:
2004:. Retrieved
2000:
1991:
1806:Zaporizhzhia
1677:Le Corbusier
1668:Ilya Golosov
1563:
1554:
1539:Please help
1527:
1248:Hotel Iset (
1093:
1090:Rem Koolhaas
1067:
1007:
990:Moscow Metro
983:
976:
961:
937:Moscow Metro
920:Le Corbusier
901:
867:
855:
840:Tsentrosoyuz
836:Le Corbusier
833:
825:Hannes Meyer
809:Magnitogorsk
792:
788:
774:
770:Zaporizhzhia
758:
738:
726:
712:
689:
670:Ilya Golosov
650:
611:
591:
577:
521:
503:
471:
444:
438:
402:
375:El Lissitzky
352:
339:Prounen-Raum
338:
319:El Lissitzky
316:
294:
290:El Lissitzky
288:designed by
283:
253:
232:
222:
188:
164:architecture
151:Soviet Union
138:
137:
107:
98:
88:
81:
74:
67:
55:
43:Please help
38:verification
35:
18:
3349:(1953–1970)
3325:(1933–1969)
3301:(1933–1944)
3298:PWA Moderne
3285:(1910–1939)
3237:(1925–1950)
3229:(1922–1933)
3221:(1921–1929)
3218:Rondocubism
3213:(1920–1932)
3205:(1919–1933)
3197:(1917–1931)
3165:(1890–1910)
3162:Art Nouveau
3157:(1888–1911)
3129:Sustainable
3104:Rondocubism
3089:PWA Moderne
2949:Art Nouveau
2877:Suprematism
2605:(MIT, 2002)
2599:Karel Teige
2522:(MIT, 1981)
2032:24 February
2001:Tate Modern
1969:project by
1867:Novosibirsk
1733:Noi Trotsky
1718:Noi Trotsky
1714:Bolshoy Dom
1419:Novosibirsk
1404:Novosibirsk
1047:Kenzo Tange
924:Boris Iofan
785:linear city
781:garden city
715:Suprematist
472:dom kommuny
335:Suprematism
256:utilitarian
3479:Categories
3362:Metabolism
3274:Organicism
3154:Modernisme
3074:Organicism
3039:Modernisme
3029:Metabolism
2928:Genres of
2558:M., 2008
2207:quoted in
1983:References
1899:(1930) by
1897:State Bank
1814:(1932) by
1710:(1929) by
1675:(1936) by
1666:(1929) by
1657:(1929) by
1647:(1930) by
1638:(1929) by
1625:(1929) by
1616:(1929) by
1607:(1929) by
1594:(1927) by
1503:) (1960s).
1454:Bratislava
1434:Bratislava
1344:Ivan Fomin
1285:Ivan Fomin
1271:, 1927–28)
1078:Zaha Hadid
1059:Guy Debord
829:Bruno Taut
753:See also:
260:Proletkult
170:Definition
71:newspapers
3418:Neomodern
3394:High-tech
3346:New Khmer
3330:Brutalism
3306:Stalinist
3109:Stalinist
3064:New Khmer
3054:Neomodern
3019:High-tech
2969:Bowellism
2964:Brutalism
2835:Religious
2279:15 August
2181:15 August
2067:918 pages
1825:Sotsmisto
1812:DniproHES
1781:Derzhprom
1726:Andrey Ol
1557:July 2008
1528:does not
1493:La Coruña
1269:The Hague
1051:Brutalist
1043:Archigram
860:DniproHES
817:Mart Stam
813:Ernst May
793:Sotsgorod
766:Sotsmisto
761:Leningrad
739:Sotsgorod
684:DniproHES
664:clubs by
584:Derzhprom
500:, 1927–28
468:Ernst May
452:OSA Group
405:Mart Stam
359:Vkhutemas
297:Comintern
219:Naum Gabo
159:communist
145:style of
101:July 2022
3437:(2000s–)
3429:(1990s–)
3421:(1990s–)
3413:(1980s–)
3405:(1980s–)
3397:(1970s–)
3389:(1960s–)
3381:(1960s–)
3373:(1960s–)
3338:Tropical
3282:Art Deco
3277:(1920s–)
3269:(1920s–)
3266:Futurism
3253:(1920s–)
3194:De Stijl
3134:Tropical
3009:Futurism
2989:De Stijl
2944:Art Deco
2887:Part of
2632:Archived
2421:Archived
2027:Artforum
1458:Slovakia
1438:Slovakia
1346:, 1930s)
1199:Melnikov
1180:Melnikov
1149:Melnikov
998:Futurist
789:Sozgorod
731:Piranesi
706:and his
634:Melnikov
569:Melnikov
518:Alma-Ata
421:Izvestia
305:Futurist
286:magazine
239:such as
235:and the
233:pure art
203:abstract
3365:(1959–)
3357:(1959–)
3341:(1958–)
3293:(1930s)
3202:Bauhaus
3189:(1913–)
3181:(1910–)
2954:Bauhaus
2693:YouTube
2624:YouTube
2402:7 April
2375:7 April
2335:4 April
2134:7 April
2006:9 April
1978:Project
1963:Project
1893:(1930s)
1775:Kharkiv
1765:Mogilev
1549:removed
1534:sources
1497:Galicia
1460:), 1939
1306:, 1930)
1287:, 1929)
1201:, 1927)
1182:, 1927)
1151:, 1926)
1117:, 1920)
1100:Gallery
1039:Team 10
1028:or the
662:Rusakov
658:Svoboda
654:Kauchuk
636:on the
599:Bauhaus
590:in his
303:by the
284:Ogonyok
217:'s and
207:kinetic
85:scholar
3314:Googie
3146:decade
3014:Googie
2752:Styles
2593:Moscow
2575:
2540:
2224:(2000)
2157:
2105:
2073:
1908:(1930)
1580:Moscow
1479:(1963)
1440:, 1926
1362:, 1935
1234:UNESCO
1230:Moscow
1004:Legacy
985:Pravda
956:Moscow
898:, 1933
886:, 1933
827:, and
791:, aka
596:Dessau
573:Moscow
554:UNESCO
494:Moscow
447:Pravda
409:Aelita
399:, 1927
367:ASNOVA
327:UNOVIS
268:O.S.A.
199:cubist
183:Moscow
141:was a
87:
80:
73:
66:
58:
2828:Types
1767:) by
1755:Minsk
1501:Spain
480:Lenin
92:JSTOR
78:books
2573:ISBN
2538:ISBN
2404:2007
2377:2007
2337:2024
2281:2015
2246:2024
2183:2015
2155:ISBN
2136:2007
2103:ISBN
2071:ISBN
2034:2024
2008:2020
1818:and
1793:KhTZ
1724:and
1679:and
1629:and
1598:and
1532:any
1530:cite
1061:and
1045:and
1020:and
918:and
737:The
660:and
640:and
458:and
443:for
325:the
247:and
64:news
2691:on
2622:on
1543:by
1499:, (
1475:by
1228:in
982:'s
803:'s
783:or
733:'.
672:'s
624:'s
567:by
508:'s
496:by
492:in
427:OSA
299:in
264:LEF
221:'s
47:by
3481::
2601:,
2584:,
2518:,
2508:,
2493:AD
2456:,
2237:.
2191:^
2085:^
2069:.
2025:.
1999:.
1720:,
1495:,
1436:,
1076:.
1072:'
1065:.
1041:,
974:.
914:,
870:.
831:.
819:,
815:,
772:.
676:.
656:,
571:,
522:SA
389:.
381:,
377:,
243:,
181:,
166:.
2921:e
2914:t
2907:v
2737:e
2730:t
2723:v
2439:.
2406:.
2379:.
2353:.
2339:.
2283:.
2248:.
2185:.
2163:.
2138:.
2111:.
2079:.
2036:.
2010:.
1728:.
1570:)
1564:(
1559:)
1555:(
1551:.
1537:.
1456:(
1378:)
1197:(
1178:(
1147:(
134:)
114:)
108:(
103:)
99:(
89:·
82:·
75:·
68:·
41:.
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
