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40:
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and elephants all browse on the marula tree, with elephants in particular being a major consumer. Elephants eat the bark, branches and fruits of the marula, which may limit the spread of the trees. The damaged bark, due to browsing, can be used to identify marula trees as elephants preferentially
575:
On an industrial level the fruit of the marula tree is collected from the wild by members of rural communities on whose land the trees grow. This harvest and sale of fruit only occur over two to three months, but is an important source of income to poor rural people, especially women. The fruit is
383:
The tree is a single-stemmed species with a broad, spreading crown. It is distinguished by its grey mottled bark and can grow up to 18 meters tall, primarily in low altitudes and open woodlands. The distribution of this species throughout Africa and
Madagascar has followed the
626:
from eating fermented marula fruit, as do reports in the popular press. While the fruit is commonly eaten by elephants, the animals would need a huge amount of fermented marulas to have any effect on them, and other animals prefer the ripe fruit.
415:
with a single seed encased within their endocarp, although up to four seeds can be present. The seeds have a delicate nutty flavour and are much sought-after, especially by small rodents who know to gnaw exactly where the plugs are located.
807:
Leakey, Roger; Shackleton, Sheona; Du
Plessis, Pierre (2005). "Domestication potential of Marula (Sclerocarya birrea subsp caffra) in South Africa and Namibia: 1. Phenotypic variation in fruit traits".
543:
The fruit is traditionally used for food in Africa, and has considerable socioeconomic importance. The fruit juice and pulp are mixed with water and stored in a container over 1–3 days of
1300:
1234:
Mansourian, Suzan; Enjin, Anders V.; Jirle, Erling; Ramesh, Vedika; Rehermann, Guillermo; Becher, Paul G.; Pool, John E.; Stensmyr, Marcus C. (December 6, 2018).
1213:
946:
388:
in their migrations. There is some evidence of human domestication of marula trees, as trees found on farm lands tend to have larger fruit size.
1522:
1780:
576:
delivered to processing plants where fruit pulp, pips, kernels and kernel oil are extracted and stored for processing throughout the year.
489:
is derived from the
Ancient Greek words 'skleros' meaning 'hard' and 'karyon' meaning 'nut'. This refers to the hard pit of the fruit. The
1123:"Livelihood benefits from the local level commercialization of savanna resources: a case study of the new and expanding trade in marula (
732:
1574:
706:
229:
658:
399:). They fall to the ground when unripe and green in colour, and then ripen to a yellow colour on the ground. They are succulent and
1830:
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1457:
970:
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1815:
996:
730:
1501:
551:. The alcoholic distilled beverage (morula) made from the fruit is referenced in the stories of the South African writer
1122:
411:). These stones, when dry, expose the seeds by shedding 2 (sometimes 3) small circular plugs at one end. The fruits are
1047:
Engelter & Wehmeyer; Wehmeyer, A.S. (1970). "Fatty acid composition of oils of some edible seeds of wild plants".
619:
1865:
1790:
878:
870:
852:
630:
The marula fruit has been suggested to be the food of choice for the ancestral forest-dwelling form of the fruit fly
1152:
1850:
1840:
1527:
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1855:
1713:
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1825:
1810:
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953:
772:
294:
1820:
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443:. The leaves are alternate, compound, and imparipinnately divided. The leaflet shapes range from round to
1397:
1392:
1379:
670:
91:
1726:
1705:
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1462:
786:
781:
1153:"Myth, Marula, and Elephant: An Assessment of Voluntary Ethanol Intoxication of the African Elephant (
1845:
1835:
1107:
988:
917:
682:
1579:
974:
632:
526:
Common names include jelly plum, cat thorn, morula, cider tree, marula, maroola nut/plum, and in
1553:
1026:
952:. Department of Water Affairs and Forestry, Republic of South Africa. 3 May 2013. Archived from
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1514:
1322:
318:
1615:
552:
259:
208:
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1785:
1418:
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817:
736:
636:, which was much more selective about which fruit they preferred than the flies that have
8:
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56:
39:
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1187:
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237:
86:
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1171:
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984:
825:
436:
337:, "nut", in reference to the stone inside the fleshy fruit), commonly known as the
305:
1384:
1371:
1666:
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target them. Elephants distribute marula seeds in their dung. In the documentary
356:
225:
129:
860:
856:
694:
1561:
1306:
1244:
490:
116:
1265:
829:
470:
These subspecies are differentiated by changes in leaf shape and size. Subsp.
403:
with a strong and distinctive flavour. Inside is a walnut-sized, thick-walled
391:
The fruits, which ripen between
December and March, have a light yellow skin (
1774:
1509:
1345:
745:
498:
385:
175:
76:
71:
1006:
888:
1744:
1283:
1183:
544:
299:
1605:
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1354:
1157:) Following Feeding on the Fruit of the Marula Tree (Sclerocarya birrea)"
368:
360:
185:
1060:
850:
1692:
1449:
640:
to live near to humans. The ancestral fruit flies are triggered by the
589:
564:
556:
372:
302:
165:
1475:
1088:
with emphasis on its importance as a NTFP in South and
Southern Africa
1431:
1214:"Elephants drunk on native fruit at South Africa's Singita Sabi Sand"
600:
527:
519:
510:
493:'birrea' comes from the common name 'birr', for this type of tree in
440:
435:, turning it bisexual. Female flowers grow individually on their own
432:
420:
342:
1316:
1739:
1649:
1600:
1339:
1175:
604:
408:
396:
142:
1436:
584:
The marula fruit is eaten by various animals in
Southern Africa.
567:
in
Southern Africa. The marula tree is protected in South Africa.
1718:
1488:
612:
608:
585:
494:
444:
392:
364:
712:
Marula oil for sale at
Ongwediva Annual Trade Fair 2016, Namibia
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352:
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to moisturise the skin, and as an edible oil in the diet of
866:
404:
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286:
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30:
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806:
308:
with toothed margins, features not present in adult plants
969:
431:
per flower. On rare occasion a male flower can produce a
423:. Male trees produce multiple male flowers on a terminal
1151:
Morris, Steve; Humphreys, David; Reynolds, Dan (2006).
1150:
427:. These have red sepals and petals, and about 20
1772:
1081:
731:IUCN SSC Global Tree Specialist Group &
1049:Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry
912:
910:
908:
906:
904:
733:Botanic Gardens Conservation International
65:
38:
29:
1273:
1240:Are Seasonal Specialists on Marula Fruit"
1146:
1144:
865:. Non-Wood Forest Products. Vol. 5.
497:. The marula belongs to the same family,
458:is divided into three subspecies: subsp.
450:
980:Lost Crops of Africa: Volume III: Fruits
603:, released in 1974, some scenes portray
579:
478:is found in southern Africa, and subsp.
293:
285:
277:
269:
1027:"The marvellous brewers of marula beer"
901:
1773:
1211:
1141:
1127:) beer in Bushbuckridge, South Africa"
1120:
1082:Shackleton, S.E.; et al. (2002).
941:
939:
664:Marula windfalls in Ongwediva, Namibia
517:, and is closely related to the genus
1321:
1320:
1312:Swazisecrets.com: Marula African oils
1164:Physiological and Biochemical Zoology
1307:West African plants – A Photo Guide.
474:is found in northern Africa, subsp.
1781:IUCN Red List least concern species
936:
765:
746:IUCN Red List of Threatened Species
724:
547:to make marula beer, a traditional
538:
13:
1137:(11): 651–657 – via ingenta.
570:
14:
1877:
1294:
871:Food and Agriculture Organization
853:Food and Agriculture Organization
1131:South African Journal of Science
705:
693:
681:
676:Marula cider, Ongwediva, Namibia
669:
657:
90:
1831:Protected trees of South Africa
1732:urn:lsid:ipni.org:names:71444-1
1593:urn:lsid:ipni.org:names:71162-1
1227:
1205:
1114:
1075:
359:, the Sudano-Sahelian range of
1212:Couper, Ross (24 April 2014).
1040:
1019:
963:
844:
800:
378:
1:
1861:Taxa named by Achille Richard
717:
1816:Fruits originating in Africa
596:Animals Are Beautiful People
7:
1121:Sheona, Shackleton (2004).
482:is only found in Tanzania.
10:
1882:
1084:A summary of knowledge on
1029:. Eco products. 2016-03-14
787:Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew
782:Plants of the World Online
650:
330:
322:
1639:
1329:
1266:10.1016/j.cub.2018.10.033
971:National Research Council
830:10.1007/s10457-005-2419-z
243:
236:
214:
207:
87:Scientific classification
85:
63:
54:
50:with and without foliage
46:
37:
28:
23:
1866:Plants described in 1831
1791:Flora of Southern Africa
989:National Academies Press
753:: e.T208166817A208357864
1851:Drought-tolerant plants
1841:Garden plants of Africa
1238:Drosophila melanogaster
857:"Potential Edible Nuts"
633:Drosophila melanogaster
533:
326:⟨sklērós⟩
1856:Drought-tolerant trees
451:Taxonomy and etymology
335:⟨káryon⟩
328:, meaning "hard", and
309:
291:
283:
275:
1826:Trees of South Africa
1811:Edible nuts and seeds
1801:Flora of South Africa
647:in the marula fruit.
580:Uses by other species
553:Herman Charles Bosman
395:), with white flesh (
297:
289:
281:
273:
1252:(24): 3960–3968.e3.
810:Agroforestry Systems
351:, indigenous to the
341:, is a medium-sized
1821:Trees of Madagascar
1796:Flora of Madagascar
1258:2018CBio...28E3960M
1061:10.1021/jf60167a025
822:2005AgrSy..64...25L
57:Conservation status
1554:Sclerocarya birrea
1361:Sclerocarya birrea
1331:Sclerocarya birrea
1302:Sclerocarya birrea
1155:Loxodonta africana
1125:Sclerocarya birrea
1086:Sclerocarya birrea
920:Sclerocarya birrea
775:Sclerocarya birrea
739:Sclerocarya birrea
549:alcoholic beverage
456:Sclerocarya birrea
314:Sclerocarya birrea
310:
292:
290:Green marula fruit
284:
276:
218:Sclerocarya birrea
1768:
1767:
1536:Open Tree of Life
1323:Taxon identifiers
998:978-0-309-10596-5
947:"Protected Trees"
777:(A.Rich.) Hochst"
645:ethyl isovalerate
638:self-domesticated
523:from Madagascar.
485:The generic name
268:
267:
262:
251:
80:
1873:
1846:Ornamental trees
1836:Dioecious plants
1761:
1760:
1748:
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1016:
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985:Washington, D.C.
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958:
951:
943:
934:
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899:
898:
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851:Wickens, G. E.;
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795:
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769:
763:
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728:
709:
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685:
673:
661:
539:Traditional uses
491:specific epithet
336:
333:
332:
327:
324:
257:
255:Poupartia birrea
249:
220:
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74:
69:
68:
42:
33:
21:
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1648:
1641:Spondias birrea
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983:. Vol. 3.
968:
964:
959:on 5 July 2010.
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891:
881:
849:
845:
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791:
789:
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770:
766:
756:
754:
735:(BGCI) (2024).
729:
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698:
689:
686:
677:
674:
665:
662:
653:
582:
573:
571:Commercial uses
541:
536:
468:multifoliolata.
453:
381:
357:Southern Africa
334:
325:
247:Spondias birrea
232:
222:
216:
203:
89:
81:
70:
66:
59:
17:
16:Species of tree
12:
11:
5:
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1758:wfo-0000435345
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1629:wfo-0000434908
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1295:External links
1293:
1290:
1289:
1236:"Wild African
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1204:
1176:10.1086/499983
1170:(2): 363–369.
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997:
973:(2008-01-25).
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480:multifoliolata
452:
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419:The trees are
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282:Female flowers
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924:. 15 May 2018
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688:Marula stones
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1567:kew-2479830
1471:iNaturalist
1355:Wikispecies
1104:|work=
862:Edible Nuts
624:intoxicated
530:, maroela.
487:Sclerocarya
466:and subsp.
379:Description
369:East Africa
361:West Africa
300:distinctive
258:(A. Rich.)
187:Sclerocarya
130:Angiosperms
1775:Categories
1562:Plant List
1197:26 October
1033:2019-02-14
1012:2008-07-17
894:2008-11-10
718:References
565:San people
557:Marula oil
445:elliptical
441:staminodes
373:Madagascar
303:emarginate
250:(A. Rich.)
166:Sapindales
1656:Q38423597
1515:208166817
1106:ignored (
1096:cite book
622:becoming
620:allegedly
609:ostriches
605:elephants
601:Jamie Uys
561:topically
528:Afrikaans
520:Poupartia
511:pistachio
501:, as the
462:, subsp.
439:and have
433:gynoecium
421:dioecious
343:deciduous
194:Species:
100:Kingdom:
48:S. birrea
1745:50091089
1740:Tropicos
1650:Wikidata
1601:Tropicos
1340:Wikidata
1284:30528579
1219:25 April
1192:36629801
1184:16555195
1007:34344933
975:"Marula"
928:19 April
889:34529770
855:(1995).
838:21601141
613:warthogs
586:Giraffes
559:is used
409:endocarp
397:mesocarp
306:leaflets
238:Synonyms
172:Family:
143:Eudicots
77:IUCN 3.1
1719:71444-1
1693:3661572
1616:5854675
1606:1300356
1489:71162-1
1450:7160810
1346:Q675778
1275:7065024
1254:Bibcode
1069:5524461
818:Bibcode
792:27 July
757:27 July
651:Gallery
617:baboons
495:Senegal
437:pedicel
429:stamens
393:exocarp
365:savanna
323:σκληρός
260:Aubrév.
230:Hochst.
226:A.Rich.
182:Genus:
162:Order:
104:Plantae
75: (
24:Marula
1664:APDB:
1613:uBio:
1575:PLANTS
1541:456294
1528:289766
1502:895125
1476:340245
1424:483490
1398:416922
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472:birrea
460:birrea
425:raceme
413:drupes
363:, the
353:miombo
339:marula
331:κάρυον
156:Rosids
1706:35329
1680:6ZCNL
1667:30812
1580:SCBI3
1463:33385
1437:SLCBB
1411:4VP9L
1188:S2CID
1160:(PDF)
957:(PDF)
950:(PDF)
834:S2CID
642:ester
515:sumac
503:mango
405:stone
386:Bantu
150:Clade
137:Clade
124:Clade
111:Clade
1727:POWO
1714:IPNI
1701:GRIN
1688:GBIF
1588:POWO
1549:PfaF
1523:NCBI
1510:IUCN
1497:ITIS
1484:IPNI
1458:GRIN
1445:GBIF
1432:EPPO
1393:BOLD
1380:APNI
1280:PMID
1245:Cell
1221:2014
1199:2015
1180:PMID
1108:help
1065:PMID
1003:OCLC
993:ISBN
930:2019
885:OCLC
875:ISBN
867:Rome
794:2024
759:2024
751:2024
615:and
534:Uses
513:and
476:afra
464:afra
401:tart
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1753:WFO
1675:CoL
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1419:EoL
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