1234:. Sandpipers lay three or four eggs into the nest, which is usually a vague depression or scrape in the open ground, scarcely lined with soft vegetation. In species where both parents incubate the eggs, females and males share their incubation duties in various ways both within and between species. In some pairs, parents exchange on the nest in the morning and in the evening so that their incubation rhythm follows a 24-hour day, in others each sex may sit on the nest continuously for up to 24 hours before it is exchanged by its partner. In species where only a single parent incubates the eggs, during the night the parent sits on the eggs nearly continuously and then during the warmest part of a day leaves the nest for short feeding bouts. Chicks hatch after about three weeks of incubation and are able to walk and forage within a few hours of hatching. A single parent or both parents guide and brood the chicks.
1307:
1261:
1288:
1326:
1070:
57:
1246:
1178:
82:
371:
343:
Sandpipers have long bodies and legs, and narrow wings. Most species have a narrow bill, but otherwise the form and length are quite variable. They are small to medium-sized birds, measuring 12 to 66 cm (4.7–26.0 in) in length. The bills are sensitive, allowing the birds to feel the
1213:
There are broadly four feeding styles employed by the sandpipers, although many species are flexible and may use more than one style. The first is pecking with occasional probing, usually done by species in drier habitats that do not have soft soils or mud. The second, and most frequent, method
1169:. It has been hypothesized this helps when probing by allowing the bill to be partly opened with less force and improving manipulation of prey items in the substrate. Rhynchokinesis is also used by sandpipers feeding on prey in water to catch and manipulate prey.
1197:, in fact accounting for the most northerly breeding birds in the world. Only a few species breed in tropical regions, ten of which are snipes and woodcocks and the remaining species being the unusual Tuamotu sandpiper, which breeds in
1140:
Sandpipers are more geared towards tactile foraging methods than the plovers, which favour more visual foraging methods, and this is reflected in the high density of tactile receptors in the tips of their
1133:), they tend to have smaller eyes, more slender heads, and longer thinner bills. Some are quite long-legged, and most species have three forward pointing toes with a smaller hind toe (the exception is the
1260:
1218:
shanks, involves running in shallow water with the bill under the water chasing fish, a method that uses sight as well as tactile senses. The final method, employed by the phalaropes and some
1165:, literally being able to move the bones of the skull (other than the obvious movement of the lower jaw) and specifically bending the upper jaw without opening the entire jaw, an act known as
1230:
Many sandpipers form monogamous pairs, but some sandpipers have female-only parental care, some male-only parental care, some sequential polyandry and other compete for the mate on the
1153:). Bill shape is highly variable within the family, reflecting differences in feeding ecology. Bill length relative to head length varies from three times the length of the head in the
1081:
The sandpipers exhibit considerable range in size and appearance, the wide range of body forms reflecting a wide range of ecological niches. Sandpipers range in size from the
1222:
sandpipers, involves pecking at the water for small prey. A few species of scolopacids are omnivorous to some extent, taking seeds and shoots as well as invertebrates.
1193:, occurring across most of the world's land surfaces except for Antarctica and the driest deserts. A majority of the family breed at moderate to high latitudes in the
1678:
Bulla, Martin; Valcu, Mihai; Dokter, Adriaan M.; Dondua, Alexei G.; Kosztolányi, András; Rutten, Anne L.; Helm, Barbara; Sandercock, Brett K.; Casler, Bruce (2016).
3406:
1306:
3280:
981:
3319:
996:
401:
The following genus level cladogram of the
Scolopacidae is based on a study by David ÄŚernĂ˝ and Rossy Natale that was published in 2022.
3401:
1453:. Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History. Vol. 222. New York: American Museum of Natural History. pp. 113, 252.
1287:
1014:
3254:
3293:
1325:
1821:
1361:
1621:
3298:
1057:
Scolopacidae gen. et sp. indet. (Middle
Miocene of Františkovy Lázně, Czech Republic – Late Miocene of Kohfidisch, Austria)
1161:. Bills may be straight, slightly upcurled or strongly downcurved. Like all birds, the bills of sandpipers are capable of
1507:
1413:
352:, with cryptic brown, grey, or streaked patterns, although some display brighter colours during the breeding season.
3368:
3233:
1552:
1508:"Comprehensive taxon sampling and vetted fossils help clarify the time tree of shorebirds (Aves, Charadriiformes)"
3324:
3246:
1053:
In addition there are some indeterminable remains that might belong to extant genera or their extinct relatives:
1796:
links to shorebird recovery sites, movies, events & other information on red knot rufa and horseshoe crabs.
1788:
3306:
1429:
387:
158:
1201:(although prior to the arrival of humans in the Pacific there were several other closely related species of
17:
1782:
3176:
3163:
1608:
1245:
81:
3181:
1814:
1472:
31:
3373:
3334:
1190:
395:
1093:, at up to 1.3 kg (2.9 lb). Within species there is considerable variation in patterns of
2600:
2371:
1166:
3360:
3154:
3116:
2737:
2344:
2335:
2254:
2236:
2191:
2003:
1266:
1145:. These receptors are housed in a slight horny swelling at the tip of the bill (except for the
3355:
3285:
2746:
2507:
2012:
1807:
3347:
3202:
3032:
2498:
2218:
2149:
1745:
1694:
1202:
604:
8:
3396:
2832:
2564:
2380:
2167:
2082:
1679:
1194:
1085:, at as little as 18 grams (0.040 pounds) and 11 cm (4.3 in) in length, to the
1749:
1698:
359:
itself is a simple scrape in the ground, in which the bird typically lays three or four
355:
Most species nest in open areas, and defend their territories with aerial displays. The
2996:
2969:
2874:
2654:
2618:
2290:
1976:
1967:
1940:
1761:
1757:
1718:
1577:
1369:
1154:
1086:
629:
76:
1102:
1027:
3342:
3189:
2951:
2933:
2841:
2823:
2805:
2796:
2787:
2627:
2609:
2582:
2540:
2281:
2158:
2073:
1994:
1736:
Løfaldli, Lars (1985-01-01). "Incubation Rhythm in the Great Snipe
Gallinago media".
1710:
1660:
1617:
1548:
1530:
1409:
1158:
1094:
3168:
1799:
1433:
3050:
2978:
2573:
2531:
2353:
2272:
2245:
2064:
1908:
1834:
1753:
1722:
1702:
1650:
1569:
1560:
1522:
1476:
1454:
1198:
1069:
429:
390:
in 1815. The family contains 98 extant or recently extinct species divided into 15
192:
56:
3194:
2755:
2672:
2663:
2636:
2457:
2362:
2308:
2263:
2134:
2125:
1949:
1865:
1480:
1365:
1331:
1274:
1162:
1125:
and tringine sandpipers. Compared to the other large family of wading birds, the
1090:
1082:
1074:
1001:
880:
749:
269:
213:
199:
133:
46:
3311:
1526:
370:
3241:
3228:
3041:
2960:
2850:
2814:
2591:
2317:
2055:
1177:
1019:
3390:
3059:
3014:
2892:
2865:
2489:
1985:
1958:
1060:
Scolopacidae gen. et sp. indet. (Edson Early
Pliocene of Sherman County, USA)
1214:
employed is probing soft soils, muds and sands for prey. The third, used by
3139:
2942:
2883:
2299:
1714:
1664:
1534:
1293:
1130:
1005:
988:) is sometimes considered a scolopacid – maybe a shank – but may well be a
977:
647:
545:
325:
255:
248:
3267:
3148:
3068:
3023:
2987:
2326:
1335:
1182:
1098:
513:
234:
1706:
3005:
2924:
2705:
2389:
2200:
1765:
1655:
1638:
1581:
1312:
1231:
1134:
968:
record is scant for a group that was probably present at the non-avian
862:
801:
276:
220:
167:
3215:
2907:
2720:
2472:
2108:
1680:"Unexpected diversity in socially synchronized rhythms of shorebirds"
1377:
1150:
1110:
1039:
1035:
1023:
683:
383:
The family
Scolopacidae was introduced (as Scolopacea) by the French
364:
356:
305:
262:
143:
93:
3272:
3259:
3110:
3098:
1573:
1458:
1435:
Analyse de la nature ou, Tableau de l'univers et des corps organisés
3220:
3133:
2770:
2398:
2227:
2182:
1879:
1853:
1373:
1146:
1122:
1050:
perhaps a bit later; see the genus accounts for the fossil record.
969:
898:
563:
384:
360:
313:
241:
227:
175:
113:
2522:
1438:(in French). Vol. 1815. Palermo: Self-published. p. 70.
1252:
1043:
1031:
989:
767:
349:
333:
283:
2645:
2555:
2209:
2038:
1923:
1847:
1612:. In del Hoyo, Josep; Elliott, Andrew; Sargatal, Jordi (eds.).
1126:
1114:
1106:
1009:
965:
819:
481:
447:
391:
317:
290:
206:
103:
64:
3207:
1614:
Handbook of the Birds of the World. Volume 3, Hoatzin to Auks
1553:"The Eared Grebe and other Birds from the Pliocene of Kansas"
1118:
1047:
985:
337:
321:
1639:"The use of distal rhynchokinesis by birds feeding in water"
1101:
and several sandpipers, but are smaller than females in the
1859:
1142:
345:
329:
123:
2428:
1609:"Family Scolopacidae (Snipes, Sandpipers and Phalaropes)"
866:– Polynesian sandpipers (1 extant and 3 extinct species)
308:, or waders, which mainly includes many species known as
1636:
1172:
1677:
1089:, at up to 66 cm (26 in) in length, and the
1829:
1793:
1471:
1451:
1404:
Harrison, Colin J.O. (1991). Forshaw, Joseph (ed.).
1403:
328:
picked out of the mud or soil. Different lengths of
30:
This article is about the bird. For other uses, see
1789:
1607:
651:– austral snipes (3 extant and 6 extinct species)
348:as they probe for food. They generally have dull
3388:
823:– sandpipers, shanks, tattlers etc (13 species)
1181:Sandpipers spending the non-breeding season in
2036:
1616:. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions. pp. 444–487.
1815:
1408:. London: Merehurst Press. pp. 103–105.
332:enable different species to feed in the same
3407:Taxa named by Constantine Samuel Rafinesque
1505:
1822:
1808:
1428:
1376:or basal to them, somewhat reminiscent of
1157:to just under half the head length in the
324:. The majority of these species eat small
55:
1654:
1034:). Most living genera would seem to have
1735:
1637:Estrella, Sora; Masero, José A. (2007).
1176:
1068:
369:
1605:
1547:
1117:. The sexes are similarly sized in the
340:, without direct competition for food.
14:
3389:
3115:
3114:
2427:
1878:
1803:
1601:
1599:
1597:
1595:
1593:
1591:
1515:Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution
1487:. International Ornithologists' Union
1399:
1397:
3335:e4a00b79-83c4-47bb-bcd4-c4e0e9582989
3247:1f095266-519f-4c94-8aa3-c8194fcb8d75
1506:ÄŚernĂ˝, David; Natale, Rossy (2022).
1448:
1173:Distribution, habitat, and movements
1077:is the smallest species of sandpiper
394:. For more details, see the article
1208:
1097:. Males are larger than females in
24:
1882:(Numeniinae–Limosinae–Arenariinae)
1758:10.1111/j.1600-0587.1985.tb01160.x
1588:
1465:
1394:
25:
3418:
3402:Extant Rupelian first appearances
1776:
1485:IOC World Bird List Version 11.2
1324:
1305:
1286:
1259:
1244:
363:. The young of most species are
80:
1785:on the Internet Bird Collection
1729:
1671:
1643:Journal of Experimental Biology
1406:Encyclopaedia of Animals: Birds
1368:of a bird roughly similar to a
1630:
1541:
1499:
1481:"Sandpipers, snipes, coursers"
1442:
1430:Rafinesque, Constantine Samuel
1422:
1354:
1064:
13:
1:
1387:
388:Constantine Samuel Rafinesque
374:Sandpiper nest with four eggs
1347:
959:
7:
1527:10.1016/j.ympev.2022.107620
1225:
1137:, which lacks a hind toe).
378:
10:
3423:
1237:
902:– sandpipers (24 species)
312:, but also others such as
32:Sandpiper (disambiguation)
29:
3123:
3093:
2905:
2863:
2768:
2718:
2696:
2689:
2553:
2520:
2470:
2448:
2441:
2437:
2423:
2372:Buff-breasted sandpiper (
2180:
2147:
2106:
2099:
2029:
1921:
1899:
1892:
1888:
1874:
1842:
1606:Piersma, Theunis (1996).
1191:cosmopolitan distribution
992:; little is known of it.
895:
884:– turnstones (2 species)
877:
859:
852:
816:
805:– phalaropes (3 species)
798:
791:
771:– sandpipers (2 species)
764:
746:
739:
732:
725:
680:
644:
626:
619:
601:
594:
587:
560:
542:
535:
528:
517:– dowitchers (3 species)
510:
503:
496:
478:
471:
444:
426:
419:
412:
396:List of sandpiper species
188:
183:
173:
166:
77:Scientific classification
75:
63:
54:
41:
2738:Short-billed dowitcher (
2431:(Tringinae–Scolopacinae)
2345:Spoon-billed sandpiper (
2336:Semipalmated sandpiper (
2255:White-rumped sandpiper (
2237:Broad-billed sandpiper (
2192:Sharp-tailed sandpiper (
2004:Bristle-thighed curlew (
1449:Bock, Walter J. (1994).
1000:has been named from the
567:– woodcocks (8 species)
2747:Long-billed dowitcher (
2601:Nordmann's greenshank (
2013:Slender-billed curlew (
3033:South American snipe (
2499:Red-necked phalarope (
1267:Bristle-thighed curlew
1189:The sandpipers have a
1186:
1078:
687:– snipes (18 species)
485:– godwits (4 species)
451:– curlews (9 species)
375:
336:, particularly on the
3356:Paleobiology Database
2833:New Guinea woodcock (
2565:Grey-tailed tattler (
2168:Henderson sandpiper (
2083:Black-tailed godwit (
1180:
1072:
974:"Totanus" teruelensis
373:
304:is a large family of
3242:Fauna Europaea (new)
2875:Subantarctic snipe (
2655:Solitary sandpiper (
2619:Greater yellowlegs (
2508:Wilson's phalarope (
2291:Pectoral sandpiper (
1977:Far Eastern curlew (
1968:Hudsonian whimbrel (
1941:Long-billed curlew (
1479:, eds. (July 2021).
1271:Numenius tahitiensis
1203:Polynesian sandpiper
605:Gallinago imperialis
2842:Eurasian woodcock (
2824:Moluccan woodcock (
2806:American woodcock (
2797:Sulawesi woodcock (
2788:Bukidnon woodcock (
2628:Common greenshank (
2610:Wandering tattler (
2583:Lesser yellowlegs (
2541:Spotted sandpiper (
2282:Western sandpiper (
2219:Baird's sandpiper (
2159:Tuamotu sandpiper (
2074:Bar-tailed godwit (
1995:Eurasian whimbrel (
1979:N. madagascariensis
1750:1985Ecogr...8..107L
1707:10.1038/nature20563
1699:2016Natur.540..109B
1298:Gallinago gallinago
1195:Northern Hemisphere
1185:, Western Australia
433:– upland sandpiper
3051:Pin-tailed snipe (
2979:Madagascar snipe (
2574:Spotted redshank (
2532:Common sandpiper (
2381:Temminck's stint (
2354:Red-necked stint (
2273:Purple sandpiper (
2246:Curlew sandpiper (
2065:Hudsonian godwit (
1909:Upland sandpiper (
1656:10.1242/jeb.007690
1549:Wetmore, Alexander
1475:; Donsker, David;
1370:pectoral sandpiper
1279:Arenaria interpres
1187:
1155:long-billed curlew
1087:Far Eastern curlew
1079:
1018:is known from the
753:– Terek sandpiper
630:Gallinago undulata
376:
69:Tringa semipalmata
3384:
3383:
3343:Open Tree of Life
3117:Taxon identifiers
3108:
3107:
3089:
3088:
3085:
3084:
3081:
3080:
2997:Swinhoe's snipe (
2970:Jameson's snipe (
2918:
2781:
2756:Asian dowitcher (
2731:
2685:
2684:
2673:Common redshank (
2664:Marsh sandpiper (
2637:Green sandpiper (
2483:
2458:Terek sandpiper (
2419:
2418:
2415:
2414:
2411:
2410:
2363:Long-toed stint (
2309:Least sandpiper (
2264:Stilt sandpiper (
2135:Black turnstone (
2126:Ruddy turnstone (
2119:
2095:
2094:
2049:
2025:
2024:
1950:Eurasian curlew (
1934:
1738:Holarctic Ecology
1693:(7631): 109–113.
1649:(21): 3757–3762.
1623:978-84-87334-20-7
1477:Rasmussen, Pamela
1159:Tuamotu sandpiper
1095:sexual dimorphism
956:
955:
947:
946:
938:
937:
929:
928:
920:
919:
911:
910:
841:
840:
832:
831:
780:
779:
714:
713:
705:
704:
696:
695:
669:
668:
660:
659:
608:– imperial snipe
576:
575:
460:
459:
299:
298:
162:
16:(Redirected from
3414:
3377:
3376:
3364:
3363:
3351:
3350:
3338:
3337:
3328:
3327:
3315:
3314:
3312:NBNSYS0000160961
3302:
3301:
3289:
3288:
3276:
3275:
3263:
3262:
3250:
3249:
3237:
3236:
3224:
3223:
3211:
3210:
3198:
3197:
3185:
3184:
3172:
3171:
3159:
3158:
3157:
3144:
3143:
3142:
3112:
3111:
3042:Solitary snipe (
2961:Imperial snipe (
2952:Latham's snipe (
2934:Wilson's snipe (
2917:
2916:
2912:
2851:Javan woodcock (
2815:Amami woodcock (
2790:S. bukidnonensis
2780:
2779:
2775:
2730:
2729:
2725:
2694:
2693:
2592:Wood sandpiper (
2482:
2481:
2477:
2446:
2445:
2439:
2438:
2432:
2425:
2424:
2374:C. subruficollis
2318:Rock sandpiper (
2137:A. melanocephala
2118:
2117:
2113:
2104:
2103:
2056:Marbled godwit (
2048:
2047:
2043:
2034:
2033:
1933:
1932:
1928:
1897:
1896:
1890:
1889:
1883:
1876:
1875:
1824:
1817:
1810:
1801:
1800:
1770:
1769:
1733:
1727:
1726:
1684:
1675:
1669:
1668:
1658:
1634:
1628:
1627:
1611:
1603:
1586:
1585:
1557:
1545:
1539:
1538:
1512:
1503:
1497:
1496:
1494:
1492:
1469:
1463:
1462:
1446:
1440:
1439:
1426:
1420:
1419:
1401:
1381:
1358:
1328:
1317:Tringa nebularia
1309:
1290:
1275:ruddy turnstones
1263:
1248:
1209:Diet and feeding
1199:French Polynesia
855:
854:
794:
793:
742:
741:
735:
734:
728:
727:
622:
621:
597:
596:
590:
589:
538:
537:
531:
530:
506:
505:
499:
498:
474:
473:
422:
421:
415:
414:
405:
404:
157:
85:
84:
59:
45:Temporal range:
39:
38:
21:
3422:
3421:
3417:
3416:
3415:
3413:
3412:
3411:
3387:
3386:
3385:
3380:
3372:
3367:
3359:
3354:
3346:
3341:
3333:
3331:
3323:
3318:
3310:
3305:
3297:
3292:
3284:
3279:
3271:
3266:
3258:
3253:
3245:
3240:
3232:
3227:
3219:
3214:
3206:
3201:
3193:
3188:
3180:
3175:
3167:
3162:
3153:
3152:
3147:
3138:
3137:
3132:
3119:
3109:
3104:
3077:
3062:G. stricklandii
3060:Fuegian snipe (
3015:African snipe (
2981:G. macrodactyla
2914:
2913:
2911:
2901:
2893:Chatham snipe (
2859:
2777:
2776:
2774:
2764:
2758:L. semipalmatus
2727:
2726:
2724:
2714:
2681:
2549:
2516:
2490:Red phalarope (
2479:
2478:
2476:
2466:
2433:
2430:
2407:
2392:C. tenuirostris
2176:
2161:P. parvirostris
2143:
2115:
2114:
2112:
2091:
2045:
2044:
2042:
2021:
2015:N. tenuirostris
1986:Little curlew (
1959:Eskimo curlew (
1930:
1929:
1927:
1917:
1884:
1881:
1870:
1866:Charadriiformes
1838:
1837:: Scolopacidae)
1828:
1783:Sandpiper media
1779:
1774:
1773:
1734:
1730:
1682:
1676:
1672:
1635:
1631:
1624:
1604:
1589:
1574:10.2307/1363487
1555:
1546:
1542:
1510:
1504:
1500:
1490:
1488:
1470:
1466:
1447:
1443:
1427:
1423:
1416:
1402:
1395:
1390:
1385:
1384:
1366:tarsometatarsus
1359:
1355:
1350:
1343:
1340:Calidris pugnax
1329:
1320:
1310:
1301:
1291:
1282:
1264:
1255:
1249:
1240:
1228:
1211:
1175:
1163:cranial kinesis
1091:Eurasian curlew
1083:least sandpiper
1075:least sandpiper
1067:
1038:throughout the
1028:Nördlinger Ries
1002:Early Oligocene
972:'s extinction.
962:
957:
948:
939:
930:
921:
912:
842:
833:
781:
715:
706:
697:
670:
661:
577:
461:
381:
179:
156:
134:Charadriiformes
79:
50:
47:Early Oligocene
43:
35:
28:
27:Family of birds
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
3420:
3410:
3409:
3404:
3399:
3382:
3381:
3379:
3378:
3365:
3352:
3339:
3329:
3316:
3303:
3290:
3277:
3264:
3251:
3238:
3229:Fauna Europaea
3225:
3212:
3199:
3186:
3173:
3160:
3145:
3129:
3127:
3121:
3120:
3106:
3105:
3103:
3102:
3094:
3091:
3090:
3087:
3086:
3083:
3082:
3079:
3078:
3076:
3075:
3066:
3057:
3048:
3039:
3030:
3021:
3017:G. nigripennis
3012:
3003:
2994:
2985:
2976:
2967:
2958:
2949:
2943:Common snipe (
2940:
2931:
2921:
2919:
2903:
2902:
2900:
2899:
2890:
2884:Snares snipe (
2881:
2877:C. aucklandica
2871:
2869:
2861:
2860:
2858:
2857:
2848:
2839:
2835:S. rosenbergii
2830:
2826:S. rochussenii
2821:
2812:
2803:
2794:
2784:
2782:
2766:
2765:
2763:
2762:
2753:
2749:L. scolopaceus
2744:
2734:
2732:
2716:
2715:
2713:
2712:
2702:
2700:
2691:
2687:
2686:
2683:
2682:
2680:
2679:
2670:
2666:T. stagnatilis
2661:
2652:
2648:T. semipalmata
2643:
2634:
2625:
2621:T. melanoleuca
2616:
2607:
2598:
2589:
2580:
2571:
2561:
2559:
2551:
2550:
2548:
2547:
2538:
2528:
2526:
2518:
2517:
2515:
2514:
2505:
2496:
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2408:
2406:
2405:
2396:
2387:
2378:
2369:
2360:
2351:
2342:
2333:
2324:
2320:C. ptilocnemis
2315:
2306:
2300:Little stint (
2297:
2288:
2279:
2270:
2261:
2257:C. fuscicollis
2252:
2243:
2239:C. falcinellus
2234:
2225:
2216:
2207:
2198:
2188:
2186:
2178:
2177:
2175:
2174:
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2071:
2062:
2052:
2050:
2031:
2027:
2026:
2023:
2022:
2020:
2019:
2010:
2006:N. tahitiensis
2001:
1992:
1983:
1974:
1965:
1956:
1947:
1937:
1935:
1919:
1918:
1916:
1915:
1905:
1903:
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1778:
1777:External links
1775:
1772:
1771:
1744:(2): 107–112.
1728:
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1207:
1174:
1171:
1167:rhynchokinesis
1066:
1063:
1062:
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1058:
1020:Middle Miocene
961:
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671:
667:
666:
663:
662:
658:
657:
654:
653:
643:
640:
639:
636:
635:
633:– giant snipe
625:
620:
618:
615:
614:
611:
610:
600:
595:
593:
588:
586:
583:
582:
579:
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107:
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91:
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86:
73:
72:
61:
60:
52:
51:
44:
26:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
3419:
3408:
3405:
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3400:
3398:
3395:
3394:
3392:
3375:
3370:
3366:
3362:
3357:
3353:
3349:
3344:
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3336:
3330:
3326:
3321:
3317:
3313:
3308:
3304:
3300:
3295:
3291:
3287:
3282:
3278:
3274:
3269:
3265:
3261:
3256:
3252:
3248:
3243:
3239:
3235:
3230:
3226:
3222:
3217:
3213:
3209:
3204:
3200:
3196:
3191:
3187:
3183:
3178:
3174:
3170:
3165:
3161:
3156:
3150:
3146:
3141:
3135:
3131:
3130:
3128:
3126:
3122:
3118:
3113:
3100:
3096:
3095:
3092:
3074:
3072:
3069:Giant snipe (
3067:
3065:
3063:
3058:
3056:
3054:
3049:
3047:
3045:
3040:
3038:
3036:
3035:G. paraguaiae
3031:
3029:
3027:
3024:Noble snipe (
3022:
3020:
3018:
3013:
3011:
3009:
3008:G. nemoricola
3004:
3002:
3000:
2995:
2993:
2991:
2988:Great snipe (
2986:
2984:
2982:
2977:
2975:
2973:
2968:
2966:
2964:
2963:G. imperialis
2959:
2957:
2955:
2954:G. hardwickii
2950:
2948:
2946:
2941:
2939:
2937:
2932:
2930:
2928:
2923:
2922:
2920:
2910:
2909:
2904:
2898:
2896:
2891:
2889:
2887:
2882:
2880:
2878:
2873:
2872:
2870:
2868:
2867:
2862:
2856:
2854:
2849:
2847:
2845:
2840:
2838:
2836:
2831:
2829:
2827:
2822:
2820:
2818:
2813:
2811:
2809:
2804:
2802:
2800:
2799:S. celebensis
2795:
2793:
2791:
2786:
2785:
2783:
2773:
2772:
2767:
2761:
2759:
2754:
2752:
2750:
2745:
2743:
2741:
2736:
2735:
2733:
2723:
2722:
2717:
2711:
2709:
2704:
2703:
2701:
2699:
2695:
2692:
2688:
2678:
2676:
2671:
2669:
2667:
2662:
2660:
2658:
2653:
2651:
2649:
2644:
2642:
2640:
2635:
2633:
2631:
2626:
2624:
2622:
2617:
2615:
2613:
2608:
2606:
2604:
2599:
2597:
2595:
2590:
2588:
2586:
2581:
2579:
2577:
2576:T. erythropus
2572:
2570:
2568:
2563:
2562:
2560:
2558:
2557:
2552:
2546:
2544:
2539:
2537:
2535:
2534:A. hypoleucos
2530:
2529:
2527:
2525:
2524:
2519:
2513:
2511:
2506:
2504:
2502:
2497:
2495:
2493:
2492:P. fulicarius
2488:
2487:
2485:
2475:
2474:
2469:
2463:
2461:
2456:
2455:
2453:
2451:
2447:
2444:
2440:
2436:
2429:Scolopacidae
2426:
2422:
2404:
2402:
2397:
2395:
2393:
2388:
2386:
2384:
2383:C. temminckii
2379:
2377:
2375:
2370:
2368:
2366:
2361:
2359:
2357:
2356:C. ruficollis
2352:
2350:
2348:
2343:
2341:
2339:
2334:
2332:
2330:
2325:
2323:
2321:
2316:
2314:
2312:
2307:
2305:
2303:
2298:
2296:
2294:
2289:
2287:
2285:
2280:
2278:
2276:
2271:
2269:
2267:
2266:C. himantopus
2262:
2260:
2258:
2253:
2251:
2249:
2248:C. ferruginea
2244:
2242:
2240:
2235:
2233:
2231:
2226:
2224:
2222:
2217:
2215:
2213:
2208:
2206:
2204:
2199:
2197:
2195:
2190:
2189:
2187:
2185:
2184:
2179:
2173:
2171:
2166:
2164:
2162:
2157:
2156:
2154:
2152:
2151:
2146:
2140:
2138:
2133:
2131:
2129:
2124:
2123:
2121:
2111:
2110:
2105:
2102:
2098:
2088:
2086:
2081:
2079:
2077:
2072:
2070:
2068:
2067:L. haemastica
2063:
2061:
2059:
2054:
2053:
2051:
2041:
2040:
2035:
2032:
2028:
2018:
2016:
2011:
2009:
2007:
2002:
2000:
1998:
1993:
1991:
1989:
1984:
1982:
1980:
1975:
1973:
1971:
1970:N. hudsonicus
1966:
1964:
1962:
1957:
1955:
1953:
1948:
1946:
1944:
1943:N. americanus
1939:
1938:
1936:
1926:
1925:
1920:
1914:
1912:
1911:B. longicauda
1907:
1906:
1904:
1902:
1898:
1895:
1891:
1887:
1880:Scolopacidae
1877:
1873:
1867:
1863:
1861:
1857:
1855:
1851:
1849:
1845:
1844:
1841:
1836:
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1811:
1806:
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1802:
1795:
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1696:
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1674:
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1657:
1652:
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1633:
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1615:
1610:
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1600:
1598:
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1583:
1579:
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1502:
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1474:
1468:
1460:
1456:
1452:
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1437:
1436:
1431:
1425:
1417:
1415:1-85391-186-0
1411:
1407:
1400:
1398:
1393:
1379:
1375:
1371:
1367:
1363:
1357:
1353:
1341:
1337:
1333:
1327:
1322:
1318:
1314:
1308:
1303:
1299:
1295:
1289:
1284:
1280:
1276:
1273:, right) and
1272:
1268:
1262:
1257:
1254:
1247:
1242:
1241:
1235:
1233:
1223:
1221:
1217:
1206:
1204:
1200:
1196:
1192:
1184:
1179:
1170:
1168:
1164:
1160:
1156:
1152:
1148:
1144:
1138:
1136:
1132:
1128:
1124:
1120:
1116:
1112:
1108:
1104:
1100:
1096:
1092:
1088:
1084:
1076:
1071:
1059:
1056:
1055:
1054:
1051:
1049:
1045:
1041:
1037:
1033:
1029:
1025:
1021:
1017:
1016:
1011:
1007:
1003:
999:
998:
993:
991:
987:
983:
982:Los Mansuetos
979:
975:
971:
967:
952:
951:
943:
942:
934:
933:
925:
924:
916:
915:
907:
906:
903:
901:
900:
893:
892:
889:
888:
885:
883:
882:
875:
874:
871:
870:
867:
865:
864:
857:
856:
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849:
846:
845:
837:
836:
828:
827:
824:
822:
821:
814:
813:
810:
809:
806:
804:
803:
796:
795:
789:
788:
785:
784:
776:
775:
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770:
769:
762:
761:
758:
757:
754:
752:
751:
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743:
737:
736:
730:
729:
723:
722:
719:
718:
710:
709:
701:
700:
692:
691:
688:
686:
685:
678:
677:
674:
673:
665:
664:
656:
655:
652:
650:
649:
642:
641:
638:
637:
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632:
631:
624:
623:
617:
616:
613:
612:
609:
607:
606:
599:
598:
592:
591:
585:
584:
581:
580:
572:
571:
568:
566:
565:
558:
557:
554:
553:
550:
549:– jack snipe
548:
547:
540:
539:
533:
532:
526:
525:
522:
521:
518:
516:
515:
508:
507:
501:
500:
494:
493:
490:
489:
486:
484:
483:
476:
475:
469:
468:
465:
464:
456:
455:
452:
450:
449:
442:
441:
438:
437:
434:
432:
431:
424:
423:
417:
416:
410:
407:
406:
402:
399:
397:
393:
389:
386:
372:
368:
366:
362:
358:
353:
351:
347:
341:
339:
335:
331:
327:
326:invertebrates
323:
319:
315:
311:
307:
303:
293:
292:
288:
286:
285:
281:
279:
278:
274:
272:
271:
267:
265:
264:
260:
258:
257:
253:
251:
250:
246:
244:
243:
239:
237:
236:
232:
230:
229:
225:
223:
222:
218:
216:
215:
211:
209:
208:
204:
202:
201:
197:
195:
194:
190:
189:
187:
182:
178:
177:
172:
169:
165:
160:
155:
152:
149:
148:
145:
142:
139:
138:
135:
132:
129:
128:
125:
122:
119:
118:
115:
112:
109:
108:
105:
102:
99:
98:
95:
92:
89:
88:
83:
78:
74:
70:
66:
62:
58:
53:
48:
40:
37:
33:
19:
3169:Scolopacidae
3155:Scolopacidae
3125:Scolopacidae
3124:
3070:
3061:
3052:
3044:G. solitaria
3043:
3034:
3025:
3016:
3007:
3006:Wood snipe (
2998:
2989:
2980:
2971:
2962:
2953:
2945:G. gallinago
2944:
2935:
2926:
2925:Puna snipe (
2906:
2894:
2885:
2876:
2866:Coenocorypha
2864:
2852:
2844:S. rusticola
2843:
2834:
2825:
2816:
2807:
2798:
2789:
2769:
2757:
2748:
2739:
2728:(Dowitchers)
2719:
2707:
2706:Jack snipe (
2698:Lymnocryptes
2697:
2690:Scolopacinae
2674:
2665:
2657:T. solitaria
2656:
2647:
2638:
2630:T. nebularia
2629:
2620:
2611:
2602:
2593:
2584:
2575:
2566:
2554:
2543:A. macularia
2542:
2533:
2521:
2509:
2500:
2491:
2480:(Phalaropes)
2471:
2459:
2449:
2400:
2391:
2390:Great knot (
2382:
2373:
2365:C. subminuta
2364:
2355:
2346:
2337:
2328:
2319:
2311:C. minutilla
2310:
2301:
2293:C. melanotos
2292:
2283:
2274:
2265:
2256:
2247:
2238:
2229:
2220:
2211:
2202:
2201:Sanderling (
2194:C. acuminata
2193:
2181:
2169:
2160:
2148:
2136:
2128:A. interpres
2127:
2116:(Turnstones)
2107:
2084:
2076:L. lapponica
2075:
2066:
2057:
2037:
2014:
2005:
1996:
1987:
1978:
1969:
1960:
1951:
1942:
1922:
1910:
1900:
1830:
1741:
1737:
1731:
1690:
1686:
1673:
1646:
1642:
1632:
1613:
1565:
1559:
1543:
1518:
1514:
1501:
1489:. Retrieved
1484:
1467:
1450:
1444:
1434:
1424:
1405:
1356:
1339:
1316:
1297:
1294:Common snipe
1278:
1270:
1251:Sandpiper -
1229:
1219:
1215:
1212:
1188:
1149:and the two
1139:
1131:Charadriidae
1080:
1052:
1013:
1006:Saskatchewan
995:
994:
978:Late Miocene
973:
963:
897:
896:
879:
878:
861:
860:
818:
817:
800:
799:
766:
765:
748:
747:
682:
681:
648:Coenocorypha
646:
645:
628:
627:
603:
602:
562:
561:
546:Lymnocryptes
544:
543:
512:
511:
480:
479:
446:
445:
428:
427:
409:Scolopacidae
408:
400:
382:
354:
342:
309:
302:Scolopacidae
301:
300:
289:
282:
275:
268:
261:
256:Lymnocryptes
254:
249:Coenocorypha
247:
240:
233:
226:
219:
212:
205:
198:
191:
174:
154:Scolopacidae
153:
68:
36:
18:Scolopacidae
3268:iNaturalist
3149:Wikispecies
3099:Boyd (2019)
3071:G. undulata
2972:G. jamesoni
2936:G. delicata
2853:S. saturata
2778:(Woodcocks)
2721:Limnodromus
2639:T. ochropus
2603:T. guttifer
2594:T. glareola
2585:T. flavipes
2567:T. brevipes
2510:P. tricolor
2460:X. cinereus
2275:C. maritima
2100:Arenariinae
1997:N. phaeopus
1961:N. borealis
1794:RedKnot.org
1491:18 November
1473:Gill, Frank
1372:. Probably
1183:Roebuck Bay
1065:Description
514:Limnodromus
235:Limnodromus
3397:Sandpipers
3391:Categories
3053:G. stenura
3026:G. nobilis
2895:C. pusilla
2886:C. huegeli
2740:L. griseus
2708:L. minimus
2675:T. totanus
2501:P. lobatus
2473:Phalaropus
2401:C. virgata
2399:Surfbird (
2347:C. pygmaea
2338:C. pusilla
2230:C. canutus
2228:Red knot (
2221:C. bairdii
2150:Prosobonia
1988:N. minutus
1952:N. arquata
1893:Numeniinae
1831:Sandpipers
1521:: 107620.
1388:References
1378:turnstones
1313:Greenshank
1151:turnstones
1135:sanderling
1111:phalaropes
997:Paractitis
964:The early
863:Prosobonia
802:Phalaropus
310:sandpipers
306:shorebirds
277:Phalaropus
221:Prosobonia
168:Type genus
159:Rafinesque
140:Suborder:
42:Sandpipers
3097:Based on
2999:G. megala
2927:G. andina
2908:Gallinago
2612:T. incana
2442:Tringinae
2329:C. pugnax
2302:C. minuta
2212:C. alpina
2085:L. limosa
2046:(Godwits)
2030:Limosinae
1931:(Curlews)
1901:Bartramia
1846:Kingdom:
1568:(1): 40.
1348:Footnotes
1046:with the
1040:Oligocene
1024:Deiningen
1012:), while
960:Evolution
684:Gallinago
430:Bartramia
365:precocial
314:woodcocks
263:Gallinago
193:Bartramia
144:Scolopaci
100:Kingdom:
94:Eukaryota
49:to recent
3134:Wikidata
2990:G. media
2915:(Snipes)
2808:S. minor
2771:Scolopax
2646:Willet (
2284:C. mauri
2210:Dunlin (
2183:Calidris
2170:P. sauli
2109:Arenaria
2058:L. fedoa
1924:Numenius
1854:Chordata
1852:Phylum:
1848:Animalia
1715:27880762
1665:17951416
1551:(1937).
1535:36038056
1459:2246/830
1432:(1815).
1374:calidrid
1332:Preening
1226:Breeding
1220:Calidris
1147:surfbird
1123:woodcock
970:dinosaur
899:Calidris
881:Arenaria
564:Scolopax
448:Numenius
385:polymath
379:Taxonomy
344:mud and
242:Scolopax
228:Calidris
214:Arenaria
200:Numenius
176:Scolopax
150:Family:
114:Chordata
110:Phylum:
104:Animalia
90:Domain:
2817:S. mira
2523:Actitis
2203:C. alba
1864:Order:
1858:Class:
1766:3682650
1746:Bibcode
1723:4390453
1695:Bibcode
1582:1363487
1253:Tunisia
1238:Gallery
1127:plovers
1115:godwits
1107:curlews
1044:Miocene
1036:evolved
1032:Germany
1026:in the
1015:Mirolia
768:Actitis
350:plumage
334:habitat
318:curlews
284:Actitis
184:Genera
130:Order:
120:Class:
3374:147429
3348:887699
3332:NZOR:
3299:176568
3286:101567
3221:1SCPCF
3140:Q26626
2556:Tringa
2327:Ruff (
2039:Limosa
1835:family
1764:
1721:
1713:
1687:Nature
1663:
1620:
1580:
1561:Condor
1533:
1412:
1364:right
1362:distal
1216:Tringa
1119:snipes
1048:waders
1010:Canada
966:fossil
820:Tringa
482:Limosa
392:genera
322:snipes
291:Tringa
207:Limosa
161:, 1815
65:Willet
3369:WoRMS
3361:39581
3281:IRMNG
3234:10772
2450:Xenus
1762:JSTOR
1719:S2CID
1683:(PDF)
1578:JSTOR
1556:(PDF)
1511:(PDF)
1334:male
1143:bills
1103:knots
1099:ruffs
990:larid
986:Spain
750:Xenus
338:coast
330:bills
270:Xenus
3325:8917
3320:NCBI
3294:ITIS
3273:3835
3260:5282
3255:GBIF
3216:EPPO
3208:7988
3182:1431
3177:BOLD
1860:Aves
1711:PMID
1661:PMID
1618:ISBN
1531:PMID
1493:2021
1410:ISBN
1336:ruff
1113:and
1073:The
361:eggs
357:nest
346:sand
320:and
124:Aves
3307:NBN
3203:EoL
3195:G4X
3190:CoL
3164:AFD
1754:doi
1703:doi
1691:540
1651:doi
1647:210
1570:doi
1523:doi
1519:177
1455:hdl
1232:lek
1205:).
1042:to
1022:at
1004:of
980:of
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1760:.
1752:.
1740:.
1717:.
1709:.
1701:.
1689:.
1685:.
1659:.
1645:.
1641:.
1590:^
1576:.
1566:39
1564:.
1558:.
1529:.
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1396:^
1360:A
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2087:)
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2017:)
2008:)
1999:)
1990:)
1981:)
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