1025:
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1341:. This tree overhangs the house of the title and is said to have a "...girth that a dozen men could not have spanned..." Forster describes the tree as "...a comrade, bending over the house, strength and adventure in its roots." The wych elm of the novel had pigs' teeth embedded in the trunk by country people long ago and it was said that chewing some of the bark could cure toothache. In keeping with the novel's epigraph, "Only connect...", the wych elm may be seen by some as a symbol of the connection of humans to the earth. Margaret Schlegel, the novel's protagonist, fears that any "....westerly gale might blow the wych elm down and bring the end of all things..." The tree is changed to a chestnut in the 1991 film adaptation of
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2133:
779:
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842:
44:
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93:
1123:
68:
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806:
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267:
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794:
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722:(DBH). Normally, root suckers are not seen; natural reproduction is by seed alone. The tree is notable for its very tough, supple young shoots, which are always without the corky ridges or 'wings' characteristic of many elms. The alternate leaves are deciduous, 6–17 cm long by 3–12 cm broad, usually
969:
The wych elm is moderately shade-tolerant, but requires deep, rich soils as typically found along river valleys. The species is intolerant of acid soils and flooding, as it is of prolonged drought. Although rarely used as a street tree owing to its shape, it can be surprisingly tolerant of urban air
1115:
Wych elm wood is prized by craftsmen for its colouring, its striking grain, its 'partridge-breast' or 'catspaw' markings, and when worked, its occasional iridescent greenish sheen or 'bloom'. The bosses on old trees produce the characteristic fissures and markings of 'burr elm' wood. Bosses fringed
973:
As wych elm does not sucker from the roots, and any seedlings are often consumed by uncontrolled deer populations, regeneration is very restricted, limited to sprouts from the stumps of young trees. The resultant decline has been extreme, and the wych elm is now uncommon over much of its former
892:, which radically reduces the amount of bark available for the beetle to breed on. In European trials, clones of apparently resistant trees were inoculated with the pathogen, causing 85 – 100% wilting, resulting in 68% mortality by the following year. DNA analysis by
1296:, Italy (bole-girth 6.2 m, 2.0 m DBH, height 26 m., 2008). Other ancient specimens grow at Styria, in Austria, and at Grenzhammer, Germany (see Gallery). In 1998, over 700 healthy, mature trees were discovered on the upper slopes of Mount Šimonka in
3545:
1939:, the Siberian elm, have not been observed in the field and only achieved in the laboratory, though the ranges of the two species, the latter introduced by man, overlap in parts of Southern Europe, notably Spain. A crossing in Russia of
977:
Wych elm was widely planted in
Edinburgh in the 19th century as a park and avenue tree, and despite losses, it remains abundant there, regenerating through seedlings. It was introduced to New England in the 18th century, to Canada (as
1972:, and were to prove vulnerable to the much more virulent strain of the disease that arrived in the late 1960s. However, further research eventually produced several trees effectively immune to disease, which were released after 1989.
1218:; "it was taken as a powder, as an extract, as an elixir, even in baths. It was good for the nerves, the chest, the stomach — what can I say? — it was a true panacea." It was this so-called "pyramidal elm bark" about which
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in the north of the species' range (northern
Britain, Scandinavia): leaves narrower, with a long tapering base and without acute lobes; trees commonly with a long single trunk and a tall, narrow crown.
1024:
1968:, and a number of hybrid cultivars have been commercially released since 1960. The earlier trees were raised in response to the initial Dutch elm disease pandemic that afflicted Europe after the
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Much overlap is seen between populations with these characters, and the distinction may owe to environmental influence, rather than genetic variation; the subspecies are not accepted by
4755:
3498:'Propagating healthy mature elms that have survived in areas severely impacted by Dutch elm disease: a scoping study for a wych elm project in Scotland.' Royal Botanic Garden Edinburgh.
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520:
and is now acknowledged as the only indisputably
British native elm species. Owing to its former abundance in Scotland, the tree is occasionally known as the Scotch or Scots elm;
2132:
1182:
1300:, but they are believed to have survived courtesy of their isolation from disease-carrying beetles rather than any innate resistance; 50 clones of these trees were presented to
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691:
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1953:; a similar crossing was cloned ('FL025') by the Istituto per la Protezione delle Piante (IPP), Florence, as part of the Italian elm breeding programme circa 2000.
2114:
740:
appear before the leaves in early spring, produced in clusters of 10–20; they are 4 mm across on 10 mm long stems, and being wind-pollinated, are
5259:
974:
range. It is best propagated from seed or by layering stooled stock plants, although softwood cuttings taken in early June will root fairly reliably under mist.
1158:
4155:
2715:
1269:(died 2021); it had a girth of 703 cm (2.23 m DBH) and a height of 24 m. Possibly the oldest specimen in England was found in 2018 in a field north of
1072:
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2961:
1459:
About 40 cultivars have been raised, although at least 30 are now probably lost to cultivation as a consequence of Dutch elm disease and/or other factors:
778:
485:
species, growing at elevations up to 1,500 m (4,900 ft), preferring sites with moist soils and high humidity. The tree can form pure forests in
5254:
3256:
1353:
628:
in the south of the species' range: broad leaves with short tapering base and acute lobes; trees often with a short, forked trunk and a low, broad crown;
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2325:
1435:
655:
3327:
1419:
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1912:
900:) in France has determined the genetic diversity within the species is very limited, making the chances of a resistant tree evolving rather remote.
5284:
5264:
6112:
5928:
1767:
1254:, Scotland; the tree succumbed to DED in 2022 and collapsed the following year. The priory was founded circa 1230, the tree already in existence.
6636:
5239:
1373:
1036:
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1827:
1407:
1392:
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1569:
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675:
5878:
1717:
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1504:
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1624:
1574:
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The type sometimes reaches heights of 40 m (130 ft), typically with a broad crown where open-grown, supported by a short
6028:
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1872:
1852:
1807:
1782:
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5196:
5056:
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4395:
1509:
865:, it is less favoured as a host by the elm bark beetles, which act as vectors. Research in Spain has indicated the presence of a
6102:
6058:
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5963:
5903:
5883:
5873:
1902:
1842:
1802:
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5186:
4986:
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4740:
4725:
2160:– graffiti that appeared in 1944 following the discovery of the remains of a woman inside a wych elm in Worcestershire, England
1629:
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5893:
1887:
1867:
1737:
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6703:
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730:; the upper surface is rough. Leaves on juvenile or shade-grown shoots sometimes have three or more lobes near the apex. The
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2019:
1907:
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6127:
6078:
6073:
6053:
5918:
5913:
5908:
5863:
4200:
3523:
2868:
Went, Johanna C. (1954). "The Dutch elm disease - Summary of fifteen years hybridisation and selection work (1937–1952)".
1922:
1917:
1897:
1757:
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1857:
1822:
1692:
6357:
6327:
5805:
5513:
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4380:
4270:
4265:
3764:
2334:
2312:
2271:
1549:
1474:
1094:
596:
attests that the Wych Elm was sometimes referred to as the "Wych Hazel", a name now applied to the unrelated species
6048:
1892:
6950:
6742:
6282:
6167:
5603:
5553:
5463:
5443:
5410:
5101:
5071:
4911:
4888:
4835:
4735:
4705:
4640:
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4320:
4295:
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1639:
1589:
1499:
1479:
748:
20 mm long and 15 mm broad, with a single, round, 6 mm seed in the centre, maturing in late spring.
3501:
6623:
6222:
5362:
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5141:
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4941:
4795:
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4575:
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4375:
4305:
4290:
4082:
3799:
3655:
2157:
2012:
1222:
famously quipped "Take it, Madame... and hurry up while it cures." It still appeared in a pharmacopeia of 1893.
6765:
6307:
5730:
5613:
5598:
5583:
5548:
5523:
5518:
5498:
5433:
5312:
5136:
5131:
5126:
5091:
5046:
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4840:
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4630:
4615:
4440:
4435:
4385:
4360:
4335:
3841:
3698:
3586:
3233:
CEC information; tree may be seen on Google
Streetview, beside Cavalry Park Drive, E. of Holy Rood High School.
2620:
2594:
2568:
2537:
1649:
1634:
1619:
1584:
1559:
1554:
1534:
1469:
1122:
6863:
3348:
Coleman, Max, 'Last Ent set to repopulate Glen Affric'; Botanics
Stories, Royal Botanic Garden Edinburgh, 2024
1960:
in their ancestry have featured strongly in recent artificial hybridization experiments in Europe, notably at
996:
92:
6724:
6387:
5740:
5558:
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5357:
5322:
5317:
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5231:
5171:
5081:
5041:
4991:
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4883:
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4805:
4720:
4415:
4355:
4275:
3952:
3709:
2919:
1594:
1529:
1281:, now Duddingston Golf Course. Other notable specimens in Edinburgh are to be found in Learmonth Gardens and
6576:
6412:
6207:
5810:
5735:
5608:
5508:
5453:
5367:
5221:
5156:
5146:
5106:
5096:
5016:
4961:
4878:
4515:
4500:
4097:
3876:
3830:
3475:
2350:
2039:
1644:
1544:
1489:
766:
6524:
3452:). A study of the species, with particular reference to the wych elm in Scotland and its use by craftsmen.
1134:
6871:
6649:
6514:
6509:
6292:
6287:
5725:
5695:
5578:
5347:
5342:
5337:
5216:
5151:
5116:
5076:
4996:
4873:
4868:
3063:
2420:
1609:
6858:
6602:
6407:
6367:
6202:
6177:
5573:
5563:
5488:
5483:
5352:
5307:
5121:
5111:
5086:
5001:
4946:
4926:
4906:
3819:
3644:
3065:
Catalogue of the trees and shrubs in the arboretum and botanic gardens at the central experimental farm
1614:
1599:
1524:
1519:
17:
3199:
Coleman, Max, 'Wake-up call to climate change'; Botanics
Stories, Royal Botanic Garden Edinburgh, 2022
2202:
817:
6955:
6752:
6698:
6397:
6342:
6232:
6227:
6147:
5750:
5640:
5568:
3046:
2077:
1604:
1273:
in
Shropshire. Coppiced long ago, its bole girth measured 6.3 m in 2018. The oldest specimen in
719:
257:
3176:
2735:
Martín-Benito, Dario; García-Vallejo, Maria
Concepción; Pajares, Juan Alberto; López, David (2005).
6960:
6347:
6337:
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6152:
5800:
5680:
3933:
3922:
2031:
2000:
1657:
1309:
805:
566:
from the
Caucasus, considered a species by some authorities, is often listed as a regional form of
6716:
2834:
6332:
6317:
6312:
6182:
5705:
5700:
5665:
5655:
5645:
3217:
2004:
1984:
1219:
528:
interpreted by some as 'Lake of the Elms', 'leaman' being the plural form of leam or lem, 'elm'.
6850:
4177:
933:
In trials conducted in Italy, the tree was found to have a slight to moderate susceptibility to
6641:
6571:
6490:
6452:
6402:
6362:
6352:
6272:
6187:
5690:
5685:
5670:
5628:
4243:
4121:
3363:
2935:
1992:
1988:
1003:
939:
754:
6680:
4166:
3509:
3165:
3122:
793:
6392:
6277:
6257:
6252:
6242:
6162:
5835:
5815:
5780:
5770:
5760:
5755:
5745:
5675:
5660:
3972:
3402:
3078:
2117:
1996:
1980:
241:
6791:
6088:
5845:
4215:
4188:
3146:
1683:
477:, where the species reaches its southern limit in Europe; it is also found in Iran. A large
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6417:
6382:
6247:
6197:
6172:
5830:
5820:
5795:
5790:
5775:
5765:
5720:
5715:
3553:
2800:
2023:
1426:
926:
forms of the tree, but these proved no more resistant to Dutch elm disease than the normal
6814:
4226:
4144:
3516:
1949:
8:
6809:
6433:
6372:
6212:
6157:
5825:
5785:
5710:
3628:
2035:
2027:
2008:
1301:
589:
510:
494:
490:
57:
6837:
3471:
Jobling & Mitchell, 'Field
Recognition of British Elms', Forestry Commission Booklet
2804:
2406:
2179:
883:(200 μg/g). Moreover, once the tree is dying, its bark is quickly colonized by the
6907:
6377:
5650:
3598:
3379:
2988:
2885:
2816:
2759:
2478:
1976:
1442:
1343:
1282:
1266:
983:
279:
87:
3320:"Ilmenaus bekannteste und vermutlich Europas älteste Ulme fiel dem Unwetter zum Opfer"
726:
with an asymmetric base, the lobe often completely covering the short (<5 mm)
6786:
6532:
4530:
4036:
4004:
3860:
3776:
3745:
3682:
3445:
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2657:
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2554:
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1258:
862:
554:
532:
375:
214:
198:
2992:
2889:
2763:
2482:
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6537:
4548:
3964:
3944:
3906:
3868:
3375:
3359:
2980:
2877:
2820:
2808:
2751:
2470:
2241:
2237:
2197:
2085:
2060:
1305:
727:
2767:
498:
461:, has the widest range of the European elm species, from Ireland eastwards to the
43:
6876:
6773:
6690:
4252:
4109:
4090:
4020:
3852:
3791:
3729:
3690:
3578:
2607:
2225:
2069:
1969:
1251:
877:, though at 87 μg/g dried bark, its concentration is not as effective as in
734:
562:
313:
130:
6899:
6729:
3483:
3108:
Coleman, Max, ed., Wych Elm (Royal Botanic Garden publications, Edinburgh, 2009)
1327:
cites a particular wych elm, one that grew at his childhood home of Rooks Nest,
6940:
6832:
4012:
3996:
3898:
3784:
3721:
3667:
1288:
In Europe, a large tree planted in 1620 grows at Bergemolo, 5 km south of
911:
has allegedly been scientifically proven to be resistant to Dutch elm disease.
784:
745:
731:
662:
539:
462:
117:
72:
2474:
6929:
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4028:
3675:
3636:
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3198:
2249:
2188:
1332:
1324:
1270:
1262:
1247:
715:
517:
466:
77:
2984:
6889:
6654:
5294:
4850:
3980:
3811:
2139:
1935:
879:
6801:
2791:
Webber, Joan (1981). "A natural biological control of Dutch elm disease".
2329:. Vol. VII. 1848–1929. Republished 2014 Cambridge University Press,
1085:
6711:
6610:
6484:
5402:
4898:
3988:
3914:
3570:
2612:
2586:
2560:
2529:
2226:"First finding of " Ulmus glabra " Huds. on the Madonie, Northern Sicily"
1965:
1446:
1337:
1198:
934:
874:
521:
502:
486:
470:
6778:
6501:
6589:
3555:
Elm species, varieties, hybrids, hybrid cultivars and species cultivars
2881:
2734:
1961:
1277:
is believed to be the tree (girth 5.2 m) in the former grounds of
1230:
923:
866:
723:
614:
506:
505:
in northern Norway (70°N). It has also been successfully introduced to
6615:
2266:(:Elm, a tree with character of the Low Countries). KNNV, Uitgeverij.
6558:
2812:
2625:
1328:
1313:
1274:
848:
741:
597:
516:
The tree was by far the most common elm in the north and west of the
478:
266:
6446:
2755:
6884:
6469:
2066:
Bartlett Tree Experts, US. Acc. nos. 1505, 5103, origin undisclosed
1677:
1297:
1293:
956:
919:
893:
666:
176:
143:
6628:
6563:
1188:
Crown galls (burls on outer branches) on wych elm, North Ayrshire
1176:
Burls on trunk and branches of wych elm, Dalry Cemetery, Edinburgh
970:
pollution, constricted growing conditions, and severe pollarding.
578:
The word "wych" (also spelled "witch") comes from the Old English
3488:- information, genetic conservation units and related resources.
2835:"Screening European Elms for Resistance to Ophiostoma novo-ulmi".
2459:
in the northern suture zone: Effects of distinct glacial refugia"
1383:
1364:
1289:
1215:
927:
908:
873:, rendering the tree bark less attractive to the beetle than the
870:
682:
482:
166:
579:
6550:
2936:'Borders Wych (Elm) Hunt', Royal Botanic Garden Edinburgh, 2024
2088:, US. Acc. nos. 591–54, 255–81, and by its synonym
1239:
987:
897:
884:
737:
585:
497:
in Norway. It has been successfully introduced as far north as
474:
156:
888:
104:
2840:, 134–141. 51 (2) 2005. Society of American Foresters.
1116:
with shoots are burrs, whereas unfringed bosses are burls.
613:
Some botanists, notably Lindquist (1931), have proposed two
3177:'Europe's oldest' wych elm tree falls down in Beauly Priory
2171:
1066:
Fastigiate form of wych, Learmonth Gardens, Edinburgh, 2016
584:, meaning pliant or supple, which also gives definition to
546:
2960:
Thomas, Peter A.; Stone, Duncan; La Porta, Nicola (2018).
2851:"In Ilmenau steht die einzige resistente Bergulme Europas"
3554:
959:
Abbey, a survivor (2024) in area of high DED infectivity.
186:
3143:
Formulaire pratique de thérapeutique et de pharmacologie
3119:
Cours élémentaire d'histoire naturelle pharmaceutique...
2080:
2063:, US. Acc. no. 391–2001, wild collected in Georgia
2177:
2448:
2446:
2912:
Investigacion Agraria: Sistemas y Recursos Forestales
2455:"Variation in leaf morphology and chloroplast DNA in
1687:
group, from which have arisen a number of cultivars:
27:
Species of flowering plant in the elm family Ulmaceae
3405:. In Sticklen, Mariam B.; Sherald, James L. (eds.).
2902:
2375:
Manual of Cultivated Broad-Leaved Trees & Shrubs
1152:
Burr on wych bole, Royal Terrace Gardens, Edinburgh
409:
Mill., C. K. Schneid., Ley, Ascherson & Graebner
3249:
3062:Saunders, William; Macoun, William Tyrrell (1899).
2959:
2443:
2421:"Two varieties of North West European Ulmus glabra"
2399:
2262:Heybroek, H. M., Goudzwaard, L, Kaljee, H. (2009).
1202:
Medical properties of Ulmus campestris, Dijon, 1783
937:, and a high susceptibility to the elm leaf beetle
3409:. New York, USA: Springer-Verlag. pp. 16–25.
2345:Elwes, Henry John, & Henry, Augustine, (1913)
1664:, but its identity is now a matter of contention.
2203:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2017-3.RLTS.T61966807A61966819.en
1660:, has traditionally been classified as a form of
1018:Burr-wych, Royal Terrace Gardens, Edinburgh, 2016
6927:
2412:
2082:, US. Acc. nos. 1969–6164, 1986–0160
914:The Swedish Forest Tree Breeding Association at
3051:. New York: Harper & Brothers. p. 481.
1667:
1246:Possibly the oldest wych elm in Europe grew at
3091:Horticultural Flora of South-Eastern Australia
3061:
2722:, 1996. Forestry Commission. HMSO, London, UK.
2452:
3539:
2896:
1413:The Duddingston elm (girth 5.2 m), Edinburgh
3490:European Forest Genetic Resources Programme
3255:Association of Nature Patriarchs in Italy:
2929:
2264:Iep of olm, karakterboom van de Lage Landen
861:While the species is highly susceptible to
4083:Disputed species, varieties and subspecies
3546:
3532:
3394:
3055:
2120:, New Zealand. 8 trees, details not known.
1206:In 18th century France, the inner bark of
1054:Wych, Middle Meadows Walk, Edinburgh, 2016
265:
66:
42:
3479:, Flora of North America, www.efloras.org
3364:"Registration of cultivar names in Ulmus"
3312:
3192:
2730:
2728:
2716:New horizons in Dutch elm disease control
2299:
2297:
2256:
2201:
1164:Burl on wych bole, Regent Road, Edinburgh
524:is said to be a corruption of the Gaelic
3400:
3156:
3154:
2962:"Biological Flora of the British Isles:
2693:
2504:(Stokes) Lindq., Thirsk, Yorkshire, 1937
2347:The Trees of Great Britain & Ireland
2326:The Trees of Great Britain & Ireland
2224:Raimondo, Francesco Maria (1977-01-01).
2223:
2074:, US. 6 trees, no acc. details available
1229:
1197:
1042:Wych, Learmonth Gardens, Edinburgh, 2016
4008:(Szechuan (Sichuan) or red-fruited elm)
3012:
2708:
2675:Trees and shrubs hardy in Great Britain
2646:
2463:Scandinavian Journal of Forest Research
2362:Trees and shrubs hardy in Great Britain
1030:Burl-wych, Stockbridge, Edinburgh, 2016
14:
6928:
3137:
3135:
3044:
2953:
2790:
2784:
2725:
2418:
2294:
2092:, acc. nos. 949–73, 181–76
1259:the Tree Register of the British Isles
990:) and Australia in the 19th century.
787:, showing seed on stalk side of centre
509:, near the southern tip of Greenland (
6451:
6450:
3527:
3496:Clarkson, R. & Coleman, M. (2022)
3358:
3352:
3151:
3068:(2 ed.). Ottawa. pp. 74–75.
2940:
2903:Mittempergher, L; Santini, A (2004).
2827:
2680:
2508:
2323:Elwes, H. J. & Henry, A. (1913).
856:
6936:IUCN Red List data deficient species
6753:a7d1a61e-faa7-4e44-8db7-d1af755ae95a
3632:(Chestnut-leafed or multinerved elm)
3009:. CAB International, Wallingford, UK
2867:
2861:
2688:Trees of Britain and Northern Europe
2667:
2453:Myking, Tor; Yakovlev, Igor (2006).
2317:
2284:"Utbredelse - Naturhistorisk museum"
2144:Edinburgh Castle from Princes Street
1401:, Hopton Castle, Shropshire, England
3132:
2999:
2870:European Journal of Plant Pathology
2744:Canadian Journal of Forest Research
2189:IUCN Red List of Threatened Species
24:
6966:Trees of humid continental climate
3795:(Manchurian cut-leaf or lobed elm)
3465:distribution map: linnaeus.nrm.se
3434:
3129:...it had an ephemeral reputation"
3022:. Jarrold & Sons, Norwich, UK.
2656:. Royal Botanic Garden Edinburgh.
2178:Barstow, M.; Rivers, M.C. (2017).
903:A 300-year-old example growing in
549:, were once sometimes included in
25:
6982:
3563:Species, varieties and subspecies
3456:
3162:Souvenirs et portraits, 1780-1789
2686:White, J. & More, D. (2003).
2496:bioportal.naturalis.nl L.1587168
1140:Waxed wood grain of burr wych elm
603:
600:, commonly called "wych hazels".
531:Closely related species, such as
6864:urn:lsid:ipni.org:names:302887-2
6141:Unconfirmed derivation cultivars
4105:(Grey, grey-leafed or hoary elm)
3671:(Chenmou or Langya Mountain elm)
3403:"The Dutch Elm Breeding Program"
3259:, access-date: November 23, 2016
3020:Planting Native Trees and Shrubs
2613:"Herbarium specimen - E00824764"
2587:"Herbarium specimen - E00824730"
2561:"Herbarium specimen - E00824732"
2530:"Herbarium specimen - E00824735"
2131:
1434:
1418:
1406:
1391:
1382:, planted 1620, Bergemolo, near
1372:
1352:
1319:
1225:
1181:
1169:
1157:
1145:
1133:
1128:Untreated wood grain of wych elm
1121:
1093:
1071:
1059:
1047:
1035:
1023:
1011:
995:
948:
840:
828:
816:
804:
792:
777:
765:
753:
690:
674:
654:
553:; another close relative is the
374:Stokes, Smith, Loudon, Mathieu,
91:
3772:(hairy-fruited glaucescent elm)
3341:
3287:
3262:
3242:Edinburgh Wych-elm photographs
3236:
3227:
3203:
3188:The Brahan Elm, forestry.gov.uk
3181:
3170:
3111:
3102:
3083:
3072:
3038:
3025:
2853:. 15 March 2014. Archived from
2843:
2522:
2489:
2393:
2380:
6971:Trees of mild maritime climate
4841:Ulmus parvifolia f. lanceolata
2737:"Triterpenes in elms in Spain"
2677:, 7th edition. Murray, London.
2621:Royal Botanic Garden Edinburgh
2595:Royal Botanic Garden Edinburgh
2569:Royal Botanic Garden Edinburgh
2538:Royal Botanic Garden Edinburgh
2367:
2354:
2339:
2307:. Cambridge University Press.
2276:
2242:10.1080/00837792.1977.10670074
2217:
2158:Who put Bella in the Wych Elm?
1363:(after lopping), Grenzhammer,
1214:, had a brief reputation as a
964:
709:
469:south to the mountains of the
13:
1:
3018:Beckett, K. & G. (1979).
2905:"The history of elm breeding"
2364:, 8th edition, Murray, London
2164:
2049:
823:Bark, estimated age 100 years
718:up to 2 m (6.6 ft)
608:
3257:Piemonte - Olmo di Bergemolo
2918:(1): 161–177. Archived from
2702:Dutch elm disease in Britain
2400:Jacob George Strutt (1822).
1668:Hybrids and hybrid cultivars
1454:
573:
7:
3694:(David or Father David elm)
3141:Georges Dujardin-Beaumetz,
3045:Browne, Daniel Jay (1851).
2151:
1193:
489:and occurs as far north as
10:
6987:
6263:Hertfordensis Angustifolia
4040:(Himalayan or kashmir elm)
3686:(Cedar or Texas cedar elm)
3407:Dutch Elm Disease Research
3125:"the elm, pompously named
2652:Coleman, M (ed.). (2009).
2419:Bertil, Lindguist (1931).
1947:produced the hybrid named
1675:hybridises naturally with
1257:The UK Champion listed in
481:tree, it is essentially a
6946:Elm species and varieties
6459:
6426:
6140:
6087:
5844:
5636:
5626:
5534:Latifolia Aureo-Variegata
5419:
5401:
5293:
5230:
5037:Hunnybunii pseudo-Stricta
4897:
4849:
4547:
4529:
4251:
4241:
4120:
4081:
4032:(Cherry-bark or marn elm)
3948:(Chinese or lacebark elm)
3561:
3093:, Vol. 2 (Sydney, 1995),
3005:CAB International (2005)
2720:Report on Forest Research
2475:10.1080/02827580500539265
2409:of expanded 1830 edition.
2124:
2078:Missouri Botanical Garden
1570:Latifolia Aureo-Variegata
1110:
1100:Tromsø, Norway, June 2022
720:diameter at breast height
555:Himalayan or Kashmir elm
285:
278:
273:
264:
247:
240:
88:Scientific classification
86:
64:
55:
50:
41:
34:
2718:. Pages 20–28 in:
2425:Botanical Society Report
2196:: e.T61966807A61966819.
1681:, producing elms of the
1658:'Exoniensis', Exeter Elm
1335:, 16 times in his novel
744:. The fruit is a winged
6951:Garden plants of Europe
6268:Hertfordensis Latifolia
6238:Folia Variegata Pendula
6193:Betulaefolia Nigrescens
3518:Grow wych elm from seed
3401:Heybroek, H.M. (1993).
2985:10.1111/1365-2745.12994
2714:Brasier, C. M. (1996).
2390:(Cambridge 1983), p.279
2303:Richens, R. H. (1983).
2113:Eastwoodhill Arboretum
1425:Old wych regenerating,
1220:Michel-Philippe Bouvart
1105:
811:Leaves with extra lobes
580:
5469:Fastigiata Macrophylla
5207:Viminalis Pulverulenta
5182:Viminalis Betulaefolia
5162:Umbraculifera Gracilis
3503:The Forest Plantations
3326:. 2015. Archived from
2948:British woodland trees
2349:, Vol.7, pp.1863-1864
1505:Fastigiata Macrophylla
1243:
1203:
1088:, Czech Republic, 2017
940:Xanthogaleruca luteola
799:Typical unlobed leaves
545:, native to northeast
4346:Folia Aurea Variegata
3295:"CST Slovakia - News"
3089:Spencer, Roger, ed.,
3079:canadiantreetours.org
2946:Edlin, H. L. (1949).
2833:Solla et al. (2005).
2700:Forestry Commission.
2628:and seedling leaves,
2584:RBGE specimen, 1900;
1233:
1201:
681:Wych, Scandale Beck,
5479:Fastigiata Variegata
5459:Corylifolia Purpurea
5062:Microphylla Purpurea
4566:A. Ross Central Park
3815:(European white elm)
3733:(Anhui or hairy elm)
3211:"The Woodland Trust"
3048:The Trees of America
2925:on 11 February 2017.
2673:Bean, W. J. (1981).
1929:However, hybrids of
1515:Fastigiata Variegata
1495:Corylifolia Purpurea
1427:Boston Public Garden
1304:for planting at his
835:Bole of old specimen
704:, Edinburgh, October
6358:Pyramidalis Bertini
6328:Myrtifolia Purpurea
6069:Wentworthii Pendula
5806:Sapporo Autumn Gold
5589:Pendula Macrophylla
5539:Latifolia Nigricans
5197:Viminalis Marginata
5057:Microphylla Pendula
5007:Folia Alba-Punctata
4977:Cucullata Variegata
3976:(Harbin spring elm)
3968:(Cherry-leafed elm)
3872:(Large-fruited elm)
3741:(Wych or scots elm)
3440:Coleman, Max, ed.:
3223:on 9 November 2005.
3031:Coleman, Max, ed.,
3007:Forestry Compendium
2950:. Batsford, London.
2805:1981Natur.292..449W
2690:. Cassell's, London
2617:Herbarium Catalogue
2599:Sheet described as
2591:Herbarium Catalogue
2565:Herbarium Catalogue
2534:Herbarium Catalogue
2360:Bean, W. J. (1988)
1913:Wentworthii Pendula
1625:Pendula Macrophylla
1575:Latifolia Nigricans
1302:the Prince of Wales
955:200-year-old wych,
590:Jacob George Strutt
495:Beiarn Municipality
58:Conservation status
6283:Jacqueline Hillier
6168:Argenteo-Marginata
6113:Improved Coolshade
5929:Eleganto-Variegata
5474:Fastigiata Stricta
5388:Pyramidalis Fiorei
5187:Viminalis Gracilis
4987:Dehesa de la Villa
4932:Atinia Pyramidalis
4922:Argenteo-Variegata
4851:European white elm
4016:(Rock or cork elm)
3974:U. pseudopropinqua
3444:(Edinburgh, 2009;
3380:Harvard University
3097:, p. 103-118
2973:Journal of Ecology
2882:10.1007/BF02151105
2610:, Scotland, 1899;
1768:Eleganto-Variegata
1684:Ulmus × hollandica
1510:Fastigiata Stricta
1443:Last Ent of Affric
1267:Scottish Highlands
1244:
1204:
984:Dominion Arboretum
857:Pests and diseases
847:Seedling, showing
639:(Stokes) Lindqvist
6923:
6922:
6787:Open Tree of Life
6453:Taxon identifiers
6444:
6443:
6223:Fastigiata Glabra
6136:
6135:
5989:Macrophylla Aurea
5622:
5621:
5594:Pendula Variegata
5260:Mitsui Centennial
5212:Viminalis Stricta
5202:Viminalis Pendula
5067:Microphylla Rubra
4982:Dehesa de Amaniel
4952:Christine Buisman
4656:Garden City Clone
4406:Lewis & Clark
3725:(Long raceme elm)
3450:978-1-906129-21-7
3416:978-1-4615-6874-2
3360:Green, Peter Shaw
3330:on 29 August 2017
3160:Gaston de Lévis,
3035:(Edinburgh, 2009)
2799:(5822): 449–451.
2662:978-1-906129-21-7
2643:
2634:
2605:
2583:
2557:
2548:
1950:Ulmus × arbuscula
1828:Macrophylla Aurea
1630:Pendula Variegata
1279:Duddingston House
1083:
1006:, Edinburgh, 1989
863:Dutch elm disease
640:
452:
443:
442:
434:
426:
418:
410:
402:
394:
386:
378:
367:
359:
355:Ulmus macrophylla
351:
343:
335:
327:
319:
309:
301:
300:L. Mill., Wilkomm
274:Distribution map
81:
16:(Redirected from
6978:
6956:Ornamental trees
6916:
6915:
6903:
6902:
6893:
6892:
6880:
6879:
6867:
6866:
6854:
6853:
6841:
6840:
6828:
6827:
6818:
6817:
6805:
6804:
6795:
6794:
6782:
6781:
6769:
6768:
6756:
6755:
6746:
6745:
6733:
6732:
6730:NHMSYS0000464701
6720:
6719:
6707:
6706:
6694:
6693:
6684:
6683:
6671:
6670:
6658:
6657:
6645:
6644:
6632:
6631:
6619:
6618:
6606:
6605:
6593:
6592:
6580:
6579:
6567:
6566:
6554:
6553:
6541:
6540:
6528:
6527:
6518:
6517:
6505:
6504:
6495:
6494:
6493:
6480:
6479:
6478:
6448:
6447:
6435:U. okanaganensis
6308:Louis van Houtte
5949:Folia Rhomboidea
5731:Morton Plainsman
5634:
5633:
5192:Viminalis Incisa
4937:Atinia Variegata
4431:Minneapolis Park
4341:Flick's Spreader
4261:American Liberty
4249:
4248:
3630:U. castaneifolia
3602:(Bergmann's elm)
3548:
3541:
3534:
3525:
3524:
3428:
3427:
3425:
3423:
3398:
3392:
3391:
3389:
3387:
3376:Arnold Arboretum
3356:
3350:
3345:
3339:
3338:
3336:
3335:
3316:
3310:
3309:
3307:
3306:
3297:. Archived from
3291:
3285:
3284:
3282:
3280:
3266:
3260:
3253:
3247:
3240:
3234:
3231:
3225:
3224:
3222:
3216:. Archived from
3215:
3207:
3201:
3196:
3190:
3185:
3179:
3174:
3168:
3158:
3149:
3139:
3130:
3115:
3109:
3106:
3100:
3087:
3081:
3076:
3070:
3069:
3059:
3053:
3052:
3042:
3036:
3029:
3023:
3016:
3010:
3003:
2997:
2996:
2979:(4): 1724–1766.
2970:
2957:
2951:
2944:
2938:
2933:
2927:
2926:
2924:
2909:
2900:
2894:
2893:
2865:
2859:
2858:
2847:
2841:
2831:
2825:
2824:
2813:10.1038/292449a0
2788:
2782:
2781:
2779:
2778:
2772:
2766:. Archived from
2741:
2732:
2723:
2712:
2706:
2697:
2691:
2684:
2678:
2671:
2665:
2650:
2644:
2639:
2632:
2624:
2603:
2598:
2581:
2572:
2553:
2546:
2541:
2526:
2520:
2515:Flora Europaea:
2512:
2506:
2493:
2487:
2486:
2450:
2441:
2440:
2438:
2436:
2416:
2410:
2405:
2402:Sylva Britannica
2397:
2391:
2386:Richens, R. H.,
2384:
2378:
2373:Krüssman, Gerd,
2371:
2365:
2358:
2352:
2343:
2337:
2321:
2315:
2301:
2292:
2291:
2286:. Archived from
2280:
2274:
2260:
2254:
2253:
2221:
2215:
2214:
2212:
2210:
2205:
2175:
2135:
2086:Morton Arboretum
2061:Arnold Arboretum
2043:
2016:
1788:Folia Rhomboidea
1438:
1422:
1410:
1395:
1376:
1356:
1306:Highgrove Estate
1185:
1173:
1161:
1149:
1137:
1125:
1097:
1081:
1075:
1063:
1051:
1039:
1027:
1015:
999:
952:
844:
832:
820:
808:
796:
781:
769:
757:
694:
678:
658:
638:
594:Sylva Britannica
583:
450:
432:
430:Ulmus sukaczevii
424:
416:
408:
400:
392:
384:
373:
365:
357:
349:
347:Ulmus leucocarpa
341:
333:
325:
317:
307:
299:
297:Ulmus campestris
269:
253:
219:
203:
96:
95:
75:
70:
69:
46:
32:
31:
21:
6986:
6985:
6981:
6980:
6979:
6977:
6976:
6975:
6961:Trees of Europe
6926:
6925:
6924:
6919:
6911:
6906:
6898:
6896:
6888:
6883:
6875:
6870:
6862:
6857:
6849:
6844:
6836:
6831:
6823:
6821:
6813:
6808:
6800:
6798:
6790:
6785:
6777:
6774:Observation.org
6772:
6764:
6759:
6751:
6749:
6741:
6736:
6728:
6723:
6715:
6710:
6702:
6697:
6689:
6688:MichiganFlora:
6687:
6679:
6674:
6666:
6661:
6653:
6648:
6640:
6635:
6627:
6622:
6614:
6609:
6601:
6596:
6588:
6583:
6575:
6570:
6562:
6557:
6549:
6544:
6536:
6531:
6523:
6521:
6513:
6508:
6500:
6498:
6489:
6488:
6483:
6474:
6473:
6468:
6455:
6445:
6440:
6422:
6388:Scampstoniensis
6132:
6083:
5840:
5741:Morton Stalwart
5618:
5544:Luteo Variegata
5529:Latifolia Aurea
5415:
5397:
5289:
5226:
5177:Viminalis Aurea
5022:Hoersholmiensis
4893:
4845:
4646:Emerald Prairie
4543:
4525:
4491:Skinner Upright
4286:Beebe's Weeping
4237:
4116:
4077:
4000:(September elm)
3619:U. bergmanniana
3608:U. bergmanniana
3600:U. bergmanniana
3557:
3552:
3459:
3437:
3435:Further reading
3432:
3431:
3421:
3419:
3417:
3399:
3395:
3385:
3383:
3357:
3353:
3346:
3342:
3333:
3331:
3318:
3317:
3313:
3304:
3302:
3293:
3292:
3288:
3278:
3276:
3268:
3267:
3263:
3254:
3250:
3241:
3237:
3232:
3228:
3220:
3213:
3209:
3208:
3204:
3197:
3193:
3186:
3182:
3175:
3171:
3159:
3152:
3140:
3133:
3117:Simon Morelot,
3116:
3112:
3107:
3103:
3088:
3084:
3077:
3073:
3060:
3056:
3043:
3039:
3030:
3026:
3017:
3013:
3004:
3000:
2968:
2958:
2954:
2945:
2941:
2934:
2930:
2922:
2907:
2901:
2897:
2866:
2862:
2849:
2848:
2844:
2832:
2828:
2789:
2785:
2776:
2774:
2770:
2756:10.1139/x04-158
2739:
2733:
2726:
2713:
2709:
2698:
2694:
2685:
2681:
2672:
2668:
2651:
2647:
2611:
2608:Bridge of Allan
2585:
2573:Sheet labelled
2559:
2542:Sheet labelled
2528:
2527:
2523:
2513:
2509:
2494:
2490:
2451:
2444:
2434:
2432:
2417:
2413:
2398:
2394:
2385:
2381:
2372:
2368:
2359:
2355:
2344:
2340:
2322:
2318:
2302:
2295:
2282:
2281:
2277:
2261:
2257:
2222:
2218:
2208:
2206:
2176:
2172:
2167:
2154:
2147:
2136:
2127:
2070:Dawes Arboretum
2052:
2041:
2014:
1970:First World War
1927:
1670:
1654:
1580:Luteo Variegata
1565:Latifolia Aurea
1457:
1450:
1439:
1430:
1423:
1414:
1411:
1402:
1396:
1387:
1377:
1368:
1357:
1322:
1252:Inverness-shire
1228:
1212:orme pyramidale
1196:
1189:
1186:
1177:
1174:
1165:
1162:
1153:
1150:
1141:
1138:
1129:
1126:
1113:
1108:
1101:
1098:
1089:
1076:
1067:
1064:
1055:
1052:
1043:
1040:
1031:
1028:
1019:
1016:
1007:
1000:
967:
960:
953:
859:
852:
845:
836:
833:
824:
821:
812:
809:
800:
797:
788:
782:
773:
770:
761:
758:
712:
705:
695:
686:
679:
670:
659:
611:
606:
576:
563:Ulmus elliptica
540:Manchurian elm
535:U. bergmanniana
533:Bergmann's elm
465:, and from the
439:
314:Ulmus elliptica
305:Ulmus corylacea
291:
290:
260:
255:
249:
236:
217:
201:
90:
82:
71:
67:
60:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
6984:
6974:
6973:
6968:
6963:
6958:
6953:
6948:
6943:
6938:
6921:
6920:
6918:
6917:
6913:wfo-0000416717
6904:
6894:
6881:
6868:
6855:
6842:
6829:
6819:
6806:
6796:
6783:
6770:
6757:
6747:
6734:
6721:
6708:
6695:
6685:
6672:
6659:
6646:
6633:
6620:
6607:
6594:
6581:
6568:
6555:
6542:
6529:
6519:
6506:
6496:
6481:
6465:
6463:
6457:
6456:
6442:
6441:
6439:
6438:
6430:
6428:
6424:
6423:
6421:
6420:
6415:
6413:Variegata Nova
6410:
6405:
6400:
6395:
6390:
6385:
6380:
6375:
6370:
6365:
6360:
6355:
6350:
6345:
6340:
6335:
6330:
6325:
6320:
6315:
6310:
6305:
6300:
6295:
6290:
6285:
6280:
6275:
6270:
6265:
6260:
6255:
6250:
6245:
6240:
6235:
6230:
6225:
6220:
6215:
6210:
6208:Crispa Pendula
6205:
6200:
6195:
6190:
6185:
6180:
6175:
6170:
6165:
6160:
6155:
6150:
6144:
6142:
6138:
6137:
6134:
6133:
6131:
6130:
6125:
6120:
6115:
6110:
6105:
6099:
6097:
6085:
6084:
6082:
6081:
6076:
6071:
6066:
6061:
6056:
6051:
6046:
6041:
6036:
6031:
6026:
6021:
6016:
6011:
6006:
6001:
5996:
5991:
5986:
5981:
5976:
5971:
5966:
5961:
5956:
5951:
5946:
5941:
5936:
5931:
5926:
5921:
5916:
5911:
5906:
5901:
5896:
5891:
5886:
5881:
5879:Canadian Giant
5876:
5871:
5866:
5861:
5856:
5850:
5848:
5842:
5841:
5839:
5838:
5833:
5828:
5823:
5818:
5813:
5811:Sapporo Gold 2
5808:
5803:
5798:
5793:
5788:
5783:
5778:
5773:
5768:
5763:
5758:
5753:
5748:
5743:
5738:
5736:Morton Red Tip
5733:
5728:
5723:
5718:
5713:
5708:
5703:
5698:
5693:
5688:
5683:
5678:
5673:
5668:
5663:
5658:
5653:
5648:
5643:
5637:
5631:
5624:
5623:
5620:
5619:
5617:
5616:
5611:
5606:
5601:
5596:
5591:
5586:
5581:
5576:
5571:
5566:
5561:
5556:
5551:
5546:
5541:
5536:
5531:
5526:
5521:
5516:
5511:
5506:
5501:
5496:
5491:
5486:
5481:
5476:
5471:
5466:
5461:
5456:
5451:
5446:
5441:
5436:
5431:
5429:Albo-Variegata
5425:
5423:
5417:
5416:
5414:
5413:
5407:
5405:
5399:
5398:
5396:
5395:
5393:Zhonghua Jinye
5390:
5385:
5380:
5375:
5373:Pinnato-ramosa
5370:
5365:
5360:
5355:
5350:
5345:
5340:
5335:
5330:
5325:
5320:
5315:
5310:
5305:
5299:
5297:
5291:
5290:
5288:
5287:
5282:
5277:
5272:
5267:
5262:
5257:
5252:
5247:
5242:
5236:
5234:
5228:
5227:
5225:
5224:
5219:
5214:
5209:
5204:
5199:
5194:
5189:
5184:
5179:
5174:
5169:
5164:
5159:
5154:
5149:
5144:
5139:
5134:
5129:
5124:
5119:
5114:
5109:
5104:
5099:
5094:
5089:
5084:
5079:
5074:
5069:
5064:
5059:
5054:
5049:
5044:
5039:
5034:
5029:
5024:
5019:
5014:
5009:
5004:
4999:
4994:
4989:
4984:
4979:
4974:
4969:
4964:
4959:
4954:
4949:
4944:
4939:
4934:
4929:
4924:
4919:
4914:
4909:
4903:
4901:
4895:
4894:
4892:
4891:
4886:
4881:
4876:
4871:
4866:
4861:
4859:Aureovariegata
4855:
4853:
4847:
4846:
4844:
4843:
4838:
4833:
4828:
4823:
4818:
4813:
4808:
4803:
4798:
4793:
4788:
4783:
4778:
4773:
4768:
4763:
4758:
4753:
4748:
4746:Prince Richard
4743:
4738:
4733:
4728:
4723:
4718:
4713:
4708:
4703:
4698:
4693:
4688:
4683:
4678:
4673:
4668:
4663:
4658:
4653:
4648:
4643:
4638:
4633:
4628:
4623:
4618:
4613:
4608:
4603:
4598:
4593:
4588:
4586:Burnley Select
4583:
4578:
4573:
4568:
4563:
4557:
4556:
4553:
4551:
4545:
4544:
4542:
4541:
4535:
4533:
4527:
4526:
4524:
4523:
4518:
4513:
4508:
4503:
4498:
4493:
4488:
4483:
4478:
4473:
4468:
4463:
4458:
4453:
4448:
4443:
4438:
4433:
4428:
4423:
4418:
4413:
4408:
4403:
4398:
4393:
4388:
4383:
4378:
4373:
4368:
4363:
4358:
4353:
4348:
4343:
4338:
4333:
4328:
4323:
4318:
4313:
4308:
4303:
4298:
4293:
4288:
4283:
4278:
4273:
4268:
4263:
4257:
4255:
4246:
4239:
4238:
4236:
4235:
4224:
4213:
4198:
4186:
4175:
4164:
4153:
4142:
4126:
4124:
4118:
4117:
4115:
4114:
4107:
4095:
4087:
4085:
4079:
4078:
4076:
4075:
4068:U. wallichiana
4064:
4057:U. wallichiana
4053:
4046:U. wallichiana
4042:
4038:U. wallichiana
4034:
4026:
4018:
4010:
4006:U. szechuanica
4002:
3994:
3992:(Slippery elm)
3986:
3984:(Siberian elm)
3978:
3970:
3962:
3950:
3942:
3931:
3920:
3912:
3904:
3896:
3885:
3874:
3866:
3862:U. lanceifolia
3858:
3850:
3839:
3828:
3817:
3809:
3797:
3789:
3782:
3778:U. harbinensis
3774:
3766:U. glaucescens
3762:
3755:U. glaucescens
3751:
3747:U. glaucescens
3743:
3735:
3727:
3719:
3717:(Japanese elm)
3707:
3696:
3688:
3684:U. crassifolia
3680:
3673:
3665:
3653:
3642:
3640:(Hangzhou elm)
3634:
3626:
3615:
3604:
3596:
3584:
3582:(American elm)
3576:
3567:
3565:
3559:
3558:
3551:
3550:
3543:
3536:
3528:
3522:
3521:
3514:
3507:
3499:
3493:
3481:
3473:
3468:
3458:
3457:External links
3455:
3454:
3453:
3436:
3433:
3430:
3429:
3415:
3393:
3351:
3340:
3311:
3286:
3261:
3248:
3235:
3226:
3202:
3191:
3180:
3169:
3150:
3131:
3110:
3101:
3082:
3071:
3054:
3037:
3024:
3011:
2998:
2952:
2939:
2928:
2895:
2876:(2): 109–127.
2860:
2857:on 2022-07-01.
2842:
2838:Forest Science
2826:
2783:
2724:
2707:
2692:
2679:
2666:
2645:
2521:
2507:
2488:
2442:
2411:
2392:
2379:
2366:
2353:
2338:
2316:
2293:
2290:on 2020-09-26.
2275:
2255:
2236:(2): 261–277.
2216:
2169:
2168:
2166:
2163:
2162:
2161:
2153:
2150:
2149:
2148:
2137:
2130:
2126:
2123:
2122:
2121:
2110:
2109:
2106:
2103:
2102:
2099:
2098:
2094:
2093:
2083:
2075:
2067:
2064:
2057:
2056:
2051:
2048:
2047:
2046:
1926:
1925:
1920:
1915:
1910:
1905:
1900:
1895:
1890:
1885:
1880:
1875:
1870:
1865:
1860:
1855:
1850:
1845:
1840:
1835:
1830:
1825:
1820:
1815:
1810:
1805:
1800:
1795:
1790:
1785:
1780:
1775:
1770:
1765:
1760:
1755:
1750:
1745:
1740:
1735:
1730:
1725:
1720:
1718:Canadian Giant
1715:
1710:
1705:
1700:
1695:
1689:
1669:
1666:
1653:
1652:
1647:
1642:
1637:
1632:
1627:
1622:
1617:
1612:
1607:
1602:
1597:
1592:
1587:
1582:
1577:
1572:
1567:
1562:
1557:
1552:
1547:
1542:
1537:
1532:
1527:
1522:
1517:
1512:
1507:
1502:
1497:
1492:
1487:
1482:
1477:
1472:
1467:
1465:Albo-Variegata
1461:
1456:
1453:
1452:
1451:
1440:
1433:
1431:
1424:
1417:
1415:
1412:
1405:
1403:
1397:
1390:
1388:
1378:
1371:
1369:
1358:
1351:
1321:
1318:
1227:
1224:
1195:
1192:
1191:
1190:
1187:
1180:
1178:
1175:
1168:
1166:
1163:
1156:
1154:
1151:
1144:
1142:
1139:
1132:
1130:
1127:
1120:
1112:
1109:
1107:
1104:
1103:
1102:
1099:
1092:
1090:
1077:
1070:
1068:
1065:
1058:
1056:
1053:
1046:
1044:
1041:
1034:
1032:
1029:
1022:
1020:
1017:
1010:
1008:
1001:
994:
966:
963:
962:
961:
954:
947:
858:
855:
854:
853:
846:
839:
837:
834:
827:
825:
822:
815:
813:
810:
803:
801:
798:
791:
789:
783:
776:
774:
771:
764:
762:
759:
752:
711:
708:
707:
706:
696:
689:
687:
680:
673:
671:
663:Castle Douglas
660:
653:
647:Flora Europaea
643:
642:
629:
610:
607:
605:
604:Classification
602:
592:'s 1822 book,
575:
572:
560:. Conversely,
557:U. wallichiana
463:Ural Mountains
441:
440:
438:
437:
436:
435:
427:
422:Ulmus suberosa
419:
411:
403:
395:
393:(Wilcz.) Klok.
390:Ulmus podolica
387:
379:
368:
360:
352:
344:
336:
328:
320:
310:
302:
288:
287:
286:
283:
282:
276:
275:
271:
270:
262:
261:
256:
245:
244:
238:
237:
233:U. glabra
230:
228:
224:
223:
212:
208:
207:
196:
192:
191:
184:
180:
179:
174:
170:
169:
164:
160:
159:
154:
147:
146:
141:
134:
133:
128:
121:
120:
115:
108:
107:
102:
98:
97:
84:
83:
73:Data Deficient
65:
62:
61:
56:
53:
52:
48:
47:
39:
38:
26:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
6983:
6972:
6969:
6967:
6964:
6962:
6959:
6957:
6954:
6952:
6949:
6947:
6944:
6942:
6939:
6937:
6934:
6933:
6931:
6914:
6909:
6905:
6901:
6895:
6891:
6886:
6882:
6878:
6873:
6869:
6865:
6860:
6856:
6852:
6847:
6843:
6839:
6834:
6830:
6826:
6820:
6816:
6811:
6807:
6803:
6797:
6793:
6788:
6784:
6780:
6775:
6771:
6767:
6762:
6758:
6754:
6748:
6744:
6739:
6735:
6731:
6726:
6722:
6718:
6713:
6709:
6705:
6700:
6696:
6692:
6686:
6682:
6677:
6673:
6669:
6664:
6660:
6656:
6651:
6647:
6643:
6638:
6634:
6630:
6625:
6621:
6617:
6612:
6608:
6604:
6599:
6595:
6591:
6586:
6582:
6578:
6573:
6569:
6565:
6560:
6556:
6552:
6547:
6543:
6539:
6534:
6530:
6526:
6520:
6516:
6511:
6507:
6503:
6497:
6492:
6486:
6482:
6477:
6471:
6467:
6466:
6464:
6462:
6458:
6454:
6449:
6437:
6436:
6432:
6431:
6429:
6425:
6419:
6416:
6414:
6411:
6409:
6406:
6404:
6401:
6399:
6396:
6394:
6391:
6389:
6386:
6384:
6381:
6379:
6376:
6374:
6371:
6369:
6366:
6364:
6361:
6359:
6356:
6354:
6351:
6349:
6346:
6344:
6341:
6339:
6336:
6334:
6331:
6329:
6326:
6324:
6321:
6319:
6316:
6314:
6311:
6309:
6306:
6304:
6301:
6299:
6296:
6294:
6293:Klemmer Blanc
6291:
6289:
6288:Kansas Hybrid
6286:
6284:
6281:
6279:
6276:
6274:
6271:
6269:
6266:
6264:
6261:
6259:
6256:
6254:
6251:
6249:
6246:
6244:
6241:
6239:
6236:
6234:
6231:
6229:
6226:
6224:
6221:
6219:
6216:
6214:
6211:
6209:
6206:
6204:
6201:
6199:
6196:
6194:
6191:
6189:
6186:
6184:
6181:
6179:
6176:
6174:
6171:
6169:
6166:
6164:
6161:
6159:
6156:
6154:
6151:
6149:
6146:
6145:
6143:
6139:
6129:
6126:
6124:
6121:
6119:
6116:
6114:
6111:
6109:
6106:
6104:
6101:
6100:
6098:
6096:
6095:
6091:
6086:
6080:
6077:
6075:
6072:
6070:
6067:
6065:
6062:
6060:
6057:
6055:
6052:
6050:
6047:
6045:
6042:
6040:
6037:
6035:
6032:
6030:
6027:
6025:
6022:
6020:
6017:
6015:
6012:
6010:
6007:
6005:
6002:
6000:
5997:
5995:
5992:
5990:
5987:
5985:
5982:
5980:
5977:
5975:
5972:
5970:
5967:
5965:
5962:
5960:
5957:
5955:
5952:
5950:
5947:
5945:
5942:
5940:
5937:
5935:
5932:
5930:
5927:
5925:
5924:Elegantissima
5922:
5920:
5917:
5915:
5912:
5910:
5907:
5905:
5902:
5900:
5897:
5895:
5892:
5890:
5887:
5885:
5882:
5880:
5877:
5875:
5872:
5870:
5867:
5865:
5862:
5860:
5857:
5855:
5852:
5851:
5849:
5847:
5843:
5837:
5834:
5832:
5829:
5827:
5824:
5822:
5819:
5817:
5814:
5812:
5809:
5807:
5804:
5802:
5799:
5797:
5794:
5792:
5789:
5787:
5784:
5782:
5779:
5777:
5774:
5772:
5769:
5767:
5764:
5762:
5759:
5757:
5754:
5752:
5749:
5747:
5744:
5742:
5739:
5737:
5734:
5732:
5729:
5727:
5726:Morton Glossy
5724:
5722:
5719:
5717:
5714:
5712:
5709:
5707:
5704:
5702:
5699:
5697:
5696:Fuente Umbria
5694:
5692:
5689:
5687:
5684:
5682:
5679:
5677:
5674:
5672:
5669:
5667:
5664:
5662:
5659:
5657:
5654:
5652:
5649:
5647:
5644:
5642:
5639:
5638:
5635:
5632:
5630:
5625:
5615:
5612:
5610:
5607:
5605:
5602:
5600:
5597:
5595:
5592:
5590:
5587:
5585:
5582:
5580:
5577:
5575:
5572:
5570:
5567:
5565:
5562:
5560:
5557:
5555:
5552:
5550:
5547:
5545:
5542:
5540:
5537:
5535:
5532:
5530:
5527:
5525:
5522:
5520:
5517:
5515:
5512:
5510:
5507:
5505:
5504:Grandidentata
5502:
5500:
5497:
5495:
5492:
5490:
5487:
5485:
5482:
5480:
5477:
5475:
5472:
5470:
5467:
5465:
5462:
5460:
5457:
5455:
5452:
5450:
5449:Concavaefolia
5447:
5445:
5442:
5440:
5437:
5435:
5432:
5430:
5427:
5426:
5424:
5422:
5418:
5412:
5409:
5408:
5406:
5404:
5400:
5394:
5391:
5389:
5386:
5384:
5381:
5379:
5376:
5374:
5371:
5369:
5366:
5364:
5361:
5359:
5356:
5354:
5351:
5349:
5346:
5344:
5341:
5339:
5336:
5334:
5331:
5329:
5326:
5324:
5321:
5319:
5316:
5314:
5311:
5309:
5306:
5304:
5301:
5300:
5298:
5296:
5292:
5286:
5283:
5281:
5278:
5276:
5273:
5271:
5268:
5266:
5263:
5261:
5258:
5256:
5255:JFS-Bieberich
5253:
5251:
5248:
5246:
5243:
5241:
5238:
5237:
5235:
5233:
5229:
5223:
5220:
5218:
5215:
5213:
5210:
5208:
5205:
5203:
5200:
5198:
5195:
5193:
5190:
5188:
5185:
5183:
5180:
5178:
5175:
5173:
5170:
5168:
5167:Umbraculifera
5165:
5163:
5160:
5158:
5155:
5153:
5150:
5148:
5145:
5143:
5140:
5138:
5135:
5133:
5130:
5128:
5125:
5123:
5120:
5118:
5115:
5113:
5110:
5108:
5105:
5103:
5100:
5098:
5095:
5093:
5090:
5088:
5085:
5083:
5080:
5078:
5075:
5073:
5070:
5068:
5065:
5063:
5060:
5058:
5055:
5053:
5050:
5048:
5045:
5043:
5040:
5038:
5035:
5033:
5030:
5028:
5025:
5023:
5020:
5018:
5015:
5013:
5010:
5008:
5005:
5003:
5000:
4998:
4995:
4993:
4990:
4988:
4985:
4983:
4980:
4978:
4975:
4973:
4970:
4968:
4965:
4963:
4960:
4958:
4957:Concavaefolia
4955:
4953:
4950:
4948:
4945:
4943:
4940:
4938:
4935:
4933:
4930:
4928:
4925:
4923:
4920:
4918:
4915:
4913:
4910:
4908:
4905:
4904:
4902:
4900:
4896:
4890:
4887:
4885:
4882:
4880:
4877:
4875:
4872:
4870:
4867:
4865:
4862:
4860:
4857:
4856:
4854:
4852:
4848:
4842:
4839:
4837:
4834:
4832:
4829:
4827:
4824:
4822:
4819:
4817:
4814:
4812:
4809:
4807:
4804:
4802:
4799:
4797:
4794:
4792:
4791:Stone's Dwarf
4789:
4787:
4784:
4782:
4779:
4777:
4774:
4772:
4769:
4767:
4764:
4762:
4759:
4757:
4754:
4752:
4749:
4747:
4744:
4742:
4741:Prairie Shade
4739:
4737:
4734:
4732:
4729:
4727:
4726:Orange Ribbon
4724:
4722:
4719:
4717:
4714:
4712:
4709:
4707:
4704:
4702:
4699:
4697:
4694:
4692:
4691:King's Choice
4689:
4687:
4684:
4682:
4679:
4677:
4674:
4672:
4669:
4667:
4664:
4662:
4659:
4657:
4654:
4652:
4649:
4647:
4644:
4642:
4639:
4637:
4634:
4632:
4629:
4627:
4624:
4622:
4619:
4617:
4614:
4612:
4609:
4607:
4604:
4602:
4599:
4597:
4594:
4592:
4589:
4587:
4584:
4582:
4579:
4577:
4574:
4572:
4569:
4567:
4564:
4562:
4559:
4558:
4555:
4554:
4552:
4550:
4546:
4540:
4537:
4536:
4534:
4532:
4528:
4522:
4519:
4517:
4514:
4512:
4509:
4507:
4504:
4502:
4499:
4497:
4494:
4492:
4489:
4487:
4484:
4482:
4479:
4477:
4474:
4472:
4469:
4467:
4464:
4462:
4459:
4457:
4454:
4452:
4449:
4447:
4444:
4442:
4439:
4437:
4434:
4432:
4429:
4427:
4424:
4422:
4419:
4417:
4414:
4412:
4409:
4407:
4404:
4402:
4399:
4397:
4394:
4392:
4389:
4387:
4384:
4382:
4379:
4377:
4374:
4372:
4369:
4367:
4364:
4362:
4359:
4357:
4354:
4352:
4349:
4347:
4344:
4342:
4339:
4337:
4334:
4332:
4329:
4327:
4324:
4322:
4319:
4317:
4314:
4312:
4309:
4307:
4304:
4302:
4301:JFS Prince II
4299:
4297:
4294:
4292:
4289:
4287:
4284:
4282:
4279:
4277:
4274:
4272:
4269:
4267:
4264:
4262:
4259:
4258:
4256:
4254:
4250:
4247:
4245:
4240:
4234:
4233:
4229:
4225:
4223:
4222:
4218:
4214:
4212:
4211:
4207:
4203:
4199:
4197:
4195:
4191:
4187:
4185:
4184:
4180:
4176:
4174:
4173:
4169:
4165:
4163:
4162:
4158:
4154:
4152:
4151:
4147:
4143:
4141:
4140:
4136:
4132:
4128:
4127:
4125:
4123:
4119:
4113:
4112:
4108:
4106:
4104:
4100:
4096:
4094:
4093:
4089:
4088:
4086:
4084:
4080:
4074:
4073:
4069:
4065:
4063:
4062:
4058:
4054:
4052:
4051:
4047:
4043:
4041:
4039:
4035:
4033:
4031:
4027:
4025:
4024:(Alishan elm)
4023:
4019:
4017:
4015:
4011:
4009:
4007:
4003:
4001:
3999:
3995:
3993:
3991:
3987:
3985:
3983:
3979:
3977:
3975:
3971:
3969:
3967:
3966:U. prunifolia
3963:
3961:
3959:
3955:
3954:U. parvifolia
3951:
3949:
3947:
3946:U. parvifolia
3943:
3941:
3940:
3936:
3932:
3930:
3929:
3925:
3921:
3919:
3917:
3913:
3911:
3910:(Tibetan elm)
3909:
3908:U. microcarpa
3905:
3903:
3902:(Mexican elm)
3901:
3897:
3895:
3894:
3890:
3889:U. macrocarpa
3886:
3884:
3883:
3879:
3878:U. macrocarpa
3875:
3873:
3871:
3870:U. macrocarpa
3867:
3865:
3864:(Vietnam elm)
3863:
3859:
3857:
3855:
3851:
3849:
3848:
3844:
3840:
3838:
3837:
3833:
3829:
3827:
3826:
3822:
3818:
3816:
3814:
3810:
3808:
3806:
3802:
3798:
3796:
3794:
3790:
3788:
3787:
3783:
3781:
3779:
3775:
3773:
3771:
3767:
3763:
3761:
3760:
3756:
3752:
3750:
3748:
3744:
3742:
3740:
3736:
3734:
3732:
3728:
3726:
3724:
3720:
3718:
3716:
3712:
3708:
3706:
3705:
3701:
3697:
3695:
3693:
3689:
3687:
3685:
3681:
3679:
3678:
3674:
3672:
3670:
3666:
3664:
3663:(Kunming elm)
3662:
3658:
3654:
3652:
3651:
3647:
3643:
3641:
3639:
3635:
3633:
3631:
3627:
3625:
3624:
3620:
3616:
3614:
3613:
3609:
3605:
3603:
3601:
3597:
3595:
3594:(Florida elm)
3593:
3589:
3585:
3583:
3581:
3577:
3575:
3573:
3569:
3568:
3566:
3564:
3560:
3556:
3549:
3544:
3542:
3537:
3535:
3530:
3529:
3526:
3520:
3519:
3515:
3513:
3512:
3511:Synonymy list
3508:
3506:
3504:
3500:
3497:
3494:
3491:
3487:
3486:
3482:
3480:
3478:
3474:
3472:
3469:
3467:
3464:
3461:
3460:
3451:
3447:
3443:
3439:
3438:
3418:
3412:
3408:
3404:
3397:
3381:
3377:
3373:
3369:
3365:
3361:
3355:
3349:
3344:
3329:
3325:
3321:
3315:
3301:on 2005-09-16
3300:
3296:
3290:
3275:
3271:
3270:"Google Maps"
3265:
3258:
3252:
3246:
3244:
3239:
3230:
3219:
3212:
3206:
3200:
3195:
3189:
3184:
3178:
3173:
3167:
3163:
3157:
3155:
3148:
3144:
3138:
3136:
3128:
3124:
3120:
3114:
3105:
3099:
3096:
3092:
3086:
3080:
3075:
3067:
3066:
3058:
3050:
3049:
3041:
3034:
3028:
3021:
3015:
3008:
3002:
2994:
2990:
2986:
2982:
2978:
2974:
2967:
2965:
2956:
2949:
2943:
2937:
2932:
2921:
2917:
2913:
2906:
2899:
2891:
2887:
2883:
2879:
2875:
2871:
2864:
2856:
2852:
2846:
2839:
2836:
2830:
2822:
2818:
2814:
2810:
2806:
2802:
2798:
2794:
2787:
2773:on 2007-06-28
2769:
2765:
2761:
2757:
2753:
2749:
2745:
2738:
2731:
2729:
2721:
2717:
2711:
2705:
2703:
2696:
2689:
2683:
2676:
2670:
2663:
2659:
2655:
2649:
2642:
2638:
2637:Ulmus montana
2631:
2627:
2622:
2618:
2614:
2609:
2602:
2596:
2592:
2588:
2580:
2576:
2575:Ulmus montana
2570:
2566:
2562:
2556:
2552:
2551:Ulmus montana
2545:
2539:
2535:
2531:
2525:
2519:
2518:
2511:
2505:
2503:
2500:Huds. subsp.
2499:
2492:
2484:
2480:
2476:
2472:
2469:(2): 99–107.
2468:
2464:
2460:
2458:
2449:
2447:
2430:
2426:
2422:
2415:
2408:
2404:. p. 66.
2403:
2396:
2389:
2383:
2377:(1984 vol. 3)
2376:
2370:
2363:
2357:
2351:
2348:
2342:
2336:
2335:9781108069380
2332:
2328:
2327:
2320:
2314:
2313:9780521294621
2310:
2306:
2300:
2298:
2289:
2285:
2279:
2273:
2272:9789050112819
2269:
2265:
2259:
2251:
2247:
2243:
2239:
2235:
2231:
2227:
2220:
2204:
2199:
2195:
2191:
2190:
2185:
2183:
2174:
2170:
2159:
2156:
2155:
2145:
2141:
2134:
2129:
2128:
2119:
2115:
2112:
2111:
2107:
2105:
2104:
2101:
2100:
2096:
2095:
2091:
2090:U. sukaczevii
2087:
2084:
2081:
2079:
2076:
2073:
2071:
2068:
2065:
2062:
2059:
2058:
2055:North America
2054:
2053:
2044:
2037:
2033:
2029:
2025:
2021:
2017:
2010:
2006:
2002:
1998:
1994:
1990:
1986:
1982:
1978:
1975:
1974:
1973:
1971:
1967:
1963:
1959:
1956:Hybrids with
1954:
1952:
1951:
1946:
1942:
1938:
1937:
1932:
1924:
1921:
1919:
1916:
1914:
1911:
1909:
1906:
1904:
1901:
1899:
1896:
1894:
1891:
1889:
1886:
1884:
1881:
1879:
1876:
1874:
1871:
1869:
1866:
1864:
1861:
1859:
1856:
1854:
1851:
1849:
1846:
1844:
1841:
1839:
1836:
1834:
1831:
1829:
1826:
1824:
1821:
1819:
1816:
1814:
1811:
1809:
1806:
1804:
1801:
1799:
1796:
1794:
1791:
1789:
1786:
1784:
1781:
1779:
1776:
1774:
1771:
1769:
1766:
1764:
1763:Elegantissima
1761:
1759:
1756:
1754:
1751:
1749:
1746:
1744:
1741:
1739:
1736:
1734:
1731:
1729:
1726:
1724:
1721:
1719:
1716:
1714:
1711:
1709:
1706:
1704:
1701:
1699:
1696:
1694:
1691:
1690:
1688:
1686:
1685:
1680:
1679:
1674:
1665:
1663:
1659:
1651:
1648:
1646:
1643:
1641:
1638:
1636:
1633:
1631:
1628:
1626:
1623:
1621:
1618:
1616:
1613:
1611:
1608:
1606:
1603:
1601:
1598:
1596:
1593:
1591:
1588:
1586:
1583:
1581:
1578:
1576:
1573:
1571:
1568:
1566:
1563:
1561:
1558:
1556:
1553:
1551:
1548:
1546:
1543:
1541:
1540:Grandidentata
1538:
1536:
1533:
1531:
1528:
1526:
1523:
1521:
1518:
1516:
1513:
1511:
1508:
1506:
1503:
1501:
1498:
1496:
1493:
1491:
1488:
1486:
1485:Concavaefolia
1483:
1481:
1478:
1476:
1473:
1471:
1468:
1466:
1463:
1462:
1460:
1448:
1444:
1437:
1432:
1428:
1421:
1416:
1409:
1404:
1400:
1394:
1389:
1385:
1381:
1375:
1370:
1366:
1362:
1359:300-year-old
1355:
1350:
1349:
1348:
1346:
1345:
1340:
1339:
1334:
1333:Hertfordshire
1330:
1326:
1325:E. M. Forster
1320:In literature
1317:
1315:
1311:
1307:
1303:
1299:
1295:
1291:
1286:
1284:
1280:
1276:
1272:
1271:Hopton Castle
1268:
1264:
1260:
1255:
1253:
1249:
1248:Beauly Priory
1241:
1237:
1232:
1226:Notable trees
1223:
1221:
1217:
1213:
1209:
1200:
1184:
1179:
1172:
1167:
1160:
1155:
1148:
1143:
1136:
1131:
1124:
1119:
1118:
1117:
1096:
1091:
1087:
1080:
1074:
1069:
1062:
1057:
1050:
1045:
1038:
1033:
1026:
1021:
1014:
1009:
1005:
998:
993:
992:
991:
989:
985:
981:
975:
971:
958:
951:
946:
945:
944:
942:
941:
936:
931:
929:
925:
921:
917:
912:
910:
906:
901:
899:
895:
891:
890:
886:
882:
881:
876:
872:
868:
864:
850:
843:
838:
831:
826:
819:
814:
807:
802:
795:
790:
786:
780:
775:
772:Nascent seeds
768:
763:
756:
751:
750:
749:
747:
743:
739:
736:
735:hermaphrodite
733:
729:
725:
721:
717:
703:
699:
693:
688:
684:
677:
672:
668:
664:
657:
652:
651:
650:
648:
637:
633:
630:
627:
623:
620:
619:
618:
616:
601:
599:
595:
591:
587:
582:
571:
569:
565:
564:
559:
558:
552:
548:
544:
543:
537:
536:
529:
527:
523:
519:
518:British Isles
514:
512:
508:
504:
500:
496:
492:
491:latitude 67°N
488:
484:
480:
476:
472:
468:
467:Arctic Circle
464:
460:
456:
449:
448:
431:
428:
423:
420:
415:
414:Ulmus scotica
412:
407:
404:
399:
398:Ulmus popovii
396:
391:
388:
383:
380:
377:
372:
371:Ulmus montana
369:
364:
361:
356:
353:
348:
345:
340:
339:Ulmus expansa
337:
332:
331:Ulmus excelsa
329:
324:
321:
316:
315:
311:
306:
303:
298:
295:
294:
293:
292:
284:
281:
277:
272:
268:
263:
259:
254:
252:
246:
243:
242:Binomial name
239:
235:
234:
229:
226:
225:
222:
221:
213:
210:
209:
206:
205:
197:
194:
193:
190:
189:
185:
182:
181:
178:
175:
172:
171:
168:
165:
162:
161:
158:
155:
152:
149:
148:
145:
142:
139:
136:
135:
132:
129:
126:
123:
122:
119:
118:Tracheophytes
116:
113:
110:
109:
106:
103:
100:
99:
94:
89:
85:
79:
74:
63:
59:
54:
49:
45:
40:
37:
33:
30:
19:
6815:Ulmus glabra
6802:Ulmus_glabra
6491:Ulmus glabra
6461:Ulmus glabra
6460:
6434:
6408:Turkestanica
6368:Rotundifolia
6203:Crispa Aurea
6178:Atropurpurea
6093:
6089:
6009:Muscaviensis
5974:Haarlemensis
5859:Angustifolia
5514:Horizontalis
5439:Camperdownii
5420:
5411:Lace Parasol
5378:Poort Bulten
5328:Dwarf Weeper
5295:Siberian elm
5232:Japanese elm
5102:Purpurascens
5072:Monumentalis
4912:Albo-Dentata
4776:Sempervirens
4686:Jade Empress
4506:Valley Forge
4396:L'Assomption
4366:Independence
4351:Great Plains
4316:Creole Queen
4253:American elm
4231:
4227:
4220:
4216:
4209:
4205:
4201:
4193:
4189:
4183:diversifolia
4182:
4178:
4171:
4167:
4160:
4156:
4149:
4145:
4138:
4134:
4131:U. davidiana
4130:
4111:U. elliptica
4110:
4102:
4098:
4092:U. boissieri
4091:
4071:
4067:
4060:
4056:
4049:
4045:
4037:
4029:
4022:U. uyematsui
4021:
4013:
4005:
3997:
3989:
3981:
3973:
3965:
3960:(Korean elm)
3957:
3953:
3945:
3938:
3934:
3927:
3923:
3915:
3907:
3899:
3892:
3888:
3881:
3877:
3869:
3861:
3854:U. lamellosa
3853:
3847:simplicidens
3846:
3842:
3835:
3831:
3824:
3820:
3812:
3804:
3801:U. laciniata
3800:
3793:U. laciniata
3792:
3785:
3780:(Harbin elm)
3777:
3769:
3765:
3758:
3754:
3746:
3738:
3737:
3731:U. gaussenii
3730:
3722:
3714:
3711:U. davidiana
3710:
3703:
3700:U. davidiana
3699:
3692:U. davidiana
3691:
3683:
3676:
3668:
3661:kunmingensis
3660:
3656:
3649:
3645:
3637:
3629:
3622:
3618:
3612:bergmanniana
3611:
3607:
3599:
3591:
3588:U. americana
3587:
3580:U. americana
3579:
3574:(Winged elm)
3571:
3517:
3510:
3502:
3485:Ulmus glabra
3484:
3476:
3463:Ulmus glabra
3462:
3441:
3420:. Retrieved
3406:
3396:
3384:. Retrieved
3371:
3367:
3354:
3343:
3332:. Retrieved
3328:the original
3323:
3314:
3303:. Retrieved
3299:the original
3289:
3277:. Retrieved
3274:Google.co.uk
3273:
3264:
3251:
3238:
3229:
3218:the original
3205:
3194:
3183:
3172:
3161:
3142:
3126:
3118:
3113:
3104:
3094:
3090:
3085:
3074:
3064:
3057:
3047:
3040:
3032:
3027:
3019:
3014:
3006:
3001:
2976:
2972:
2964:Ulmus glabra
2963:
2955:
2947:
2942:
2931:
2920:the original
2915:
2911:
2898:
2873:
2869:
2863:
2855:the original
2845:
2837:
2829:
2796:
2792:
2786:
2775:. Retrieved
2768:the original
2747:
2743:
2719:
2710:
2701:
2695:
2687:
2682:
2674:
2669:
2653:
2648:
2636:
2630:Ulmus scabra
2629:
2616:
2601:Ulmus glabra
2600:
2590:
2579:Ulmus glabra
2578:
2574:
2564:
2550:
2544:Ulmus scabra
2543:
2533:
2524:
2517:Ulmus glabra
2516:
2510:
2501:
2498:Ulmus glabra
2497:
2491:
2466:
2462:
2457:Ulmus glabra
2456:
2433:. Retrieved
2428:
2424:
2414:
2401:
2395:
2387:
2382:
2374:
2369:
2361:
2356:
2346:
2341:
2324:
2319:
2304:
2288:the original
2278:
2263:
2258:
2233:
2229:
2219:
2207:. Retrieved
2193:
2187:
2182:Ulmus glabra
2181:
2173:
2143:
2140:Samuel Bough
2089:
1957:
1955:
1948:
1944:
1940:
1934:
1930:
1928:
1848:Muscaviensis
1813:Haarlemensis
1698:Angustifolia
1682:
1676:
1672:
1671:
1661:
1655:
1550:Horizontalis
1475:Camperdownii
1458:
1398:
1379:
1360:
1342:
1336:
1323:
1287:
1256:
1245:
1235:
1211:
1208:Ulmus glabra
1207:
1205:
1114:
1079:Ulmus glabra
1078:
979:
976:
972:
968:
938:
932:
913:
902:
887:
880:Ulmus laevis
878:
860:
713:
701:
697:
669:, late April
646:
644:
635:
631:
625:
621:
612:
593:
577:
568:Ulmus glabra
567:
561:
556:
550:
542:U. laciniata
541:
534:
530:
525:
515:
458:
454:
447:Ulmus glabra
446:
445:
444:
429:
421:
413:
406:Ulmus scabra
405:
397:
389:
381:
370:
362:
354:
346:
338:
330:
323:Ulmus effusa
322:
312:
304:
296:
251:Ulmus glabra
250:
248:
232:
231:
215:
199:
187:
150:
137:
124:
111:
36:Ulmus glabra
35:
29:
6838:kew-2448690
6712:NatureServe
6611:iNaturalist
6485:Wikispecies
6427:Fossil elms
6398:Tiliaefolia
6343:Planeroides
6233:Folia Rubra
6228:Folia Aurea
6148:aff. Plotii
5999:Microphylla
5751:New Horizon
5641:Androssowii
5604:Spectabilis
5554:Macrophylla
5464:Corylifolia
5444:Cebennensis
5142:Silvery Gem
5052:Majadahonda
4942:Bea Schwarz
4889:Urticifolia
4801:The Thinker
4716:Nire-keyaki
4549:Chinese elm
4466:Penn Treaty
4446:New Harmony
4426:Miller Park
4281:Beaverlodge
4196:(Dutch elm)
4172:brandisiana
4061:xanthoderma
4050:wallichiana
4014:U. thomasii
3998:U. serotina
3918:(Field elm)
3900:U. mexicana
3856:(Hebei elm)
3807:(Nikko elm)
3786:U. ismaelis
3759:glaucescens
3749:(Gansu elm)
3723:U. elongata
3669:U. chenmoui
3623:lasiophylla
3505:(Greenland)
3386:16 February
2750:: 199–205.
2209:19 November
2138:Wych elms,
2108:Australasia
1966:Netherlands
1838:Microphylla
1640:Spectabilis
1590:Macrophylla
1500:Corylifolia
1480:Cebennensis
1447:Glen Affric
1344:Howards End
1338:Howards End
1283:The Meadows
1004:The Meadows
965:Cultivation
935:elm yellows
905:Grenzhammer
710:Description
522:Loch Lomond
487:Scandinavia
471:Peloponnese
363:Ulmus major
131:Angiosperms
6930:Categories
6833:Plant List
6522:Calflora:
6348:Planifolia
6338:Nigrescens
6323:Myrtifolia
6303:Lombartsii
6298:Koopmannii
6218:Exoniensis
6153:Acutifolia
6094:intermedia
6029:Serpentina
5969:Groeneveld
5944:Fjerrestad
5939:Fastigiata
5801:San Zanobi
5681:Escaillard
5403:Winged elm
5363:Park Royal
5333:Green King
5285:Validation
5265:Prospector
5137:Schuurhoek
5132:Sarniensis
5127:Rueppellii
5092:Propendens
5047:Lanuginosa
5032:Hunnybunii
5027:Holmstruph
5012:Glandulosa
4917:Amplifolia
4826:Yarralumla
4811:True Green
4786:State Fair
4781:Small Frye
4771:Select 380
4731:Pathfinder
4696:Littleleaf
4676:Hallelujah
4671:Golden Rey
4611:D. B. Cole
4601:Churchyard
4539:Brazos Rim
4521:Washington
4481:Queen City
4476:Pyramidata
4411:Littleford
4371:Iowa State
4331:Exhibition
4311:Columnaris
4221:intermedia
4206:hollandica
4194:hollandica
4030:U. villosa
3893:macrocarpa
3836:parvifolia
3805:nikkoensis
3770:lasiocarpa
3677:U. chumlia
3657:U. changii
3646:U. changii
3638:U. changii
3492:(EUFORGEN)
3422:26 October
3334:2017-08-29
3324:ilmenau.de
3305:2006-08-04
3279:7 February
2777:2007-06-18
2165:References
2050:Accessions
2032:San Zanobi
2013:Nanguen =
2001:Groeneveld
1962:Wageningen
1873:Serpentina
1853:Nottingham
1808:Groeneveld
1783:Fjerrestad
1778:Fastigiata
980:U. montana
924:tetraploid
867:triterpene
849:cotyledons
661:Wych near
615:subspecies
609:Subspecies
588:and weak.
526:Lac Leaman
507:Narsarsuaq
382:Ulmus nuda
195:Subgenus:
18:Scotch elm
6577:233501327
6333:Nemoralis
6318:Monstrosa
6313:Marmorata
6183:Australis
6103:Coolshade
6059:Viminalis
6004:Modiolina
5964:Gaujardii
5904:Dauvessei
5884:Cicestria
5874:Blandford
5846:Dutch elm
5706:Karagatch
5701:Homestead
5666:Columella
5656:Cathedral
5646:Amsterdam
5629:cultivars
5614:Tomentosa
5599:Pyrenaica
5584:Oblongata
5549:Lutescens
5524:Latifolia
5519:Insularis
5499:Gittisham
5434:Australis
5313:Aurescens
5240:Discovery
5172:Viminalis
5082:Picturata
5042:Laciniata
4992:Dicksonii
4972:Cucullata
4967:Cretensis
4899:Field elm
4831:Yatsubusa
4701:Lois Hole
4606:Cork Bark
4531:Cedar elm
4511:Variegata
4496:St. Croix
4471:Princeton
4451:Nigricans
4401:Lake City
4381:Jefferson
4271:Augustine
4266:Ascendens
4244:cultivars
4232:mesocarpa
4210:insularum
4161:arkansana
4150:arbuscula
4103:canescens
4072:tomentosa
3982:U. pumila
3843:U. laevis
3832:U. laevis
3821:U. laevis
3813:U. laevis
3739:U. glabra
3704:davidiana
3592:floridana
3477:U. glabra
3127:pyramidal
2626:Cotyledon
2435:29 August
2407:Full text
2250:0083-7792
2040:Wanoux =
2005:Homestead
1985:Columella
1958:U. glabra
1945:U. pumila
1941:U. glabra
1936:U. pumila
1931:U. glabra
1903:Viminalis
1843:Modiolina
1803:Gaujardii
1743:Dauvessei
1723:Cicestria
1713:Blandford
1673:U. glabra
1662:U. glabra
1650:Tomentosa
1635:Pyrenaica
1620:Oblongata
1585:Lutescens
1560:Latifolia
1555:Insularis
1535:Gittisham
1470:Australis
1455:Cultivars
1399:U. glabra
1380:U. glabra
1367:, Germany
1361:U. glabra
1329:Stevenage
1314:Yorkshire
1308:, and at
1275:Edinburgh
1242:, Austria
1236:U. glabra
1086:Pelhřimov
918:produced
916:Källstorp
875:field elm
742:apetalous
698:U. glabra
632:U. glabra
622:U. glabra
598:Hamamelis
574:Etymology
551:U. glabra
479:deciduous
459:Scots elm
227:Species:
211:Section:
101:Kingdom:
51:Wych elm
6897:VASCAN:
6890:33300069
6885:Tropicos
6799:PalDat:
6717:2.128339
6681:61966807
6642:10194543
6629:856863-1
6499:BioLib:
6470:Wikidata
6403:Tortuosa
6363:Ramulosa
6353:Purpurea
6273:Hillieri
6188:Berardii
6123:Rosehill
6044:Tricolor
6024:Pitteurs
5899:Dampieri
5894:Commelin
5691:Frontier
5686:Fiorente
5671:Den Haag
5559:Maculata
5494:Gigantea
5421:Wych elm
5358:Mr. Buzz
5323:Dropmore
5318:Chinkota
5303:Ansaloni
5222:Webbiana
5157:Suberosa
5147:Sowerbyi
5107:Purpurea
5097:Punctata
5017:Goodyeri
4962:Coritana
4884:Punctata
4864:Colorans
4756:Sabamiki
4751:Red Fall
4711:Milliken
4681:Hokkaido
4596:Chessins
4581:Burgundy
4571:Blizzard
4486:Sheyenne
4326:Delaware
4321:Deadfree
4296:Burgoyne
4242:Species
4139:U. minor
4135:japonica
4099:U. minor
3990:U. rubra
3935:U. minor
3924:U. minor
3916:U. minor
3825:celtidea
3715:japonica
3572:U. alata
3442:Wych Elm
3368:Arnoldia
3362:(1964).
3164:, 1813,
3145:, 1893,
3121:, 1800,
3033:Wych Elm
2993:89800637
2890:38868071
2764:85380172
2654:Wych Elm
2483:84736722
2152:See also
2146:, c.1878
2118:Gisborne
1993:Den Haag
1989:Commelin
1888:Tricolor
1868:Pitteurs
1738:Dampieri
1733:Commelin
1678:U. minor
1595:Maculata
1530:Gigantea
1298:Slovakia
1294:Piedmont
1234:Ancient
1194:Medicine
957:Jedburgh
920:triploid
894:Cemagref
667:Galloway
455:wych elm
433:Andronov
280:Synonyms
177:Ulmaceae
173:Family:
144:Eudicots
78:IUCN 3.1
6699:MoBotPF
6590:5361866
6476:Q147498
6393:Sericea
6278:Jalaica
6258:Hamburg
6253:Globosa
6243:Gallica
6163:Alksuth
6118:Lincoln
6108:Fremont
6064:Viscosa
6039:Superba
6034:Smithii
6019:Pioneer
5979:Klemmer
5934:Etrusca
5889:Cinerea
5869:Belgica
5836:Wingham
5816:Stavast
5781:Recerta
5771:Rebella
5761:Plantyn
5756:Patriot
5746:Nanguen
5676:Dodoens
5661:Clusius
5627:Hybrid
5609:Superba
5509:Holgeri
5454:Cornuta
5368:Pendula
5280:Thomson
5270:Reperta
5245:Freedom
5217:Virgata
5152:Stricta
5117:Reverti
5077:Pendula
4997:Dijkwel
4879:Pendula
4836:Zettler
4736:Pendens
4706:Matthew
4641:Emer II
4626:Ed Wood
4621:Dynasty
4461:Pendula
4456:Patmore
4421:Markham
4391:Klehmii
4376:Jackson
4306:College
4291:Brandon
4122:Hybrids
4101:subsp.
4059:subsp.
4048:subsp.
3958:coreana
3939:italica
3926:subsp.
3650:changii
3382:: 41–80
3374:(6–8).
2821:4328001
2801:Bibcode
2502:montana
2020:Pioneer
1997:Dodoens
1981:Clusius
1964:in the
1908:Viscosa
1883:Superba
1878:Smithii
1863:Pioneer
1818:Klemmer
1773:Etrusca
1728:Cinerea
1708:Belgica
1645:Superba
1545:Holgeri
1490:Cornuta
1386:, Italy
1384:Demonte
1365:Ilmenau
1310:Clapham
1290:Demonte
1265:in the
1261:was at
1216:panacea
982:at the
928:diploid
909:Ilmenau
871:alnulin
785:Samarae
760:Flowers
738:flowers
732:perfect
728:petiole
724:obovate
702:montana
700:subsp.
683:Cumbria
636:montana
634:subsp.
624:subsp.
483:montane
425:Michx.
183:Genus:
167:Rosales
163:Order:
105:Plantae
76: (
6846:PLANTS
6792:218596
6750:NZOR:
6743:172265
6704:287399
6616:170056
6551:594916
6515:254672
6418:Virens
6383:Rugosa
6248:Glabra
6198:Crispa
6173:Aspera
6128:Willis
6079:Ypreau
6074:Wredei
6054:Vegeta
5919:Dumont
5914:Dovaei
5909:Daveyi
5864:Balder
5831:Wanoux
5821:Toledo
5796:Revera
5791:Repura
5776:Rebona
5766:Plinio
5721:Morton
5716:Morfeo
5579:Nitida
5383:Puszta
5348:Manchu
5343:Harbin
5338:Hansen
5275:Reseda
5122:Rugosa
5112:Retiro
5087:Plotii
5002:Erecta
4947:Biltii
4927:Atinia
4907:Ademuz
4874:Ornata
4869:Helena
4821:Ware's
4796:Taiwan
4661:Geisha
4651:Frosty
4636:Emer I
4591:Catlin
4576:BSNUPF
4441:Morden
4436:Moline
4386:Kimley
4361:Incisa
4336:Fiorei
3882:glabra
3448:
3413:
3166:p. 240
3147:p. 260
3123:p. 349
2991:
2888:
2819:
2793:Nature
2762:
2660:
2481:
2333:
2311:
2270:
2248:
2230:Webbia
2125:In art
2097:Europe
2024:Plinio
2015:Lutèce
1923:Ypreau
1918:Wredei
1898:Vegeta
1758:Dumont
1753:Dovaei
1748:Daveyi
1703:Balder
1610:Nitida
1449:(2022)
1429:(2022)
1263:Brahan
1240:Styria
1111:Lumber
1002:Wych,
988:Ottawa
930:form.
898:Irstea
885:fungus
746:samara
626:glabra
586:wicker
499:Tromsø
475:Sicily
453:, the
451:Hudson
350:Schur.
334:Borkh.
326:Sibth.
308:Dumrt.
157:Rosids
6941:Ulmus
6877:18586
6822:PFI:
6761:NZPCN
6668:19053
6655:55627
6637:IRMNG
6603:40834
6564:ULMGL
6538:7DFJZ
6373:Rubra
6213:Densa
6158:Alata
5994:Major
5959:Fulva
5954:Freja
5826:Urban
5786:Regal
5711:Lobel
5574:Nigra
5564:Minor
5489:Flava
5484:Firma
5353:Mauro
5308:Aurea
5250:Jacan
4816:UPMTF
4766:Seiju
4761:Sagei
4666:Glory
4631:Elsmo
4616:Drake
4416:Maine
4356:Hines
4276:Aurea
4208:var.
4133:var.
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