1080:, which sought to build an economy complementary, not competitive, with England. Since England had woollens, this meant linen. Encouraged and subsidised by the Board of Trustees so it could compete with German products, merchant entrepreneurs became dominant in all stages of linen manufacturing and built up the market share of Scottish linens, especially in the American colonial market. The British Linen Company, established in 1746, was the largest firm in the Scottish linen industry in the 18th century, exporting linen to England and America. As a joint-stock company, it had the right to raise funds through the issue of promissory notes or bonds. With its bonds functioning as bank notes, the company gradually moved into the business of lending and discounting to other linen manufacturers, and in the early 1770s banking became its main activity. Renamed the
53:
1926:
were seriously wounded. Thus, although Scots were only 10 per cent of the
British population, they made up 15 per cent of the national armed forces and eventually accounted for 20 per cent of the dead. Concern for their families' standard of living made men hesitate to enlist; voluntary enlistment rates went up after the government guaranteed a weekly stipend for life to the survivors of men who were killed or disabled. Clydeside shipyards and the engineering shops of west-central Scotland became the most significant centre of shipbuilding and arms production in the Empire. In the Lowlands, particularly Glasgow, poor working and living conditions led to industrial and political unrest. After the end of the war in June 1919 the German fleet interned in Scapa Flow was
1061:
The tobacco trade collapsed during the
American Revolution (1776β83), when it sources were cut off by the British blockade of American ports. However, trade with the West Indies began to make up for the loss of the tobacco business, reflecting the extensive growth of the cotton industry, the British demand for sugar and the demand in the West Indies for herring and linen goods. During 1750β1815, 78 Glasgow merchants not only specialised in the importation of sugar, cotton, and rum from the West Indies, but diversified their interests by purchasing West Indian plantations, Scottish estates, or cotton mills. They were not to be self-perpetuating due to the hazards of the trade, the incident of bankruptcy, and the changing complexity of Glasgow's economy.
2270:
1142:
1065:
2294:
Johnston launched numerous initiatives to promote
Scotland. Opposed to the excessive concentration of industry in the English Midlands, he attracted 700 businesses and 90,000 new jobs through his new Scottish Council of Industry. He set up 32 committees to deal with any number of social and economic problems, ranging from juvenile delinquency to sheep farming. He regulated rents, and set up a prototype national health service, using new hospitals set up in the expectation of large numbers of casualties from German bombing. His most successful venture was setting up a system of hydro electricity using water power in the Highlands. A long-standing supporter of the
1104:
1458:
1979:
2838:
1309:
2326:
47:
1367:
1995:, and in January 1919, the British Government, fearful of a revolutionary uprising, deployed tanks and soldiers in central Glasgow. Formerly a Liberal stronghold, the industrial districts switched to Labour by 1922, with a base in the Irish Catholic working class districts. Women were especially active in building neighbourhood solidarity on housing and rent issues. However, the "Reds" operated within the Labour Party and had little influence in Parliament; in the face of heavy unemployment the workers' mood changed to passive despair by the late 1920s.
1218:. In its aftermath the British government enacted a series of laws that attempted to speed the process, including a ban on the bearing of arms, the wearing of tartan and limitations on the activities of the Episcopalian Church. Most of the legislation was repealed by the end of the 18th century as the Jacobite threat subsided. There was soon a process of the rehabilitation of highland culture. Tartan had already been adopted for highland regiments in the British army, which poor highlanders joined in large numbers until the end of the
2454:
1198:
632:
2601:
975:
898:
1056:. However, the economic benefits of union were very slow to appear, primarily because Scotland was too poor to exploit the opportunities of the greatly expanded free market. Scotland in 1750 was still a poor rural, agricultural society with a population of 1.3 million. Some progress was visible, such as the sales of linen and cattle to England, the cash flows from military service, and the tobacco trade that was dominated by Glasgow after 1740. The clippers belonging to the Glasgow
1878:
2170:
8430:
1092:(Edinburgh, 1727). Glasgow would soon follow and Scotland had a flourishing financial system by the end of the century. There were over 400 branches, amounting to one office per 7000 people, double the level in England. The banks were more lightly regulated than those in England. Historians often emphasise that the flexibility and dynamism of the Scottish banking system contributed significantly to the rapid development of the economy in the 19th century.
2018:
484:
2555:
ratified, increasing numbers stayed on beyond elementary education and it was eventually raised to 16 in 1973. As a result, secondary education was the major area of growth in the inter-war period, particularly for girls, who stayed on in full-time education in increasing numbers throughout the century. New qualifications were developed to cope with changing aspirations and economics, with the
Leaving Certificate being replaced by the
994:
the country, and
Catholicism became a significant denomination within Scotland. Also important was Episcopalianism, which had retained supporters through the civil wars and changes of regime in the 17th century. Since most Episcopalians had given their support to the Jacobite risings in the early 18th century they suffered a decline in fortunes, but revived in the 19th as the issue of succession receded, becoming established as the
1726:
1470:
state-sponsored largely free schools, run by local school boards. Overall administration was in the hands of the Scotch (later
Scottish) Education Department in London. Education was now compulsory from five to thirteen and many new board schools were built. Larger urban school boards established "higher grade" (secondary) schools as a cheaper alternative to the burgh schools. The Scottish Education Department introduced a
2266:
Agriculture prospered, as did all sectors except for coal mining, which was operating mines near exhaustion. Real wages, adjusted for inflation, rose 25 per cent, and unemployment temporarily vanished. Increased income, and the more equal distribution of food, obtained through a tight rationing system, dramatically improved the health and nutrition; the average height of 13-year-olds in
Glasgow increased by 2 inches.
1028:
1454:
able to rise up through the system to take high office and that literacy was much more widespread in
Scotland than in neighbouring states, particularly England. Historians now accept that very few boys were able to pursue this route to social advancement and that literacy was not noticeably higher than comparable nations, as the education in the parish schools was basic, short and attendance was not compulsory.
1297:, so formalising the cost of famine relief for landowners, a long-term solution was needed. It was cheaper for a landlord to pay the fare for a tenant to emigrate than have an open-ended commitment to provide food. Almost 11,000 people were provided with "assisted passages" by their landlords between 1846 and 1856, with the greatest number travelling in 1851. A further 5,000 emigrated to Australia, through the
1975:
best, or even a downward spiral. The heavy dependence on obsolescent heavy industry and mining was a central problem, and no one offered workable solutions. The despair reflected what Finlay (1994) describes as a widespread sense of hopelessness that prepared local business and political leaders to accept a new orthodoxy of centralised government economic planning when it arrived during the Second World War.
1506:
1939:
714:
595:, going through periods of considerable political instability. The decline was particularly acute in the second half of the 20th century, but was compensated for to a degree by the development of an extensive oil industry, technological manufacturing and a growing service sector. This period also increasing debates about the place of Scotland within the United Kingdom, the rise of the
1856:. This classicism, together with its reputation as a major centre of the Enlightenment, resulted in the city being nicknamed "The Athens of the North". However, the centralisation of much of the government administration, including the king's works, in London, meant that a number of Scottish architects spent most of all of their careers in England, where they had a major impact on
1293:
now had new owners after hereditary landlords had been compelled to sell due to their debts. These had the funds to support their tenants in the short term, and most did so. Estates that had introduced sheep farming tenants also had the income to assist their crofters. Given the length of the famine, and with suggestions that the government might introduce an "able-bodied"
651:(which increased the number of Scottish MPs and significantly widened the franchise to include more of the middle classes), until the end of the century they managed to gain a majority of the Westminster Parliamentary seats for Scotland, although these were often outnumbered by the much larger number of English and Welsh Conservatives. English-educated Scottish peer
1183:
growing rates of tuberculosis. The companies attracted rural workers, as well as immigrants from
Catholic Ireland, by inexpensive company housing that was a dramatic move upward from the inner-city slums. This paternalistic policy led many owners to support government sponsored housing programs as well as self-help projects among the respectable working class.
1999:
opportunities abroad, personal networks to link into, and the basic cultural similarity of the United States, Canada, and
Australia. Government subsidies for travel and relocation facilitated the decision to emigrate. Personal networks of family and friends who had gone ahead and wrote back, or sent money, prompted emigrants to follow.
1123:, opened in 1831. Not only was good passenger service established by the late 1840s, but an excellent network of freight lines reduce the cost of shipping coal, and made products manufactured in Scotland competitive throughout Britain. For example, railways opened the London market to Scottish beef and milk. They enabled the
1331:
preachers who themselves came from the lower strata, and whose preaching was implicitly critical of the established order. The religious change energised the crofters and separated them from the landlords; it helped prepare them for their successful and violent challenge to the landlords in the 1880s through the
2265:
Scottish industry came out of the depression slump by a dramatic expansion of its industrial activity, absorbing unemployed men and many women as well. The shipyards were the centre of more activity, but many smaller industries produced the machinery needed by the British bombers, tanks and warships.
1949:
After World War I the Liberal Party began to disintegrate. As the Liberals splintered Labour emerged to become the party of progressive politics in Scotland, gaining a solid following among working classes of the urban lowlands, and as a result the Unionists were able to gain most of the votes of the
1381:
The population of Scotland grew steadily in the 19th century, from 1,608,000 in the census of 1801 to 2,889,000 in 1851 and 4,472,000 in 1901. Even with the growth of industry there were insufficient good jobs, as a result, during the period 1841β1931, about 2 million Scots emigrated to North America
1182:
The industrial developments, while they brought work and wealth, were so rapid that housing, town-planning, and provision for public health did not keep pace with them, and for a time living conditions in some of the towns and cities were notoriously bad, with overcrowding, high infant mortality, and
1099:
cut off the supplies of raw cotton. The industry never recovered, but by that time Scotland had developed heavy industries based on its coal and iron resources. The invention of the hot blast for smelting iron (1828) revolutionised the Scottish iron industry. As a result, Scotland became a centre for
1986:
The shipbuilding industry had expanded by a third during the war and had expected continued prosperity, but instead it shrank drastically. A serious depression hit the economy by 1922 and it did not fully recover until 1939. The most skilled craftsmen were especially hard hit, because there were few
1925:
Scotland played a major role in the British effort in the First World War. It especially provided manpower, ships, machinery, food (particularly fish) and money. With a population of 4.8 million in 1911, Scotland sent 690,000 men to the war, of whom 74,000 died in combat or from disease, and 150,000
1477:
The five Scottish universities had been oriented to clerical and legal training, after the religious and political upheavals of the 17th century they recovered with a lecture-based curriculum that was able to embrace economics and science, offering a high quality liberal education to the sons of the
1343:
to reduce rents, guarantee fixity of tenure, and break up large estates to provide crofts for the homeless. In 1885 three Independent Crofter candidates were elected to Parliament, which listened to their pleas. The results included explicit security for the Scottish smallholders; the legal right to
1330:
remained an emotional subject and eventually became a cornerstone of liberal radicalism. The politically powerless poor crofters embraced the popularly oriented, fervently evangelical Presbyterian revival after 1800 and the breakaway "Free Church" after 1843. This evangelical movement was led by lay
1292:
arrived in Scotland in 1846, a famine of much greater seriousness than earlier events resulted. The blight lasted for about 10 years. Landowners were now without rents from their destitute tenants and were expected by the government to provide famine relief to them. Fortunately many Highland estates
1156:
Scotland was already one of the most urbanised societies in Europe by 1800. The industrial belt ran across the country from southwest to northeast; by 1900 the four industrialised counties of Lanarkshire, Renfrewshire, Dunbartonshire, and Ayrshire contained 44 per cent of the population. Glasgow and
1014:
churches also appeared in Scotland in the 18th century, but did not begin significant growth until the 19th century, partly because more radical and evangelical traditions already existed within the Church of Scotland and the free churches. From 1879 they were joined by the evangelical revivalism of
993:
in 1829 and the influx of large numbers of Irish immigrants, particularly after the famine years of the late 1840s, principally to the growing lowland centres like Glasgow, led to a transformation of its fortunes. In 1878, despite opposition, a Roman Catholic ecclesiastical hierarchy was restored to
938:
and passed the Veto Act, which allowed congregations to reject unwanted "intrusive" presentations to livings by patrons. The following "Ten Years' Conflict" of legal and political wrangling ended in defeat for the non-intrusionists in the civil courts. The result was a schism from the church by some
1916:
The years before the First World War were the golden age of the inshore fisheries. Landings reached new heights, and Scottish catches dominated Europe's herring trade, accounting for a third of the British catch. High productivity came about thanks to the transition to more productive steam-powered
1737:
The shift in attitudes to a romantic view of the Highlands at the end of the 18th century had a major impact on Scottish art. Romantic depictions can be seen in the work of 18th-century artists including Jacob More, and Alexander Runciman. and the next generation of artists, including the portraits
1482:
became a leader in British higher education by providing the educational needs of youth from the urban and commercial classes, as well as the upper class. It prepared students for non-commercial careers in government, the law, medicine, education, and the ministry and a smaller group for careers in
1263:
put forward plans for agricultural improvement to landowners who were looking to maximise the income from their lands. The usual solution, particularly in the North and West of the Highlands, was the establishment of large sheep farm tenancies. The result of this was the eviction of tenants who had
1255:
balanced an inward trade of oatmeal that was essential to sustain the peasant population. Highland landlords, who, through their integration into Scottish landowning society, were now exposed to the costs of living in London or Edinburgh and were becoming chronically indebted. Rents were increased.
1246:
in 1822 and the king's wearing of tartan resulted in a massive upsurge in demand for kilts and tartans that could not be met by the Scottish linen industry. The designation of individual clan tartans was largely defined in this period and they became a major symbol of Scottish identity. The fashion
1060:
were the fastest ships on the route to Virginia. Merchants who profited from the American trade began investing in leather, textiles, iron, coal, sugar, rope, sailcloth, glassworks, breweries, and soapworks, setting the foundations for the city's emergence as a leading industrial centre after 1815.
623:. Historian Neil Davidson notes that "after 1746 there was an entirely new level of participation by Scots in political life, particularly outside Scotland". Davidson also states that "far from being 'peripheral' to the British economy, Scotland β or more precisely, the Lowlands β lay at its core".
2430:
in the northern North Sea east of Shetland in 1971. Oil production started from the Argyll field (now Ardmore) in June 1975, followed by Forties in November of that year. Deindustrialisation took place rapidly in the 1970s and 1980s, as most of the traditional industries drastically shrank or were
1453:
oversaw the quality of the education. In many Scottish towns, burgh schools were operated by local councils. One of the effects of this extensive network of schools was the growth of the "democratic myth" in the 19th century, which created the widespread belief that many a "lad of pairts" had been
698:
The main unit of local government was the parish, and since it was also part of the church, the elders imposed public humiliation for what the locals considered immoral behaviour, including fornication, drunkenness, wife beating, cursing and Sabbath breaking. The main focus was on the poor and the
532:
and beginnings of industrialisation in the 18th century to the present day, has played a major part in the economic, military and political history of the United Kingdom, British Empire and Europe, while recurring issues over the status of Scotland, its status and identity have dominated political
2357:
gained its first seat at Westminster in 1945 and became a party of national prominence during the 1970s, achieving 11 MPs in 1974. However, a referendum on devolution in 1979 was unsuccessful as it did not achieve the support of 40 per cent of the electorate (despite a small majority of those who
1974:
The interwar years were marked by economic stagnation in rural and urban areas, and high unemployment. Thoughtful Scots pondered their declension, as the main social indicators such as poor health, bad housing, and long-term mass unemployment, pointed to terminal social and economic stagnation at
1111:
Coal mining became a major industry, and continued to grow into the 20th century, producing the fuel to heat homes, factories and drive steam engines, locomotives and steamships. By 1914 there were 1,000,000 coal miners in Scotland. The stereotype emerged early on of Scottish colliers as brutish,
1254:
The reality of the Highlands was that of an agriculturally marginal region, with only an estimated 9% of its land suitable for arable production. It was subject to recurrent famine and, from the 18th century onwards, was experiencing population growth. The sale of black cattle out of the region
2293:
in February 1941; he controlled Scottish affairs until the war ended. As Devine (1999) concludes, "Johnson was a giant figure in Scottish politics and is revered to this day as the greatest Scottish Secretary of the century ... in essence, Johnson was promised the powers of a benign dictator".
1693:
Scotland in this era produced some of the most significant British artists and architects. The influence of Italy was particularly significant, with over fifty Scottish artists and architects known to have travelled there in the period 1730β80. Many painters of the early part of the eighteenth
1998:
Emigration of young people continued apace with 400,000 Scots, ten per cent of the population, estimated to have left the country between 1921 and 1931. The economic stagnation was only one factor; other push factors included a zest for travel and adventure, and the pull factors of better job
1448:
A legacy of the Reformation in Scotland was the aim of having a school in every parish, which was underlined by an act of the Scottish parliament in 1696 (reinforced in 1801). In rural communities these obliged local landowners (heritors) to provide a schoolhouse and pay a schoolmaster, while
1169:
shipyard at Greenock. After 1860 the Clydeside shipyards specialised in steamships made of iron (after 1870, made of steel), which rapidly replaced the wooden sailing vessels of both the merchant fleets and the battle fleets of the world. It became the world's pre-eminent shipbuilding centre.
2554:
schools were brought into the system, but retained their distinct religious character, access to schools by priests and the requirement that school staff be acceptable to the Church. The school leaving age was raised to 14 in 1901, and although plans to raise it to 15 in the 1940s were never
1287:
Crofting communities had become common in the Islands and the Western Highlands. Population growth had continued, causing overcrowding: crofts were subdivided, giving less land per person on which to grow food. Their occupiers were dependent on the highly productive potato for survival. When
2394:
in Edinburgh, opened in 2004. The SNP won half of the Scottish vote with 50.0% in the 2015 UK General Election. Its best ever electoral result, eclipsing their previous 1970s peak in Westminster elections, the SNP also had success in the Scottish Parliamentary elections with their system of
2880:(1942β), mainly focusing on the coastal communities of his birth and Alexander Moffat (1943β), who concentrated on portraiture, both grouped under the description of "Scottish realism", were among the leading Scottish intellectuals from the 1960s. The artists associated with Moffat and the
1868:
In the 20th century, Scotland made a major contribution to the British participation in the two world wars and suffered relative economic decline, which only began to be offset with the exploitation of North Sea Oil and Gas from the 1970s and the development of new technologies and service
859:, the first modern geologist. While the Scottish Enlightenment is traditionally considered to have concluded toward the end of the 18th century, disproportionately large Scottish contributions to British science and letters continued for another 50 years or more, thanks to such figures as
1469:
Industrialisation, urbanisation and the Disruption of 1843 all undermined the tradition of parish schools. From 1830 the state began to fund buildings with grants, then from 1846 it was funding schools by direct sponsorship, and in 1872 Scotland moved to a system like that in England of
729:
within the British Empire together with the intellectual benefits of a highly developed university system. Under these twin stimuli, Scottish thinkers began questioning assumptions previously taken for granted; and with Scotland's traditional connections to France, then in the throes of
1247:
for all things Scottish was maintained by Queen Victoria who help secure the identity of Scotland as a tourist resort and the popularity of the tartan fashion. Her Highland enthusiasm led to the design of two tartan patterns, "Victoria" and "Balmoral", the latter named after her
1904:
meant that the Conservatives and their Liberal Unionist allies gained a majority of Scottish seats for the first time, although the Liberals regained their ascendancy in the next election. Various organisations, including the Independent Labour Party, joined to make the British
1272:
and expected to work in other industries such as fishing or kelping. Some chose to emigrate, rejecting the loss of status from farmer to crofter. In the southeastern Highlands there was migration to the growing cities of the Lowlands. These evictions were the first phase of the
2348:
in the 1950s. Support in Scotland was critical to Labour's overall electoral fortunes as without Scottish MPs it would have gained only three UK electoral victories in the 20th century (1945, 1966 and 1997). The number of Scottish seats represented by Unionists (known as
921:
over fears of fanaticism by the former and the acceptance of Enlightenment ideas by the latter. The legal right of lay patrons to present clergymen of their choice to local ecclesiastical livings led to minor schisms from the church. The first in 1733, known as the
951:. In the late 19th century the major debates were between fundamentalist Calvinists and theological liberals, who rejected a literal interpretation of the Bible. This resulted in a further split in the Free Church as the rigid Calvinists broke away to form the
2088:. All were born within a fifteen-year period (1887 and 1901) and, although they cannot be described as members of a single school they all pursued an exploration of identity, rejecting nostalgia and parochialism and engaging with social and political issues.
1954:
revolution, setting the social and geographical electoral pattern in Scotland that would last until the late 20th century. With all the main parties committed to the Union new nationalist and independent political groupings began to emerge, including the
1174:
became an industry benchmark of quality, and the river's shipyards were given contracts for warships, as well as prestigious liners. It reached its peak in the years 1900β18, with an output of 370 ships completed in 1913, and even more during the
1987:
alternative uses for their specialised skills. The yards went into a long period of decline, interrupted only by the Second World War's temporary expansion. The war had seen the emergence of a radical movement led by militant trades unionists.
2417:
After World War II, Scotland's economic situation became progressively worse due to overseas competition, inefficient industry, and industrial disputes. This only began to change in the 1970s, partly due to the discovery and development of
1869:
industries. This was mirrored by a growing sense of cultural and political distinctiveness which, towards the end of the century, culminated in the establishment of a separate Scottish Parliament within the confines of the United Kingdom.
1112:
non-religious and socially isolated serfs; that was an exaggeration, for their life style resembled coal miners everywhere, with a strong emphasis on masculinity, egalitarianism, group solidarity, and support for radical labour movements.
1917:
boats, while the rest of Europe's fishing fleets were slower because they were still powered by sails. However, in general the Scottish economy stagnated leading to growing unemployment and political agitation among industrial workers.
1694:
century remained largely artisans, like the members of the Norie family, James (1684β1757) and his sons, who painted the houses of the peerage with Scottish landscapes that were pastiches of Italian and Dutch landscapes. The painters
1547:
written in 1762 was speedily translated into many European languages, and its deep appreciation of natural beauty and the melancholy tenderness of its treatment of the ancient legend did more than any single work to bring about the
963:, which in turn joined with the Free Church in 1900. The removal of legislation on lay patronage allowed the majority of the Free Church to rejoin Church of Scotland in 1929. The schisms left small denominations including the
2370:(widely known as the Poll Tax), one year before the rest of the United Kingdom, contributed to a growing movement for a return to direct Scottish control over domestic affairs. On 11 September 1997, the 700th anniversary of
655:(1784β1860) led a coalition government from 1852 to 1855, but in general very few Scots held office in the government. From the mid-century there were increasing calls for Home Rule for Scotland and when the Conservative
724:
In the 18th century, the Scottish Enlightenment brought the country to the front of intellectual achievement in Europe. Perhaps the poorest country in Western Europe in 1707, Scotland reaped the economic benefits of
2774:
that explored marginal areas of experience and used vivid vernacular language (including expletives and Scots dialect). Scottish crime fiction has been a major area of growth with the success of novelists including
1718:(1744β96), mostly began in the tradition of the Nories, but were artists of European significance, spending considerable portions of their careers outside Scotland, and were to varying degree influenced by forms of
3178:
1052:, Scotland became one of the commercial and industrial centres of the British Empire. With tariffs with England now abolished, the potential for trade for Scottish merchants was considerable, especially with
1226:, tartan and the kilt were adopted by members of the social elite, not just in Scotland, but across Europe. The international craze for tartan and for idealising a romanticised highlands was set off by the
2896:(1960β) and Adrian Wisniewski (1958β). Their figurative work has a comic book like quality and puts an emphasis on social commentary. Since the 1990s, the most commercially successful artist has been
584:
included its banking system and the development of cotton, coal mining, shipbuilding and an extensive railway network. Industrialisation and changes to agriculture and society led to depopulation and
588:
of the largely rural highlands, migration to the towns and mass emigration, where Scots made a major contribution to the development of countries including the US, Canada, Australia and New Zealand.
1478:
nobility and gentry. It helped the universities to become major centres of medical education and to put Scotland at the forefront of Enlightenment thinking. In the mid 19th century, the historic
2298:
movement, Johnston persuaded Churchill of the need to counter the nationalist threat north of the border and created a Scottish Council of State and a Council of Industry as institutions to
8346:
619:, thousands of Scots, mainly Lowlanders, took up positions of power in politics, civil service, the army and navy, trade, economics, colonial enterprises and other areas across the nascent
1516:
Although Scotland increasingly adopted the English language and wider cultural norms, its literature developed a distinct national identity and began to enjoy an international reputation.
989:-speaking areas of the Highlands and Islands. Conditions grew worse for Catholics after the Jacobite risings and Catholicism was reduced to little more than a poorly run mission. However,
7434:
2710:
From the 1980s Scottish literature enjoyed another major revival, particularly associated with a group of Glasgow writers focused around meetings in the house of critic, poet and teacher
1474:
in 1888 to set national standards for secondary education and in 1890 school fees were abolished, creating a state-funded national system of free basic education and common examinations.
667:, a wealthy landowner who was both Chancellor of Aberdeen University and Lord Lieutenant of Banff. Towards the end of the century the first Scottish Liberal to become prime minister was
2472:
churches. Although some denominations thrived, after World War II there was a steady overall decline in church attendance and resulting church closures for most denominations. In the
1602:
in 1814, is often called the first historical novel. It launched a highly successful career that probably more than any other helped define and popularise Scottish cultural identity.
699:
landlords ("lairds") and gentry, and their servants, were not subject to the parish's discipline. The policing system weakened after 1800 and disappeared in most places by the 1850s.
2566:('Higher') qualifications in 1962, which became the basic entry qualification for university study. The centre of the education system also became more focused on Scotland, with the
2575:
1852:
was the focus of this classical building boom in Scotland. From the mid-eighteenth century it was laid out according to a plan of rectangular blocks with open squares, drawn up by
5248:
D. Coetzee, "A life and death decision: the influence of trends in fertility, nuptiality and family economies on voluntary enlistment in Scotland, August 1914 to December 1915",
2234:, enduring great destruction and loss of life. As transatlantic voyages involved negotiating north-west Britain, Scotland played a key part in the battle of the North Atlantic.
1115:
Britain was the world leader in the construction of railways, and their use to expand trade and coal supplies. The first successful locomotive-powered line in Scotland, between
2115:, they have been described as the first Scottish modern artists and were the major mechanism by which post-impressionism reached Scotland. In the inter-war period, elements of
1909:
in 1906, with Keir Hardie as its first chairman. The Unionists and Conservatives merged in 1912, usually known as the Conservatives in England and Wales, they adopted the name
1076:
Linen was Scotland's premier industry in the 18th century and formed the basis for the later cotton, jute, and woollen industries. Scottish industrial policy was made by the
773:(the nature of knowledge, evidence, experience, and causation) and some modern attitudes towards the relationship between science and religion were developed by his proteges
1560:. Eventually it became clear that the poems were not direct translations from the Gaelic, but flowery adaptations made to suit the aesthetic expectations of his audience.
1077:
52:
2048:
that combined different regional dialects and archaic terms. Other writers that emerged in this period, and are often treated as part of the movement, include the poets
5447:
4718:
2906:(1992), often cited as the best selling print in Britain. However, he has received little acclaim from critics. Contemporary artists emerging from the Glasgow include
1095:
From about 1790 textiles became the most important industry in the west of Scotland, especially the spinning and weaving of cotton, which flourished until in 1861 the
3170:
2431:
completely closed down. A new service-oriented economy emerged to replace traditional heavy industries. This included a resurgent financial services industry and the
1161:
became a major shipbuilding centre. Glasgow became one of the largest cities in the world, and known as "the Second City of the Empire" after London. Shipbuilding on
1520:(1686β1758) laid the foundations of a reawakening of interest in older Scottish literature, as well as leading the trend for pastoral poetry, helping to develop the
4349:
2040:(the pseudonym of Christopher Murray Grieve). MacDiarmid attempted to revive the Scots language as a medium for serious literature in poetic works including "
1084:
in 1906, it was one of Scotland's premier banks until it was bought out by the Bank of Scotland in 1969. It joined the established Scottish banks such as the
8217:
7804:
7779:
7715:
7578:
7553:
8005:
5999:
4275:
Ewen A. Cameron (June 2005), "Communication or Separation? Reactions to Irish Land Agitation and Legislation in the Highlands of Scotland, c. 1870β1910",
5537:
5461:
2399:. It became the official opposition in 1999, a minority government in 2007, a majority government from 2011 and a second minority government in 2016.
8341:
6336:
2578:, which together took over its functions. One of the major diversions from practice in England, possible because of devolution, was the abolition of
1284:, the few successful industries of the Highlands went into decline: cattle prices fell and the kelp industry virtually disappeared over a few years.
5334:
A. J. Robertson, "Clydeside revisited: A reconsideration of the Clyde shipbuilding industry 1919β1938" in W. H. Chaloner and B. M. Ratcliffe, eds.,
1100:
engineering, shipbuilding and the production of locomotives. Toward the end of the 19th century, steel production largely replaced iron production.
812:, all of whom merged a scientific study of how humans behave in ancient and primitive cultures with a strong awareness of the determining forces of
8303:
1214:
Modern historians suggest that due to economic and social change, the clan system in the highlands was already declining by the time of the failed
769:
principle that virtue is that which provides, in his words, "the greatest happiness for the greatest numbers". Much of what is incorporated in the
656:
3829:
J. Melling, "Employers, industrial housing and the evolution of company welfare policies in Britain's heavy industry: west Scotland, 1870β1920",
2426:
in October 1970 signalled that Scotland was about to become a major oil producing nation, a view confirmed when Shell Expro discovered the giant
1301:. To this should be added an unknown, but significant number, who paid their own fares to emigrate, and a further unknown number assisted by the
5835:
8050:
7139:
2545:
1778:, which developed in the late 19th century, and flourished in the early 20th century, produced a distinctive blend of influences including the
395:
5814:
7844:
7618:
5169:
D. Daniel, "Measures of enthusiasm: new avenues in quantifying variations in voluntary enlistment in Scotland, August 1914 β December 1915",
1500:
1496:
512:
4436:
3210:
1758:(1785β1841) were among the most successful portrait painters. The tradition of highland landscape painting was continued by figures such as
8283:
7824:
7598:
6020:
652:
8320:
7854:
7849:
7628:
7623:
6801:
2143:, which attempted to introduce elements of modernism into Scottish cultural life and bring it into line with contemporary art elsewhere.
1927:
1390:
as the 5 million remaining in Scotland. Scots born migrants played a leading role in the foundation and principles of the United States (
1166:
835:. The focus of the Scottish Enlightenment ranged from intellectual and economic matters to the specifically scientific as in the work of
664:
2803:
novels. This period also saw the emergence of a new generation of Scottish poets that became leading figures on the UK stage, including
2187:
The Second World War brought renewed prosperity, despite extensive bombing of cities by the Luftwaffe. It saw the invention of radar by
8288:
7429:
6892:
2570:
partly moving north in 1918 and then finally having its headquarters relocated to Edinburgh in 1939. After devolution, in 1999 the new
1340:
935:
7772:
7546:
6395:
5785:
591:
In the 20th century, Scotland played a major role in the British and allied effort in the two world wars and began to suffer a sharp
8351:
8308:
8278:
7998:
7277:
6127:
6048:
J. Fairley, "The Enterprise and Lifelong Learning Department and the Scottish Parliament", in T. G. K. Bryce and W. M. Humes, eds,
2396:
668:
430:
6184:
8182:
6772:
3503:
Louise Miskell and C. A. Whatley, "'Juteopolis' in the Making: Linen and the Industrial Transformation of Dundee, c. 1820β1850,"
3144:
1302:
948:
365:
355:
8040:
3655:
C. A. Whatley, "Scottish 'collier serfs', British coal workers? Aspects of Scottish collier society in the eighteenth century",
1339:
when Highland landlords cleared their lands for sheep and deer parks. It was quieted when the government stepped in passing the
955:
in 1893. There were, however, also moves towards reunion, beginning with the unification of some secessionist churches into the
659:
became prime minister in 1885 he responded to pressure for more attention to be paid to Scottish issues by reviving the post of
8459:
7936:
7809:
7583:
6902:
6653:
3536:
Alastair Durie, "Imitation in Scottish Eighteenth-Century Textiles: The Drive to Establish the Manufacture of Osnaburg Linen,"
1298:
960:
360:
8225:
6816:
6626:
6499:
6361:
6161:
5078:
4743:
4168:
4086:
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3978:
3951:
3903:
2673:
1615:
1431:
1382:
and Australia, and another 750,000 Scots relocated to England. By the 21st century, there were about as many people who were
235:
7814:
5876:
5439:
4710:
8263:
7765:
7539:
7456:
7191:
6723:
5955:
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952:
8230:
8469:
7991:
7367:
7171:
7067:
6743:
6489:
2382:
government again held a referendum on the issue of devolution. A positive outcome led to the establishment of a devolved
2358:
voted supporting the proposal) and the SNP went into electoral decline during the 1980s. The introduction in 1989 by the
1243:
968:
926:, led to the creation of a series of secessionist churches. The second in 1761 lead to the foundation of the independent
892:
420:
113:
8045:
7926:
7593:
4519:
671:(1847β1929), like Aberdeen before him a product of the English education system. In the later 19th century the issue of
8464:
8238:
7027:
4671:
4061:
4006:
2579:
1574:
of Scotland and a major figure in the Romantic movement. As well as making original compositions, Burns also collected
390:
5135:
C. Reid, "Intermediation, Opportunism and the State Loans Debate in Scotland's Herring Fisheries before World War I,"
3247:
2671:
spent much or most of their lives outside Scotland, but often dealt with Scottish themes, as in Spark's Edinburgh-set
8423:
8336:
7819:
7684:
7414:
7149:
6886:
6811:
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6106:
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5390:
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5343:
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5212:
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5157:
5123:
5102:
4498:
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4386:
4357:
4322:
4222:
4193:
4140:
4111:
3927:
3876:
3853:
3817:
3783:
3774:
J. F. MacKenzie, "The second city of the Empire: Glasgow β imperial municipality", in F. Driver and D. Gilbert, eds,
3719:
3698:
3677:
3643:
3592:
3571:
3414:
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3293:
3153:
3127:
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3002:
2974:
2556:
2493:
2481:
2286:
1988:
1043:
876:
684:
573:
505:
96:
5321:
N. K. Buxton, "Economic growth in Scotland between the Wars: the role of production structure and rationalization",
2639:
from Lewis, wrote both poetry and prose fiction shaped by their distinctive island backgrounds. The Glaswegian poet
2344:
In this period the Labour Party usually won most Scottish parliamentary seats, losing this dominance briefly to the
1222:
in 1815, but by the 19th century it had largely been abandoned by the ordinary people. In the 1820s, as part of the
7669:
6479:
6464:
6444:
2541:
2517:
2041:
1536:, he published translations that acquired international popularity, being proclaimed as a Celtic equivalent of the
1443:
1007:
265:
106:
101:
85:
72:
7404:
3895:
The Highland Myth as an Invented Tradition of 18th and 19th Century and Its Significance for the Image of Scotland
913:. These fractures were prompted by issues of government and patronage, but reflected a wider division between the
8030:
7880:
7689:
7588:
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6831:
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660:
545:
442:
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285:
230:
180:
46:
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934:
of the later 18th century and after prolonged years of struggle, in 1834 the Evangelicals gained control of the
8273:
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7900:
7720:
7241:
6912:
6648:
6638:
6314:
6293:
6272:
6251:
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6209:
5524:
5498:
5035:
5014:
4993:
4972:
4951:
4930:
4909:
4888:
4867:
4843:
4823:
4770:
4695:
4598:
4568:
1598:
of the country. Scott began as a poet and also collected and published Scottish ballads. His first prose work,
1407:
1165:(the river Clyde through Glasgow and other points) began when the first small yards were opened in 1712 at the
640:
350:
5308:
R. J. Finlay, "National identity in crisis: politicians, intellectuals and the 'end of Scotland', 1920β1939,"
2876:
and in a varied career produced many works that examined juxtapositions between fantasy and the modern world.
8149:
8101:
8070:
7967:
7736:
7483:
6987:
6937:
6859:
6474:
6388:
2628:
2595:
2532:, included within the 43.6% who either indicated no religion or did not state a religion in the 2011 census.
809:
465:
255:
210:
6328:
6069:
D. Cauldwell, "Scottish Higher Education: Character and Provision", in T. G. K. Bryce and W. M. Humes, eds,
5469:
3016:
Coalition: the Politics and Personalities of Coalition Government from 1850 (London: Harriman House, 2007),
1570:
were highly influenced by the Ossian cycle. Burns, an Ayrshire poet and lyricist, is widely regarded as the
8396:
7231:
7134:
7081:
7032:
6992:
6789:
6767:
6434:
4761:
I. Baudino, "Aesthetics and Mapping the British Identity in Painting", in A. MΓΌller and I. Karremann, ed.,
2651:), appointed by the inaugural Scottish government in 2004. Many major Scottish post-war novelists, such as
2408:
2387:
2338:
2330:
1845:
1471:
1039:
995:
797:
688:
498:
275:
270:
260:
123:
26:
4302:
The Scottish Economy: A Statistical Account of Scottish Life by Members of the Staff of Glasgow University
2422:
oil and gas and partly as Scotland moved towards a more service-based economy. The discovery of the giant
2032:
In the early 20th century there was a new surge of activity in Scottish literature and art, influenced by
1532:
was the first Scottish poet to gain an international reputation, claiming to have found poetry written by
8175:
8065:
7839:
7441:
7377:
7236:
7181:
6643:
6633:
6606:
6449:
3203:"The Scottish enlightenment and the challenges for Europe in the 21st century; climate change and energy"
3171:"The Scottish enlightenment and the challenges for Europe in the 21st century; climate change and energy"
1889:
1810:
1553:
1064:
840:
470:
290:
91:
4763:
Mediating Identities in Eighteenth-Century England: Public Negotiations, Literary Discourses, Topography
2615:
Some writers that emerged after the Second World War followed MacDiarmid by writing in Scots, including
1141:
8408:
7829:
7603:
7372:
7166:
6874:
6868:
6718:
6663:
2473:
2464:
In the 20th century existing Christian denominations were joined by other organisations, including the
2128:
1956:
1557:
1103:
280:
2643:
became known for translations of works from a wide range of European languages. He was also the first
1774:(1806β64), emerged as one of the most significant figures in art education in the United Kingdom. The
985:
By the mid-18th century, Catholicism had been reduced to the fringes of the country, particularly the
7451:
7446:
7128:
6796:
6611:
5991:
5842:
2766:
2432:
2371:
2345:
2036:
and resurgent nationalism, known as the Scottish Renaissance. The leading figure in the movement was
1910:
1803:
1457:
1003:
918:
816:. Indeed, modern sociology largely originated from this movement. Adam Smith developed and published
805:
137:
1978:
7746:
7382:
7362:
7297:
7211:
7144:
7102:
7062:
7017:
6882:
6784:
6750:
6581:
6381:
5806:
4628:
L. McIlvanney (Spring 2005), "Hugh Blair, Robert Burns, and the Invention of Scottish Literature",
4465:
R. Anderson, "The history of Scottish Education pre-1980", in T. G. K. Bryce and W. M. Humes, eds,
4237:
J. Hunter (1974), "The Emergence of the Crofting Community: The Religious Contribution 1798β1843",
2885:
2367:
1783:
1688:
792:
traditions of philosophy. He and other Scottish Enlightenment thinkers developed what he called a '
785:
692:
648:
310:
78:
4798:
4186:
The Great Highland Famine: Hunger, Emigration and the Scottish Highlands in the Nineteenth Century
2550:
The Scottish education system underwent radical change and expansion in the 20th century. In 1918
2353:
from 1965 onwards) went into steady decline from 1959 onwards, until it fell to zero in 1997. The
1824:
Scotland produced some of the most significant British architects of the 18th century, including:
8356:
8298:
7916:
7710:
7357:
6972:
6755:
6668:
6658:
6539:
6484:
4428:
3490:
T. M. Devine, "An Eighteenth-Century Business Γlite: Glasgow-West India Merchants, c 1750β1815,"
3202:
2919:
2837:
2363:
2354:
2350:
2108:
2100:
2061:
2026:
1982:
Tanks and soldiers deployed to the streets of Glasgow to prevent the threat of revolution in 1919
1964:
1853:
1750:
was created in 1826, allowing professional painters to more easily exhibit and sell their works.
1699:
1427:
1308:
1215:
956:
596:
245:
215:
4782:
1605:
In the late 19th century, a number of Scottish-born authors achieved international reputations.
639:
Scottish politics in the late 18th century and throughout the 19th century was dominated by the
8454:
8433:
8168:
8035:
7705:
7246:
7037:
6821:
6733:
6691:
6519:
2865:
2832:
2591:
2567:
2476:, 53.8% of the Scottish population identified as Christian (declining from 65.1% in 2001). The
2457:
2144:
2012:
1833:
1751:
1747:
1606:
1492:
1260:
1149:
1089:
708:
537:
240:
225:
4733:
4590:
4584:
4560:
4554:
3968:
3941:
3866:
3166:
2742:. In the 1990s major, prize-winning, Scottish novels that emerged from this movement included
8381:
8123:
8060:
7890:
7834:
7608:
7419:
7334:
7306:
7282:
7122:
7047:
6982:
6762:
6713:
6566:
6554:
6351:
6153:
6098:
6092:
3893:
3843:
2881:
2823:
in May 2009, the first woman, the first Scot and the first openly gay poet to take the post.
2784:
2748:
2485:
2148:
2096:
1968:
1885:
1857:
1837:
1755:
1715:
1695:
1479:
1201:
1049:
990:
818:
754:
581:
447:
204:
7216:
2325:
2254:
to assist resistance. Perhaps Scotland's most unusual wartime episode occurred in 1941 when
1848:(1723β96), who all created work that to some degree looked to classical models. Edinburgh's
8133:
8118:
8108:
8080:
7941:
7613:
7463:
7409:
7396:
6997:
6841:
6836:
6700:
6682:
6494:
6439:
2620:
2509:
2505:
2497:
2448:
2320:
2136:
2081:
2008:
1332:
1116:
910:
536:
Scotland made a major contribution to the intellectual life of Europe, particularly in the
425:
413:
343:
220:
68:
2492:. In recent years other religions have established a presence in Scotland, mainly through
1366:
947:. Roughly a third of the clergy, mainly from the North and Highlands, formed the separate
8:
8401:
8376:
8243:
7870:
7674:
7506:
7478:
7201:
7196:
7176:
7094:
7042:
7007:
6960:
6806:
6738:
6708:
6596:
6576:
6529:
6469:
6459:
6426:
6416:
3460:
T. M. Devine, "The Colonial Trades and Industrial Investment in Scotland, c. 1700β1815,"
2719:
2640:
2636:
2632:
2513:
2412:
2383:
2299:
2196:
2092:
1849:
1579:
1537:
1517:
1450:
1345:
1274:
979:
931:
872:
600:
592:
585:
569:
330:
325:
320:
303:
35:
6121:
4256:
I. Bradley (December 1987), "'Having and Holding': The Highland Land War of the 1880s",
8391:
8386:
7895:
7875:
7679:
7654:
7644:
7424:
7287:
7154:
6927:
6922:
6864:
6777:
6601:
6524:
6509:
6176:
4645:
4211:
4129:
3444:
2902:
2739:
2735:
2704:
2571:
2489:
2477:
2334:
2188:
2173:
1763:
1707:
1632:
1383:
1349:
1192:
1096:
1081:
1069:
944:
906:
644:
612:
435:
186:
3604:
T. Cowen and R. Kroszner, "Scottish Banking before 1845: A Model for Laissez-Faire?",
8366:
8361:
8293:
8075:
8055:
7757:
7531:
7515:
7468:
7263:
7226:
7221:
7206:
7186:
7012:
6917:
6907:
6616:
6591:
6586:
6357:
6310:
6289:
6268:
6247:
6226:
6205:
6157:
6102:
6074:
6053:
5973:
5937:
5901:
5760:
5739:
5718:
5697:
5676:
5655:
5634:
5613:
5579:
5558:
5520:
5494:
5386:
5360:
5339:
5292:
5266:
5232:
5208:
5187:
5153:
5119:
5098:
5074:
5031:
5010:
4989:
4968:
4947:
4926:
4905:
4884:
4863:
4839:
4819:
4766:
4739:
4691:
4667:
4649:
4594:
4564:
4494:
4470:
4382:
4318:
4218:
4189:
4164:
4136:
4107:
4082:
4057:
4032:
4002:
3974:
3947:
3923:
3899:
3872:
3849:
3813:
3779:
3715:
3694:
3673:
3639:
3588:
3567:
3410:
3389:
3363:
3331:
3310:
3289:
3149:
3123:
3102:
3081:
3060:
3039:
3036:
Federalism Beyond Federations: Asymmetry and Processes of Re-symmetrization in Europe
3017:
2998:
2970:
2660:
2501:
2465:
2379:
2359:
2282:
2192:
1906:
1881:
1814:
1767:
1759:
1743:
1621:
1619:(1886), and played a major part in developing the historical adventure in books like
1415:
1387:
1256:
999:
770:
731:
676:
378:
7983:
7649:
7319:
7314:
7251:
7117:
6977:
6878:
4637:
4284:
3810:
Scotland and the United Kingdom: the Economy and the Union in the Twentieth Century
3473:
R. H. Campbell, "The Anglo-Scottish Union of 1707. II: The Economic Consequences,"
3441:
The Tobacco Lords: A study of the Tobacco Merchants of Glasgow and their Activities
3139:
2911:
2900:, whose work usually consists of figure composition, with his most famous painting
2869:
2780:
2684:
2453:
2423:
2259:
2120:
1662:
1599:
1529:
1403:
1391:
1231:
1085:
1053:
766:
529:
400:
162:
156:
5868:
5777:
2945:
was harvested from the seashore and burnt to produce minerals used in glassmaking.
8371:
7946:
7520:
7344:
7324:
6942:
6826:
4539:
Paul L. Robertson, "The Development of an Urban University: Glasgow, 1860β1914",
3505:
2856:(1895β1965), most famous for her two dimensional depictions of everyday objects,
2816:
2800:
2788:
2711:
2691:. A younger generation of novelists that emerged in the 1960s and 1970s included
2688:
2604:
2480:
is the largest religious grouping in Scotland, with 32.4% of the population. The
2230:
and Clydeside played a key part in the war effort, and suffered attacks from the
2140:
2073:
2045:
2037:
2022:
1818:
1642:
1637:
1627:
1595:
1419:
1399:
1395:
1371:
1281:
1268:
arable plots and raised livestock on common grazing. Typically they were offered
1248:
1239:
1219:
1176:
940:
923:
868:
824:
757:
from 1729 to 1746. A moral philosopher who produced alternatives to the ideas of
672:
488:
174:
2623:. Others demonstrated a greater interest in English language poetry, among them
1242:
further helped popularise Scottish life and history. His "staging" of the royal
631:
8315:
8113:
7951:
7931:
7664:
7659:
7329:
3307:
The Man Who Found Time: James Hutton and the Discovery of the Earth's Antiquity
3267:
A. Swingewood, "Origins of Sociology: The Case of the Scottish Enlightenment,"
2915:
2907:
2897:
2812:
2754:
2679:
2656:
2624:
2616:
2559:
2551:
2427:
2391:
2219:
2124:
2077:
2053:
1960:
1897:
1825:
1799:
1779:
1775:
1583:
1208:
1197:
1124:
1016:
974:
836:
793:
762:
620:
553:
150:
144:
4161:
Clanship to Crofters' War: The social transformation of the Scottish Highlands
2119:
and the Scottish Renaissance, were incorporated into art by figures including
8448:
8255:
8207:
8191:
8128:
7972:
7348:
7112:
7052:
7021:
6897:
4641:
4511:
2923:
2884:
are sometimes known as the "new Glasgow Boys", or "Glasgow pups" and include
2820:
2770:(1994). These works were linked by a sometimes overtly political reaction to
2727:
2715:
2668:
2664:
2648:
2608:
2104:
1992:
1739:
1719:
1703:
1591:
1571:
1521:
1423:
1411:
1289:
1120:
1057:
927:
828:
801:
758:
675:
led to a split among the Liberals, with a minority breaking away to form the
250:
4054:
A History of the Highland Clearances, Volume 2: Emigration, Protest, Reasons
2600:
2258:
flew to Renfrewshire, possibly intending to broker a peace deal through the
1930:
by its crews, to avoid its ships being taken over by the victorious allies.
1483:
science and engineering. Scottish universities would admit women from 1892.
897:
8202:
7741:
7107:
7057:
7002:
6571:
5184:
A Nation in Arms: a Social Study of the British Army in the First World War
5071:
A History of Scottish Architecture: from the Renaissance to the Present Day
3235:
2889:
2877:
2861:
2853:
2804:
2776:
2743:
2731:
2723:
2700:
2692:
2652:
2563:
2436:
2243:
2223:
2200:
2164:
2132:
2091:
In art, the first significant group to emerge in the 20th century were the
2085:
2065:
1877:
1807:
1771:
1684:
1654:
1610:
1567:
1563:
1509:
1336:
1312:
1235:
986:
914:
880:
860:
856:
848:
743:
577:
561:
557:
315:
7270:
6223:
Scottish Art Since 1960: Historical Reflections and Contemporary Overviews
4944:
The Pleasures and Treasures of Britain: A Discerning Traveller's Companion
823:
the first work on modern economics. It had an immediate impact on British
8268:
7885:
5336:
Trade and Transport: Essays in Economic History in Honour of T. S. Willan
4288:
3585:
Progress and Poverty: An Economic and Social History of Britain 1700β1850
2792:
2771:
2760:
2722:. Members of the group that would come to prominence as writers included
2696:
2644:
2521:
2469:
2274:
2255:
1943:
1841:
1829:
1795:
1549:
1540:
1525:
1375:
1223:
1158:
680:
4079:
Clearance and Improvement: Land, Power and People in Scotland, 1700β1900
3749:
3524:
6514:
5538:"Review: Painters in Parallel: William Johnstone & William Gillies"
4399:
3868:
The Jacobite Wars: Scotland and the Military Campaigns of 1715 and 1745
3731:
W. Vamplew, "Railways and the Transformation of the Scottish Economy",
3609:
3478:
3448:
2893:
2857:
2841:
2796:
2529:
2496:
and higher birth rates among ethnic minorities, with a small number of
2375:
2211:
2207:
2180:
2152:
2069:
2049:
2017:
1791:
1711:
1667:
1575:
1031:
864:
844:
789:
778:
774:
726:
717:
616:
565:
549:
541:
168:
5898:
Industrial Nation: Work, Culture and Society in Scotland, 1800βPresent
1019:, which attempted to make major inroads in the growing urban centres.
6851:
5063:
5048:
3286:
Adam Smith's Legacy: His Place in the Development of Modern Economics
2484:
accounted for 15.9% of the population and is especially important in
2419:
2303:
2295:
2251:
2231:
2169:
2116:
2057:
2033:
1971:, but it enjoyed little electoral success in the Westminster system.
1951:
1798:
style. Among the most prominent members were the loose collective of
1787:
1658:
1316:
1162:
1011:
852:
813:
679:
in 1886. The growing importance of the working classes was marked by
6373:
3407:
Seekers of Truth: the Scottish Founders of Modern Public Accountancy
2582:
in 1999, instead retaining a system of means-tested student grants.
2524:
groups. There are also various organisations which actively promote
7921:
7161:
6932:
6404:
5757:
Mass Conservatism: the Conservatives and the Public Since the 1880s
3272:
2683:(1956). Successful mass-market works included the action novels of
2525:
2235:
1901:
1725:
1650:
1587:
1462:
1348:. The Crofters as a political movement faded away by 1892, and the
1294:
1269:
739:
735:
5599:(Berkeley, University of California Press, 2nd edn., 1967), p. 52.
1259:
and land surveyors who had studied the economic principles of the
1251:
in Aberdeenshire, which from 1852 became a major royal residence.
796:', which was expressed historically in works by authors including
6307:
The Scar of Visibility: Medical Performances And Contemporary Art
6094:
Introduction to The Picador Book of Contemporary Scottish Fiction
5953:
P. L. Payne, "The end of steelmaking in Scotland, c. 1967β1993",
5402:
A. McCarthy, "Personal Accounts of Leaving Scotland, 1921β1954",
3999:
The Scottish Clearances: A History of the Dispossessed, 1600β1900
2873:
2227:
2112:
1672:
1646:
1265:
959:
in 1820, which united with the Relief Church in 1847 to form the
8160:
5610:
The Shetland Bus: A WWII Epic of Escape, Survival, and Adventure
3519:
Alastair J. Durie, "The Markets for Scottish Linen, 1730β1775,"
1027:
7258:
5049:"Old and New Towns of Edinburgh β UNESCO World Heritage Centre"
3055:
J. G. Kellas, "Unionists as nationalists", in W. Lockley, ed.,
2239:
2218:
gave RAF fighters their first successes downing bombers in the
2215:
1938:
1552:
in European, and especially in German, literature, influencing
1533:
1505:
1227:
832:
599:
and after a referendum in 1999 the establishment of a devolved
5283:
5281:
5279:
2135:. Johnstone also played a part in developing the concept of a
1641:
stories helped found the tradition of detective fiction. The "
1034:, cotton mills and housing on the River Clyde, founded in 1786
749:
The first major philosopher of the Scottish Enlightenment was
4860:
Geography, Science and National Identity: Scotland Since 1520
4104:
The People of Glengarry: Highlanders in Transition, 1745-1820
2989:
2987:
2985:
2983:
2247:
1653:
back into fashion as can be seen in the work of figures like
998:
in 1804, as an autonomous organisation in communion with the
4711:"Cultural Profile: 19th and early 20th century developments"
3328:
Scottish Firsts: a Celebration of Innovation and Achievement
1078:
Board of Trustees for Fisheries and Manufactures in Scotland
905:
The late 18th and 19th centuries saw a fragmentation of the
734:, the Scots began developing a uniquely practical branch of
713:
5920:
Oil Strike North Sea: A first-hand history of North Sea oil
5276:
4029:
The Highland Clearances People, Landlords and Rural Turmoil
3845:
Highland Heritage: Scottish Americans in the American South
3099:
British Workers and the Independent Labour Party, 1888β1906
3057:
Anglo-Scottish Relations from 1900 to Devolution and Beyond
2942:
1320:
1205:
4336:
John Witherspoon and the Founding of the American Republic
3797:
Clyde Built: a History of Ship-Building on the River Clyde
3175:
EUROPA: Enlightenment Lecture Series, Edinburgh University
2980:
761:, one of his major contributions to world thought was the
663:, which had been in abeyance since 1746. He appointed the
6073:(Edinburgh: Edinburgh University Press, 2nd edn., 2003),
6052:(Edinburgh: Edinburgh University Press, 2nd edn., 2003),
5434:
5432:
4469:(Edinburgh: Edinburgh University Press, 2nd edn., 2003),
4056:. Beckenham, Kent and Sydney, Australia: Croom Helm Ltd.
3714:(Edinburgh: Edinburgh University Press, 2nd edn., 1989),
3428:
An Economic History of Scotland in the Eighteenth Century
1370:
The statue of emigrant, industrialist and philanthropist
580:. Scotland's economic contribution to the Empire and the
5430:
5428:
5426:
5424:
5422:
5420:
5418:
5416:
5414:
5412:
5095:
Claiming Scotland: National Identity and Liberal Culture
3625:(Manchester: Manchester University Press, 1934), p. 122.
2333:, opened in 2004 and intended to evoke the crags of the
635:
A map showing the civil parishes of Wigtownshire c. 1854
8248:
7562:
4338:(Notre Dame, IN: University of Notre Dame Press, 2005).
2500:. Those with the most adherents in the 2011 census are
7787:
7561:
3946:. Edinburgh: Edinburgh University Press. p. 227.
3943:
The Identity of the Scottish Nation: An Historic Quest
3746:
The Identity of the Scottish Nation: An Historic Quest
3360:
Celtic Culture: a Historical Encyclopedia, Volumes 1β5
2576:
Enterprise, Transport and Lifelong Learning Department
2183:
by a German U-Boat in the early stages of World War II
1991:
became a key political figure in what became known as
8013:
5409:
4854:
4852:
1942:
An election advertisement for Scottish Labour leader
1872:
606:
5511:
5509:
5507:
4485:
4483:
3380:
3378:
3376:
3238:
Capital of the Mind: how Edinburgh Changed the World
6288:(Oxford: Oxford University Press, 4th edn., 2009),
6246:(Oxford: Oxford University Press, 4th edn., 2009),
6196:
6194:
5493:(Oxford: Oxford University Press, 4th edn., 2009),
5377:
5375:
5373:
5223:
5221:
5009:(Oxford: Oxford University Press, 4th edn., 2009),
4925:(Oxford: Oxford University Press, 4th edn., 2009),
4818:(Oxford: Oxford University Press, 4th edn., 2009),
3165:
2926:(1977β), whose painting is often sexually explicit.
2226:. The shipyards and heavy engineering factories in
1512:
considered by many to be the Scottish national poet
4849:
4829:
4757:
4755:
4210:
4128:
2246:by which fishing boats helped Norwegians fled the
1794:world of continental Europe and helped define the
1344:bequeath tenancies to descendants; and creating a
1127:to become a cattle breed of worldwide reputation.
540:, producing major figures including the economist
6278:
6236:
6013:
5738:(Manchester: Manchester University Press, 1997),
5717:(Manchester: Manchester University Press, 1988),
5504:
5483:
5406:,' Oct 2004, vol. 83 (2), Issue 216, pp. 196β215.
5338:(Manchester: Manchester University Press, 1977),
5186:(Manchester: Manchester University Press, 1985),
5118:(Manchester: Manchester University Press, 1997),
4480:
4304:(Glasgow: Glasgow University Press, 1953), p. 10.
3812:(Manchester: Manchester University Press, 1995),
3778:(Manchester: Manchester University Press, 2003),
3523:vol. 52, no. 153, Part 1 (April 1973), pp. 30β49
3373:
3354:
3352:
3350:
3348:
3346:
3344:
3101:(Manchester: Manchester University Press, 1984),
2504:(1.4%, mainly among immigrants from South Asia),
1645:" at the end of the century, brought elements of
8446:
8347:Mathematics, science, technology and engineering
6191:
5370:
5218:
4999:
4915:
4808:
4022:
4020:
4018:
3939:
3776:Imperial Cities: Landscape, Display and Identity
3112:
5900:(Edinburgh: Edinburgh University Press, 1999),
5519:(Edinburgh: Edinburgh University Press, 2005),
5097:(Edinburgh: Edinburgh University Press, 2000),
5089:
5087:
5073:(Edinburgh: Edinburgh University Press, 2002),
5069:M. Glendinning, R. MacInnes and A. MacKechnie,
4862:(Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2001),
4752:
4461:
4459:
4457:
4455:
4453:
4274:
3871:(Edinburgh: Edinburgh University Press, 2002),
3638:(Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1997),
3159:
3080:(Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2003),
2997:(Edinburgh: Edinburgh University Press, 1996),
742:said "we look to Scotland for all our ideas of
6150:James & Jim: a Biography of James Kennaway
6063:
4163:(2013 ed.). Manchester University Press.
4154:
4152:
3992:
3990:
3966:
3887:
3885:
3566:(Edinburgh: Edinburgh University Press 1996),
3341:
2848:, Lanarkshire, a tribute to the steel industry
2546:Education in Scotland in the twentieth century
2535:
2131:(1897β1981), whose work marked a move towards
1461:The Mearns Street Public School built for the
8176:
7999:
7773:
7547:
6389:
6126:, The Scottish Government, 16 February 2004,
5148:C. M. M. Macdonald and E. W. McFarland, eds,
4661:
4627:
4106:. Montreal: McGill-Queen's University Press.
4045:
4031:(2013 ed.). Edinburgh: Birlinn Limited.
4015:
3891:
2922:, noted for his intricate wall paintings and
2442:
1501:Scottish literature in the nineteenth century
1497:Scottish literature in the eighteenth century
827:and still frames 21st century discussions on
564:. In the 19th century major figures included
506:
6042:
5936:(Cambridge, MA: MIT Press, 6th edn., 1995),
5084:
5028:The Art Nouveau Style: a Comprehensive Guide
4978:
4836:The Houghton Mifflin Dictionary of Biography
4450:
4208:
4070:
3233:
3229:
3227:
2819:. Glasgow-born Carol Ann Duffy was named as
2795:and particularly the success of Edinburgh's
978:The Disruption Assembly of 1843, painted by
8321:United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland
6349:
5289:The Longman Companion to Britain since 1945
4986:Scots in the North American West, 1790β1917
4902:Michelin Green Guide: Great Britain Edition
4685:
4615:The Gaelic Sources of Macpherson's "Ossian"
4177:
4149:
3987:
3882:
3691:A History of Railway Locomotives Until 1831
2158:
1967:(SNP) in 1934 with the goal of creating an
1933:
1746:(1758β1840) and John Knox (1778β1845). The
1671:played a major part in the creation of the
8183:
8169:
8006:
7992:
7780:
7766:
7554:
7540:
6396:
6382:
6326:
6204:(John Wiley & Sons, 12th edn., 2012),
6090:
5989:
5841:. Audit Scotland, Sep 2000. Archived from
5137:International Journal of Maritime History,
4967:(John Wiley & Sons, 12th edn., 2012),
4731:
4612:
4255:
2677:(1961) and Kennaway's script for the film
2516:(0.2%). Other minority faiths include the
1920:
1817:, and her husband, the artist and teacher
1594:" served for a long time as an unofficial
753:, who held the Chair of Philosophy at the
695:in 1895, with Hardie as its first leader.
513:
499:
5992:"Celtic Tiger Burns Brighter at Holyrood"
5836:"The New Scottish Parliament at Holyrood"
5444:Visiting Arts: Scotland: Cultural Profile
5265:(Naval Institute Press, 2nd edn., 1981),
5182:I. F. W. Beckett and K. R. Simpson, eds.
4883:(Yale University Press, 5th edn., 1994),
4715:Visiting Arts: Scotland: Cultural Profile
4582:
4552:
4347:
4236:
3587:(Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1995),
3224:
3059:(Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2005),
6286:The Oxford Dictionary of Art and Artists
6244:The Oxford Dictionary of Art and Artists
5917:
5866:
5544:, 19 January 2012, retrieved 8 May 2012.
5491:The Oxford Dictionary of Art and Artists
5007:The Oxford Dictionary of Art and Artists
4923:The Oxford Dictionary of Art and Artists
4816:The Oxford Dictionary of Art and Artists
4664:Understanding Genre and Medieval Romance
4051:
4026:
3920:Scotland and France in the Enlightenment
3299:
3197:
3195:
3148:(London: Crown Publishing Group, 2001),
3133:
2836:
2599:
2452:
2397:mixed member proportional representation
2324:
2268:
2168:
2016:
1977:
1937:
1876:
1724:
1578:from across Scotland, often revising or
1504:
1456:
1365:
1307:
1196:
1140:
1102:
1063:
1026:
1022:
973:
896:
712:
630:
8014:
6309:(University of Minnesota Press, 2007),
5440:"The Scottish 'Renaissance' and beyond"
3712:Industry and Ethos: Scotland, 1832β1914
3608:, vol. 21, (2), (May 1989), pp. 221β31
3271:vol. 21, no. 2 (June 1970), pp. 164β80
3145:How the Scots Invented the Modern World
3078:The Making of English National Identity
2309:
2151:(1904β) were influenced by elements of
2002:
1678:
1465:Burgh School Board still bears its name
1341:Crofters' Holdings (Scotland) Act, 1886
1303:Colonial Land and Emigration Commission
8447:
7937:Highland and Island Emigration Society
5828:
5778:"The poll tax in Scotland 20 years on"
5633:(Kelly Bray: House of Stratus, 2001),
5454:
5450:from the original on 30 September 2011
5312:June 1994, vol. 79, (256), pp. 242β59.
4988:(University of Oklahoma Press, 2000),
4721:from the original on 30 September 2011
4543:, Winter 1990, vol. 30 (1), pp. 47β78.
4439:from the original on 28 September 2011
4183:
4158:
4101:
4095:
4076:
3996:
3831:International Review of Social History
3564:Bank of Scotland: a History, 1695β1995
3181:from the original on 22 September 2007
2574:set up an Education Department and an
1900:of 1900, nationalist concern with the
1299:Highland and Island Emigration Society
1107:The headgear at Francis Colliery, Fife
643:and (after 1859) their successors the
16:Overview of Scotland in the modern era
8164:
7987:
7761:
7535:
6403:
6377:
6200:L. A. Rose, M. Macaroon and V. Crow,
6147:
5734:L. Bennie, J. Brand and J. Mitchell,
5291:(Pearson Education, 2nd edn., 2000),
5114:L. Bennie, J. Brand and J. Mitchell,
4126:
4120:
3833:, Dec 1981, vol. 26 (3), pp. 255β301.
3693:(1926, BoD β Books on Demand, 2010),
3636:The Industrial Revolution in Scotland
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3192:
2714:. Also important in the movement was
1863:
1616:Strange Case of Dr Jekyll and Mr Hyde
6724:Keeper of the Great Seal of Scotland
6187:from the original on 30 October 2011
6130:from the original on 4 February 2012
6002:from the original on 6 December 2008
5956:Scottish Economic and Social History
5325:, Nov 1980, vol. 33 (4), pp. 538β55.
3659:, Fall 1995, vol. 60 (2), pp. 66β79.
3623:The Lancashire Cotton Famine 1861β65
3606:Journal of Money, Credit and Banking
3309:(Cambridge, MA: Basic Books, 2003),
2852:Important post-war artists included
1790:, which found favour throughout the
6356:. Granta Publications. p. 72.
6177:"Duffy reacts to new Laureate post"
6071:Scottish Education: Post-Devolution
6050:Scottish Education: Post-Devolution
5934:Privatization: an Economic Analysis
5612:(Guilford, DE: Lyons Press, 2008),
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3735:, Feb 1971, vol. 24 (1), pp. 37β54.
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3278:
2314:
2123:(1887β1976), who was influenced by
1742:(1756β1823), and the landscapes of
1244:Visit of King George IV to Scotland
939:of the non-intrusionists led by Dr
893:History of Christianity in Scotland
687:, leading to the foundation of the
177:(1371–1652) (1660–1707)
13:
7790:Scotland in the nineteenth century
7564:Scotland in the eighteenth century
5252:, Nov 2005, vol. 8 (2), pp. 77β89.
5051:. Whc.unesco.org. 20 November 2008
4963:L. A. Rose, M. Macaroon, V. Crow,
4688:The Origins of Scottish Nationhood
4135:(1992 ed.). London: Pimlico.
3710:O. Checkland and S. G. Checkland,
2967:The Origins of Scottish Nationhood
2918:who works in sound installations,
2910:(1966β), working in the medium of
2872:(1924β2005), who was a pioneer of
2238:'s relative proximity to occupied
1873:Before the First World War 1901β13
1657:, most famous for his creation of
784:Hume became a major figure in the
720:. the "father of modern economics"
607:Late 18th century and 19th century
14:
8481:
8190:
8016:Scotland in the twentieth century
7150:Scottish Qualifications Authority
6887:Office of the Accountant of Court
6812:Member of the Scottish Parliament
6339:from the original on 6 April 2012
5817:from the original on 23 June 2011
5788:from the original on 28 July 2011
5385:(Langenscheidt, 3rd edn., 2003),
5231:(Langenscheidt, 3rd edn., 2003),
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4881:Painting in Britain, 1530 to 1790
3269:The British Journal of Sociology,
3234:M. Magnusson (10 November 2003),
2995:Scotland in the Twentieth Century
2585:
2557:Scottish Certificate of Education
2210:in Orkney served as an important
1963:in 1930. They merged to form the
1590:(the last day of the year), and "
1230:cycle published by Scottish poet
1044:Industrial Revolution in Scotland
685:Mid Lanarkshire by-election, 1888
8429:
8428:
6343:
6320:
6299:
6267:(Rough Guides, 3rd edn., 2002),
6257:
6215:
6169:
6141:
6114:
6084:
5983:
5962:
5947:
5926:
5911:
5890:
5879:from the original on 20 May 2011
5869:"Scottish election: SNP profile"
5860:
5799:
5770:
5749:
5728:
5707:
5686:
5665:
5644:
5631:Rudolf Hess: The Uninvited Envoy
5623:
5602:
5589:
5578:(Manchester: Ayer, rpt., 1979),
5568:
5547:
5530:
5396:
5349:
5328:
5315:
5302:
5255:
5242:
5197:
5176:
5163:
5142:
5129:
5108:
4429:"School education prior to 1873"
4410:from the original on 16 May 2011
4381:(Sydney NSW: UNSW Press, 2008),
3477:April 1964 vol. 16, pp. 468β477
3464:Feb 1976, vol. 29 (1), pp. 1β13.
3409:(Bingley: Emerald Group, 2006),
3250:from the original on 6 June 2011
3213:from the original on 6 June 2011
2860:(1920β), influenced by jazz and
2687:, and the historical fiction of
2542:History of education in Scotland
2460:, the largest mosque in Scotland
2214:base. Attacks on Scapa Flow and
2042:A Drunk Man Looks at the Thistle
1444:History of education in Scotland
702:
482:
51:
45:
5972:(London: Profile Books, 2004),
5959:, 1995, vol. 15 (1), pp. 66β84.
5696:(London: Penguin Books, 2001),
5675:(London: Penguin Books, 2001),
5654:(London: Penguin Books, 2001),
5557:(London: Profile Books, 2004),
5041:
5020:
4957:
4936:
4894:
4873:
4792:
4776:
4725:
4703:
4679:
4655:
4621:
4606:
4576:
4546:
4533:
4504:
4493:(London: Penguin Books, 2001),
4421:
4392:
4371:
4341:
4328:
4307:
4294:
4268:
4249:
4230:
4202:
3970:Scottish Culture and Traditions
3960:
3933:
3912:
3898:. GRIN Verlag. pp. 22β25.
3859:
3836:
3823:
3802:
3789:
3768:
3755:
3738:
3725:
3704:
3683:
3662:
3649:
3628:
3615:
3598:
3577:
3556:
3543:
3530:
3513:
3497:
3484:
3467:
3454:
3443:, Virginia Historical Society,
3433:
3420:
3399:
3330:(Edinburgh: Mainstream, 2002),
3320:
3261:
3122:(London: Penguin Books, 2001),
2993:T. M. Devine and R. J. Finlay,
2936:
2291:Secretary of State for Scotland
2111:(1877β1931). Influenced by the
2044:" (1936), developing a form of
1950:middle classes, who now feared
1472:Leaving Certificate Examination
1362:Demographic history of Scotland
1328:concentration of land ownership
1137:Demographic history of Scotland
1130:
1072:in St Andrews Square, Edinburgh
1068:The former headquarters of the
661:Secretary of State for Scotland
615:with England and the demise of
147:(843–878; 889–1040)
8330:Economy, society and knowledge
7901:Visit of George IV to Scotland
7721:Society of the United Scotsmen
6327:C. Higgins (17 October 2011),
6030:. National Records of Scotland
5759:(Abdingdon: Routledge, 2002),
5694:The Scottish Nation, 1700β2000
5673:The Scottish Nation, 1700β2000
5652:The Scottish Nation, 1700β2000
5359:(1983, rpt, J. Donald, 2000),
4541:History of Education Quarterly
4491:The Scottish Nation, 1700β2000
4188:. Edinburgh: Birlinn Limited.
3892:Marco Sievers (October 2007).
3670:The Scottish Miners, 1874β1939
3120:The Scottish Nation, 1700β2000
3091:
3070:
3049:
3028:
3008:
2959:
2191:, which was invaluable in the
1204:'s flattering portrait of the
691:, which was absorbed into the
1:
8460:History of Scotland by period
8150:History of the United Kingdom
8102:Scottish Covenant Association
7968:History of the United Kingdom
7737:History of the United Kingdom
6329:"Glasgow's Turner connection"
4617:, Aberdeen: Oliver & Boyd
3388:(Abingdon: Routledge, 1998),
2969:(London: Pluto Press, 2000),
2952:
2826:
2674:The Prime of Miss Jean Brodie
2596:Literature in modern Scotland
2250:, and expeditions across the
1748:Royal Scottish Academy of Art
1486:
1355:
909:that had been created in the
8342:Economy, industry, and trade
6500:Colonisation of the Americas
6265:The Rough Guide to Edinburgh
6225:(Aldershot: Ashgate, 2011),
5250:Family and Community History
4904:(Michelin, 5th edn., 2007),
4765:(Aldershot: Ashgate, 2011),
4690:, Pluto Press, p. 136,
4516:National Archive of Scotland
3763:The Making of Urban Scotland
3672:(Aldershot: Ashgate, 2000),
2409:Economic history of Scotland
2402:
2388:Scottish Parliament Building
2331:Scottish Parliament Building
2285:appointed Labour politician
1437:
1352:gained most of their votes.
1186:
1040:Economic history of Scotland
996:Episcopal Church in Scotland
901:An 18th-century congregation
236:Colonization of the Americas
7:
6353:Seven Days In The Art World
5357:The Legend of Red Clydeside
4738:. OUP Oxford. p. 376.
3967:Norman C Milne (May 2010).
3540:1993, vol. 6 (2), pp. 71β6.
3492:Scottish Historical Review,
3288:(London: Routledge, 1992),
3038:(Aldershot: Ashgate, 2011),
2536:Twentieth-century education
2195:, as was the leadership at
1806:, his wife the painter and
1770:(1835β1910). Aberdeen born
1582:them. His poem (and song) "
886:
626:
10:
8486:
8470:Modern history of Scotland
7172:Inventions and discoveries
6875:Supreme Courts of Scotland
5970:Modern Scotland: 1914β2000
5932:J. Vickers and G. Yarrow,
5555:Modern Scotland: 1914β2000
5404:Scottish Historical Review
5287:C. Cook and J. Stevenson,
5263:Sea Power: a Naval History
5150:Scotland and the Great War
4589:, Harper Collins, p.
4559:, Harper Collins, p.
4081:. Edinburgh: Birlinn Ltd.
3538:Journal of Design History,
3521:Scottish Historical Review
3362:(London: ABC-CLIO, 2006),
3034:F. Requejo and K-J Nagel,
2830:
2589:
2539:
2446:
2443:Twentieth-century religion
2406:
2318:
2162:
2006:
1957:National Party of Scotland
1682:
1490:
1441:
1359:
1190:
1134:
1088:(Edinburgh, 1695) and the
1037:
961:United Presbyterian Church
930:. Gaining strength in the
890:
706:
526:Scotland in the modern era
8465:Modern history by country
8419:
8329:
8304:The Marquess of Salisbury
8216:
8198:
8142:
8089:
8023:
7960:
7909:
7863:
7797:
7729:
7698:
7637:
7571:
7500:
7447:Scottish Episcopal Church
7395:
7343:
7305:
7296:
7129:Curriculum for Excellence
7093:
7089:
7080:
6968:
6959:
6850:
6699:
6690:
6681:
6562:
6553:
6425:
6412:
5990:H. Stewart (6 May 2007),
5755:S. Ball and I. Holliday,
5462:"The Scottish Colourists"
5207:(London: Penguin, 2001),
4317:(London: Penguin, 2001),
4277:English Historical Review
4102:McLean, Marianne (1991).
3940:William Ferguson (1998).
3848:(UNC Press Books, 2001),
3236:"Review of James Buchan,
2864:, who moved further into
2767:How Late It Was, How Late
2433:electronics manufacturing
2372:Battle of Stirling Bridge
2337:and, in places, upturned
1804:Charles Rennie Mackintosh
839:, physician and chemist,
431:Scottish Episcopal Church
7747:Kingdom of Great Britain
6883:High Court of Justiciary
5867:A. Black (18 May 2011),
5807:"Devolution to Scotland"
5171:Local Population Studies
4642:10.1215/00982601-29-2-25
4433:Scottish Archive Network
3475:Economic History Review,
3462:Economic History Review,
2929:
2868:and sculptor and artist
2159:Second World War 1939β45
1934:Inter-war period 1919β38
1813:, her sister the artist
1784:Arts and Crafts Movement
1702:(1723β98), the brothers
1689:Architecture of Scotland
1335:. Violence began on the
953:Free Presbyterian Church
693:Independent Labour Party
649:Scottish Reform Act 1832
366:Scottish Socialist Party
8299:William Ewart Gladstone
8289:The Viscount Palmerston
7896:Great Disruption (1843)
7670:Agricultural Revolution
7457:Free Church of Scotland
6744:International relations
5918:Shepherd, Mike (2015).
5517:Modern Scottish Culture
5323:Economic History Review
5030:(Courier Dover, 2002),
4900:C. C. Ochterbeck, ed.,
4805:, retrieved 7 May 2012.
4803:Encyclopædia Britannica
4789:, retrieved 7 May 2012.
4787:Encyclopædia Britannica
4666:, Ashgate, p. 28,
4630:Eighteenth-Century Life
4131:Scotland, a New History
4127:Lynch, Michael (1991).
4052:Richards, Eric (1985).
4027:Richards, Eric (2000).
3733:Economic History Review
3386:The Evangelical Revival
2355:Scottish National Party
1965:Scottish National Party
1921:First World War 1914β18
957:United Secession Church
949:Free Church of Scotland
786:sceptical philosophical
611:With the advent of the
597:Scottish National Party
361:Scottish National Party
86:During the Roman Empire
8264:The Viscount Melbourne
8218:Politics and diplomacy
7038:Royal Bank of Scotland
6734:Great Seal of Scotland
6148:Royle, Trevor (1983),
6028:Scotland's Census 2011
4662:K. S. Whetter (2008),
4379:The Scots in Australia
4001:. London: Allen Lane.
2866:abstract expressionism
2849:
2833:Art in modern Scotland
2612:
2592:Literature of Scotland
2461:
2458:Glasgow Central Mosque
2341:
2278:
2184:
2145:James McIntosh Patrick
2029:
2013:Literature of Scotland
1983:
1946:
1893:
1802:: acclaimed architect
1734:
1665:whose works including
1607:Robert Louis Stevenson
1513:
1493:Literature of Scotland
1466:
1378:
1323:
1261:Scottish Enlightenment
1211:
1153:
1150:John Atkinson Grimshaw
1108:
1090:Royal Bank of Scotland
1073:
1035:
982:
902:
721:
709:Scottish Enlightenment
636:
528:, from the end of the
396:National football team
7891:Catholic emancipation
7716:Friends of the People
7685:Industrial Revolution
7335:British Sign Language
6802:Members of Parliament
6729:Deputy First Minister
6567:Anglo-Scottish border
6535:Industrial Revolution
6097:, Ted Smart, p.
6021:"Religion (detailed)"
5597:Sea Warfare 1939β1945
4354:Canadian Encyclopedia
4209:T. M. Divine (1999),
3657:Labour History Review
2882:Glasgow School of Art
2840:
2785:Christopher Brookmyre
2603:
2568:ministry of education
2486:West Central Scotland
2482:Roman Catholic Church
2456:
2328:
2302:some power away from
2272:
2199:of Air Chief Marshal
2172:
2097:John Duncan Fergusson
2084:, and the playwright
2020:
1981:
1941:
1886:Royal Scots Fusiliers
1882:Sir Winston Churchill
1880:
1858:Georgian architecture
1728:
1609:'s work included the
1508:
1480:University of Glasgow
1460:
1369:
1311:
1200:
1146:Shipping on the Clyde
1144:
1106:
1067:
1050:Industrial Revolution
1030:
1023:Industrial Revolution
991:Catholic Emancipation
977:
967:and a remnant as the
900:
819:The Wealth of Nations
755:University of Glasgow
716:
689:Scottish Labour Party
634:
582:Industrial Revolution
205:Scandinavian Scotland
8309:The Earl of Rosebery
8284:The Earl of Aberdeen
8134:Scottish Renaissance
8119:Highland Land League
8109:The Edinburgh School
7942:Highland Land League
7278:World Heritage Sites
6475:Wars of Independence
6350:S. Thornton (2012).
4686:N. Davidson (2000),
4184:Devine, T M (1995).
4159:Devine, T M (1994).
4077:Devine, T M (2006).
3997:Devine, T M (2018).
3169:(28 November 2006),
2764:(1992) and Kelman's
2621:Sydney Goodsir Smith
2580:student tuition fees
2449:Religion in Scotland
2321:Politics of Scotland
2310:Postwar 1946βpresent
2137:Scottish Renaissance
2082:Lewis Grassic Gibbon
2025:sculpted in 1927 by
2009:Scottish Renaissance
2003:Scottish renaissance
1969:independent Scotland
1679:Art and architecture
1449:ministers and local
1374:in his home town of
1333:Highland Land League
669:the Earl of Rosebery
426:Scottish Reformation
211:Wars of independence
8352:Society and culture
7881:Evangelical revival
7871:Highland Clearances
7690:Evangelical revival
7675:Highland Clearances
7068:International trade
6622:Mountains and hills
6530:Highland Clearances
6505:Glorious Revolution
6470:Davidian Revolution
6417:Outline of Scotland
6156:, pp. 185β95,
6091:P. Kravitz (1999),
5813:, 14 October 2002,
5026:S. Tschudi-Madsen,
4735:Scotland: A History
4732:J. Wormald (2005).
4613:D. Thomson (1952),
4586:Crowded with Genius
4556:Crowded with Genius
4512:"Education records"
4213:The Scottish Nation
3765:(Croom Helm, 1978).
3209:, 11 October 2004,
3167:JosΓ© Manuel Barroso
2637:Iain Crichton Smith
2633:George Mackay Brown
2627:, George Bruce and
2607:the first Scottish
2413:Economy of Scotland
2384:Scottish Parliament
2206:As in World War I,
2197:RAF Fighter Command
2093:Scottish Colourists
1586:" is often sung at
1426:) and New Zealand (
1346:Crofting Commission
1275:Highland clearances
980:David Octavius Hill
943:known as the Great
932:Evangelical Revival
873:James Clerk Maxwell
738:to the extent that
601:Scottish Parliament
570:James Clerk Maxwell
489:Scotland portal
231:Glorious Revolution
75:) 12,000 BCβ700 BC
7876:Lowland Clearances
7680:Lowland Clearances
7655:Marrow Controversy
7645:Union with England
7425:Church of Scotland
7217:Royal National MΓ²d
7155:Education Scotland
6928:Scots property law
6923:College of Justice
6832:Secretary of State
6654:Biosphere reserves
6525:Lowland Clearances
6510:1707 Acts of Union
6284:I. Chilvers, ed.,
6242:I. Chilvers, ed.,
6202:Frommer's Scotland
5848:on 6 December 2006
5736:How Scotland Votes
5725:, pp. 153 and 174.
5489:I. Chilvers, ed.,
5466:Visit Scotland.com
5116:How Scotland Votes
5005:I. Chilvers, ed.,
4965:Frommer's Scotland
4921:I. Chilvers, ed.,
4879:E. K. Waterhouse,
4858:C. W. J. Withers,
4814:I. Chilvers, ed.,
4583:J. Buchan (2003),
4553:J. Buchan (2003),
4300:A. K. Cairncross,
4289:10.1093/ehr/cei124
3744:William Ferguson,
3384:G. M. Ditchfield,
2903:The Singing Butler
2850:
2740:Aonghas MacNeacail
2705:William McIlvanney
2613:
2572:Scottish Executive
2478:Church of Scotland
2462:
2366:government of the
2342:
2335:Scottish landscape
2279:
2189:Robert Watson-Watt
2185:
2179:which was sunk in
2030:
1984:
1947:
1894:
1864:Early 20th century
1811:Margaret MacDonald
1764:Joseph Farquharson
1735:
1731:The Falls of Clyde
1708:Alexander Runciman
1706:(1744β1768/9) and
1643:kailyard tradition
1633:Arthur Conan Doyle
1514:
1467:
1388:Scottish Americans
1384:Scottish Canadians
1379:
1324:
1280:At the end of the
1212:
1193:Scottish Highlands
1154:
1109:
1097:American Civil War
1082:British Linen Bank
1074:
1070:British Linen Bank
1036:
983:
965:Free Presbyterians
945:Disruption of 1843
907:Church of Scotland
903:
722:
683:'s success in the
637:
593:industrial decline
466:Edinburgh timeline
256:The Scots language
187:Acts of Union 1707
124:History (timeline)
8442:
8441:
8294:Benjamin Disraeli
8279:The Earl of Derby
8274:Lord John Russell
8158:
8157:
7981:
7980:
7755:
7754:
7529:
7528:
7496:
7495:
7492:
7491:
7484:Ethnic minorities
7442:Roman Catholicism
7391:
7390:
7076:
7075:
6955:
6954:
6951:
6950:
6938:Prison population
6918:Sheriff principal
6913:Solicitor General
6908:Procurator fiscal
6817:Political parties
6677:
6676:
6455:Early Middle Ages
6363:978-1-84708-693-8
6163:978-0-906391-46-4
5079:978-0-7486-0849-2
4946:(Dundurn, 1992),
4745:978-0-19-162243-4
4170:978-0-7190-9076-9
4088:978-1-906566-23-4
4038:978-1-78027-165-1
3980:978-1-899820-79-5
3953:978-0-7486-1071-6
3905:978-3-638-81651-9
3621:W. O. Henderson,
2752:(1993), Warner's
2661:Alexander Trocchi
2635:from Orkney, and
2386:in 1999. The new
2283:Winston Churchill
2193:Battle of Britain
2129:William Johnstone
1768:William McTaggart
1760:Horatio McCulloch
1744:Alexander Nasmyth
1550:Romantic movement
1416:Lachlan Macquarie
1319:on the island of
1008:Congregationalist
1000:Church of England
855:and chemist, and
810:William Robertson
771:scientific method
751:Francis Hutcheson
732:the Enlightenment
677:Liberal Unionists
552:, and scientists
546:Francis Hutcheson
523:
522:
471:Glasgow timeline
448:Islam and Muslims
183:(1652–1660)
171:(1306–1371)
165:(1292–1296)
159:(1058–1286)
153:(1040–1058)
8477:
8432:
8431:
8260:Prime ministers
8185:
8178:
8171:
8162:
8161:
8143:Related articles
8017:
8008:
8001:
7994:
7985:
7984:
7961:Related articles
7791:
7782:
7775:
7768:
7759:
7758:
7730:Related articles
7650:Jacobite risings
7565:
7556:
7549:
7542:
7533:
7532:
7509:
7430:General Assembly
7320:Scottish English
7315:Highland English
7303:
7302:
7192:Oldest buildings
7091:
7090:
7087:
7086:
7033:Renewable energy
6978:Bank of Scotland
6966:
6965:
6879:Court of Session
6860:Advocate General
6790:Military history
6768:Local government
6697:
6696:
6688:
6687:
6560:
6559:
6480:Late Middle Ages
6465:High Middle Ages
6398:
6391:
6384:
6375:
6374:
6368:
6367:
6347:
6341:
6340:
6324:
6318:
6303:
6297:
6282:
6276:
6261:
6255:
6240:
6234:
6219:
6213:
6198:
6189:
6188:
6173:
6167:
6166:
6145:
6139:
6138:
6137:
6135:
6118:
6112:
6111:
6088:
6082:
6067:
6061:
6046:
6040:
6039:
6037:
6035:
6025:
6017:
6011:
6010:
6009:
6007:
5987:
5981:
5966:
5960:
5951:
5945:
5930:
5924:
5923:
5915:
5909:
5894:
5888:
5887:
5886:
5884:
5864:
5858:
5857:
5855:
5853:
5847:
5840:
5832:
5826:
5825:
5824:
5822:
5803:
5797:
5796:
5795:
5793:
5784:, 1 April 2009,
5774:
5768:
5753:
5747:
5732:
5726:
5711:
5705:
5690:
5684:
5669:
5663:
5648:
5642:
5627:
5621:
5606:
5600:
5593:
5587:
5572:
5566:
5551:
5545:
5534:
5528:
5513:
5502:
5487:
5481:
5480:
5479:
5477:
5472:on 29 April 2008
5468:, archived from
5458:
5452:
5451:
5436:
5407:
5400:
5394:
5379:
5368:
5353:
5347:
5332:
5326:
5319:
5313:
5306:
5300:
5285:
5274:
5259:
5253:
5246:
5240:
5225:
5216:
5201:
5195:
5180:
5174:
5167:
5161:
5146:
5140:
5133:
5127:
5112:
5106:
5091:
5082:
5067:
5061:
5060:
5058:
5056:
5045:
5039:
5024:
5018:
5003:
4997:
4982:
4976:
4961:
4955:
4940:
4934:
4919:
4913:
4898:
4892:
4877:
4871:
4856:
4847:
4833:
4827:
4812:
4806:
4799:"Gavin Hamilton"
4796:
4790:
4780:
4774:
4759:
4750:
4749:
4729:
4723:
4722:
4707:
4701:
4700:
4683:
4677:
4676:
4659:
4653:
4652:
4625:
4619:
4618:
4610:
4604:
4603:
4580:
4574:
4573:
4550:
4544:
4537:
4531:
4530:
4529:
4527:
4508:
4502:
4487:
4478:
4463:
4448:
4447:
4446:
4444:
4425:
4419:
4418:
4417:
4415:
4396:
4390:
4375:
4369:
4368:
4367:
4365:
4356:, archived from
4345:
4339:
4334:J. H. Morrison,
4332:
4326:
4311:
4305:
4298:
4292:
4291:
4272:
4266:
4265:
4253:
4247:
4246:
4239:Scottish Studies
4234:
4228:
4227:
4216:
4206:
4200:
4199:
4181:
4175:
4174:
4156:
4147:
4146:
4134:
4124:
4118:
4117:
4099:
4093:
4092:
4074:
4068:
4067:
4049:
4043:
4042:
4024:
4013:
4012:
3994:
3985:
3984:
3964:
3958:
3957:
3937:
3931:
3916:
3910:
3909:
3889:
3880:
3863:
3857:
3840:
3834:
3827:
3821:
3806:
3800:
3793:
3787:
3772:
3766:
3759:
3753:
3742:
3736:
3729:
3723:
3708:
3702:
3689:C. F. Marshall,
3687:
3681:
3666:
3660:
3653:
3647:
3632:
3626:
3619:
3613:
3602:
3596:
3581:
3575:
3560:
3554:
3547:
3541:
3534:
3528:
3517:
3511:
3501:
3495:
3488:
3482:
3471:
3465:
3458:
3452:
3451:
3437:
3431:
3426:Henry Hamilton,
3424:
3418:
3403:
3397:
3382:
3371:
3356:
3339:
3324:
3318:
3303:
3297:
3282:
3276:
3265:
3259:
3258:
3257:
3255:
3231:
3222:
3221:
3220:
3218:
3199:
3190:
3189:
3188:
3186:
3163:
3157:
3137:
3131:
3116:
3110:
3095:
3089:
3074:
3068:
3053:
3047:
3032:
3026:
3012:
3006:
2991:
2978:
2963:
2946:
2940:
2912:installation art
2870:Eduardo Paolozzi
2781:Frederic Lindsay
2703:and the work of
2685:Alistair MacLean
2562:('O-Grade') and
2424:Forties oilfield
2368:Community Charge
2315:Postwar politics
2273:The wreckage of
2260:Duke of Hamilton
2242:resulted in the
2121:Stanley Cursiter
2107:(1871β1935) and
2056:, the novelists
1846:William Chambers
1766:(1846β1935) and
1754:(1783β1844) and
1663:George MacDonald
1530:James Macpherson
1404:John A MacDonald
1392:John Witherspoon
1236:Sir Walter Scott
1232:James Macpherson
1224:Romantic revival
1086:Bank of Scotland
1054:Colonial America
936:General Assembly
881:Sir Walter Scott
767:consequentialist
665:Duke of Richmond
578:Sir Walter Scott
530:Jacobite risings
515:
508:
501:
487:
486:
485:
443:Jews and Judaism
436:Great Disruption
356:Local government
163:House of Balliol
157:House of Dunkeld
55:
49:
39:
21:
20:
8485:
8484:
8480:
8479:
8478:
8476:
8475:
8474:
8445:
8444:
8443:
8438:
8415:
8325:
8269:Sir Robert Peel
8212:
8208:Edwardian era β
8194:
8189:
8159:
8154:
8138:
8085:
8019:
8015:
8012:
7982:
7977:
7956:
7947:Kailyard school
7927:Arts and Crafts
7905:
7859:
7793:
7789:
7786:
7756:
7751:
7725:
7694:
7633:
7567:
7563:
7560:
7530:
7525:
7512:
7505:
7488:
7387:
7339:
7325:Scottish Gaelic
7292:
7197:Performing arts
7072:
6947:
6943:Police Scotland
6846:
6827:Scotland Office
6673:
6634:Protected areas
6549:
6421:
6408:
6402:
6372:
6371:
6364:
6348:
6344:
6325:
6321:
6304:
6300:
6283:
6279:
6262:
6258:
6241:
6237:
6221:C. Richardson,
6220:
6216:
6199:
6192:
6175:
6174:
6170:
6164:
6146:
6142:
6133:
6131:
6123:The Scots Makar
6120:
6119:
6115:
6109:
6089:
6085:
6068:
6064:
6047:
6043:
6033:
6031:
6023:
6019:
6018:
6014:
6005:
6003:
5988:
5984:
5967:
5963:
5952:
5948:
5931:
5927:
5916:
5912:
5895:
5891:
5882:
5880:
5865:
5861:
5851:
5849:
5845:
5838:
5834:
5833:
5829:
5820:
5818:
5805:
5804:
5800:
5791:
5789:
5776:
5775:
5771:
5754:
5750:
5733:
5729:
5715:Thomas Johnston
5712:
5708:
5691:
5687:
5670:
5666:
5649:
5645:
5628:
5624:
5607:
5603:
5594:
5590:
5576:Fighter Command
5573:
5569:
5552:
5548:
5535:
5531:
5514:
5505:
5488:
5484:
5475:
5473:
5460:
5459:
5455:
5438:
5437:
5410:
5401:
5397:
5380:
5371:
5354:
5350:
5333:
5329:
5320:
5316:
5307:
5303:
5286:
5277:
5260:
5256:
5247:
5243:
5226:
5219:
5202:
5198:
5181:
5177:
5168:
5164:
5147:
5143:
5134:
5130:
5113:
5109:
5092:
5085:
5068:
5064:
5054:
5052:
5047:
5046:
5042:
5025:
5021:
5004:
5000:
4983:
4979:
4962:
4958:
4941:
4937:
4920:
4916:
4899:
4895:
4878:
4874:
4857:
4850:
4834:
4830:
4813:
4809:
4797:
4793:
4781:
4777:
4760:
4753:
4746:
4730:
4726:
4709:
4708:
4704:
4698:
4684:
4680:
4674:
4660:
4656:
4626:
4622:
4611:
4607:
4601:
4581:
4577:
4571:
4551:
4547:
4538:
4534:
4525:
4523:
4510:
4509:
4505:
4488:
4481:
4464:
4451:
4442:
4440:
4427:
4426:
4422:
4413:
4411:
4398:
4397:
4393:
4377:M. D. Prentis,
4376:
4372:
4363:
4361:
4348:J. M. Bunsted,
4346:
4342:
4333:
4329:
4312:
4308:
4299:
4295:
4283:(487): 633β66,
4273:
4269:
4254:
4250:
4235:
4231:
4225:
4207:
4203:
4196:
4182:
4178:
4171:
4157:
4150:
4143:
4125:
4121:
4114:
4100:
4096:
4089:
4075:
4071:
4064:
4050:
4046:
4039:
4025:
4016:
4009:
3995:
3988:
3981:
3965:
3961:
3954:
3938:
3934:
3917:
3913:
3906:
3890:
3883:
3865:J. L. Roberts,
3864:
3860:
3841:
3837:
3828:
3824:
3807:
3803:
3794:
3790:
3773:
3769:
3760:
3756:
3743:
3739:
3730:
3726:
3709:
3705:
3688:
3684:
3667:
3663:
3654:
3650:
3634:C. A. Whatley,
3633:
3629:
3620:
3616:
3603:
3599:
3583:M. J. Daunton,
3582:
3578:
3561:
3557:
3549:C. A. Malcolm,
3548:
3544:
3535:
3531:
3518:
3514:
3506:Textile History
3502:
3498:
3489:
3485:
3472:
3468:
3459:
3455:
3439:
3438:
3434:
3425:
3421:
3404:
3400:
3383:
3374:
3357:
3342:
3325:
3321:
3304:
3300:
3283:
3279:
3266:
3262:
3253:
3251:
3232:
3225:
3216:
3214:
3201:
3200:
3193:
3184:
3182:
3164:
3160:
3138:
3134:
3117:
3113:
3096:
3092:
3075:
3071:
3054:
3050:
3033:
3029:
3013:
3009:
2992:
2981:
2964:
2960:
2955:
2950:
2949:
2941:
2937:
2932:
2886:Steven Campbell
2835:
2829:
2817:Carol Ann Duffy
2809:Robert Crawford
2801:Inspector Rebus
2789:Quintin Jardine
2758:(1995), Gray's
2712:Philip Hobsbaum
2689:Dorothy Dunnett
2629:Maurice Lindsay
2605:Carol Ann Duffy
2598:
2590:Main articles:
2588:
2548:
2540:Main articles:
2538:
2451:
2445:
2415:
2407:Main articles:
2405:
2323:
2317:
2312:
2281:Prime Minister
2167:
2161:
2141:Hugh MacDiarmid
2074:Naomi Mitchison
2046:Synthetic Scots
2038:Hugh MacDiarmid
2023:Hugh MacDiarmid
2015:
2007:Main articles:
2005:
1936:
1923:
1875:
1866:
1819:Herbert MacNair
1691:
1683:Main articles:
1681:
1638:Sherlock Holmes
1628:Treasure Island
1596:national anthem
1503:
1491:Main articles:
1489:
1446:
1440:
1420:Thomas Brisbane
1400:Andrew Carnegie
1396:John Paul Jones
1372:Andrew Carnegie
1364:
1358:
1282:Napoleonic Wars
1249:castle Balmoral
1240:Waverley novels
1220:Napoleonic Wars
1195:
1189:
1177:First World War
1139:
1133:
1046:
1038:Main articles:
1025:
941:Thomas Chalmers
924:First Secession
895:
889:
869:William Murdoch
825:economic policy
711:
705:
673:Irish Home Rule
629:
609:
544:, philosophers
519:
483:
481:
476:
475:
461:
453:
452:
416:
406:
405:
381:
371:
370:
346:
336:
335:
306:
296:
295:
291:Natural history
200:
192:
191:
175:House of Stuart
140:
130:
129:
128:
63:
50:
37:
30:
17:
12:
11:
5:
8483:
8473:
8472:
8467:
8462:
8457:
8440:
8439:
8437:
8436:
8426:
8420:
8417:
8416:
8414:
8413:
8412:
8411:
8406:
8405:
8404:
8394:
8389:
8384:
8379:
8374:
8369:
8364:
8359:
8349:
8344:
8339:
8333:
8331:
8327:
8326:
8324:
8323:
8318:
8316:Queen Victoria
8313:
8312:
8311:
8306:
8301:
8296:
8291:
8286:
8281:
8276:
8271:
8266:
8258:
8253:
8252:
8251:
8246:
8241:
8233:
8231:British empire
8228:
8222:
8220:
8214:
8213:
8211:
8210:
8205:
8203:β Georgian era
8199:
8196:
8195:
8188:
8187:
8180:
8173:
8165:
8156:
8155:
8153:
8152:
8146:
8144:
8140:
8139:
8137:
8136:
8131:
8126:
8121:
8116:
8114:Glasgow school
8111:
8106:
8105:
8104:
8093:
8091:
8087:
8086:
8084:
8083:
8078:
8073:
8068:
8063:
8058:
8053:
8048:
8043:
8038:
8033:
8027:
8025:
8021:
8020:
8011:
8010:
8003:
7996:
7988:
7979:
7978:
7976:
7975:
7970:
7964:
7962:
7958:
7957:
7955:
7954:
7952:Glasgow School
7949:
7944:
7939:
7934:
7932:Celtic Revival
7929:
7924:
7919:
7913:
7911:
7907:
7906:
7904:
7903:
7898:
7893:
7888:
7883:
7878:
7873:
7867:
7865:
7861:
7860:
7858:
7857:
7852:
7847:
7842:
7837:
7832:
7827:
7822:
7817:
7812:
7807:
7801:
7799:
7795:
7794:
7785:
7784:
7777:
7770:
7762:
7753:
7752:
7750:
7749:
7744:
7739:
7733:
7731:
7727:
7726:
7724:
7723:
7718:
7713:
7708:
7702:
7700:
7696:
7695:
7693:
7692:
7687:
7682:
7677:
7672:
7667:
7665:Porteous Riots
7662:
7660:Malt tax riots
7657:
7652:
7647:
7641:
7639:
7635:
7634:
7632:
7631:
7626:
7621:
7616:
7611:
7606:
7601:
7596:
7591:
7586:
7581:
7575:
7573:
7569:
7568:
7559:
7558:
7551:
7544:
7536:
7527:
7526:
7524:
7523:
7518:
7511:
7510:
7502:
7501:
7498:
7497:
7494:
7493:
7490:
7489:
7487:
7486:
7481:
7476:
7471:
7466:
7461:
7460:
7459:
7454:
7449:
7444:
7439:
7438:
7437:
7432:
7422:
7412:
7407:
7401:
7399:
7393:
7392:
7389:
7388:
7386:
7385:
7380:
7375:
7370:
7365:
7360:
7354:
7352:
7341:
7340:
7338:
7337:
7332:
7327:
7322:
7317:
7311:
7309:
7300:
7294:
7293:
7291:
7290:
7285:
7280:
7275:
7274:
7273:
7268:
7267:
7266:
7256:
7255:
7254:
7244:
7239:
7229:
7224:
7219:
7214:
7209:
7204:
7199:
7194:
7189:
7184:
7179:
7174:
7169:
7164:
7159:
7158:
7157:
7152:
7147:
7142:
7137:
7132:
7120:
7115:
7110:
7105:
7099:
7097:
7084:
7078:
7077:
7074:
7073:
7071:
7070:
7065:
7060:
7055:
7050:
7045:
7040:
7035:
7030:
7028:Power stations
7025:
7015:
7010:
7005:
7000:
6995:
6990:
6985:
6980:
6975:
6969:
6963:
6957:
6956:
6953:
6952:
6949:
6948:
6946:
6945:
6940:
6935:
6930:
6925:
6920:
6915:
6910:
6905:
6903:Lord President
6900:
6895:
6890:
6872:
6862:
6856:
6854:
6848:
6847:
6845:
6844:
6839:
6834:
6829:
6824:
6819:
6814:
6809:
6804:
6799:
6794:
6793:
6792:
6782:
6781:
6780:
6775:
6765:
6760:
6759:
6758:
6748:
6747:
6746:
6736:
6731:
6726:
6721:
6719:First Minister
6716:
6711:
6705:
6703:
6694:
6685:
6679:
6678:
6675:
6674:
6672:
6671:
6666:
6664:Municipalities
6661:
6656:
6651:
6646:
6641:
6636:
6631:
6630:
6629:
6619:
6614:
6609:
6604:
6599:
6594:
6589:
6584:
6579:
6574:
6569:
6563:
6557:
6551:
6550:
6548:
6547:
6542:
6537:
6532:
6527:
6522:
6517:
6512:
6507:
6502:
6497:
6492:
6487:
6482:
6477:
6472:
6467:
6462:
6457:
6452:
6447:
6442:
6437:
6431:
6429:
6423:
6422:
6420:
6419:
6413:
6410:
6409:
6407: articles
6401:
6400:
6393:
6386:
6378:
6370:
6369:
6362:
6342:
6333:Guardian.co.uk
6319:
6298:
6277:
6256:
6235:
6214:
6190:
6183:, 1 May 2009,
6168:
6162:
6140:
6113:
6107:
6083:
6062:
6041:
6012:
5996:Guardian.co.uk
5982:
5961:
5946:
5925:
5922:. Luath Press.
5910:
5889:
5859:
5827:
5798:
5769:
5748:
5727:
5706:
5692:T. M. Devine,
5685:
5671:T. M. Devine,
5664:
5650:T. M. Devine,
5643:
5622:
5601:
5588:
5567:
5546:
5536:D. Macmillan,
5529:
5503:
5482:
5453:
5408:
5395:
5369:
5348:
5327:
5314:
5301:
5275:
5261:E. B. Potter,
5254:
5241:
5217:
5196:
5175:
5162:
5141:
5128:
5107:
5083:
5062:
5040:
5019:
4998:
4977:
4956:
4935:
4914:
4893:
4872:
4848:
4828:
4807:
4791:
4775:
4751:
4744:
4724:
4702:
4696:
4678:
4673:978-0754661429
4672:
4654:
4620:
4605:
4599:
4575:
4569:
4545:
4532:
4503:
4489:T. M. Devine,
4479:
4449:
4420:
4391:
4370:
4360:on 23 May 2011
4340:
4327:
4306:
4293:
4267:
4248:
4229:
4223:
4201:
4194:
4176:
4169:
4148:
4141:
4119:
4112:
4094:
4087:
4069:
4063:978-0709922599
4062:
4044:
4037:
4014:
4008:978-0241304105
4007:
3986:
3979:
3959:
3952:
3932:
3911:
3904:
3881:
3858:
3835:
3822:
3801:
3788:
3767:
3754:
3750:online edition
3737:
3724:
3703:
3682:
3661:
3648:
3627:
3614:
3597:
3576:
3555:
3542:
3529:
3512:
3496:
3483:
3466:
3453:
3432:
3419:
3398:
3372:
3340:
3319:
3298:
3277:
3260:
3223:
3207:The New Yorker
3191:
3158:
3132:
3118:T. M. Devine,
3111:
3090:
3069:
3048:
3027:
3007:
2979:
2957:
2956:
2954:
2951:
2948:
2947:
2934:
2933:
2931:
2928:
2920:Richard Wright
2916:Susan Philipsz
2908:Douglas Gordon
2898:Jack Vettriano
2831:Main article:
2828:
2825:
2813:Kathleen Jamie
2755:Morvern Callar
2680:Tunes of Glory
2657:James Kennaway
2647:(the official
2625:Norman MacCaig
2617:Robert Garioch
2587:
2586:New literature
2584:
2560:Ordinary Grade
2552:Roman Catholic
2537:
2534:
2447:Main article:
2444:
2441:
2428:Brent oilfield
2404:
2401:
2392:Holyrood House
2390:, adjacent to
2319:Main article:
2316:
2313:
2311:
2308:
2220:Firth of Forth
2160:
2157:
2147:(1907β98) and
2101:Francis Cadell
2095:in the 1920s:
2078:Eric Linklater
2054:William Soutar
2004:
2001:
1961:Scottish Party
1935:
1932:
1922:
1919:
1911:Unionist Party
1898:Khaki Election
1874:
1871:
1865:
1862:
1844:(1728β92) and
1840:(1721β92) and
1826:Colen Campbell
1780:Celtic Revival
1776:Glasgow School
1714:(1740β93) and
1700:Gavin Hamilton
1680:
1677:
1584:Auld Lang Syne
1488:
1485:
1442:Main article:
1439:
1436:
1428:James Mckenzie
1414:), Australia (
1360:Main article:
1357:
1354:
1234:'s in 1761β2.
1209:King George IV
1191:Main article:
1188:
1185:
1167:Scott family's
1135:Main article:
1132:
1129:
1125:Aberdeen Angus
1024:
1021:
1017:Salvation Army
919:Moderate Party
891:Main article:
888:
885:
841:James Anderson
837:William Cullen
794:science of man
707:Main article:
704:
701:
657:Lord Salisbury
628:
625:
621:British Empire
608:
605:
554:William Cullen
521:
520:
518:
517:
510:
503:
495:
492:
491:
478:
477:
474:
473:
468:
462:
459:
458:
455:
454:
451:
450:
445:
440:
439:
438:
433:
428:
417:
412:
411:
408:
407:
404:
403:
398:
393:
388:
382:
377:
376:
373:
372:
369:
368:
363:
358:
353:
347:
342:
341:
338:
337:
334:
333:
328:
323:
318:
313:
307:
302:
301:
298:
297:
294:
293:
288:
283:
281:Historiography
278:
273:
268:
263:
258:
253:
248:
243:
238:
233:
228:
223:
218:
213:
208:
201:
198:
197:
194:
193:
190:
189:
184:
178:
172:
169:House of Bruce
166:
160:
154:
151:House of Moray
148:
145:House of Alpin
141:
136:
135:
132:
131:
127:
126:
121:
116:
111:
110:
109:
104:
99:
89:
83:
82:
81:
65:
64:
61:
60:
57:
56:
42:
41:
32:
31:
24:
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
8482:
8471:
8468:
8466:
8463:
8461:
8458:
8456:
8455:Victorian era
8453:
8452:
8450:
8435:
8427:
8425:
8422:
8421:
8418:
8410:
8407:
8403:
8400:
8399:
8398:
8395:
8393:
8390:
8388:
8385:
8383:
8380:
8378:
8375:
8373:
8370:
8368:
8365:
8363:
8360:
8358:
8355:
8354:
8353:
8350:
8348:
8345:
8343:
8340:
8338:
8335:
8334:
8332:
8328:
8322:
8319:
8317:
8314:
8310:
8307:
8305:
8302:
8300:
8297:
8295:
8292:
8290:
8287:
8285:
8282:
8280:
8277:
8275:
8272:
8270:
8267:
8265:
8262:
8261:
8259:
8257:
8256:Pax Britannia
8254:
8250:
8247:
8245:
8242:
8240:
8237:
8236:
8234:
8232:
8229:
8227:
8224:
8223:
8221:
8219:
8215:
8209:
8206:
8204:
8201:
8200:
8197:
8193:
8192:Victorian era
8186:
8181:
8179:
8174:
8172:
8167:
8166:
8163:
8151:
8148:
8147:
8145:
8141:
8135:
8132:
8130:
8129:Red Clydeside
8127:
8125:
8122:
8120:
8117:
8115:
8112:
8110:
8107:
8103:
8100:
8099:
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8022:
8018:
8009:
8004:
8002:
7997:
7995:
7990:
7989:
7986:
7974:
7973:Victorian era
7971:
7969:
7966:
7965:
7963:
7959:
7953:
7950:
7948:
7945:
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7735:
7734:
7732:
7728:
7722:
7719:
7717:
7714:
7712:
7709:
7707:
7706:Enlightenment
7704:
7703:
7701:
7697:
7691:
7688:
7686:
7683:
7681:
7678:
7676:
7673:
7671:
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7508:
7504:
7503:
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7482:
7480:
7477:
7475:
7472:
7470:
7467:
7465:
7462:
7458:
7455:
7453:
7452:Baptist Union
7450:
7448:
7445:
7443:
7440:
7436:
7433:
7431:
7428:
7427:
7426:
7423:
7421:
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7408:
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7400:
7398:
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7384:
7381:
7379:
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7371:
7369:
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7364:
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7353:
7350:
7346:
7342:
7336:
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7331:
7328:
7326:
7323:
7321:
7318:
7316:
7313:
7312:
7310:
7308:
7304:
7301:
7299:
7295:
7289:
7286:
7284:
7281:
7279:
7276:
7272:
7269:
7265:
7262:
7261:
7260:
7257:
7253:
7252:national flag
7250:
7249:
7248:
7245:
7243:
7240:
7238:
7235:
7234:
7233:
7230:
7228:
7225:
7223:
7220:
7218:
7215:
7213:
7210:
7208:
7205:
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7200:
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7190:
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7148:
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7141:
7138:
7136:
7133:
7131:
7130:
7126:
7125:
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7121:
7119:
7116:
7114:
7111:
7109:
7106:
7104:
7101:
7100:
7098:
7096:
7092:
7088:
7085:
7083:
7079:
7069:
7066:
7064:
7061:
7059:
7056:
7054:
7051:
7049:
7046:
7044:
7041:
7039:
7036:
7034:
7031:
7029:
7026:
7023:
7022:North Sea oil
7019:
7016:
7014:
7011:
7009:
7006:
7004:
7001:
6999:
6996:
6994:
6991:
6989:
6986:
6984:
6981:
6979:
6976:
6974:
6971:
6970:
6967:
6964:
6962:
6958:
6944:
6941:
6939:
6936:
6934:
6931:
6929:
6926:
6924:
6921:
6919:
6916:
6914:
6911:
6909:
6906:
6904:
6901:
6899:
6898:Lord Advocate
6896:
6894:
6891:
6888:
6884:
6880:
6876:
6873:
6870:
6866:
6863:
6861:
6858:
6857:
6855:
6853:
6849:
6843:
6840:
6838:
6835:
6833:
6830:
6828:
6825:
6823:
6822:Republicanism
6820:
6818:
6815:
6813:
6810:
6808:
6805:
6803:
6800:
6798:
6795:
6791:
6788:
6787:
6786:
6783:
6779:
6776:
6774:
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6766:
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6757:
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6752:
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6712:
6710:
6707:
6706:
6704:
6702:
6698:
6695:
6693:
6689:
6686:
6684:
6680:
6670:
6667:
6665:
6662:
6660:
6657:
6655:
6652:
6650:
6647:
6645:
6642:
6640:
6637:
6635:
6632:
6628:
6625:
6624:
6623:
6620:
6618:
6615:
6613:
6610:
6608:
6605:
6603:
6600:
6598:
6595:
6593:
6590:
6588:
6585:
6583:
6580:
6578:
6575:
6573:
6570:
6568:
6565:
6564:
6561:
6558:
6556:
6552:
6546:
6543:
6541:
6538:
6536:
6533:
6531:
6528:
6526:
6523:
6521:
6520:Enlightenment
6518:
6516:
6513:
6511:
6508:
6506:
6503:
6501:
6498:
6496:
6493:
6491:
6488:
6486:
6483:
6481:
6478:
6476:
6473:
6471:
6468:
6466:
6463:
6461:
6458:
6456:
6453:
6451:
6448:
6446:
6443:
6441:
6438:
6436:
6433:
6432:
6430:
6428:
6424:
6418:
6415:
6414:
6411:
6406:
6399:
6394:
6392:
6387:
6385:
6380:
6379:
6376:
6365:
6359:
6355:
6354:
6346:
6338:
6334:
6330:
6323:
6316:
6312:
6308:
6302:
6295:
6291:
6287:
6281:
6274:
6270:
6266:
6260:
6253:
6249:
6245:
6239:
6232:
6228:
6224:
6218:
6211:
6207:
6203:
6197:
6195:
6186:
6182:
6178:
6172:
6165:
6159:
6155:
6151:
6144:
6129:
6125:
6124:
6117:
6110:
6108:0-330-33550-2
6104:
6100:
6096:
6095:
6087:
6080:
6079:0-7486-1625-X
6076:
6072:
6066:
6060:, pp. 132β40.
6059:
6058:0-7486-1625-X
6055:
6051:
6045:
6029:
6022:
6016:
6001:
5997:
5993:
5986:
5979:
5978:1-86197-308-X
5975:
5971:
5965:
5958:
5957:
5950:
5943:
5942:0-262-72011-6
5939:
5935:
5929:
5921:
5914:
5907:
5906:0-7486-1085-5
5903:
5899:
5893:
5878:
5874:
5870:
5863:
5844:
5837:
5831:
5816:
5812:
5808:
5802:
5787:
5783:
5779:
5773:
5766:
5765:0-7146-5223-7
5762:
5758:
5752:
5745:
5744:0-7190-4510-X
5741:
5737:
5731:
5724:
5723:0-7190-1997-4
5720:
5716:
5710:
5703:
5702:0-14-100234-4
5699:
5695:
5689:
5682:
5681:0-14-100234-4
5678:
5674:
5668:
5662:, pp. 549β50.
5661:
5660:0-14-100234-4
5657:
5653:
5647:
5640:
5639:0-7551-0041-7
5636:
5632:
5626:
5619:
5618:1-59921-321-4
5615:
5611:
5605:
5598:
5595:J. Creswell,
5592:
5585:
5584:0-405-12209-8
5581:
5577:
5571:
5565:, pp. 162β97.
5564:
5563:1-86197-308-X
5560:
5556:
5550:
5543:
5539:
5533:
5526:
5522:
5518:
5515:M. Gardiner,
5512:
5510:
5508:
5500:
5496:
5492:
5486:
5471:
5467:
5463:
5457:
5449:
5445:
5441:
5435:
5433:
5431:
5429:
5427:
5425:
5423:
5421:
5419:
5417:
5415:
5413:
5405:
5399:
5392:
5391:981-234-950-2
5388:
5384:
5381:J. Buchanan,
5378:
5376:
5374:
5366:
5365:0-85976-516-4
5362:
5358:
5352:
5346:, pp. 258β78.
5345:
5344:0-8476-6013-3
5341:
5337:
5331:
5324:
5318:
5311:
5305:
5298:
5297:0-582-35674-1
5294:
5290:
5284:
5282:
5280:
5272:
5271:0-87021-607-4
5268:
5264:
5258:
5251:
5245:
5238:
5237:981-234-950-2
5234:
5230:
5227:J. Buchanan,
5224:
5222:
5214:
5213:0-14-026367-5
5210:
5206:
5200:
5193:
5192:0-7190-1737-8
5189:
5185:
5179:
5172:
5166:
5159:
5158:1-86232-056-X
5155:
5151:
5145:
5138:
5132:
5125:
5124:0-7190-4510-X
5121:
5117:
5111:
5104:
5103:1-902930-16-9
5100:
5096:
5090:
5088:
5080:
5076:
5072:
5066:
5050:
5044:
5037:
5033:
5029:
5023:
5016:
5012:
5008:
5002:
4995:
4991:
4987:
4984:F. M. Szasz,
4981:
4974:
4970:
4966:
4960:
4953:
4949:
4945:
4939:
4932:
4928:
4924:
4918:
4911:
4907:
4903:
4897:
4890:
4886:
4882:
4876:
4869:
4865:
4861:
4855:
4853:
4845:
4841:
4837:
4832:
4825:
4821:
4817:
4811:
4804:
4800:
4795:
4788:
4784:
4783:"Alan Ramsey"
4779:
4772:
4768:
4764:
4758:
4756:
4747:
4741:
4737:
4736:
4728:
4720:
4716:
4712:
4706:
4699:
4693:
4689:
4682:
4675:
4669:
4665:
4658:
4651:
4647:
4643:
4639:
4635:
4631:
4624:
4616:
4609:
4602:
4596:
4592:
4588:
4587:
4579:
4572:
4566:
4562:
4558:
4557:
4549:
4542:
4536:
4521:
4517:
4513:
4507:
4501:, pp. 91β100.
4500:
4499:0-14-100234-4
4496:
4492:
4486:
4484:
4477:, pp. 219β28.
4476:
4475:0-7486-1625-X
4472:
4468:
4462:
4460:
4458:
4456:
4454:
4438:
4434:
4430:
4424:
4409:
4405:
4401:
4395:
4388:
4387:1-921410-21-3
4384:
4380:
4374:
4359:
4355:
4351:
4344:
4337:
4331:
4324:
4323:0-14-026367-5
4320:
4316:
4310:
4303:
4297:
4290:
4286:
4282:
4278:
4271:
4263:
4259:
4258:History Today
4252:
4244:
4240:
4233:
4226:
4224:0-670-88811-7
4220:
4215:
4214:
4205:
4197:
4195:1-904607-42-X
4191:
4187:
4180:
4172:
4166:
4162:
4155:
4153:
4144:
4142:9780712698931
4138:
4133:
4132:
4123:
4115:
4113:9780773511569
4109:
4105:
4098:
4090:
4084:
4080:
4073:
4065:
4059:
4055:
4048:
4040:
4034:
4030:
4023:
4021:
4019:
4010:
4004:
4000:
3993:
3991:
3982:
3976:
3972:
3971:
3963:
3955:
3949:
3945:
3944:
3936:
3929:
3928:0-8387-5526-7
3925:
3921:
3915:
3907:
3901:
3897:
3896:
3888:
3886:
3878:
3877:1-902930-29-0
3874:
3870:
3869:
3862:
3855:
3854:0-8078-4913-8
3851:
3847:
3846:
3839:
3832:
3826:
3819:
3818:0-7190-4101-5
3815:
3811:
3805:
3798:
3792:
3786:, pp. 215β23.
3785:
3784:0-7190-6497-X
3781:
3777:
3771:
3764:
3758:
3751:
3747:
3741:
3734:
3728:
3721:
3720:0-7486-0102-3
3717:
3713:
3707:
3700:
3699:3-86195-239-4
3696:
3692:
3686:
3679:
3678:0-7546-0191-9
3675:
3671:
3668:A. Campbell,
3665:
3658:
3652:
3645:
3644:0-521-57643-1
3641:
3637:
3631:
3624:
3618:
3611:
3607:
3601:
3594:
3593:0-19-822281-5
3590:
3586:
3580:
3573:
3572:0-7486-0757-9
3569:
3565:
3559:
3552:
3546:
3539:
3533:
3526:
3522:
3516:
3509:
3507:
3500:
3493:
3487:
3480:
3476:
3470:
3463:
3457:
3450:
3446:
3442:
3436:
3429:
3423:
3416:
3415:0-7623-1298-X
3412:
3408:
3402:
3395:
3394:1-85728-481-X
3391:
3387:
3381:
3379:
3377:
3370:, pp. 416β17.
3369:
3368:1-85109-440-7
3365:
3361:
3355:
3353:
3351:
3349:
3347:
3345:
3337:
3336:1-84018-611-9
3333:
3329:
3323:
3317:, pp. 117β43.
3316:
3315:0-7382-0692-X
3312:
3308:
3305:J. Repcheck,
3302:
3295:
3294:0-415-06164-4
3291:
3287:
3281:
3274:
3270:
3264:
3249:
3245:
3244:New Statesman
3241:
3239:
3230:
3228:
3212:
3208:
3204:
3198:
3196:
3180:
3176:
3172:
3168:
3162:
3155:
3154:0-609-80999-7
3151:
3147:
3146:
3141:
3136:
3129:
3128:0-14-100234-4
3125:
3121:
3115:
3108:
3107:0-7190-1791-2
3104:
3100:
3094:
3087:
3086:0-521-77736-4
3083:
3079:
3073:
3066:
3065:0-19-726331-3
3062:
3058:
3052:
3045:
3044:1-4094-0922-8
3041:
3037:
3031:
3025:
3023:
3022:1-905641-28-1
3019:
3011:
3004:
3003:0-7486-0839-7
3000:
2996:
2990:
2988:
2986:
2984:
2976:
2975:0-7453-1608-5
2972:
2968:
2965:N. Davidson,
2962:
2958:
2944:
2939:
2935:
2927:
2925:
2924:Lucy McKenzie
2921:
2917:
2913:
2909:
2905:
2904:
2899:
2895:
2891:
2888:(1953β2007),
2887:
2883:
2879:
2875:
2871:
2867:
2863:
2859:
2855:
2847:
2843:
2839:
2834:
2824:
2822:
2821:Poet Laureate
2818:
2814:
2810:
2806:
2802:
2798:
2794:
2790:
2786:
2782:
2778:
2773:
2769:
2768:
2763:
2762:
2757:
2756:
2751:
2750:
2749:Trainspotting
2745:
2741:
2737:
2733:
2729:
2728:Alasdair Gray
2725:
2721:
2720:Polygon Books
2717:
2716:Peter Kravitz
2713:
2708:
2706:
2702:
2698:
2694:
2690:
2686:
2682:
2681:
2676:
2675:
2670:
2669:Robin Jenkins
2666:
2665:Jessie Kesson
2662:
2658:
2654:
2650:
2649:national poet
2646:
2642:
2638:
2634:
2630:
2626:
2622:
2618:
2610:
2609:Poet Laureate
2606:
2602:
2597:
2593:
2583:
2581:
2577:
2573:
2569:
2565:
2561:
2558:
2553:
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2515:
2511:
2507:
2503:
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2440:
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2414:
2410:
2400:
2398:
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2389:
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2373:
2369:
2365:
2361:
2356:
2352:
2351:Conservatives
2347:
2340:
2339:fishing boats
2336:
2332:
2327:
2322:
2307:
2305:
2301:
2297:
2292:
2288:
2284:
2276:
2271:
2267:
2263:
2261:
2257:
2253:
2249:
2245:
2241:
2237:
2233:
2229:
2225:
2221:
2217:
2213:
2209:
2204:
2202:
2198:
2194:
2190:
2182:
2178:
2177:
2171:
2166:
2156:
2154:
2150:
2146:
2142:
2138:
2134:
2130:
2126:
2122:
2118:
2114:
2110:
2109:Leslie Hunter
2106:
2105:Samuel Peploe
2103:(1883β1937),
2102:
2099:(1874β1961),
2098:
2094:
2089:
2087:
2083:
2079:
2075:
2071:
2067:
2063:
2059:
2055:
2051:
2047:
2043:
2039:
2035:
2028:
2024:
2019:
2014:
2010:
2000:
1996:
1994:
1993:Red Clydeside
1990:
1980:
1976:
1972:
1970:
1966:
1962:
1958:
1953:
1945:
1940:
1931:
1929:
1918:
1914:
1913:in Scotland.
1912:
1908:
1903:
1899:
1891:
1890:Western Front
1887:
1883:
1879:
1870:
1861:
1859:
1855:
1851:
1847:
1843:
1839:
1835:
1832:(1682β1754),
1831:
1828:(1676β1729),
1827:
1822:
1820:
1816:
1812:
1809:
1805:
1801:
1797:
1793:
1789:
1785:
1781:
1777:
1773:
1769:
1765:
1761:
1757:
1753:
1752:Andrew Geddes
1749:
1745:
1741:
1740:Henry Raeburn
1732:
1727:
1723:
1721:
1720:Neoclassicism
1717:
1713:
1709:
1705:
1701:
1697:
1690:
1686:
1676:
1674:
1670:
1669:
1664:
1660:
1656:
1652:
1648:
1644:
1640:
1639:
1634:
1630:
1629:
1624:
1623:
1618:
1617:
1612:
1608:
1603:
1601:
1597:
1593:
1592:Scots Wha Hae
1589:
1585:
1581:
1577:
1573:
1572:national poet
1569:
1565:
1561:
1559:
1555:
1551:
1546:
1542:
1539:
1535:
1531:
1527:
1523:
1522:Habbie stanza
1519:
1511:
1507:
1502:
1498:
1494:
1484:
1481:
1475:
1473:
1464:
1459:
1455:
1452:
1445:
1435:
1433:
1429:
1425:
1424:Andrew Fisher
1421:
1417:
1413:
1412:Tommy Douglas
1409:
1405:
1401:
1397:
1393:
1389:
1385:
1377:
1373:
1368:
1363:
1353:
1351:
1350:Liberal Party
1347:
1342:
1338:
1334:
1329:
1322:
1318:
1314:
1310:
1306:
1304:
1300:
1296:
1291:
1290:potato blight
1285:
1283:
1278:
1276:
1271:
1267:
1262:
1258:
1252:
1250:
1245:
1241:
1237:
1233:
1229:
1225:
1221:
1217:
1210:
1207:
1203:
1199:
1194:
1184:
1180:
1178:
1173:
1168:
1164:
1160:
1151:
1147:
1143:
1138:
1128:
1126:
1122:
1121:Kirkintilloch
1118:
1113:
1105:
1101:
1098:
1093:
1091:
1087:
1083:
1079:
1071:
1066:
1062:
1059:
1058:Tobacco Lords
1055:
1051:
1045:
1041:
1033:
1029:
1020:
1018:
1013:
1009:
1005:
1001:
997:
992:
988:
981:
976:
972:
970:
966:
962:
958:
954:
950:
946:
942:
937:
933:
929:
928:Relief Church
925:
920:
916:
912:
908:
899:
894:
884:
882:
878:
874:
870:
866:
862:
858:
854:
850:
846:
842:
838:
834:
830:
829:globalisation
826:
822:
820:
815:
811:
807:
803:
802:Adam Ferguson
799:
798:James Burnett
795:
791:
787:
782:
780:
776:
772:
768:
764:
760:
759:Thomas Hobbes
756:
752:
747:
745:
741:
737:
733:
728:
719:
715:
710:
703:Enlightenment
700:
696:
694:
690:
686:
682:
678:
674:
670:
666:
662:
658:
654:
653:Lord Aberdeen
650:
646:
645:Liberal Party
642:
633:
624:
622:
618:
614:
604:
602:
598:
594:
589:
587:
583:
579:
575:
571:
567:
563:
559:
555:
551:
547:
543:
539:
538:Enlightenment
534:
531:
527:
516:
511:
509:
504:
502:
497:
496:
494:
493:
490:
480:
479:
472:
469:
467:
464:
463:
457:
456:
449:
446:
444:
441:
437:
434:
432:
429:
427:
424:
423:
422:
419:
418:
415:
410:
409:
402:
399:
397:
394:
392:
389:
387:
384:
383:
380:
375:
374:
367:
364:
362:
359:
357:
354:
352:
349:
348:
345:
340:
339:
332:
329:
327:
324:
322:
319:
317:
314:
312:
309:
308:
305:
300:
299:
292:
289:
287:
284:
282:
279:
277:
274:
272:
269:
267:
264:
262:
259:
257:
254:
252:
249:
247:
244:
242:
241:Enlightenment
239:
237:
234:
232:
229:
227:
224:
222:
219:
217:
214:
212:
209:
206:
203:
202:
196:
195:
188:
185:
182:
179:
176:
173:
170:
167:
164:
161:
158:
155:
152:
149:
146:
143:
142:
139:
134:
133:
125:
122:
120:
117:
115:
112:
108:
105:
103:
100:
98:
95:
94:
93:
90:
87:
84:
80:
77:
76:
74:
70:
67:
66:
59:
58:
54:
48:
44:
43:
40:
34:
33:
28:
23:
22:
19:
8424:Bibliography
8337:Demographics
8235:By location
8226:British Army
8124:Independence
8031:Architecture
7805:Architecture
7788:
7742:Georgian era
7579:Architecture
7415:Christianity
7405:BahΓ‘ΚΌΓ Faith
7298:Demographics
7242:coat of arms
7212:Prostitution
7145:Universities
7127:
7103:Architecture
7063:Unemployment
7058:Silicon Glen
7018:Oil industry
7003:Harris Tweed
6893:Crown Office
6785:Armed forces
6763:Independence
6751:Human rights
6582:Conservation
6572:Central Belt
6544:
6490:Early modern
6352:
6345:
6332:
6322:
6306:
6305:P. KΓΌppers,
6301:
6285:
6280:
6264:
6259:
6243:
6238:
6222:
6217:
6201:
6180:
6171:
6149:
6143:
6132:, retrieved
6122:
6116:
6093:
6086:
6081:, pp. 62β73.
6070:
6065:
6049:
6044:
6032:. Retrieved
6027:
6015:
6004:, retrieved
5995:
5985:
5969:
5964:
5954:
5949:
5933:
5928:
5919:
5913:
5897:
5892:
5881:, retrieved
5872:
5862:
5850:. Retrieved
5843:the original
5830:
5819:, retrieved
5810:
5801:
5790:, retrieved
5781:
5772:
5756:
5751:
5735:
5730:
5714:
5709:
5704:, pp. 553β4.
5693:
5688:
5683:, pp. 551β2.
5672:
5667:
5651:
5646:
5630:
5625:
5609:
5608:D. Howarth,
5604:
5596:
5591:
5575:
5574:P. Wykeham,
5570:
5554:
5549:
5542:Scotsman.com
5541:
5532:
5516:
5490:
5485:
5474:, retrieved
5470:the original
5465:
5456:
5443:
5403:
5398:
5382:
5356:
5351:
5335:
5330:
5322:
5317:
5309:
5304:
5288:
5262:
5257:
5249:
5244:
5228:
5204:
5199:
5183:
5178:
5170:
5165:
5149:
5144:
5136:
5131:
5115:
5110:
5094:
5070:
5065:
5053:. Retrieved
5043:
5038:, pp. 283β4.
5027:
5022:
5006:
5001:
4985:
4980:
4964:
4959:
4943:
4938:
4922:
4917:
4901:
4896:
4880:
4875:
4870:, pp. 151β3.
4859:
4835:
4831:
4815:
4810:
4802:
4794:
4786:
4778:
4762:
4734:
4727:
4714:
4705:
4687:
4681:
4663:
4657:
4636:(2): 25β46,
4633:
4629:
4623:
4614:
4608:
4585:
4578:
4555:
4548:
4540:
4535:
4524:, retrieved
4515:
4506:
4490:
4466:
4441:, retrieved
4432:
4423:
4412:, retrieved
4403:
4394:
4378:
4373:
4364:20 September
4362:, retrieved
4358:the original
4353:
4343:
4335:
4330:
4314:
4309:
4301:
4296:
4280:
4276:
4270:
4261:
4257:
4251:
4242:
4238:
4232:
4212:
4204:
4185:
4179:
4160:
4130:
4122:
4103:
4097:
4078:
4072:
4053:
4047:
4028:
3998:
3969:
3962:
3942:
3935:
3919:
3914:
3894:
3879:, pp. 193β5.
3867:
3861:
3844:
3838:
3830:
3825:
3809:
3804:
3796:
3795:J. Shields,
3791:
3775:
3770:
3762:
3761:I.H. Adams,
3757:
3745:
3740:
3732:
3727:
3722:, pp. 17β52.
3711:
3706:
3690:
3685:
3669:
3664:
3656:
3651:
3635:
3630:
3622:
3617:
3605:
3600:
3584:
3579:
3563:
3562:R. Saville,
3558:
3550:
3545:
3537:
3532:
3520:
3515:
3504:
3499:
3491:
3486:
3474:
3469:
3461:
3456:
3440:
3435:
3427:
3422:
3406:
3401:
3385:
3359:
3358:J. T. Koch,
3327:
3322:
3306:
3301:
3285:
3280:
3268:
3263:
3252:, retrieved
3243:
3237:
3215:, retrieved
3206:
3183:, retrieved
3174:
3161:
3143:
3135:
3130:, pp. 84β89.
3119:
3114:
3098:
3093:
3077:
3072:
3056:
3051:
3035:
3030:
3024:, pp. 37β40.
3015:
3010:
2994:
2966:
2961:
2938:
2901:
2890:Peter Howson
2878:John Bellany
2862:Zen Buddhism
2854:Anne Redpath
2851:
2845:
2805:Don Paterson
2777:Val McDermid
2765:
2759:
2753:
2747:
2744:Irvine Welsh
2732:Liz Lochhead
2724:James Kelman
2718:, editor of
2709:
2701:Allan Massie
2693:Shena Mackay
2678:
2672:
2653:Muriel Spark
2641:Edwin Morgan
2614:
2564:Higher Grade
2549:
2518:BahΓ‘'Γ Faith
2463:
2437:Silicon Glen
2416:
2364:Conservative
2343:
2287:Tom Johnston
2280:
2264:
2244:Shetland Bus
2224:East Lothian
2205:
2201:Hugh Dowding
2186:
2175:
2165:World War II
2149:Edward Baird
2090:
2086:James Bridie
2066:Nan Shepherd
2062:George Blake
2031:
2027:William Lamb
1997:
1989:John MacLean
1985:
1973:
1959:in 1928 and
1948:
1924:
1915:
1907:Labour Party
1895:
1867:
1823:
1808:glass artist
1772:William Dyce
1756:David Wilkie
1736:
1730:
1729:Jacob More,
1696:Allan Ramsay
1692:
1685:Scottish art
1666:
1655:J. M. Barrie
1636:
1626:
1620:
1614:
1611:urban Gothic
1604:
1568:Walter Scott
1564:Robert Burns
1562:
1544:
1518:Allan Ramsay
1515:
1510:Robert Burns
1476:
1468:
1451:presbyteries
1447:
1432:Peter Fraser
1408:James Murray
1380:
1337:Isle of Skye
1326:The unequal
1325:
1286:
1279:
1253:
1213:
1202:David Wilkie
1181:
1171:
1155:
1145:
1131:Urbanisation
1114:
1110:
1094:
1075:
1047:
984:
915:Evangelicals
904:
861:James Hutton
857:James Hutton
849:Joseph Black
817:
783:
748:
744:civilization
723:
697:
638:
610:
590:
562:James Hutton
558:Joseph Black
535:
525:
524:
421:Christianity
311:Architecture
181:Commonwealth
118:
114:Early Modern
18:
8382:Masculinity
7917:Romanticism
7886:Radical War
7711:Romanticism
6973:Agriculture
6837:Nationalism
6756:LGBT rights
6659:Environment
6540:Romanticism
6495:Reformation
6485:Renaissance
6450:Middle Ages
6445:Roman times
6440:Prehistoric
5968:R. Finlay,
5852:10 December
5821:14 November
5792:19 November
5713:G. Walker,
5553:R. Finlay,
5355:I. McLean,
4846:, pp. 34β5.
4526:18 November
4414:22 November
4325:, p. xxxii.
3930:, pp. 75β6.
3918:P. Morère,
3842:R. C. Ray,
3808:C. H. Lee,
3417:, pp. 23β4.
3405:T. A. Lee,
3097:D. Howell,
3005:, pp. 64β5.
2977:, pp. 94β5.
2793:Denise Mina
2772:Thatcherism
2761:Poor Things
2736:Tom Leonard
2697:Alan Spence
2645:Scots Makar
2512:(0.2%) and
2494:immigration
2474:2011 census
2470:Pentecostal
2275:Rudolf Hess
2256:Rudolf Hess
2133:abstraction
1944:Keir Hardie
1854:James Craig
1842:Robert Adam
1836:(1732β94),
1830:James Gibbs
1796:Art Nouveau
1762:(1806β67),
1716:David Allan
1710:(1736β85),
1698:(1713β84),
1526:poetic form
1402:), Canada (
1376:Dunfermline
1216:1745 rising
1159:River Clyde
1048:During the
971:from 1900.
969:Free Church
911:Reformation
877:Lord Kelvin
806:John Millar
763:utilitarian
681:Keir Hardie
647:. From the
574:Lord Kelvin
391:Rugby union
246:Romanticism
226:Restoration
221:Reformation
216:Renaissance
92:Middle Ages
69:Prehistoric
36:History of
8449:Categories
8097:Devolution
8071:Literature
8041:Demography
7845:Literature
7815:Demography
7619:Literature
7589:Demography
7435:Moderators
7378:Scientists
7264:regimental
7207:Placenames
7202:Philosophy
7177:Literature
6807:Parliament
6739:Government
6709:Devolution
6692:Government
6649:Ecoregions
6639:Waterfalls
6515:Jacobitism
6315:0816646538
6294:019953294X
6273:1858288878
6252:019953294X
6231:0754661245
6210:1119992761
6154:Mainstream
6134:28 October
5629:J. Leasor
5525:0748620273
5499:019953294X
5093:J. Hearn,
5055:28 January
5036:0486417948
5015:019953294X
4994:0806132531
4973:1119992761
4952:1550021591
4931:019953294X
4910:1906261083
4889:0300058330
4868:0521642027
4844:061825210X
4824:019953294X
4771:1409426181
4697:0745316085
4600:0060558881
4570:0060558881
4443:1 November
4217:, Viking,
3326:E. Wills,
3217:6 February
3076:K. Kumar,
3014:M. Oaten,
2953:References
2894:Ken Currie
2858:Alan Davie
2842:David Mach
2827:Modern art
2797:Ian Rankin
2530:secularism
2520:and small
2212:Royal Navy
2208:Scapa Flow
2181:Scapa Flow
2163:See also:
2153:surrealism
2139:with poet
2070:A J Cronin
2050:Edwin Muir
2021:A bust of
1792:modern art
1712:Jacob More
1668:Phantasies
1576:folk songs
1487:Literature
1356:Emigration
1172:Clydebuilt
1032:New Lanark
865:James Watt
845:agronomist
790:empiricist
779:Adam Smith
775:David Hume
727:free trade
718:Adam Smith
617:Jacobitism
586:clearances
566:James Watt
550:David Hume
542:Adam Smith
351:Devolution
331:Philosophy
326:Literature
286:Demography
8402:Burlesque
8377:Jewellery
8357:Cosmetics
8090:Movements
8051:Education
7910:Movements
7825:Education
7699:Movements
7599:Education
7420:Christmas
7373:Musicians
7368:Inventors
7307:Languages
7283:Festivals
7123:Education
7048:Transport
6988:Companies
6983:Charities
6714:Elections
6602:Highlands
6555:Geography
6296:, p. 657.
6275:, p. 114.
6263:D. Reid,
6254:, p. 255.
5944:, p. 317.
5908:, p. 255.
5896:W. Knox,
5527:, p. 173.
5501:, p. 575.
5273:, p. 231.
5215:, p. 426.
5017:, p. 195.
4996:, p. 136.
4954:, p. 401.
4942:D. Kemp,
4933:, p. 433.
4891:, p. 293.
4826:, p. 554.
4773:, p. 153.
4650:144358210
3701:, p. 223.
3595:, p. 344.
3140:A. Herman
3109:, p. 144.
3088:, p. 183.
2892:(1958β),
2846:Big Heids
2490:Highlands
2420:North Sea
2403:Economics
2346:Unionists
2304:Whitehall
2296:Home Rule
2252:North Sea
2232:Luftwaffe
2176:Royal Oak
2174:HMS
2117:modernism
2058:Neil Gunn
2034:modernism
1952:Bolshevik
1888:near the
1884:with the
1788:Japonisme
1733:(1771β73)
1659:Peter Pan
1622:Kidnapped
1538:Classical
1438:Education
1317:Borreraig
1187:Highlands
1163:Clydeside
1012:Methodist
853:physicist
814:modernity
460:By region
266:Education
261:Economics
8434:Category
8392:Painting
8387:Morality
8249:Scotland
8081:Religion
8061:Language
8056:Identity
7922:Tartanry
7855:Religion
7835:Language
7830:Identity
7629:Religion
7609:Language
7604:Identity
7516:Category
7464:Hinduism
7410:Buddhism
7397:Religion
7227:Surnames
7167:Identity
7162:Hogmanay
7140:Colleges
6998:Forestry
6933:Udal law
6842:Unionism
6797:Monarchs
6701:Politics
6683:Politics
6617:Lowlands
6435:Timeline
6405:Scotland
6337:archived
6317:, p. 61.
6233:, p. 58.
6212:, p. 25.
6185:archived
6181:BBC News
6128:archived
6034:12 April
6006:25 April
6000:archived
5980:, ch. 9.
5877:archived
5873:BBC News
5815:archived
5811:BBC News
5786:archived
5782:BBC News
5767:, p. 33.
5746:, p. 46.
5641:, p. 15.
5586:, p. 87.
5448:archived
5393:, p. 51.
5383:Scotland
5310:History,
5299:, p. 93.
5239:, p. 49.
5229:Scotland
5194:, p. 11.
5126:, p. 60.
5105:, p. 45.
5081:, p. 73.
4975:, p. 23.
4912:, p. 84.
4719:archived
4520:archived
4518:, 2006,
4437:archived
4435:, 2010,
4408:archived
4245:: 95β111
3856:, p. 41.
3820:, p. 43.
3646:, p. 51.
3610:in JSTOR
3525:in JSTOR
3479:in JSTOR
3396:, p. 91.
3284:M. Fry,
3273:in JSTOR
3254:27 April
3248:archived
3211:archived
3185:22 March
3179:archived
3067:, p. 52.
3046:, p. 39.
2799:and his
2526:humanism
2522:Neopagan
2510:Buddhism
2508:(0.3%),
2506:Hinduism
2498:converts
2488:and the
2466:Brethren
2360:Thatcher
2277:' Bf 110
2236:Shetland
2125:Futurism
2113:Fauvists
1928:scuttled
1902:Boer War
1850:New Town
1800:The Four
1651:folklore
1613:novella
1600:Waverley
1588:Hogmanay
1580:adapting
1463:Greenock
1295:Poor Law
1117:Monkland
917:and the
887:Religion
740:Voltaire
736:humanism
627:Politics
533:debate.
414:Religion
386:Football
344:Politics
321:The Kilt
276:Maritime
271:Military
207:793β1468
79:Iron Age
73:timeline
38:Scotland
27:a series
25:Part of
8397:Theatre
8367:Fashion
8362:Erotica
8239:Ireland
8046:Economy
7820:Economy
7594:Economy
7507:Outline
7479:Sikhism
7474:Judaism
7383:Writers
7363:Artists
7271:unicorn
7232:Symbols
7182:Museums
7135:Schools
7118:Cuisine
7095:Culture
7082:Society
7043:Tourism
7008:Housing
6993:Fishing
6961:Economy
6773:History
6627:Highest
6607:Islands
6597:Geology
6577:Climate
6460:Kingdom
6427:History
5883:21 June
4400:"Scots"
4350:"Scots"
4264:: 23β28
3748:(1998)
3553:(1950).
3449:4248011
3430:(1963).
2874:pop art
2514:Sikhism
2300:devolve
2228:Glasgow
1896:In the
1892:in 1916
1815:Frances
1675:genre.
1673:fantasy
1647:fantasy
1266:run rig
1264:farmed
1257:Factors
1004:Baptist
833:tariffs
304:Culture
8372:Houses
8244:London
8024:Topics
7864:Events
7798:Topics
7638:Events
7572:Topics
7521:Portal
7358:Actors
7345:People
7288:Comedy
7259:tartan
7237:anthem
7053:Whisky
6865:Courts
6778:Cities
6545:Modern
6360:
6313:
6292:
6271:
6250:
6229:
6208:
6160:
6105:
6077:
6056:
5976:
5940:
5904:
5763:
5742:
5721:
5700:
5679:
5658:
5637:
5616:
5582:
5561:
5523:
5497:
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5211:
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5122:
5101:
5077:
5034:
5013:
4992:
4971:
4950:
4929:
4908:
4887:
4866:
4842:
4822:
4769:
4742:
4694:
4670:
4648:
4597:
4567:
4497:
4473:
4404:Te Ara
4385:
4321:
4221:
4192:
4167:
4139:
4110:
4085:
4060:
4035:
4005:
3977:
3950:
3926:
3902:
3875:
3852:
3816:
3782:
3718:
3697:
3676:
3642:
3591:
3570:
3447:
3413:
3392:
3366:
3334:
3313:
3292:
3152:
3126:
3105:
3084:
3063:
3042:
3020:
3001:
2973:
2380:Labour
2374:, the
2240:Norway
2216:Rosyth
2127:, and
1786:, and
1558:Goethe
1554:Herder
1545:Fingal
1534:Ossian
1499:, and
1313:Crofts
1270:crofts
1228:Ossian
1206:kilted
1152:, 1881
987:Gaelic
199:Topics
119:Modern
88:69β384
29:on the
8409:Women
8076:Music
7850:Music
7624:Music
7469:Islam
7330:Scots
7247:flags
7222:Sport
7187:Music
7113:Clans
7013:Media
6669:Munro
6644:Glens
6612:Lochs
6592:Flora
6587:Fauna
6099:xxvii
6024:(PDF)
5846:(PDF)
5839:(PDF)
5476:7 May
4646:S2CID
3445:JSTOR
2930:Notes
2502:Islam
2378:-led
2376:Blair
2362:-led
2248:Nazis
1834:James
1541:epics
1524:as a
1148:, by
843:, an
641:Whigs
613:Union
379:Sport
251:Clans
97:Early
7349:list
6869:List
6358:ISBN
6311:ISBN
6290:ISBN
6269:ISBN
6248:ISBN
6227:ISBN
6206:ISBN
6158:ISBN
6136:2007
6103:ISBN
6075:ISBN
6054:ISBN
6036:2015
6008:2008
5974:ISBN
5938:ISBN
5902:ISBN
5885:2018
5854:2006
5823:2006
5794:2011
5761:ISBN
5740:ISBN
5719:ISBN
5698:ISBN
5677:ISBN
5656:ISBN
5635:ISBN
5614:ISBN
5580:ISBN
5559:ISBN
5521:ISBN
5495:ISBN
5478:2010
5387:ISBN
5361:ISBN
5340:ISBN
5293:ISBN
5267:ISBN
5233:ISBN
5209:ISBN
5188:ISBN
5154:ISBN
5120:ISBN
5099:ISBN
5075:ISBN
5057:2010
5032:ISBN
5011:ISBN
4990:ISBN
4969:ISBN
4948:ISBN
4927:ISBN
4906:ISBN
4885:ISBN
4864:ISBN
4840:ISBN
4820:ISBN
4767:ISBN
4740:ISBN
4692:ISBN
4668:ISBN
4595:ISBN
4565:ISBN
4528:2011
4495:ISBN
4471:ISBN
4445:2013
4416:2011
4383:ISBN
4366:2017
4319:ISBN
4219:ISBN
4190:ISBN
4165:ISBN
4137:ISBN
4108:ISBN
4083:ISBN
4058:ISBN
4033:ISBN
4003:ISBN
3975:ISBN
3948:ISBN
3924:ISBN
3900:ISBN
3873:ISBN
3850:ISBN
3814:ISBN
3780:ISBN
3716:ISBN
3695:ISBN
3674:ISBN
3640:ISBN
3589:ISBN
3568:ISBN
3411:ISBN
3390:ISBN
3364:ISBN
3332:ISBN
3311:ISBN
3290:ISBN
3256:2014
3219:2016
3187:2012
3150:ISBN
3124:ISBN
3103:ISBN
3082:ISBN
3061:ISBN
3040:ISBN
3018:ISBN
2999:ISBN
2971:ISBN
2943:Kelp
2815:and
2738:and
2667:and
2619:and
2594:and
2544:and
2528:and
2468:and
2411:and
2329:The
2222:and
2080:and
2052:and
2011:and
1838:John
1782:the
1704:John
1687:and
1661:and
1649:and
1625:and
1566:and
1556:and
1386:and
1321:Skye
1157:the
1119:and
1042:and
1015:the
1010:and
879:and
831:and
808:and
788:and
777:and
765:and
576:and
560:and
548:and
401:Golf
138:Rule
107:Late
102:High
62:Eras
8066:Law
8036:Art
7840:Law
7810:Art
7614:Law
7584:Art
7108:Art
6852:Law
4638:doi
4591:163
4561:311
4285:doi
4281:120
2844:'s
2746:'s
2435:of
2289:as
1738:of
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1315:at
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316:Art
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